UNIT
1
MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS STRUKTUR ATOM
Ion Ion
Molecule Molekul
Particle Theory of Matter Three types of particle Teori Zarah Jirim Tiga jenis zarah
Three states of matter Tiga keadaan jirim
Kinetic Theory of Matter Teori kinetik jirim
MATTER
UNIT
Atom Atom
1
Concept Map / Peta Konsep
Liquid Cecair
JIRIM
Proton number Nombor proton
Nucleon number Nombor nukleon
A Z
X
Electron arrangement Susunan Elektron
Standard representation of element
Perwakilan piawai unsur
History of Atomic Model Sejarah Model Atom
Meaning
Atom Atom
Maksud
Solid Pepejal
Gas Gas Diffusion Resapan
Isotope Isotop
Example Contoh Uses Kegunaan
Sub atomic particles Three sub atomic particles Zarah-zarah subatom Tiga zarah subatom
Proton Proton
Neutron Neutron
Electron Elektron
Learning objective / Objektif pembelajaran • • • • •
Analysing matter Menganalisis jirim Synthesis the structure of atom Mensintesiskan struktur atom Understanding isotopes and evaluates its significance Memahami isotop dan menilai kepentingannya Understanding the electron arrangement of atoms Memahami susunan elektron bagi atom Appreciates orders and uniqueness of the structure of atoms Menghargai ketertiban dan keunikan struktur atom
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01 Chap 1 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 1
Note / Nota: Differentiate between Bezakan antara 1 State of matter / Keadaan jirim 2 Type of particles / Jenis zarah 3 Sub atomic particles / Zarah subatom
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MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4
Matter / Jirim 1
Particle theory of matter / Teori zarah jirim
What is matter? Apakah jirim?
Matter is any substance that has mass and occupies space. Jirim adalah sebarang bahan yang mempunyai jisim dan memenuhi ruang.
What is particle theory of matter? Apakah teori zarah jirim?
atoms ions Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles. Three types of tiny particles are , molecules and . / Jirim terdiri daripada zarah yang halus dan diskrit. Tiga jenis zarah tersebut ialah atom ion , dan molekul .
UNIT
A substance made from only
Define compound. Takrifkan sebatian.
A substance made from
1
Define element. Takrifkan unsur.
Define atom and give example of substance that made up of atom. Takrifkan atom dan berikan contoh bahan yang terdiri daripada atom.
one
type of atom.
satu
Bahan yang terdiri daripada
two dua
Bahan yang terdiri daripada
jenis atom sahaja. more
or
atau
Example / Contoh: (a) Pure metal / Logam tulen: – Copper, Cu Kuprum, Cu – Lead, Pb Plumbum, Pb
unsur berbeza yang terikat secara kimia.
Copper, Cu Kuprum, Cu
Carbon, C / Karbon, C
(c) Inert gases / Gas adi: – Neon, Ne Neon, Ne – Helium, He Helium, He
Helium, He / Helium, He
A neutral particle consists of similar or different non metal atoms which are covalently bonded. Zarah neutral yang terdiri daripada atom-atom bukan logam yang serupa atau berlainan terikat secara ikatan kovalen. Example / Contoh: (a) Molecule of an element / Molekul unsur: – Oxygen, O2 Oksigen, O2 – Hydrogen, H2 Hidrogen H2 (b) Molecule of a compound / Molekul sebatian: – Carbon dioxide, CO2 Karbon dioksida, CO2 – Water, H2O Air, H2O
Define ion and give example of substance that made up of ion. Takrifkan ion dan berikan contoh bahan yang terdiri daripada ion.
different elements which are bonded together.
The smallest neutral particle of an element / Zarah neutral yang paling kecil bagi suatu unsur
(b) Non metal / Bukan logam: – Carbon, C Karbon, C – Silicon, Si Silikon, Si
Define molecule and give example of substance that made up of molecule. Takrifkan molekul dan berikan contoh bahan yang terdiri daripada molekul.
lebih
Oxygen, O2 / Oksigen, O2
Water, H2O / Air, H2O
Positively or negatively charged particles, which are formed from metal atom and non metal atom respectively. The force of attraction between the two oppositely charged ions forms an ionic bond. Zarah bercas positif atau negatif terbentuk daripada logam dan bukan logam yang terikat secara ikatan ion. Daya tarikan antara dua ion yang berlawanan cas membentuk ikatan ion. Example / Contoh: Sodium chloride, NaCl Natrium klorida, NaCl Sodium chloride, NaCl Natrium klorida, NaCl
– –
Elements can be identified as metal or non metal by referring to the Periodic Table of Elements. Unsur boleh dikenal pasti sebagai logam atau bukan logam dengan merujuk kepada Jadual Berkala Unsur. Formation of molecule and ion will be studied in Chapter 4 (Chemical Bond). Pembentukan molekul dan ion akan dipelajari dalam Bab 4 (Ikatan Kimia).
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MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4
2
Conclusion / Kesimpulan: Matter / Jirim
Element / Unsur
Atoms / Atom
Molecules Atoms // Atom Molekul
Molecules / Molekul
Ions / Ion
Cu, Ag, C, Ne, Ar
O2, Br2, N2, C12
CO2, H2O, NO2
NaC1, KNO3, AgC1
UNIT
1
Compound / Sebatian
Exercise / Latihan Determine the type of particles in the following substances: Tentukan jenis zarah bagi setiap bahan berikut: Substances Bahan
Type of particle Jenis zarah
Substances Bahan
Type of particle Jenis zarah
Substances Bahan
Type of particle Jenis zarah
Hydrogen gas (H2) Gas hidrogen (H2)
Molecule Molekul
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Sulfur dioksida (SO2)
Molecule Molekul
Tetrachloromethane (CCl4) Tetraklorometana (CCl4)
Molecule Molekul
Copper(II) sulphate (CuSO4) Kuprum(II) sulfat (CuSO4)
Ion Ion
Iron (Fe) Ferum (Fe)
Atom Atom
Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) Zink klorida (ZnCl2)
Ion Ion
Argon (Ar) Argon (Ar)
Atom Atom
Carbon (C) Karbon (C)
Atom Atom
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) Hidrogen peroksida (H2O2)
Molecule Molekul
3
Kinetic theory of matter / Teori kinetik jirim
State kinetic theory of matter. Nyatakan teori kinetik jirim.
The tiny and discrete particles that made up matter are constantly moving. Zarah-zarah halus dan diskrit yang membentuk jirim adalah sentiasa bergerak. Remark / Catatan: Particles represent atoms, ions or molecules. Zarah mewakili atom, ion atau molekul.
What is the significant of this theory? Apakah kepentingan teori ini?
