International Join Studio : Urban Green Infrastructure : An Interactive Web of Water, Space & Life by intengumilang

International Joint Studio & Seminars 2016

Urban Green Infrastructure: An Interactive Web of Water, Space & Life

Universitas Indonesia Cardiff University University of Florida Editor : Diane Wildsmith 2016

International Joint Studio & Seminars 2016

Urban Green Infrastructure: An Interactive Web of Water, Space & Life Contributors

Participants of the International Joint Design Studio Workshop: Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia Cardiff Universsity, United Kingdom University of Florida, United States 12- 21 January 2016

Sponsors Publisher Editor Layout

Global Innovation Initiative Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia Diane Wildsmith

ÂŠ2016 by Department of Architecture Universitas Indonesia, Cardiff University, and University of Florida. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the copyright holders. 2016 printed in Jakarta ISBN

International Joint Studio & Seminars 2016

iii

table of contents Cover

Table of contents

Organizers

Introduction

Opening Remarks

Lectures

Dr. Herr Soeryantono

Waduk Universitas Indonesia Prof. Dr. Kemas Ridwan K, ST., M.Sc.

Site Visit to Kota Tua Bang Indra

Setu Babakan

19 22 26

Dr. Abimanyu Alamsyah Risk Management of Water Resources

Dr. Christopher Silver Habitat: Water, Places and Resources

International Joint Studio & Seminars 2016

Dr. Jocelyn Widmer 32 Ideas for Collecting Data Using Different Field Methodologies Ibu Nana Zara, ST Water Resources Management: Spatial Aspectsâ&#x20AC;?

Yosef Prihanto and Dita Trisnawan GIS for Urban Green Infrastructure Modellingâ&#x20AC;?

41 Dr. Li Yu Approaches to Water Issues in the City of Dongguan, China Depok City Government Setu Rawa Besar Policy Discussion

Lake Overview

Setu Babakan

About Setu Babakan

Characteristics of Setu Babakan Context and Methods

Eksploring the Existing Data

Circumstances & Inside Scoopes

Issues Environmental & Cultural Concerns

Interventions Sustainable Kampung

Colloqium I Establishing Betawi Cultural Village

102

Colloqium II Harmonizing Lifestyle & Environment

106

Seminar The Future: Sustainable Kampung

113

Participants + Facilitators

119 International Joint Studio & Seminars 2016

Lakes of Universitas Indonesia About UI Lakes

Regaining Consciousness Context and Methods

Observing the Lake Data

Revealing The Lake

123 125 127 131

Issues Unconnected Blue and Green Spaces

141

Interventions Curing Water, Curing People

148

Colloqium I Sensing The Surface

156

Colloqium II Probing For The Future

159

Seminar 161 Connecting Blue and Green Space Create More Resilient Future : UI Lakes & Surroundings Participants + Facilitators

Situ Rawa Besar

171

About Situ Rawa Besar

173

Coexisting with Situ Rawa Besar Context and Methods

Identifiying The Situ Data

Local Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Perceptions Issues The Missing Links

167

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175 177 183

Interventions Integrating Managements: Water, Waste and Living

188

Colloqium I What We Found First

203

Colloqium II A Rich Life in the Slum

208

Seminar Embracing Whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Ahead

210

Participants + Facilitators

215

Concluding Remarks

221

Photographs

223

Appendix

229

References

240

International Joint Studio & Seminars 2016

the organizer convenor

Prof. Dr. Kemas Ridwan K, ST., M.Sc Universitas Indonesia

steering committee

Dr. Andrea Frank Cardiff University

Prof. Christopher Silver University of Florida

Facilitators

Prof. Yandi Andri Yatmo, ST, M.Arch., Ph.D.

Dita Trisnawan, ST, M.Arch., STD.

Prof. Ir. Gunawan Tjahjono, M.Arch., Ph.D.

Dr. Ing. Ova Chandra Dewi, ST., M.Sc

Prof. Dr. Abimanyu Takdir Alamsyah, M.S.

Harry Mufrizon, ST, M.T., Ms.E, IAI

Prof. Dr. Ir. Emirhadi Suganda, M.Sc.

Mikhael Johanes, S.Ars., M.Ars.

Diane Valerie Wildsmith, M.Sc., AIA., RIBA

Mikhta Farid, S.Ars., M.Ars.

Rini Suryantini, ST, M.Sc.

Feby Hendola Kaluarsa, S.Ars., M.Ars.

