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Managing Finance In Public Sector
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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 TASK 1 ............................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Analysis of different organizations in the public sector................................................... 1 1.2 Accountability of public sector managers in relation to finance ...................................... 2 1.3 Analysis of financial information reported for different public sector organizations ...... 4 TASK 2 ............................................................................................................................................5 2.1 Analysis of available financial information and evaluation of the same for decision making .................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Areas to be monitored and way to do this ........................................................................ 7 2.3 Financial decisions and techniques to support them ........................................................ 8 TASK 3 .......................................................................................................................................11 3.1 Process by which project are put out to tender .............................................................. 11 3.2 Ways in which tenders are evaluated and suitable suppliers are selected ...................... 12 CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................13 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................14
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INTRODUCTION NHS is a government organization which is providing medical services to the sick people. This organization is playing a vital role in the elimination of diseases in Australia. This report is prepared on managing finance in public sector. In this report, government organizations are analyzed and structure of NHS is discussed in detail. Further, in this report, accountability of managers in public sector firms is discussed in detail. With respect to finance, budgets and project evaluation techniques are discussed in detail in this report. Further, ways are proposed that can be used for identifying appropriate discount rate for computing present value of the project. At the end of the report, ways that are used for applying for tender are discussed in detail. Furthermore, some of the factors are discussed that must be followed in order to select right supplier for passing the tender.
TASK 1 1.1 Analysis of different organizations in the public sector Public sectors refer to an organization that is owned by the government and entire investment is made by the regulatory bodies itself. Usually, these firms are government departments and they have their own system of accounting. Government also runs some of the companies specifically in those areas in which entry of private firms are prohibited. These areas may be atomic energy etc. Organizations operating in such industry are fully owned by the regulatory bodies. There is a great difference between public and private sector organizations. The main difference comes in case of ownership. Public companies are owned by government whereas private firms are owned by an individual or group of people. The second difference comes on profit. In case of public organizations, main aim is to do welfare of general public. But in case of private companies, major objective is to earn profit (Flynn, 2007). Private firms are Toll Free No. +61 879 057 034 Mail Us: help@instantassignmenthelp.com.au Time to grab 25% discount on Assignment Help at Instant Assignment Help Australia
Whats app us: +61 424 715 655 focusing on growing their business at a rapid rate and their efficiency is also very high. On the other hand, public organization’s efficiency level is very low and they follow a detailed procedure to perform any activity. NHS is one of the Australia’s largest and most popular service providers in health care sector. In order to understand the working of NHS, it is necessary to understand its structure (Bovaird and LÜffler, 2009). Main components of its organizational structure are primary care, specialized services, offender health care, armed forces health care and immunization screening of young children. Through these components, it is providing varied services to its customers. Through immunization services, it identifies that whether young children are capable to fight with their diseases or not. On the other hand, it also looks after the health of army personnel and ensures that they remain healthy forever. Under specialized services, it is providing unique services to the patients that are suffering from specific disease. Primary care is another segment in which NHS is operating and under this segment, firm is providing primary care services to the patients. Hence, NHS as a government organization is playing a prominent role in keeping people of Australia healthy. 1.3 Analysis of financial information reported for different public sector organizations In many nations, corruption has a strong grip on the public sector organizations. In these nations, every year, many cases regarding corruption in government departments are identified. Thus, government in these nations is using each and every measure that helps them in the identification of manipulation in money if it has happened in any public sector firm. In financial information, plenty of data about public sector organization is made available and along with this, its revenue receipt is also shown in the financial statements. In these financial reports, financial and non financial information is also disclosed (Farneti and Guthrie, 2009). After preparation of report, it is communicated to the top authorities which may be single or multiple Toll Free No. +61 879 057 034 Mail Us: help@instantassignmenthelp.com.au Time to grab 25% discount on Assignment Help at Instant Assignment Help Australia