4
This theory uses the particular model to explain the properties of matter. For example, diffusion and change of physical state of matter with the energy change (melting, boiling, freezing and condensation). Teori ini menggunakan model zarah untuk menerangkan sifat jirim. Sebagai contoh, resapan dan perubahan keadaan fizikal bahan dengan perubahan tenaga (peleburan, pendidihan, pembekuan dan kondensasi).
Diffusion / Resapan
Define diffusion. Takrifkan resapan.
Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance move between the particles of another substance from an area of high concentration (where there are lots of particles) to an area of low concentration (where there are fewer particles). Resapan berlaku apabila zarah suatu bahan bergerak di antara zarah bahan lain dari kawasan yang berkepekatan tinggi (terdapat lebih banyak zarah) ke kawasan yang berkepekatan rendah (terdapat kurang zarah).
Give example of diffusion in our daily lives. Berikan contoh resapan dalam kehidupan seharian kita.
– Cooking aroma spreads from the kitchen to another part of the house. Aroma memasak tersebar dari dapur ke bahagian lain rumah. – Perfume smells spread from the bottle to surrounding. Bau pewangi tersebar daripada botol ke persekitaran. – Stinky odour of garbage permeates the air. Bau busuk sampah meresap ke udara.
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MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4
Compare and explain the observation of diffusion in solid, liquid and gas. Banding dan terangkan pemerhatian resapan dalam pepejal, cecair dan gas. Diffusion in a gas Resapan dalam gas Experiment Eksperimen
Diffusion in a liquid Resapan dalam cecair
After a few minutes
A few drops of bromine liquid Beberapa titis cecair bromin
Selepas sehari
1
The brown colour of bromine vapour, Br2 quickly spreads throughout the
The purple colour of solid potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 spreads slowly throughout the water.
The blue colour of copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 spreads very slowly
Warna perang wap bromin, Br2 merebak cepat dengan memenuhi
Warna ungu pepejal kalium manganat(VII), KMnO4 merebak perlahan dengan di dalam air.
Warna biru kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 merebak sangat perlahan di dalam
Bromine vapour, Br2 and air are made molecules up of .
Potassium manganate(VII) is made up
Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 is made up ions of copper(II) and sulphate
kedua-dua balang gas.
Bromine molecules move quickly large between
of potassium ions and manganate(VII) ions ions. The move slowly close
between
space of water
space of air particles which is in gas form.
particles which is in liquid form.
Wap bromin, Br2 dan udara terdiri molekul daripada .
ion kalium dan ion manganat(VII). Ion-ion ini bergerak perlahan antara ruang rapat zarah air yang berbentuk
Molekul pantas
bromin bergerak
besar melalui ruang antara zarah-zarah udara yang berbentuk gas.
5
After a day Copper(II) sulphate Kuprum(II) sulfat
Potassium manganate(VII) Kalium manganat(VII)
two jars.
Explanation Penerangan
Gel Agar-agar
After a few hours
Selepas beberapa jam
Selepas beberapa minit
UNIT Observation Pemerhatian
Water Air
Diffusion in a solid Resapan dalam pepejal
Kalium manganat(VII) terdiri daripada
cecair.
throughout the gel.
agar-agar.
ions
. The
ions
move very between closely packed space of gel particles which is in solid form. slowly
Kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 terdiri daripada ion ion kuprum(II) dan sulfat.
Ion-ion
ini bergerak perlahan dengan sangat antara padat ruang zarah agar-agar yang berbentuk pepejal.
Changes in the state of matter / Perubahan keadaan jirim
How does the matter exist? Bagaimanakah jirim wujud?
Matter exists in three different states which are Jirim wujud dalam tiga keadaan iaitu pepejal
solid
, cecair
,
liquid dan
and gas
gas
.
.
Complete the following table to compare particles in solid, liquid and gas. Lengkapkan jadual di bawah bagi membandingkan zarah dalam pepejal, cecair dan gas. State of matter Keadaan jirim
Solid Pepejal
Liquid Cecair
Gas Gas
Draw the particles arrangement. Each particle (atom/ ion/molecule) is represented by Lukis susunan zarah. Setiap zarah (atom / ion / molekul) diwakili dengan ‘ ’ Particles arrangement Susunan zarah
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01 Chap 1 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 4
Closely manner. Padat
packed in dan
orderly teratur
Closely
.
packed not in orderly manner but . Padat tetapi tidak teratur .
Widely separated far apart from each other. Terpisah jauh
antara satu
sama lain.
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MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4 rotate
and
at
their fixed position. Bergetar dan berputar
strong
Very Sangat
kuat
Energy content of the particles Kandungan tenaga zarah
Very
low
Define melting point. Takrifkan takat lebur.
Sangat
. .
rendah
vibrate Particles can , rotate move and
throughout the liquid. freely. bergetar berputar Zarah , dan Zarah bergetar , berputar bergerak dalam cecair. dan bergerak bebas.
pada kedudukan tetap.
Attractive forces between the particles Daya tarikan antara zarah
Particles can vibrate , rotate and move
.
Strong
Weak
Kuat
Lemah Very
Moderate .
The constant temperature at which a Suhu tetap di mana suatu pepejal
solid
high.
Sangat
Sederhana
1
Vibrate
UNIT
Particles movement Pergerakan zarah
tinggi.
completely changes to become a liquid.
berubah sepenuhnya menjadi cecair.
Remark: For the same pure substance, melting point = freezing point. For example, pure ice melts and freezes at 0°C (the melting liquid freezing point point of ice). The constant temperature at which a changes to a solid is called . Catatan: Untuk bahan tulen yang sama, takat lebur = takat beku. Sebagai contoh, ais tulen melebur dan membeku pada 0°C takat beku cecair (takat lebur ais). Suhu malar di mana perubahan kepada pepejal dipanggil .
Define boiling point. Takrifkan takat didih.
The constant temperature at which a cecair Suhu tetap di mana suatu
liquid
completely changes to become a gas.
berubah sepenuhnya menjadi gas.
Remark: Pure water boils and condenses at 100°C (the boiling point of water). Catatan: Air tulen mendidih dan terkondesasi pada 100°C (takat didih air).
When does a substance change its physical state? Bilakah suatu bahan berubah sifat fizikalnya?
A substance changes its physical state when the temperature reaches the melting point and boiling point. Suatu bahan berubah sifat fizikalnya apabila suhunya mencapai takat lebur dan takat didihnya.
What causes a substance to change its physical state? Apakah yang menyebabkan suatu bahan berubah sifat fizikalnya?
Matter undergoes changes of state when
heat
Jirim mengalami perubahan keadaan apabila tenaga
energy is absorbed or released : haba serap di atau dibebaskan :
(i) When heat energy is absorbed by the matter (it is heated), the increases and they vibrate faster.