Ir. Herlily, M.Urb.Des

Frank Sedlar. B.S.E., M.S.E. Civil Engineering

Ir. Herr Soeryantono, M.Sc., Ph.D Dr. Ing. Ir. Dalhar Susanto

International Joint Studio & Seminars 2016

the organizer organizing committee

Diandra Pandu Saginatari, S.Ars., M.A Chief Committee

Secretaries : Sri Yuniarti Suciati Mutia Junita, S.Sos

Tania Miranti Chumaira, S.Ars, M.Arch Vice Chief Committee

Logistics

: Dedi Setiadi, Amd Hadi Mulyadi Alifah Zaki Amalia, Amd

Program & Scheduling

: Diandra Pandu SAginatari, S.Ars., M.A

Documentation

: Gibran, S.Ars, M.Sc

Event & LO

: Tia Aprilitasari Avi Sovia Nisrina Muthi Meidiani Mirza Harahap, M.Ars

Transportation

: Suciati

Catering

: Diandra Pandu SAginatari, S.Ars., M.A

Design & Publication

: Irma Permana Lupita, S.Ars

International Joint Studio & Seminars 2016

introduction

Figure 1. Introduction to International Joint Studio and Seminar 2016. Photo by Gibran, S. Ars, M.Sc

University of Florida - Cardiff University - Universitas Indonesia The International Joint Studio and Seminar 12-21 January 2016 Urban Green Infrastructure: An Interactive Web of Water, Space & Life

community on the Setu Srengseng Sawah Lake in the southern part of Jakarta near Depok and upstream rivers to UI Campus lakes, specifically, the southern and eastern inlets that are impacted by traces of trash and settlements. The third urban location (Setu Rawa Besar in Depok) is impacted by commercial activity and development sprawl. This case study is related to topics that concern water, waste management and environmental public policy from the

International Joint Studio & Seminars 2016

Depok City government. The aim of this Joint Studio and Seminar reflect three outputs. First, the sequence covers field research for identification of water, space and life issues in relation to urban green infrastructure in an interactive web of activities. Second, the joint design studio allows for cross-disciplinary interventions and key proposals for design guidelines to enhance architecture and green infrastructure objectives. Third, the colloquium offers a workshop for dialogue, presentation

of ideas and conclusions in a plenary session to further engage in-depth research and debate to enhance urban sustainability and context-sensitive strategies. Students and educators from the University of Florida, Cardiff University and Universitas Indonesia, as well as community representatives and government officials will participate in the international joint design studio and seminar. The first day will include an Orientation Tour to Kota Tua Jakarta in relation to Water Issues. Manuel De Landa in A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History uses geological, biological and linguistic metaphors to describe the development of cities in the last millennium. In a geological sense, the crystallization of cities is derived from the materiality of buildings, walls and infrastructure, much like geologic strata. In terms of a biological analogy, the trabecular meshwork around the eye drains the aqueous humor into the anterior

chamber and subsequently into the blood stream. The biological meshwork derives its sustenance from the flow of water in relation to the interlocking chains of the food web. Comparatively, alluvial river systems deposit soil along the riverbank and shape the channel morphology of flood plains and terraces. Green infrastructure shapes the flow of water in harmony with nature and human activities. Grey infrastructure forms a mineralized web of reinforced concrete gutters, retaining walls and dams. The interactive web alludes to the linguistic connectivity between atmospheric, geologic and human cycles. The meshwork of human activity in terms of architecture and space strengthens the linkages between the natural and manmade environments. Life itself encompasses the dynamic cultural attitudes towards the wellspring of human activity and the reality of public policy to determine management of water and sustainable urban green infrastructure development.

RESEARCH SITES Setu Babakan, Upstream Rivers to UI Campus lakes, Depok City Government (Setu Rawa Besar) RESEARCH ISSUES Urban Green Infrastructure, Water, Space, and Public Policy SCHEDULE The 10-day workshop is divided into three sites included one government agency for field surveys and research investigation. (2 days travel time).

Figure 2. IJSS 2016 Team at Setu Babakan. Photo by Avi Sovia

International Joint Studio & Seminars 2016

OPENING CEREMONY AND ORIENTATION Tuesday, 12 January 2016

he Global Innovation Initiative awarded a grant to the University of Florida, Cardiff University and the Universitas Indonesia with the following research aim: Novel approaches of employing green infrastructure (GI) to enhance urban sustainability. The January 2016 International Joint Studio and Seminar (IJSS) in Jakarta and Depok at the Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia adopted a theme of â&#x20AC;&#x153;Urban Green Infrastructure: An Interactive Web of Water, Space & Lifeâ&#x20AC;?. This IJSS is a continuation from the October 2015 Joint International Stakeholder Workshop (JISW) which focused on four areas: UI Lakes, Setu Babakan, the Ancol Waterfront, and Muara Angke. The participants of the International Joint Studio and Seminar (IJSS) included students from University of Florida, Cardiff University and Universitas Indonesia with various

backgrounds in Architecture, Landscape, Urban Planning, Environmental Engineering, Geography, Political Science and Journalism. The group of students was supervised by facilitators and lecturers from the three participating universities. The IJSS also invited some experts as resource persons from different backgrounds, which included Academicians and Researchers (from the three participating universities); Depok local government, the Geospatial Information Agency, ATR Ministry (Badan Informasi Geospasial, Kementerian ATR), and representatives from Setu Babakan. The Opening Ceremony was held in the Department of Architecture FTUI (as the Host of the IJSS) on Tuesday, 12 January 2016. Speeches were from Prof. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan (Steering Committee (SC) from Universitas Indonesia), Prof. Christopher Silver (SC from University of Florida), Dr.