Whats app us: +61 424 715 655 in their nature. These financial information snapshots are also printed in reports from the house of parliament and audit commission. Hence, in this way, fully fledged control is maintained on the government organization by parliament and regulatory authorities. Further, information provided in financial reporting is also audited by some specific authority in order to ensure that money is not manipulated by the employees that are working in the specific department. Hence, these measures certainly help in ensuring that in an organization, operations are performed fairly without any manipulation (Finkler, 2005). With the passage of time, government requires to introduce some new things in order to ensure that if any corruption will be done in the government department, it will be identified and strong actions will be taken against culprit as soon as possible. NHS Table1: Financial performance indicator that are reported to top authorities 2014 2015 Percentage change in 2015 Administration operating revenue (Source of income )
137269
141378
2.99%
Administration employee benefits
1271301
1289438
1.43%
Administration operating expenses
938860
689469
-26.56%
Administration finance cost
6150
4263
-30.68%
of income )
1706099
2014531
18.08%
Program employee benefits
257767
437590
69.76%
Program operating income (Source
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Whats app us: +61 424 715 655 Program operating expenses
93887559
97321163
3.66%
Interpretation On analysis of financial indicator it can be said that NHS income is greater then cost. Moreover, stiff control is kept on cost and due to this reason cost fall sharply in administration. But same not happened in case of operating program activities. This happens because attention is not paid on this front. Annual report related to NHS is published on regular basis and send to relevant authorities and parliament. Other external agencies also prepare and published a report related to NHS. PHE is an executive agency sponsored by the department of health and it prepared a report on NHS and other government services time to time. These reports indicate the activities that health organizations perform in the Australia. Australia House of Commons also prepared a report related to NHS under head “Investigating clinical incidents in the NHS�. Hence, it can be said that internal and external reports related to NHS are released time to time on various sources of secondary information. Australia Atomic energy authority Table 1: Financial performance indicator reported to relevant authority 2014 2015 Percentage change Sources of income Revenue
99062
100374
1.32%
Other income
190
1367
619.47%
18019
23007
27.68%
Expenditures Raw materials and consumables
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23164
19954
-13.86%
Staff costs
49826
56226
12.84%
Depreciation
570
795
39.47%
Interpretation For analyzing Australia atomic energy authority a performance indicator table is prepared. Sales and other avenues like fusion research are an important source of income for Australia atomic energy authority. Its other income plunged by higher percentage and expenses grow at a slow pace. This reflects that Australia atomic energy authority gives a good financial performance. Australia atomic energy authority release data related to financial transactions, prompt payment and other information time to time on its website. These reports are prepared for different regulatory authorities and published time to time and these information's are also made available on its website. Department for business, innovation and skills time to time release data related to Australia atomic energy authority. House of Commons also prepare a reports related to Australia atomic energy authority on different duration. Hence, it can be said that there are internal and external sources on which data related to Australia atomic energy authority are published.
TASK 2 1.2 (a) Accountability of public sector managers in relation to finance Public sector is known for its inefficiency and long procedures that are followed to perform specific tasks. NHS is a large sized organization in Australia and due to this reason; its managers have a high level of accountability for the performance of operations. Public sector Toll Free No. +61 879 057 034 Mail Us: help@instantassignmenthelp.com.au Time to grab 25% discount on Assignment Help at Instant Assignment Help Australia
Whats app us: +61 424 715 655 manager will be responsible to any top level manager or any regulatory authority. Public sector managers are also accountable to NHS stakeholders. These stakeholders may be the users or electorate. Users refer to those entities that are beneficiary of NHS services. These people come at NHS service center with having belief that they will get services of high quality (Guthrie, 2005). If they will not get satisfied from NHS services then this will directly hit the image of NHS in the eyes of general public. Hence, in order to manage the current reputation, NHS needs to improve its service quality and its delivery procedure. This makes the managers of public sector accountable for their services. Accountability ensures that managers will look after the entire situation and will provide the best quality service to the end users. Governments are using various tools or methods that help in ensuring that managers are fulfilling their responsibilities in a proper manner. These tools may be audit, financial reporting, legislation and policies etc. Audit is commonly used in the public sector organizations in which accounts of specific public firm are audited by auditors or auditor in general. On the basis of accounts, it is ensured that money is not manipulated in an organization (De Bruijn, 2007). Along with this, in audit, way of working by a specific government company is also analyzed. This helps auditors in measuring the extent to which an organization is performing its operations efficiently. If any discrepancy is observed at the time of auditing then strict actions may be taken against manager or employees that are working under him. Financial reporting is another tool that is used in this regard. In this method, entire financial data of an organization is presented in the report format to recognize the governing authority or board. These authorities or board on evaluation of received report makes a decision about the performance of company. If evaluation is negative then they can made some of the recommendations in order to improve the efficiency level of an enterprise.