How does the energy cause a substance to change its physical state? Bagaimanakah tenaga menyebabkan suatu bahan berubah keadaan fizikalnya?
kinetic
kinetik
zarah
energy of the particles
Apabila tenaga haba dibebaskan oleh jirim (semasa disejukkan), tenaga berkurang dan zarah tersebut bergetar kurang cergas.
kinetik
zarah
Heat energy is absorbed to overcome the attractive forces between particles or released when the attractive force between particles is formed. Tenaga haba diserap untuk mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah atau dibebaskan apabila daya tarikan antara zarah terbentuk.
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01 Chap 1 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 5
energy of the particles
diserap Apabila tenaga haba oleh jirim (semasa dipanaskan), tenaga bertambah dan zarah tersebut bergetar dengan lebih cepat.
releases (ii) When matter heat energy (it is cooled), the decreases and they vibrate less vigorously.
kinetic
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MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4 State the change in heat energy during physical state change. Nyatakan perubahan tenaga haba semasa perubahan keadaan fizikal.
– During melting, boiling and sublimation, heat energy is absorbed from the surrounding. Semasa peleburan, pendidihan dan pemejalwapan, tenaga haba diserap dari persekitaran. – During freezing and condensation heat energy is given out to the surrounding. Semasa pembekuan dan kondensasi, tenaga haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran. Sublimation / Pemejalwapan
UNIT
Solid / Pepejal
Melting Peleburan
Boiling Pendidihan
Freezing Pembekuan
Condensation Kondensasi Liquid / Cecair
Key / Pertunjuk: Heat energy is absorbed from the surrounding Tenaga haba diserap dari persekitaran
Gas / Gas
1 Sublimation / Pemejalwapan What happen to the temperature when a substance undergoes changes in physical states? Explain. Apa yang terjadi kepada suhu apabila suatu bahan mengalami perubahan keadaan fizikal? Terangkan.
Heat energy is released to the surrounding Tenaga haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran
– During the melting process, the temperature remains unchanged because heat energy absorbed by the used particles is to overcome the forces between particles so that the solid changes to a liquid. Semasa proses peleburan, suhu tidak berubah kerana haba yang diserap oleh zarah-zarah digunakan untuk mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah supaya pepejal berubah menjadi cecair.
– During the freezing process, the temperature remains unchanged because the heat released to the surrounding is balanced by the heat released when the liquid particles attarct one another to solid become a . diimbangi Semasa proses pembekuan, suhu adalah tetap kerana haba terbebas ke persekitaran oleh haba terbebas apabila zarah-zarah cecair menarik antara satu sama lain untuk membentuk pepejal
Why do different substance have different melting and boiling points? Mengapakah bahan yang berbeza mempunyai takat lebur dan takat didih yang berbeza?
– When the force of attraction between particles is stronger, more heat needed to overcome the force. The melting and boiling points are higher. Apabila daya tarikan antara zarah lebih kuat, lebih banyak haba diperlukan untuk mengatasi daya itu. Takat lebur dan takat didih adalah lebih tinggi. – When the force of attraction between particles is weaker, less heat needed to overcome the force. The melting and boiling points are lower. Apabila daya tarikan antara zarah lebih lemah, kurang tenaga diperlukan untuk mengatasi daya itu. Takat lebur dan takat didih adalah lebih rendah. Remark / Catatan: The strength of attractive force between particles is used to explain the difference in melting point and boiling point of ionic and covalent compound in topic 4 (Chemical Bond) Kekuatan daya tarikan antara zarah digunakan untuk menerangkan perbezaan dalam takat lebur dan takat didih sebatian ion dan kovalen dalam topik 4 (Ikatan Kimia)
Describe experiment to determine the of melting and freezing points of naphthalene Huraikan ekxperimen bagi menentukan takat lebur dan takat beku naftalena Materials / Bahan: Naphthalene powder, water / Serbuk naftalena, air Apparatus / Radas: Boiling tube, conical flask, beaker, retort stand with clamp, thermometer 0 – 100°C, stopwatch, Bunsen burner, wire gauze, tripod stand
Tabung didih, kelalang kon, bikar, kaki retort, termometer 0 – 100°C, jam randik, penunu Bunsen kasa dawai,
tungku kaki tiga
Procedure / Prosedur: I. Heating of naphthalene Pemanasan naftalena Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas: (a)
A boiling tube is filled 3 cm height with naphthalene powder and a thermometer is placed into it. Tabung didih diisi dengan serbuk naftalena setinggi 3 cm dan termometer diletakkan di dalammya.
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MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4
(b) The boiling tube is suspended in a water bath as shown in the diagram and make sure the water level in the water bath is higher than naphtalene powder in the boiling tube. Tabung didih diapitkan ke dalam kukus air seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah dan pastikan aras air dalam kukus air lebih tinggi daripada aras naftalena dalam tabung didih.
The water is heated and the naphthalene is stirred slowly with thermometer. Air dipanaskan dan naftalena dikacau perlahan-lahan dengan termometer.
Thermometer / Termometer Boiling tube / Tabung didih Water / Air
Naphthalene / Naftalena
1
(d) When the temperature of naphthalene reaches 60°C, the stopwatch is started. The temperature of naphthalene is recorded at 30 seconds intervals until the temperature of naphthalene reaches 90°C. Apabila suhu naftalena mencapai 60°C, mulakan jam randik. Suhu naftalena dicatat setiap 30 saat sehingga suhunya mencapai 90°C.
UNIT
(c)
Heat Haba
Result / Keputusan: Time / s Masa / s
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Temperature / °C Suhu / °C
II. Cooling of naphthalene / Penyejukan naftalena Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas: (a)
The boiling tube and its content is removed from the water bath and put into a conical flask as shown in the diagram. Tabung didih dan kandungannya dikeluarkan daripada kukus air dan dipindahkan ke dalam kelalang kon seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah. Naphthalene
(b) The content in the boiling tube is stirred constantly Naftalena with thermometer throughout cooling process to avoid supercooling (the temperature of cooling liquid drops below freezing point, without the appearance of a solid). Kandungan dalam tabung didih dikacau perlahan-lahan dengan termometer sepanjang proses penyejukan untuk mengelakkan penyejukan lampau (Suhu cecair yang disejukkan turun melepasi takat beku tanpa pembentukan pepejal). (c)
The temperature of naphthalene is recorded every 30 seconds interval until the temperature drops to 60 °C. Suhu naftalena dicatat setiap 30 saat sehingga suhunya mencapai 60 °C.