Andrea Frank (SC from Cardiff University), Prof. Yandi Andri Yatmo (Head, Department of Architecture, FTUI) and Dr. Muhammad Asvial (Vice Dean, FTUI). After the Opening Ceremony, about 65 students and 10 lecturers from the University of Florida, Cardiff University and Universitas Indonesia all together took part in orientation programs by visiting and observing water issues in the UI Campus Lakes and also in Kota Tua, Jakarta. The resource persons who accompanied the participants for this orientation program were Dr. Herr Suryantono from the Department of Environmental Engineering FTUI and Dr. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan from the Deptartment of Architecture, FTUI. Our gratitude is extended to Diandra Sagitasari and Tania Chumaira as the Organizing Committee.

Figure 3. IJSS 2016 Facilitators Team. Photo by Gibran S.Ars, M.Sc

International Joint Studio & Seminars 2016

Figure 4 (left). Initial survey to UI Lakes; Figure 5 (top). Initial survey to Setu Rawa Besar; Figure 6. Initial survey to Setu Babakan. Photo by ...

SURVEYS AND SITE VISITS Wednesday - Thursday, 13 - 14 January 2016

he January 2016 International Joint Studio and Seminar (IJJS) in Jakarta and Depok at the Universitas Indonesia focuses on the issue of urban green infrastructure in three urban locations, namely Setu Babakan (a cultural community on the Setu Srengseng Sawah lake on the southern part of Jakarta near Depok), upstream

rivers to UI Campus Lakes (specifically the southern and eastern inlets that are impacted by traces of trash and settlements), and Setu Rawa Besar in Depok (which is impacted by commercial activity and development sprawl). The third case (Setu Rawa Besar) is related to topics that concern water, waste management and environmental public policy

from the Depok City government. The resource people for these site visits included: Bang Indra as a representative from Setu Babakan and Bu Nani Zara and officials from the Depok City Government.Â Thanks to Diandra Sagitasari and Tania Chumaira as the Organizing Committee.

International Joint Studio & Seminars 2016

Figure 7. A studio session with Ms. Jocelyn

Figure 8. A presentation by Setu Babakan Group

STUDIO WORKS, LECTURES AND COLLOQUIUM 14 - 20 January 2016

he joint design studio allows for cross-disciplinary interventions and key proposals for design guidelines to enhance architecture and green infrastructure objectives. It concentrates on project definition, field surveys, problem identification, design research and proposed design interventions to facilitate green infrastructure. The process is dependent on individual participation, group work and discourse between the respective disciplines within a critical framework. The experience allows for development of decision making and leadership abilities to address complex urban and environmental issues and to examine the trade-offs involved. Each

research topic group is expected to reach the same level of communications ability. The process that happened during the IJSS reflected a cross-disciplinary approach involving students, lecturers and experts from different backgrounds including: Architecture, Landscape, Urban Planning, Environmental Engineering, Geography, Political Science, and Journalism. A series of lectures from different experts related to the topic of urban green infrastructure were held. Resource persons included Prof. Abimanyu TA (Risk Management of Water Resources), Prof. Christopher Silver (Habitat: Water, Places, and Resources), Prof. Jocelyn Widmer (Research and Observation Methods), Prof.

International Joint Studio & Seminars 2016

Li Yu (â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Approaches to Water issues in the City of Dongguan China - Lessons Learningâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;), Yosef Prihanto, Msi (Green Infrastructure Modelling), Nani Zahra and Officials from Depok Government (Local government policy for Lakes (Setu) in Depok). Two colloquiums were held to offer a workshop for dialogue, presentation of ideas and conclusions to further engage in-depth research to enhance urban sustainability and context-sensitive strategies. The outcomes included Flow and Network Diagrams and a Design Guidelines Strategy and Development Design Guidelines for future Design Intervention

SEMINAR AND EXHIBITION Thursday, 21 January 2016

he final process of the IJSS is dissemination and exhibition. The Seminar was hosted by Department of Architecture FTUI and was held in the Main Auditorium of RKB building FTUI, Depok). The seminar offers a workshop for dialogue, presentation of ideas and conclusions to further engage in-depth research to enhance urban sustainability and context-sensitive strategies. Students and educators from the University of Florida, Cardiff University and University of Indonesia, as well as community representatives, and government officials participated in the Seminar. This Seminar was open to public. Three Working Groups presented their

field surveys analysis, findings, and recommendations and this was followed by questions-answers, and comments from audience. The Seminar started with a presentation from the Working Group for Setu Rawa Besar moderated by Dr. Andrea Frank, which presented an interesting example of land, habitat, water and life, in response to local government policies for the Lake (Setu) in Depok. Then, the Working Group for UI Campus Lakes, moderated by Dr. Jocelyn Widmer, showed the interface of the three issues of water, space and life in a more thoughtful system to manage water and to improve the quality of water downstream.

Figure 9. Pleno Seminar. Photo by Gibran, S.Ars, M.Sc

Finally, the Working Group for Setu Babakan, moderated by Diane Wildsmith, highlighted the evidence of cultural significance, plus the effort to create a water-focused society, emphasizing the relationship between the land as habitat, space, water and life. Concluding Remarks were chaired and delivered by Dr. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan, Dr. Andrea Frank, Dr. Jocelyn Widmer and Dr. Abimanyu Alamsyah As part of the program, the final presentation were also exhibited in the main Lobby of Engineering Center FTUI from 21-28 January 2016. Thanks to Diandra Sagitasari and Tania Chumaira as the Organizing Committee.