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Whats app us: +61 424 715 655 Table 2: Analysis of income statement 2014 2015 Percentage change in 2015 Administration operating revenue
137269
141378
2.99%
Administration employee benefits
1271301
1289438
1.43%
Administration operating expenses
938860
689469
-26.56%
6150
4263
-30.68%
Program operating income
1706099
2014531
18.08%
Program employee benefits
257767
437590
69.76%
93887559
97321163
3.66%
Administration finance cost
Program operating expenses Interpretation
NHS income statement is divided in to two parts. One is administration and second is program cost and incomes. In case of NHS; administration revenue increases by 2.99%. Whereas, employee benefits rose by 1.43% followed by operating expenses in which sharp decline of 26.56% is observed. Along with this; finance cost of the firm is also reduced by 30.68% in FY 2015. In case of program operating income is 18.08% followed by sharp increase in employee benefits by 69.76%. Operating expenses only increase by 3.66%. Thus, it can be said that in case of administration lots of improvements are seen. But in case of program scene is inverse and economies of scale generated in administration offset by elevation in expenses in case of program. Table 3: Analysis of balance sheet 2014 2015 Inventories
1715
Percentage change in 2015
2244
30.85%
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Whats app us: +61 424 715 655 Property, plant and equipment
183949
231659
25.94%
Receivables
741369
766866
3.44%
Payable
6753949
6910966
2.32%
Borrowings
4377
11683
166.92%
General fund
6298186
6522485
3.56%
Interpretation In case of NHS everything is increases from inventory to payable. But borrowings increase by 166.92%. This means that in FY 2015 borrowing just get double relative to FY 2014. So, on this front NHS needs to pay special attention. 2.1 (a) Analysis of available financial information and evaluation of the same for decision making Some of the financial information regarding public organizations that can be analyzed is as follows.
Budgets- It is a kind of statement that reflects the inflow and outflow of cash for a specific time period. By analyzing the budget, company’s financial condition can be estimated to some extent. Along with this, budget amount also shows firm’s anticipation about the change in economic conditions. This can be confirmed when sharp fluctuation is observed in the budget. Budget plays a key role in the success of an organization (Starling, 2010). This is because; after preparing a budget, firm tries to make expenses in the alignment to an amount that is determined in a budget. By doing this, an organization successfully implements its cash management strategy. In this sort of strategy, an organization always makes an attempt to reduce and delay the cash outflow. However, in Toll Free No. +61 879 057 034 Mail Us: help@instantassignmenthelp.com.au
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Whats app us: +61 424 715 655 case of cash inflows, it makes an attempt to increase the cash inflow (Fryer, Antony and Ogden, 2009). Thus, budget plays a decisive role in the management of cash in an organization. Budget helps the middle level management in understanding the expectations of top management from them. Thus, they make such kind of decisions that help them in achieving the budgeted target. Table 4: Cash budget Feb March April
Jan
June
May
Opening balance
2200
6880
12280
17980
24480
31780
Revenue
4400
5000
5500
6500
7000
8000
Debtors
1600
1800
2000
2200
1900
1800
Cash inflow A
8200
13680
19780
26680
33380
41580
Creditors
1320
1400
1800
2200
1600
1500
Cash outflow B
1320
1400
1800
2200
1600
1500
6880
12280
17980
24480
31780
40080
Net cash available (A – B) Interpretation Revenue of NHS is increasing continuously as clearly revealed by the figures in the budget. It also indicates that NHS is planning to reduce its debtors and creditors in the month of May and June so that chances of default can be reduced to large extent. Hence, it can be said that it is following a cautious approach. 
Information on proposed expenditures- Each and every organization like NHS prepares a proposed expenditures sheet in which it makes and presents the estimations regarding expenditures that it will made in the upcoming months or years. In this statement, each Toll Free No. +61 879 057 034 Mail Us: help@instantassignmenthelp.com.au
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Whats app us: +61 424 715 655 and every item of an expense is clearly defined in terms of number. In other words, it can also be said that in this statement, estimation regarding each and every expense is presented in a systematic manner (Van Helden, 2005). After preparation of this statement for a certain period, an organization tries to incur all expenses in the alignment to estimated values in given statement. In respect to this, several strategies are formulated and implemented by NHS in order to ensure that expenses will remain in line to expectations. Table 5: Proposed expenditures 2015 Administration employee benefits
1031550.4
Administration operating expenses
551575.2
Administration finance cost
3410.4
Program employee benefits
350072
Program operating expenses
77856930.4
These are proposed expenditures of NHS and it can be seen that NHS actual results are in line to proposed expenditures. 