(d) A graph of temperature against time is plotted for the heating and cooling process respectively. Graf suhu melawan masa dilukis untuk proses pemanasan dan penyejukan. Result / Keputusan: Time / s Masa / s
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
Temperature / °C Suhu / °C Temperature/°C / Suhu/°C
Temperature/°C / Suhu/°C
X
X Time/s Masa/s
Time/s Masa/s
From the graph, the melting point of naphthalene is X°C Daripada graf, takat lebur naftalena ialah X°C
From the graph, the freezing point of naphthalene is X°C Daripada graf, takat beku naftalena ialah X°C
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MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4
Interpretation of heating curve Tafsiran graf pemanasan What is heating curve? Apakah lengkung pemanasan?
It is a plot of the temperature against time to show how changes as a substance is heated up. Satu plot suhu melawan masa untuk menunjukkan bagaimana perubahan apabila suatu bahan dipanaskan.
UNIT
1
Sketch the heating curve of a substance with the melting point P°C and the boiling point Q°C from solid to gas. Label the part on the graph where melting point and boiling point take place. Lakarkan lengkung pemanasan suatu bahan dengan takat lebur P°C dan takat didih Q°C dari pepejal kepada gas. Labelkan bahagian pada graf di mana takat lebur dan takat didih berlaku.
Temperature/°C Suhu/°C
Q P Time/s Masa/s
Study the heating curve of a substance. Kaji lengkung pemanasan suatu bahan. (a) State the physical state of the substance at the following region: Nyatakan keadaan fizikal bahan pada kawasan berikut: AB, BC, CD, DE, EF (b) Explain the changes in physical state and temperature of the substance. Terangkan perubahan keadaan fizikal dan suhu bahan.
Temperature/°C Suhu/°C
F D
B
E
C
A Time/s Masa/s AB 1 Heat energy is 2 The heat energy particles vibrate
absorbed
by the particles in the
absorbed
kinetic
causes
faster .
3 The temperature increases . diserap 1 Tenaga haba oleh zarah-zarah diserap
2 Tenaga haba yang bergetar dengan
3 Suhu semakin BC
1 Heat energy is
Solid Pepejal
BC
Solid and liquid Pepejal dan cecair
CD
Liquid Cecair
DE
Liquid and gas Cecair dan gas
EF
Gas Gas
naphthalene.
energy of the particles to
pepejal
menyebabkan tenaga
lebih cepat
increase
and the
naftalena. kinetik akan bertambah dan zarah
.
meningkat . absorbed
solid
AB
by the particles in the
liquid
naphthalene.
absorbed 2 The heat energy is used to overcome forces of attraction between particles so that solid liquid the turns to . remains constant
3 The temperature 1 Tenaga haba yang
diserap
2 Tenaga haba yang pepejal supaya 3 Suhu adalah
.
cecair oleh zarah-zarah dalam naftalena. mengatasi digunakan untuk daya tarikan antara zarah-zarah cecair berubah menjadi . diserap
tetap
.
DE
1 Heat energy is absorbed by the particles in the 2 The heat energy particles move 3 The temperature © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
01 Chap 1 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 8
absorbed faster
causes the
kinetic
liquid
naphthalene.
energy of the particles to
increase
and the
.
increases
.
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MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4 1 Tenaga haba
diserap
3 Suhu semakin
meningkat .
EF
1 Heat energy is absorbed by the particles in the absorbed
2 The heat
particles move
causes their
faster
gas
kinetic
akan bertambah dan zarah-
.
energy of the particles to increase and the
.
gas oleh zarah-zarah . Tenaga haba yang diserap menyebabkan tenaga kinetik zarah bergerak dengan lebih cepat .
1 Tenaga haba 2
1
3 The temperature increases .
3 Suhu semakin
diserap
zarah akan bertambah dan zarah-
UNIT
2
oleh zarah-zarah cecair naftalena. diserap Tenaga haba yang menyebabkan tenaga kinetik lebih cepat . zarah bergerak dengan
meningkat
Remark / Catatan: The diagram shows how the physical state of substance is related to its melting and boiling points. Rajah menunjukkan bagaimana keadaan fizikal bahan berkait dengan takat lebur dan takat didih.
Melting point Takat lebur
Boiling point Takat didih
Solid Pepejal
Liquid Cecair
Temperature increase Suhu meningkat
Gas Gas
Solid + liquid Pepejal + cecair
Liquid + gas Cecair + gas
Interpretation of cooling curve Tafsiran graf penyejukan What is cooling curve? Apakah lengkung penyejukan?
It is a plot of the temperature against time to show how temperature change as a substance is cooled. Satu plot suhu melawan masa untuk menunjukkan bagaimana suhu berubah apabila suatu bahan disejukkan.
Study the cooling curve of a substance. Kaji lengkung penyejukan suatu bahan.
Temperature/°C / Suhu/°C P
(a) State the physical state of the substance at the following region: Nyatakan keadaan fizikal bahan pada kawasan berikut: PQ,QR, RS (b) Explain the changes in physical state and temperature of the substance. Terangkan perubahan keadaan fizikal dan suhu bahan.
Q
R
S
PQ
Liquid Cecair
QR
Liquid and solid Cecair dan pepejal
RS
Solid Pepejal
Time/s Masa/s PQ 1 Heat is
released
2 The particles in the
to the surrounding by the particles in the liquid
lose their
kinetic
liquid
naphthalene.
energy and move
slower
.
3 The temperature decreases . 1 Haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam cecair 2 Zarah dalam naftalena kehilangan tenaga perlahan .
3 Suhu semakin
kinetik
naftalena. dan bergerak semakin
menurun .
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01 Chap 1 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 9
cecair
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MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4 QR 1 Heat is
released
liquid
to the surrounding by the particles in balanced heat 2 The heat released is by the energy solid one another to form a . 3 The temperature remains constant .
released
naphthalene. as the particles attract
cecair 1 Haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran oleh zarah-zarah dalam naftalena. haba 2 Haba yang dibebaskan adalah diimbangi oleh tenaga yang
UNIT
3
apabila zarah-zarah menarik antara satu sama lain untuk membentuk tetap Suhu adalah .
RS
1
1 The particles in the solid naphthalene
releases
2 The heat released causes the particles vibrate 3 The temperature
terbebas
.
heat. slower
.
decreases .
1 Zarah-zarah di dalam pepejal naftalena
membebaskan
haba.
2 Haba yang terbebas menyebabkan zarah-zarah bergetar semakin 3 Suhu semakin
pepejal
menurun
perlahan
.
.