Figure 10. A glimpse of the exhibition. Photo by

International Joint Studio & Seminars 2016

Figure 11. Closing Ceremony at Engineering Center FTUI. Photo by Gibran, S.Ars, M.Sc

CLOSING CEREMONY 4 - 20 January 2016

fter the IJSS Seminar, a closing ceremony was held on Thursday afternoon, 21 January 2016 in the main lobby of the Engineering Center. Representatives from the facilitators and students shared their comments and expressed their gratitude for the successful outcome of the IJSS event. Speeches by representatives from the facilitators included: William C Whiteford, AICP (University of Florida), Dr. Andrew Flynn (Cardiff University) and Mikhta Farid, S.Ars, M.Ars (Universitas Indonesia)

Speeches by student representatives included: Kyle Dost (University of Florida), Liliana M. Fonseca (Cardiff University) and Farah Nabila (Universitas Indonesia). Speeches on behalf of the Steering Committee were shared between Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan and Andrea Frank with Diandra Sagitasari and Tania Chumaira as the Organizing Committee. The IJSS was formally closed by Prof. Yandi Andri Yatmo (Head, Department of Architecture FTUI).

International Joint Studio & Seminars 2016

All participants shared their relief and happiness after more than 10 days working intensively together. As the participants from Florida and Cardiff return to their home countries, those memories of the heat and wet tropical weather and the different arenas of exploration in Jakarta and Depok, plus the resultant friendships will combine together as unforgettable, once in a lifetime experience. We all look forward to seeing each other again on another occasion and in another place to pursue this challenging topic of urban green infrastructure

Figure 12. IJSS 2016 Full Team at the Closing Ceremony. Photo by Gibran, S.Ars, M.Sc

International Joint Studio & Seminars 2016

opening remarks Prof. Dr. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan, ST., M.Sc. Universitas Indonesia Good morning everybody and a very warm welcome to all of you.

Green Infrastructure: An Interactive Web of Water, Space and Life.’

I would like to thank everyone for coming to this important event, including the Vice Dean of FTUI, Dr. Muhammad Asvial. Our distinguished guests from University of Florida (Prof. Silver, Prof. Widmer, Prof. Jerry and Dr. Bill), and also our distinguished guests from Cardiff University (Dr. Andrea Frank, Dr. Andrew Flynn and Prof. Li Yu). Also our Colleagues from UI. And of course our beloved students from UI, UF and Cardiff University. It is an honor for us to organize this International Joint Seminar and Studio.

In terms of the number of participants, I can say that this present Joint Studio is the largest joint studio held to date in the UI Department of Architecture in the Faculty of Engineering.

I have to say that this IJSS is a continuation of the program from our previous Joint International Stakeholder’s Workshop held by UI-UF-UC, involving Depok City Council, NGOs, people in the Community and Scholars which was held in October 2015, entitled “Novel Approaches of Employing Green Infrastructure to Enhance Urban Sustainability.” In the next 10 days, about 86 people, consisting of 21 lecturers and 65 students from three different universities and from various backgrounds will collaborate in the International Joint Studio and Seminar program (JISS) with the theme of ‘Urban Figure 13. Prof. Kemas’s Opening Remark. Photo by

International Joint Studio & Seminars 2016

University of Florida 4 students and 4 lecturers (from architecture and urban planning study programs) Cardiff University 28 students and 3 Lecturers (from architecture, landscape, urban planning, political sciences and journalism study programs) Universitas Indonesia 33 students and 14 lecturers (from Architecture and Environmental Engineering study programs) Therefore, it is a multidisciplinary collaboration that involves people from different backgrounds and expertise that must work together harmoniously. We are very enthusiastic seeing the process of this collaboration. We look forward to the results and findings from each working group.

The Field Surveys focus on the issue of urban green infrastructure in three urban locations, namely Setu Babakan (a cultural community on the Setu Srengseng Sawah lake on the southern part of Jakarta near Depok), upstream rivers to the UI Campus lakes (specifically the southern and eastern inlets that are impacted by traces of trash and settlements) and Setu Rawa Besar in Depok (which is impacted by commercial activity and development sprawl). The third case (Setu Rawa Besar) is related to topics that concern water, waste management and environmental public policy from the Depok City government.