Managerial accounts- These accounts are prepared and send to the top level managers for day to day decision making. After receiving management accounts, these are analyzed by the relevant managers (Shen, Platten and Deng, 2006). On the basis of analysis, these managers take strict actions if results of these statements failed to beat the expected results. Following is the format of managerial accounts followed by NHS.
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Whats app us: +61 424 715 655 Table 6: Employee benefits accounts Salaries and wages
11464
Social security costs
171
Employer contribution
215
Termination benefits
0
2.2 (b) Areas to be monitored and way to do this For monitoring any organization, performance budgets are prepared and in case of NHS also, budget is prepared in which all expenditures are mentioned. In other words, it can also be said that all variables of aggregate expenditure are revealed in the budget. There is a specific process which is used to effectively utilize budgets for identification of areas of inefficiency and management of cash. Process in this regard is as follows: 1. Determination of budget- In this stage, budget is prepared and anticipation about future environment or demand is made. On the basis of anticipation and future plans, NHS prepares a budget that helps its management to achieve the desired goals in specific time period (Engel, Fischer and Galetovic, 2013). 2. Measurement of performance- In this stage, performance is measured in value. In other words, it can also be said that at the end of specific duration, value or aggregate amount of each and every expense is computed by an organization. After this, measured values are presented in a specific statement in a systematic manner. 3. Comparison of actual with budgeted performance- In this stage, actual performance is compared with the budgeted performance in order to identify deviation in performance (Grimsey and Lewis, 2007). In this regard, a sheet is prepared in which actual and budgeted figures are placed vertically parallel to each other. After this, sheet is used for comparison. Toll Free No. +61 879 057 034 Mail Us: help@instantassignmenthelp.com.au Time to grab 25% discount on Assignment Help at Instant Assignment Help Australia
Whats app us: +61 424 715 655 4. Identification of deviation- At this stage, a deviation is identified and it may be positive or negative in nature. Positive deviation means that actual results beat the estimated figures. On the other hand, negative deviation indicates the excess of estimated figures that are relative to actual results (Kongstvedt, 2012). If negative deviation is identified then management takes an action to ensure that such a negative deviation will not occur in the future. Review by politicians (local or national) Sometimes, accounts of NHS are also audited by any local or national authority in order to ensure that everything is going well in an organization. This also helps in ensuring that in an enterprise, all operations are performed in an efficient and effective manner. Moreover, positive response of these authorities also reflects that accounts of NHS are perfect and there is no corruption in the mentioned organization. 2.3 (c) Financial decisions and techniques to support them NHS is a government organization and all sorts of finance decisions are taken by the government. Government department normally takes funding related decisions related to the firm. In this, they decide the amount of fund that needs to be allocated to NHS for performing its operations or to increase its service level. With respect to this, many times, project is started and this is very difficult to select more profitable project for the mentioned government organization. In this regard, various tools and techniques are used like project evaluation techniques, ratio analysis and cost benefit analysis (McAdam, Hazlett and Casey, 2005). Before selecting any project, it is necessary to identify company’s current financial status and in this regard, ratio analysis technique is used in which firm’s financial statements are analyzed from various angels. On the basis of assessment of current financial condition, NHS or government can determine the Toll Free No. +61 879 057 034 Mail Us: help@instantassignmenthelp.com.au Time to grab 25% discount on Assignment Help at Instant Assignment Help Australia
Whats app us: +61 424 715 655 amount that can be invested for initiating the project for mentioned organization. After this, project evaluation techniques are used to select the best project for NHS. In this technique, NPV, ARR, IRR and payback period techniques are used for selecting appropriate project for NHS (Verbeeten, 2008). These techniques will be applied on each and every project in order to select the most viable project for NHS. In order to apply these techniques, discount rate will be required. It is a very difficult task to determine this rate. Determination of wrong discount rate leads to selection of wrong project. Hence, instead of earning profit, NHS may face loss in its project. In order to ascertain appropriate discount rate, NHS can use WACC or weighted average cost of capital concept in order to ascertain the most appropriate discount rate for the project (Heinrich and Marschke, 2010). By using this technique, NHS can identify appropriate discount rate and can select the most appropriate project for itself. Table 7: Payback period method Project A Project B Initial investment