Exercise / Latihan 1
The table below shows substances and their chemical formula. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bahan dan formula kimia masing-masing. Substance / Bahan
Chemical formula / Formula kimia
Type of particle / Jenis zarah
Silver / Argentum
Ag
Atom / Atom
Potassium oxide / Kalium oksida
K2O
Ion / Ion
Ammonia / Ammonia
NH3
Molecule / Molekul
Chlorine / Klorin
Cl2
Molecule / Molekul
(a) State the type of particles that made up each substance in the table. Nyatakan jenis zarah yang membentuk bahan dalam jadual di atas. (b) Which of the substances are element? Explain your answer. Antara bahan tersebut, yang manakah merupakan suatu unsur? Jelaskan jawapan anda. Silver and chlorine. Silver and chlorine are made up of only one type of atom. Argentum dan klorin. Argentum dan klorin terdiri daripada satu jenis atom sahaja. (c) Which of the substances are compound? Explain your answer. Antara bahan tersebut, yang manakah merupakan suatu sebatian? Jelaskan jawapan anda. Potassium oxide and ammonia. Potassium oxide and ammonia are made up of two different elements. Kalium oksida dan ammonia. Kalium oksida dan ammonia terdiri daripada dua unsur yang berbeza. 2
The table below shows the melting and boiling points of substances P, Q and R. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan takat lebur dan takat didih bagi bahan P, Q dan R. Substance / Bahan
Melting point / Takat lebur / °C
Boiling point / Takat didih / °C
P
–36
6
Q
–18
70
R
98
230
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MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4
(a) (i)
What is meant by ‘melting point’? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan ‘takat lebur’? The constant temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid at particular pressure. Suhu tetap di mana pepejal berubah menjadi cecair pada tekanan tertentu.
(ii) What is meant by ‘boiling point’? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan ‘takat didih’? The constant temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas at particular pressure. Suhu tetap di mana cecair berubah menjadi gas pada tekanan tertentu.
(c) (i)
Substance P /PBahan P Bahan
Substance Q /QBahan Q Bahan
UNIT
1
(b) Draw the particles arrangement of substances P, Q and R at room condition. Lukis susunan zarah P, Q dan R pada keadaan bilik.
Substance R /RBahan R Bahan
State the substance/substances that exist in the form of liquid at 0 °C. Nyatakan bahan yang wujud dalam keadaan cecair pada suhu 0 °C. P, Q
(ii) Give reason to your answer. / Jelaskan jawapan anda. The temperature 0 °C is above the melting point of P and Q and below the boiling point of P and Q. 0 °C adalah suhu di atas takat lebur P dan Q dan di bawah takat didih P dan Q.
(d) (i)
Substance Q is heated from room temperature to 100 °C. Sketch a graph of temperature against time for the heating of substance Q. Bahan Q dipanaskan dari suhu bilik hingga 100 °C. Lakarkan graf suhu melawan masa bagi pemanasan bahan Q. Temperature / Suhu /°C
70
Time / Masa /s
(ii) What is the state of matter of substance Q at 70 °C? / Apakah keadaan fizik bahan Q pada 70 °C? Liquid and gas / Cecair dan gas (e) Compare the melting point of substances Q and R. Explain your answer. Bandingkan takat lebur bahan Q dan R. Terangkan jawapan anda. The melting point of substance R is higher than substance Q. The attraction force between particles in substance R is stronger than substance Q. More heat is needed to overcome the forces between particles in substance R. Takat lebur bahan R adalah lebih tinggi daripada bahan Q. Daya tarikan antara zarah dalam bahan R lebih kuat daripada bahan Q. Lebih banyak tenaga diperlukan untuk mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah dalam bahan R. Soalan Tambahan Additional Question
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01 Chap 1 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 11
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MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4
The Atomic Structure / Struktur Atom 1
History of the development of atomic models: Sejarah perkembangan model atom: Scientist Saintis
Atomic Model Model atom
Discovery Penemuan atoms . atom Jirim terdiri daripada zarah-zarah dipanggil . created destroyed divided (ii) Atoms cannot be , or . dicipta Atom tidak boleh , dimusnah atau dibahagi . identical (iii) Atoms from the same element are . sama Atom daripada unsur sama adalah . (i)
Matter is made up of particles called
UNIT
Dalton
1 Thomson
Positively charged sphere positif Sfera bercas Negatively charged electron Elektron bercas negatif
Electron
moves outside
the nucleus Elektron bergerak di luar nukleus Rutherford
Nucleus that contains proton Nukleus mengandungi proton
Discovered the electrons , the first subatomic particle. elektron Menjumpai , zarah subatom yang pertama. (i)
positive
(ii) Atom is sphere of
charge which is embedded with negatively charged particles called electrons . positif Atom adalah sfera yang bercas yang mengandungi
zarah bercas negatif dipanggil
elektron
.
nucleus Discovered the as the centre of an atom and positively charged . nukleus Menjumpai yang merupakan pusat bagi atom dan (i)
bercas positif
(ii) (iii)
Proton Proton Electron Elektron
.
is a part of the nucleus. adalah sebahagian daripada nukleus. moves outside the nucleus.
bergerak di sekeliling nukleus. nucleus (iv) Most of the mass of the atom found in the Nukleus mempunyai hampir semua jisim atom.
.
Shell / Petala
Neils Bohr
Nucleus that contains proton Nukleus mengandungi proton Electron / Elektron
James Chadwick
01 Chap 1 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 12
(ii)
Discovered the existence of electron petala Menjumpai kewujudan Electrons Elektron
shells elektron.
move in the shells around the
. nucleus
bergerak di dalam petala mengelilingi
neutron Discovered the existence of neutron Menjumpai kewujudan .
. nukleus
Shell / Petala
(i)
Nucleus that contains proton and neutron
neutron (ii) Nucleus of an atom contains neutral particles called proton and positively charged particles called . neutron Nukleus mengandungi zarah-zarah neutral dipanggil
Nukleus mengandungi proton dan neutron
Electron / Elektron
Š Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
(i)
.
.
proton dan zarah-zarah bercas positif dipanggil . neutron proton (iii) The mass of a and is almost the same. neutron proton Jisim dan adalah hampir sama.
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MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4
2
The structure of an atom / Struktur atom:
Describe atomic structure based on history of the atomic structure. Huraikan struktur atom berdasarkan sejarah struktur atom.
Shell / Petala Nucleus that contains proton and neutron Nukleus yang mengandungi proton dan neutron Electron / Elektron nucleus (a) An atom has a central and electrons that move in the nucleus. nucleus (b) The contains protons and neutrons.
shells
around the
(b)
(d) Jisim suatu atom diperoleh daripada jumlah bilangan
Explain how the electrons are filled in specific shells. Terangkan bagaimana elektron diisi dalam petala tertentu.
UNIT
mengelilingi nukleus tersebut. Nukleus mengandungi neutron dan proton.