A series of seminars (in the form of a colloquium) will help participants to consolidate data and investigate ideas. Then by the end of the process, the seminar in the plenary session offers a workshop for dialogue, presentation of ideas and conclusions to further engage in-depth research to enhance urban sustainability and context-sensitive and stakeholder-responsive strategies. This seminar will be open to the public and also some representatives of the Depok government and Setu Babakan community. Finally, I would like to thank the Faculty of Engineering UI and the Department of

Architecture FTUI which supported this program, and also to our duo-organizers Diandra and Tania. I hope this 10-day research collaboration can produce a fruitful and beneficial research outcome for the University and that it will lead towards proactive proposals towards urban green infrastructure for the Government of Jakarta and Depok and the community members. Enjoy the collaboration and we hope that everyone will have a good International Joint Studio and Seminar 2016 Thank you very much Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan

Figure 14. IJSS 2016 Opening Remarks. Photo by

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opening remarks Dr. Christopher Silver University of Florida

Figure 15. Dr. Christopher Silverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Opening Remark. Photo by Gibran, S.Ars, M.Sc

I am pleased to provide welcome remarks on behalf of the faculty and student team from the College of Design, Construction and Planning at the University of Florida for this opening session of the International Joint Studio and Seminar. My sincere thanks to our colleagues at the University of Indonesia, Department of Architecture within the Faculty of Engineering, for the tremendous effort that went into organizing the next two weeks here. The studio and seminar represent a crucial next step to further the global green initiative that links our three partner institutions, Cardiff University in Wales, the University of Florida from the US, and our Indonesian hosts. This next step focuses on engaging our students and members of the planning and design faculties in confronting through field investigation the challenges facing the rapidly urbanizing Jakarta metropolitan region, and Depok in particular, to ensure that its precious water resources benefit the communities. Based upon a careful assessment of the opportunities and threats posed by water management in the region, an assessment initiated during an October 2015 workshop hosted here at the University of Indonesia, it was decided to organize teams of students from the three partner institutions to examine water resources feeding into the Depok campus and to assess how these impact the various water bodies that make up the

International Joint Studio & Seminars 2016

campus landscape and that contribute to the quality of the campus environment. Several other strategic water bodies in the Depok region, Setu Babakan (connected to the Batawai Culture Center visited during the October workshop) and Setu Rawa Besar, a large lake encroached upon by urbanization in Depok, represented two other sites for the field research. Because one aim of our partnership is to combine collaborative research with education in sustainability, the engagement of our students in the field research teams on these critical sites in and around the Depok campus enables us to achieve a key objective of the global green partnership. At the same time, through support provided by Depok local government officials, community leaders, and project faculty, we intend to guide the students to fashion intervention strategies that may be useful to community stakeholders as they confront the challenges of water management. There are five students from UFâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s School of Landscape Architecture and Planning, all pursuing graduate degrees in urban and regional planning (four at the master level and one doctoral candidate) who bring the perspectives of the planner to this task. The Cardiff students are drawn from an environmentally-focused graduate program (Eco City), while the UI students are drawn

from the design fields. This interdisciplinary team arrangement is likely to come up with imaginative responses to the water issues identified through the field investigations. The field research will also benefit from the informed presentations by faculty and professional experts during this opening seminar. These should help the students to more clearly understand the complex nature of successful water management. The students have also had the benefit of resource materials collected through global green initiative and from orientation prior to this event. All of these preparation should enable them to examine and address the water challenges of the Jakarta region, and Depok in particular, in a broader interdisciplinary context.

Finally, I know that all of the students are visiting Indonesia for the first time, and therefore are confronting an unique cultural, governmental and environmental setting, one different from anything they probably experienced before. An important component of the educational experience intended through the studio, and the larger global green project, is to recognize that these cultural, governmental and environmental factors need to be taken into account when developing strategies to address water management issues. Our project is grounded in the perspective provided through “critical regionalism” as a way to underscore the value of coming to grips with what is distinct about the study area, what makes it “tick,” and to use that understanding to help frame alternative

responses to problem areas. I am sure that our students will come away from this initial field research experience more knowledgeable about Indonesia’s urbanization processes, its people, and what might be done to make it a more sustainable environment. I am confident that there will be other intangible benefits from the experience that we will discover as the process gets underway. So, again, my sincere thanks to all of the participants who are helping to make this important collaboration between three great universities work so well. Christopher Silver, PhD, FAICP Dean and Professor College of Design, Construction and Planning University of Florida, USA

Figure 16. Site visit to Kota Tua. Photo by Avi Sovia

International Joint Studio & Seminars 2016

opening remarks Dr. Andrea Frank Cardiff Universityv For us from Cardiff University - my colleagues, our 28 students and myself - the 2016 International Joint Studio and Seminar (IJSS 2016) under the theme of “Urban Green Infrastructure: An Interactive Web of Water, Space and Life” represents an exciting and unique opportunity to study and research urban issues and develop solutions and proposals in a very different cultural context and setting here in Indonesia and the greater metropolitan area of Jakarta. In contrast to many typical European and North American cities and urbanised areas, the greater JABODETABEK region comprising of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi is a rapidly expanding urbanised area with approximately 30 million residents. The City of Depok in which the greatest section of Universitas Indonesia is located, for example, has grown from around 870 000 in 19991 to approximately 2 million residents in 2015. This equates to an annual growth rate of ca. 5%. Such population growth poses considerable challenges to city management, and to planners and planning in terms of developing appropriate and sufficient housing and (transport) infrastructure while also providing necessary services and

To quote Herbert Girardet, a leading sustainability advocate and co-founder of the World Future Council, “The cities of the 21st century are where human destiny will be played out and where the future of the biosphere will be determined.” In other words, protecting the environment and conserving ecosystem functions not just in designated nature reserves, national parks far away from urbanisation but also within our ever growing urban centres is vital to the provision of clean air, drinking water and food for urban populations. Ultimately, the health, well-being and the indeed survival of humankind is at stake. Throughout Indonesia a new progressive Law of Spatial Planning– established in 2007 – stipulates an increase (or the safeguarding)

Source: Suryana, Asep (2004) “Kota Baru” Depok: A study of suburbanization Process in Jakarta (Chapter 3, p. 38) in Hiroyoshi Kano (ed): Growing Metropolitan Suburbia: A comparative Sociological Study on Tokyo and Jakarta – Center for Japanese Studies University of Indonesia monographs.