-1200
-1900
1
1000
-200
1000
-900
2
800
600
1200
300
3
600
1200
1500
1800
4
400
1600
1600
3400
5
100
1700
2000
5400
Interpretation This method indicates the time period with in which project can recover investment amount. As per data both projects will cover initial investment in one year. Hence, none of them can be considered viable on the basis of this parameter. Toll Free No. +61 879 057 034 Mail Us: help@instantassignmenthelp.com.au Time to grab 25% discount on Assignment Help at Instant Assignment Help Australia
Whats app us: +61 424 715 655 Table 8: ARR method of project evaluation Project A
Project B
Initial investment
1200
1900
1
1000
1000
2
800
1200
3
600
1500
4
400
1600
5
100
2000
Total
2900
7300
Average
580
1460
ARR
48.33
76.84
Interpretation It indicates the average return that a project can earn on the investment value. ARR in case of project B is high relative to project A. Hence, it can be said that project B is more viable then project B. Table 9: Net present value method Present Project A
PV @10% Present value Project B
PV @10% value
Initial investment
1200
1900
1
1000
0.909
909
1000
0.909
909
2
800
0.826
660.8
1200
0.826
991.2
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Whats app us: +61 424 715 655 3
600
0.751
450.6
1500
0.751
1126.5
4
400
0.683
273.2
1600
0.683
1092.8
5
100
0.62
62
2000
0.62
1240
Total
2355.6
5359.5
NPV
1155.6
3459.5
Interpretation NPV indicates the present value of the project that remains after deducting initial investment from the present value of the cash inflows. NPV of project B is higher then project A. thus, it can be said that project B is more viable then project A Table 10: IRR method of project evaluation Project A
Project B
Initial investment
-1200
-1900
1
1000
1000
2
800
1200
3
600
1500
4
400
1600
5
100
2000
IRR
56.46%
59.82%
Interpretation IRR indicates the actual return that a project can earn on the invested amount. IRR of project A is 56.46%. On other hand, in case of project B IRR is 59.82%. Hence, on the basis of values it can be said that project B is more viable then project A. Toll Free No. +61 879 057 034 Mail Us: help@instantassignmenthelp.com.au Time to grab 25% discount on Assignment Help at Instant Assignment Help Australia
Whats app us: +61 424 715 655 On the basis of all parameters it can be said that project B is more profitable then project A.
TASK 3 3.1 (a) Process by which project are put out to tender In order to put project for tender, there is a process and there are some of the requirements that an organization requires to fulfill. In other words, it can be said that, in order to get entry of project for getting a tender, an organization has to fulfill some parameters. These parameters change from tender to tender. Apart from this, in case of specific tender also parameters are changed on continue basis. Due to this reason it is very difficult to identify the specific parameters that are used for a tender process. If firm fails to fulfill these parameters, it cannot be applied for tender. If inverse happens, then only it can put project on tender process. In respect to this, an organization may require to meet domestic or international standards. It is required to meet international standards only when tender is related to foreign nation or if any international organization is going to start any project in homeland. After fulfilling all standards for participating in tender process, an organization will determine a quotation (Croom and Brandon-Jones, 2007). It is simply a set of cost at which a firm can do a specific task for any organization. But determining a quotation is not an easy task, especially when applicant is newer in this field. If wrong quotations are prepared and company gets a tender then it has to complete a project as per the contract. Hence, an organization may possibly earn low amount profit on investment. Hence, it will be better to take guidance from those that have vast experience in this field. Suppliers have a lot of experience in this field and on the basis of evaluation of various factors, they can determine a range in which an organization must apply for a tender (Van Dooren, Bouckaert and Halligan, 2015). Hence, determination of appropriate range for a bid Toll Free No. +61 879 057 034 Mail Us: help@instantassignmenthelp.com.au Time to grab 25% discount on Assignment Help at Instant Assignment Help Australia
Whats app us: +61 424 715 655 plays a vital role when an organization intends to win a tender with an aspiration to earn huge profit on the same. In order to select an appropriate supplier, an organization must identify those entities that have vast experience in this field. After identification, company will prepare a list of all searched suppliers (The NHS in England, 2015). After this, some criteria will be determined to select appropriate suppliers. On the basis of these criteria, best supplier will get selected and company will get guidance from the reliable sources. Hence, firm will be in position to apply in a certain range for wining a tender at perfect quotation. Following is a process that is followed in context of tender.