(c) Jisim relatif proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus ialah 1. What are the characteristics of the subatomic particles? Apakah ciri-ciri zarah subatom?
1
(c) The relative mass of a neutron and a proton which are in the nucleus is 1. proton neutron (d) The mass of an atom is obtained mainly from the number of and . nukleus petala (a) Atom mempunyai di tengahnya dan elektron bergerak di dalam
proton
dan bilangan
Relative mass Jisim relatif
neutron
Subatomic particles Zarah subatom
Symbol Simbol
Charge Cas
Electron Elektron
e
– (negative) – (negatif)
1 ≈0 1 840
Proton Proton
p
+ (positive) + (positif)
1
In the nucleus Pada nukleus
Neutron Neutron
n
neutral neutral
1
In the nucleus Pada nukleus
.
Position Kedudukan In the shells Pada petala
Every shell can be filled only with a certain number of electrons. For the elements with atomic numbers 1 – 20: / Setiap petala hanya boleh diisi dengan bilangan elektron tertentu. Bagi unsur-unsur yang mempunyai nombor proton 1 – 20: 2 – First shell can be filled with a maximum of electrons. 2
Petala pertama boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum 8 – Second shell can be filled with a maximum of
elektron.
electrons. 8 elektron.
Petala kedua boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum 8 – Third shell can be filled with a maximum of
electrons. 8 elektron.
Petala ketiga boleh diisi dengan bilangan maksimum
First shell is filled with 2 electrons (duplet) Petala pertama diisi 2 elektron (duplet) Second shell is filled with 8 electrons (octet) Petala kedua diisi 8 elektron (oktet) Third shell is filled with 8 electrons (octet) Petala ketiga diisi 8 elektron (oktet) What are valence electrons? Apakah elektron valens?
Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom. Elektron valens ialah elektron yang diisi dalam petala paling luar suatu atom.
Atom or element? Atom atau unsur?
Example / Contoh: Na
Na
Na
Sodium element Unsur natrium
Sodium element Unsur natrium
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Sodium element Unsur natrium
Sodium Atom
atom natrium
Remark / Catatan: 1 Atom is the smallest neutral particle of an element. / Atom adalah zarah neutral paling kecil dalam suatu unsur. one 2 A substance made from only type of atom.
Suatu bahan yang terdiri daripada hanya
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01 Chap 1 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 13
satu
jenis atom.
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MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4 Define proton number. Nyatakan maksud nombor proton.
element
Proton number of an
unsur
Nombor proton sesuatu atom
nucleus
is the number of proton in the
of its
adalah bilangan proton yang terdapat dalam
atom nukleus
. suatu
.
Remark / Catatan: Every element has its own proton number (Refer to Periodic Table of Elements). Setiap unsur mempunyai nombor protonnya tersendiri (Rujuk Jadual Berkala Unsur).
UNIT
Define nucleon number. Nyatakan maksud nombor nukleon.
Nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of its atom
.
Nombor nukleon sesuatu unsur adalah jumlah bilangan proton dan neutron di dalam nukleus sesuatu
1
atom
.
Remark / Catatan: – Nucleon number is also known as mass number. (Refer to Periodic Table of Elements) Nombor nukleon juga dikenali sebagai nombor jisim. (Rujuk Jadual Berkala Unsur) – Nucleon number = number of protons + number of neutrons. Nombor nukleon = bilangan proton + bilangan neutron.
Why atoms are neutral? Mengapakah atom neutral?
+1
– Each proton has charge of charge
neutron has no
+1
Setiap proton bercas cas
neutral
(it is
).
–1
. Setiap elektron bercas
neutral
(ianya adalah
–1
. Each electron has an electrical charge of
. Neutron tidak mempunyai
).
– An atom has the same number of protons and electrons, so the overall charge of atom is Atom is
neutral
. The
zero
.
.
Setiap atom mempunyai bilangan proton dan elektron yang sama, oleh itu cas keseluruhan bagi atom adalah
kosong
. Atom adalah
neutral
.
Remark / Catatan: If an atom loses or gains electrons it is called an ion – formation of ion will be studied in Chapter 4. Jika suatu atom kehilangan atau menerima elektron, ia akan membentuk ion – pembentukan ion akan dipelajari dalam Tajuk 4.
How to calculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom? Bagaimana untuk mengira nombor proton, neutron dan elektron dalam satu atom?
In an atom / Dalam suatu atom: Nombor proton
Bilangan proton = Number of electrons =
Number of proton
Bilangan elektron =
Bilangan proton
Number of neutrons = Bilangan neutron = Example Contoh
Proton number
Number of protons =
Nucleon number – Proton number Nombor nukleon – Proton number
19 electrons
in the shells.
Nombor proton untuk kalium, K ialah 19.
8 electrons
in the shells.
Nombor proton untuk oksigen, O ialah 8. nukleus dan
01 Chap 1 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 14
Atom
nukleus dan 19 elektron di dalam petala.
(ii) Proton number of oxygen, O is 8. Oxygen
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atom
(i) Proton number of potassium, K is 19. Potasium
8 elektron
atom Atom
has
19 protons
kalium mempunyai
has
8 protons
oksigen mempunyai
in the nucleus and
19 proton
di dalam
in the nucleus and 8 proton
di dalam
di dalam petala.
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MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4 What is the symbol of an element? Apakah simbol bagi suatu unsur?
The symbol of an element is a short way of representing an element. If the symbol has only one letter, it must be a capital letter. If it has two letters, the first is always a capital letter, while the second is always a small letter. Simbol unsur adalah cara mudah untuk mewakilkan unsur. Jika simbol hanya terdiri daripada satu huruf, maka ia mesti ditulis menggunakan huruf besar. Jika simbol terdiri daripada dua huruf, maka huruf pertama merupakan huruf besar dan huruf kedua merupakan huruf kecil.
Symbol Simbol
Element Unsur
Symbol Simbol
Element Unsur
Symbol Simbol
Oxygen Oksigen
O
Nitrogen Nitrogen
N
Calcium Kalsium
Ca
Magnesium Magnesium
Mg
Sodium Natrium
Na
Copper Kuprum
Cu
Hydrogen Hidrogen
H
Potassium Kalium
K
Chlorine Klorin
Cl
UNIT
Element Unsur
1
Example / Contoh:
The first letter of each element is a capital letter to show that it is a new element. This is helpful when writing a chemical formula. For example KCl. There are two elements chemically bonded in KCl because there are two capital letters represent potassium and chlorine. Huruf yang pertama bagi setiap unsur ditulis dengan huruf besar untuk menunjukkan ia adalah unsur yang baru. Ini sangat berguna semasa menulis formula kimia. Contohnya KCl. Terdapat dua unsur yang terikat secara kimia dalam KCl kerana adanya dua huruf besar yang mewakili kalium dan klorin. How to write the standard representation of an element? Bagaimanakah cara menulis perwakilan piawai suatu unsur?
atom
The standard representation of an Perwakilan piawai bagi
satu atom
A
Proton number / Nombor proton
Z
– The element is Aluminium. Unsur itu adalah Aluminium.