Figure 17. Dr. Andrea Frank’s Opening Remark. Photo by Gibran, S.Ars, M.Sc

mitigate development pressures on natural resources and the environment. One of the key challenges in the Jabodetabek region, which is situated in a major river delta is water management. This includes issues of water quality as well as quantity with major flood events occurring in ever more frequent intervals. However, waste management, traffic congestion and decreasing air quality are also prominent problems.

International Joint Studio & Seminars 2016

Figure 18. Site visit to UI Lakes. Photo by

of urban green open space which international organisations deem an indispensable asset to the health of urban inhabitants. Survey data indicates that most Indonesian cities have merely 9% of green open space falling short of the 30% legally mandated2. While the creation of more green spaces is challenging under the growth and development pressure experienced at present in Indonesian cities, the legislation should be seen as an opportunity to rethink planning approaches. Employing for example multi-functional green infrastructure, as opposed to specialised grey (highly engineered) infrastructure as a water management tool as is increasingly promoted in the USA and Europe, could contribute to tackling both, urban water management issues and the lack of green open spaces at the same time. As green infrastructure in general delivers multiple functions including securing biodiversity, clean air, etc. its contributions to urban sustainability are widely hailed and the students partaking in the 2016 IJSS are being tasked in particular to explore and consider the employment of green infrastructure approaches such as green corridors, sustainable urban drainage systems, reed beds, urban parks and forests

Figure 19. Site Visit to Setu Rawa Besar. Photo by

etc. as part of the solutions to the problems they encounter in the three selected project sites of Setu Babakan, Setu Rawa Besar and the neighbourhoods along the Southern and Eastern water inlets to the UI campus. For Cardiff students this studio is a mandatory element of their degree studies in the MSc Eco-city. The MSc Eco-city offers students an opportunity to study the theory and practice of the transition of cities and urbanised areas to low-carbon, sustainable places. One challenge is that solutions that work in one context and culture may not be transferable and suitable elsewhere. Each intervention to foster the transition of urban environments to greater sustainability needs to be based on careful research and working with local people. This field study visit to Jakarta therefore gives students an opportunity to examine particular conditions in situ and to gain more detailed insights before developing design and policy proposals, and recommendations. We are grateful and especially pleased to have the chance to work with UI students in the studio and to learn from academic experts in the accompanying seminars. The cooperative teamwork will be invaluable to help us in

understanding cultural habits and context in greater depths in the short time we have. As such the IJSS will allow all participants to develop valuable team working and intercultural competencies as well as enhance linguistic skills, broaden horizons and challenge assumptions. In this sense, the project mirrors an international working environment and is similar to challenges that the students participating here may well experience in their future careers after graduating with their degrees. In sum, we are all looking very much forward to this collaboration working with UI and UF students and local stakeholders. I am sure the dialogue and exchange of ideas will be stimulating. There is much that we can learn together and from each other during the next 10 days while developing creative proposals that ultimately could contribute to transitioning local districts and neighbourhoods to become more sustainable places to live. Enough talking, let us get started with our work: the research, analysis and making plans for a more sustainable, ecological and greener Jakarta and Depok. Thank you!

Werner, C. (2013) Green open spaces in Indonesian Cities: Schisms between law and practice. Online: http:// www.pacific-geographies.org/pg41/PG41_werner.pdf

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lectures

Dr. Herr Soeryantono Universitas Indonesia

“Waduk Universitas Indonesia”

Prof. Dr. Kemas Ridwan K, ST., M.Sc. Universitas Indonesia

“Site Visit to Kota Tua

Bang Indra Setu Babakan Community Group

“Setu Babakan”

Dr. Abimanyu Alamsyah Universitas Indonesia

“Risk Management of Water Resources”

Dr. Christopher Silver University of Florida

“Habitat: Water, Places and Resources”

Dr. Jocelyn Widmer University of Florida

“Ideas for Collecting Data Using Different Field Methodologies”

Ibu Nana Zara, ST Depok City Goverment

“Water Resources Management: Spatial Aspects”

Yosef Prihanto and Dita Trisnawan Universitas Indonesia

“Geospatial Information for Urban Green Infrastructure Modelling”

Dr. Li Yu Cardif University

“Approaches to Water Issues in the City of Dongguan, China - Lessons Learning”

Depok City Government

“Setu Rawa Besar Policy Discussion”