Issue of notice in form of draft- In this stage NHS issue a notice in which entire details about the project are mentioned. These notices in form of draft are published in newspapers. Information like commencement of application for tender and its last date is mentioned in the notice. The thing on which tender will be issued is also described in notice. Hence, frpm newspaper candidates come to know about the NHS tenders.
Bidding process- Those who apply for tender can enter in to bidding process at NHS. Those candidates that will make a low bid will win a tender.
Sent of contract- After bidding process those who win a tender received a contract from NHS. This contract is signed by the winner of tender and return back to the NHS.
3.2 (b) Ways in which tenders are evaluated and suitable suppliers are selected In order to evaluate applications for tenders, NHS can use various parameters and some of these are given below:
Cost- NHS will be interested in approving those tenders that are applied at a low cost. In other words, it can be said that NHS will select only those applications, selection of which is done at low cost. With respect to this, there will be a procedure which is Toll Free No. +61 879 057 034 Mail Us: help@instantassignmenthelp.com.au
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Whats app us: +61 424 715 655 initiated from application for tender to evaluation of applications. In this way, NHS will be able to select the best project for itself.
Experience- NHS cannot select any project on the basis of single parameter and it requires using multiple factors in order to ensure that after giving a contract to any company, no problem will occur in initiation and implementation of the project. In other words, it can be said that selection of any project at low cost does not guarantee that project will be implemented successfully and desired results will be achieved in a proper manner (Van Helden, 2005). Thus, NHS will also pay an attention on years of experience that a particular company have on successful execution of such kind of projects for which tender is issued.
Quality- Quality is a factor that can never be ignored while giving a tender to any specific firm. This will help NHS in ensuring that specific firm has a full capability to execute a project in a systematic manner (Bennett and Iossa, 2006).
Financial stability – This is a factor on which entire success of any project depends. If any applicant is not financially strong and if tender is given to same company, then delay may happen in the completion of project on time. Hence, it is necessary to ensure that applicants are financially strong and are able to run a specific project smoothly if they are run in a proper manner.
Feedback to unsuccessful suppliers- In order to ensure that an appropriate supplier is selected, an organization will also visit feedback that was received in its earlier projects (Grimsey and Lewis, 2007). This feedback will help in identifying the weaknesses of an organization. Thus, any company cannot cheat NHS on the basis of low quotation.
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Whats app us: +61 424 715 655 In order to evaluate a project scoring system is used by the NHS. Under this system scores are given to different projects. The proposal that scores good is selected by NHS. Hence, use of this method ensures that best project will be selected by the NHS for the welfare of the people. Table 11: Criteria for selecting appropriate firm for a tender Parameters of evaluation
IIP
CIP
MIS
Quality
1
3
2
Experience
2
2
1
Stability
2
3
2
Previous feedback
1
3
2
Interpretation In order to evaluate all those who bid for tender several parameters like quality, experience, stability and previous feedback are employed. On the basis of evaluation it is identified that IIP is better than CIP and MIS. CIP has less experience and also provide service of poor quality. Due to this reason it legged behind in tender process. MIS is good in experience and quality but is had two previous service feedback and due to this reason it is also not eligible to win a tender. On other hand, IIP show a good performance on all parameters like quality, experience, stability and it has only one service feedback. Due to this reason, IIP is considered as an eligible entity to which tender must be given.
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Conclusion On the basis of above discussion, it is concluded that in order to manage public sector organizations, government requires using strict standards. In other words, it can be said that regulatory authorities must time to time conduct audit in order to identify any financial irregularities on time. Before allotting tender to any supplier, public organization must use several parameters in order to identify an appropriate supplier. Tender will be passed to only that supplier which has better financial position. This will help in ensuring that project will be completed on time and it will be implemented in an efficient and effective manner.
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References
Bennett, J. and Iossa, E., 2006. Building and managing facilities for public services. Journal of Public Economics. 90(10)
Bovaird, T. and Löffler, E., 2009. Public management and governance. Taylor & Francis.
Croom, S. and Brandon-Jones, A., 2007. Impact of e-procurement: experiences from implementation in the Australia public sector. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management
De Bruijn, H., 2007. Managing performance in the public sector. Routledge.
Engel, E., Fischer, R. and Galetovic, A., 2013. The basic public finance of public–private partnerships. Journal of the European Economic Association
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