What information can be obtained from the standard representation of the element? Apakah maklumat yang boleh diperoleh daripada perwakilan piawai unsur itu?
– The nucleon number of Aluminium is
X
Symbol of an element / Simbol unsur
27
.
Nombor nukleon Aluminium adalah
27
.
– The proton number of Aluminium is
13
.
13
Nombor proton Aluminium adalah – Aluminium atom has
13 protons
Atom Aluminium mempunyai Define isotope. Nyatakan maksud isotop.
sesuatu unsur boleh ditulis sebagai:
Nucleon number / Nombor nukleon
Example / Contoh: 27 13
Al
of an element can be written as:
,
.
14 neutrons
13 proton
,
13
and
14 neutron
dan
electrons. 13
elektron.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons. Isotop ialah atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama tetapi bilangan neutron yang berbeza. Or / Atau Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same nucleon
proton
yang sama tetapi nombor
yang berbeza.
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01 Chap 1 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 15
number but different
number.
Isotop ialah atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai nombor nukleon
proton
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MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4 What causes atoms of the same element to be isotopes? Apakah yang menyebabkan atom unsur yang sama menjadi isotop?
Example / Contoh: 1 H 1
2 H 1
Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon = 1
Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon = 2
Proton number/Nombor proton = 1
Proton number/Nombor proton = 1
Number of neutron/Bilangan neutron = 0
Number of neutron/Bilangan neutron = 1
UNIT
Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2 are isotopes. Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2 atoms have the same proton number or the same
1
difference in the
number of protons
number of neutrons
but
different
nucleon number because of the
.
Hidrogen-1 dan Hidrogen-2 adalah isotop. Atom Hidrogen-1 dan Hidrogen-2 mempunyai nombor proton atau perbezaan Compare chemical properties and physical properties of isotopes. Bandingkan sifat kimia dan sifat fizik isotop.
Give examples of the usage of isotopes. Berikan contoh kegunaan isotop.
bilangan proton
yang sama tetapi nombor nukleon yang
bilangan neutron
chemical
arrangements but different
physical kimia
yang sama tetapi sifat
fizik
kerana
.
Isotopes have the same
Isotop mempunyai sifat
berbeza
properties because the atoms have the same electron properties. yang sama kerana atom-atom mempunyai susunan elektron yang berbeza.
(i) Medical field Bidang perubatan – To detect brain cancer. Untuk mengesan barah otak. – To detect thrombosis (blockage in blood vessel). Untuk mengesan trombosis (saluran darah tersumbat). – Iodin-131 is used to measure the rate of iodine absorption by thyroid gland. Untuk mengukur kadar penyerapan iodin oleh kelenjar tiroid. Contoh: Iodin-131 – Cobalt-60 is used to destroy cancer cells. Untuk memusnahkan sel barah. Contoh: Kobalt-60 – Cobalt-60 is used to kill microorganism in the sterilising process. Untuk membunuh mikroorganisma semasa proses pensterilan. Contoh: Kobalt-60 (ii) In the industrial field Bidang industri – To detect wearing out in machines. Untuk mengesan kehausan enjin. – To detect any blockage in water, gas or oil pipes. Untuk mengesan saluran paip air, gas atau minyak yang tersumbat. – Sodium-24 detect leakage of pipes underground. Untuk mengesan kebocoran paip bawah tanah. Contoh: Natrium-24 – To detect defects/cracks in the body of an aeroplane. Untuk mengesan keretakan atau kecacatan pada badan kapal terbang. (iii) In the agriculture field Bidang pertanian – To detect the rate of absorption of phosphate fertilizer in plants. Example: phosphorus-32 Untuk mengesan kadar penyerapan baja fosfat oleh tumbuhan. Contoh: fosforus-32 – To sterile insect pests for plants. Untuk memandulkan serangga perosak tumbuhan. (iv) In the archeology field Bidang arkeologi – Carbon-14 can be used to estimate the age of artifacts. Karbon-14 digunakan untuk menganggarkan usia sesuatu artifak.
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MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4
Complete the following table: / Lengkapkan jadual berikut: (a) Draw the electron arrangement and complete the description for each element: Lukis susunan elektron bagi atom dan lengkapkan penerangan bagi setiap unsur berikut: Draw electron arrangement of an atom Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi atom Hydrogen Atom Atom Hidrogen 1 H 1
H
Sodium Atom Atom Natrium 23 Na 11
Na
Description Penerangan Number of protons/Bilangan proton
1
Number of electrons/Bilangan elektron
1
Number of neutrons/Bilangan neutron
0
Proton number/Nombor proton
1
Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon
1
Electron arrangement/Susunan elektron
1
Number of protons/Bilangan proton
11
Number of electrons/Bilangan elektron
11
Number of neutrons/Bilangan neutron
12
Proton number/Nombor proton
11
Nucleon number/Nombor nukleon
23
Electron arrangement/Susunan elektron
1
Standard representation of an element Perwakilan piawai unsur
UNIT
4
2.8.1
(b) Choose the correct statement for the symbol of element X. / Pilih pernyataan yang betul bagi simbol unsur X. 23 X 11 Statement Pernyataan
Tick ( ✔ / ✘ ) Tanda ( ✔ / ✘ )
Element X has 11 proton number. Unsur X mempunyai 11 nombor proton.
7
The proton number of element X is 11. Nombor proton unsur X ialah 11.
3
The proton number of atom X is 11. Nombor proton atom X ialah 11.
3
The number of proton of element X is 11. Bilangan proton unsur X ialah 11.
7
The number of proton of atom X is 11. Bilangan proton atom X ialah 11.
3
Nucleon number of element X is 23. Nombor nukleon unsur X ialah 23.
3
Nucleon number of atom X is 23. Nombor nukleon atom X ialah 23.
3
Number of nucleon of element X is 23. Bilangan nukleon unsur X ialah 23.
7
Atom X has 23 nucleon number. Atom X mempunyai 23 nombor nukleon.
7
Neutron number of atom X is 12. Nombor neutron atom X ialah 12.
7
Number of neutron of atom X is 12. Bilangan neutron atom X ialah 12.
3
Number of neutron of element X is 12. Bilangan neutron unsur X ialah 12.