International Joint Studio & Seminars 2016

Lecture 1 | Dr. Herr Soeryantono, Universitas Indonesia

Waduk Universitas Indonesia

he UI lakes are known as Salam, Ulin, Kenaga, Puspa, Mahoni and Agathis. The purpose of the UI Lakes is for water management and education. Green infrastructure is an inter-connected network of green spaces and other environmental assets that conserve the functions of the natural ecosystem and provide associated benefits to the people (The Conservation Fund, Ed McMahon and Mark Benedict). Green infrastructure is a strategic approach to land conservation at national, state, regional and local scales, which encourages land use planning for natural processes, infrastructure and the recreation needs of the people. Green infrastructure is an inter-connected network of green spaces that are managed for their natural resource value. The process

of green infrastructure identifies ecologically significant lands and suitable development areas (Le Bleu, 2012). Education involves Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD). The hydrological cycle of natural water has changed due to urbanization. These diagrams indicate the natural state (blue arrows) and an altered state (orange arrows). In a system of natural water balance, the blue arrows indicate a cycle from precipitation to the trees, and then as water flows either as runoff or infiltration into the soil. The natural water balance also involves evapotranspiration, which evaporates a portion of the water back into the atmosphere, which induces precipitation, triggering a perpetual water balance cycle.

In an urbanized water balance cycle, precipitation occurs, but buildings and human activities and cars cause altered states, which result in imported potable water and virtual water with large volumes of poor quality runoff and wastewater being discharged, resulting in reduced infiltration and reduced evapo-transpiration. The Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WUSD) water balance cycle restores, in part, the natural water balance between precipitation, infiltration, storm water treatment, runoff and evapo-transpiration (blue arrows) and minimizes the altered state of reduced potable water consumption, wastewater reuse and a cycle of storm water treatment and reuse (orange arrows).

Figure 20. A lecture about water and UI Lakes by Dr. Herr Soeryantono. Photo by Gibran, S.Ars, M.Sc

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Figure 21. UI Lakes in positions. Graphic by Prof. Herr

Water-Sensitive Urban Design aims towards a sustainable environment composed of Land Use Planning (Tataguna Lahan), plus Transportation, Energy, Population (Penduduk) and Solid Waste (Sampah Padat). In the diagram, the intersection of drinking water, wastewater and rainwater results in economic, environmental and social benefits. This benefit is counterbalanced and it depends on the actions of city planning, urban planning, architecture, pedestrian movement, traffic management, roads, leisure, microclimate, city place making and identity, as a response to socioeconomic factors. In terms of education, integrated storm water management plots the frequency of occurrences over the return

period in contrast with the discharge load. The graph indicates three types of discharge: High Frequency Discharge, Moderate to Frequent Discharge and Low Frequency and Extreme Discharge. Moderate to frequent discharge affects both the flood plain and health issues as well as surface runoff flow and trash management. The low frequency and extreme discharge category concerns flood management. An analysis of the water balance cycles and the quantitative frequency graphs lead to an educational approach, resulting in water conservation practices. In a graph plotting the increase in discharge in relation to the overall time period, urban water balance (cm) results in a higher level of discharge (Q-peak) over

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a short length of time (T-peak). Whereas, by comparison, the WSUD water balance cycle results in a more gradual relationship between discharge frequencies over a longer time period. The questions are: â&#x20AC;&#x153;What are the waduks (reservoirs) really contributing? Do they preserve the water cycle? What is good about the UI waduks for me? Will these waduks increase the infiltration rate and thus boost groundwater recharge?â&#x20AC;? In terms of water conservation, it is unlikely that the UI waduks will influence the overall relationship between precipitation, recharge from the mountain, local discharge and recharge from the river as shown in the cross section from Bogor to Depok to Jakarta to the Jakarta CBD to Tanjung Priok into Jakarta Bay. The

overall rate of water balance and distribution is too small. Another question is, “Will these waduks cut peak flood discharge?” Yes, in part, but the reduction in peak floods would be insignificant. The reservoirs are too small. But, the most important factor is that there are about 250 reservoirs or Setu (Lakes) in the Depok vicinity that all together give a significant impact. Thus, the answer is to preserve the reservoirs. At this point, we turn to the entire map of JABODETABEK (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi) watershed. The chart shows 30 lakes, which comprise over 156 hectares managed by PEMDA. The lake utilization ranges from meeting the water needs of the community to drainage, waste disposal, garbage dumps and a region for scouts as well as drainage, waste disposal, water tourism, the supply of water to South Jakarta, a natural studio

for TVRI to allow for water conservation and reservoir drainage. We still come back to the same question, “What’s good for me and what’s in it for me?” The analytical process for education and water conservation begins by mapping the lakes in layers. First, by indicating the bodies of water, second, by looking at the green space and the water absorption areas and third, by considering the roads as channels in relation to the lakes and fourth, by acknowledging the overall satellite view, including the roads, green spaces, water bodies and buildings. We also have to consider the Water Quality Index of the UI lakes. Danau Kenaga results in a water quality Index of 41.98, Danau Agathis is 36.0, Danau Mahoni is 37.0, Danau Puspa is 36.90, Danau Ulin is 41.01 and

Danau Salam is the highest at 48.25. All of the ratings shown are in the “Bad” category; some are less bad than others. Out of all these results and in the educational context, the challenge becomes, “How to create, maintain and manage a healthy pond system, so these ponds (lakes, reservoirs, and waduks) can function as a reference for best practice in action. The issues related to water quality management are: funding, managing input from external water sources, institutionalization and how to manage a healthy interaction with the public, and finally, the operation and maintenance of the UI lakes is a very important factor. UI strives to answer the challenges in the context of the overall system.