7
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MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4
Exercise / Latihan 1
Complete the following table: / Lengkapkan jadual berikut: Element Unsur
Hydrogen Hidrogen
UNIT
Helium Helium Boron Boron
1
Nitrogen Nitrogen Neon Neon
Magnesium Magnesium Calcium Kalsium
2
Number of proton Bilangan proton
Number of electron Bilangan elektron
Number of neutron Bilangan neutron
Proton number Nombor proton
Nucleon number Nombor nukleon
Electron arrangement of atom / Susunan elektron atom
Number of valence electron Bilangan elektron valens
1 1H
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
5
5
6
5
11
2.3
3
6
6
6
6
12
2.4
4
7
7
7
7
14
2.5
5
10
10
10
10
20
2.8
8
11
11
12
11
23
2.8.1
1
12
12
12
12
24
2.8.2
2
20
20
20
20
40
2.8.8.2
2
4 2 He
11 5 B
Carbon Karbon
Sodium Natrium
Standard representation for an atom Perwakilan atom
12 6 C 14 7 N
20 10 Ne 23 11 Na
24 12 Mg 40 20 Ca
Draw the structure of sodium atom and electron arrangement of sodium atom Lukiskan struktur atom dan susunan elektron atom natrium 23 Na 11 The structutre of sodium atom Struktur atom natrium
The electron arrangement of sodium atom Susunan elektron atom natrium
11 protons + 12 neutrons 11 proton + 12 neutron
3
Na
The diagram below shows the symbol of atoms P, R and S. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan simbol atom P, R dan S. 35 P 17
12 R 6
37 S 17
(a) What is meant by nucleon number? Apakah maksud nombor nukleon? Nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of its atom Nombor nukleon suatu unsur adalah jumlah proton dan neutron dalam nukleus atomnya (b) What is the nucleon number of P? Apakah nombor nukleon atom P? 35 (c) State the number of neutron in atom P. Nyatakan bilangan neutron atom P. 18 Š Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
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MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4
(d) State number of proton in atom P. Nyatakan bilangan proton atom P. 17 (e) (i) What is meant by isotope? Apakah maksud isotop? Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons / Isotop adalah atom-atom dari unsur yang sama dengan jumlah proton yang sama tetapi jumlah neutron yang berbeza
UNIT
1
(ii) State a pair of isotope in the diagram shown. Nyatakan sepasang isotop dalam rajah yang ditunjukkan. P and S / P dan S (iii) Give reason for your answer in (e)(ii). Berikan sebab bagi jawapan di (e)(ii). Atoms P and S have same proton number but different nucleon number//number of neutrons / Atom P dan S mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama tetapi nombor nukleon//bilangan neutron yang berbeza (f) An isotope of R has 8 neutrons. Write the symbol for the isotope R. Isotop bagi atom R mempunyai 8 neutron. Tuliskan simbol bagi isotop R. 14 R 6 4
The table below shows the number of proton and neutron of atoms of elements P, Q and R. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bilangan proton dan neutron bagi atom unsur P, Q dan R. Element / Unsur
Number of protons / Bilangan proton
Number of neutrons / Bilangan neutron
P
1
0
R
6
6
Q
1
1
(a) Which of the atoms in the above table are isotope? Explain your answer. Berdasarkan jadual di atas, atom yang manakah merupakan isotop? Terangkan jawapan anda. P and Q. Atoms P and Q have same number of protons but different number of neutrons // nucleon number. P dan Q. Atom P dan Q mempunyai bilangan proton yang sama tetapi bilangan neutron yang berbeza // nombor nukleon berbeza (b) (i)
Write the standard representation of element Q. / Tuliskan perwakilan piawai untuk unsur Q. 2 Q 1
(ii) State three information that can be deduced from your answer in (b)(i). Nyatakan tiga maklumat yang boleh didapati daripada jawapan anda di (b)(i). The proton number of element Q is 1. / Nombor proton bagi unsur Q adalah 1 Nucleon number of element Q is 2. / Nombor nukleon bagi unsur Q adalah 2 Number of neutron = 2 – 1 = 1 / Bilangan neutron = 2 – 1 = 1 Nucleus of atom Q contains 1 proton and 1 neutron / Nukleus mengandungi 1 proton dan 1 neutron (c) (i)
Draw atomic structure for atom of element R. / Lukiskan struktur atom bagi atom unsur R. 6 protons + 6 neutrons 6 proton + 6 neutron
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MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4
(ii) Describe the atomic structure in (c)(i). Huraikan struktur atom di (c)(i). The atom consists of 2 parts: the centre part called nucleus and the outer part called electron shell. The nucleus consists of 6 protons which are positively charged and 6 neutrons which are neutral. The electrons are in two shells, the first shell consists of two electrons and the second shell consists of four electrons. Electrons move around nucleus in the shells. Atom terdiri daripada 2 bahagian: bahagian tengah yang disebut nukleus dan bahagian luar yang disebut petala elektron. Nukleus terdiri daripada 6 proton yang bercas positif dan 6 neutron yang neutral. Elektron berada dalam UNIT
dua petala, petala pertama terdiri daripada dua elektron dan petala kedua terdiri daripada empat elektron. Elektron
1
bergerak di sekeliling nukleus pada petala. (d) Element P reacts with oxygen and produces liquid Z at room temperature. The graph below shows the sketch of the graph when liquid Z at room temperature, 27 °C is cooled to –5 °C. Unsur P bertindak balas dengan oksigen dan menghasilkan cecair Z pada suhu bilik. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan lakaran graf apabila cecair Z pada suhu bilik, 27 °C disejukkan sehingga –5 °C. Temperature /°C / Suhu /°C 27 0
t1
t2
Time /s Masa /s
−5
(i)
What is the state of matter of liquid Z from t1 to t2? Explain why is the temperature remain unchanged from t1 to t2. Apakah keadaan jirim Z dari t1 hingga t2? Terangkan mengapa suhu tidak berubah dari t1 hingga t2. Liquid and solid. Heat lost to the surrounding is balanced by the heat released when the liquid particles rearrange themselves to become solid. / Cecair dan pepejal. Haba yang hilang ke persekitaran diimbangi oleh haba yang dibebaskan apabila zarah-zarah dalam cecair menyusun semula menjadi pepejal.
(ii) Draw the arrangement of particles Z at 20 °C. Lukiskan susunan zarah-zarah Z pada suhu 20 °C.
(iii) Describe the change in the particles movement when Z is cooled from room temperature to –5 °C. Nyatakan perubahan dalam pergerakan zarah-zarah apabila cecair Z disejukkan daripada suhu bilik ke –5 °C. The particles move slower / Zarah bergerak semakin perlahan
Soalan Tambahan Additional Question
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