Figure 22. Rainwater runoff diagram. Graphic by

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Lecture 2 | Prof. Dr. Kemas Ridwan K, ST., M.Sc.

SITE VISIT TO KOTA TUA: WATER AND SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF CITY INFRASTRUCTURE IN BATAVIA

ndonesia was formerly known as the Dutch East Indies and was administered by the Dutch East Indies Company, the VOC (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie). The ideal port plan with a grid for Batavia was laid out based on the ideas of Simon Stevin, a Dutch military engineer (1590). In examining the VOC plan of Batavia dated 1627 (Tropenmuseum), the colonial urban infrastructure clearly indicates the fort, rivers, canals, churches and warehouses. The canals functioned for three reasons: Political Boundaries, Flood Control and Transport. The map of Batavia dated 1650 indicated a grid plan with the Grote River (Ciliwung) as the main axis known as the Big Canal (Kali Besar). The renderings by Johan Nieuhof (1682) show the bridges, canal, town hall (stadhuis), church, etc. as vivid representations of life in Batavia. After the earthquake in 1699, the quality of life in Batavia deteriorated. Early drawings also indicate that bridges were part of the colonial water architecture. Sluices were built to control the water and to provide water for mills to produce gun powder, corn, rice flour, etc. Featuring the technology of its day, wind mills (molenvliet) at the island of Onrust, near Sunda Kelapa provided power for sawmills and spinning mills. In 1730 further infrastructure plans were made for clay pipelines, sluices and dams in Meester Cornelis (Jatinegara) with a new fort in 1734. These infrastructure improvements included a water fountain at the Stadhuis (Fatahillah Square).

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Figure 23. A Lecture about History of Infrastructure in Batavia by Prof. Kemas. Photo by Avi Sovia

Figure 24. The Old Batavia. Graphic by

In 1740 the political dynamics changed and social conflict resulted in the Chinese Quarter being burnt down. The canals were impacted by the reduction of water flow, leading to disease from waste and sewage dumped into the canals and the sedimentation of rivers, pushing the coastline further towards the sea. Nearby fish ponds also bred mosquitoes and the water was undrinkable, resulting in high mortality rates. Nonetheless, by 1771, the map of Batavia (John Andrews) indicates an orderly grid of canals, buildings and plantations in Batavia. In the 18th-century, additional sluice gates were constructed to keep the floods out of Batavia. The 1778 map shows the Cisadane River in Bogor and diversion of the Ciliwung River. However, by then the Dutch East India Company, was bankrupt.

Between 1808 and 1811 during French rule, Herman Willem Daendels, as the Governor General of the Dutch East Indies moved the capitol city south to Weltevreden (Sawah Besar). During this period, the city walls were demolished and the canals were filled in. In the 19th-century, more infrastructure was built including: Muara Baru (1832), additional flood canals (1872) and a system of artesian wells to distribute water were linked to reservoirs. In 1894, the Dutch East Indies government was moved to Koningsplein (King’s Square) in Weltevreden. At that time, the old city of Batavia (Kota Tua) was crowded and unhealthy; the canals were notably filled with bamboo rafts and congestion. Many of the Dutch settlers moved south and built family homes in Weltevreden. Throughout the 1920s, flooding was still a

common occurrence in Batavia. The beach at Ancol was used as a public space for recreation, which led to swimming pools in the 1930s and the establishment of Ancol Dream Park in 1966. In 1974, Jakarta Governor Ali Sadikin, conducted an archeological excavation at Fatahillah Square to relocate the water fountain. In 2008 the City of Jakarta launched the Sunda Kelapa Waterfront Project, “Global Era: The New Frontier.” The Regatta mixed-use apartment and hotel development launched in 2005 marked Jakarta’s orientation towards global imagery in relation to contemporary cities such as Sao Paolo and Tokyo. The reclamation project for the North Jakarta coastline (Pantai Utara) began in 2009. Jakarta was becoming not only a megacity, but also a megakampung.

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In the context of the kampung, Luar Batang is a mosque located in the vicinity of the Fish Market (Pasar Ikan) and the Fishermenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;sVillage (Kampung Nelayan). The peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s houses are traditionally two-storey, allowing for the tidal flood waters. There are both sacred and secular domains with churches and mosques nearby billiard houses and markets. As a global city, Jakarta is often flooded and its environmental concerns include: hygiene, water pollution and trash as well as wastewater management. The water flow from the rivers is generally toward the sea and pumping stations have been installed to attempt to control the flood waters. The water flow still follows the colonial grid of streets and canals except in Old Batavia (Kota Tua) where the flood waters are often shifted through the kampung areas at peak flooding times. In 2008 the Jayakarta Heritage Park was promoted by Martono Yuwono. The route from MONAS to Glodok to Taman Fatahillah to Kampung Rempah Nusantara to Sunda Kelapa was proposed as a historical corridor for Asia and Europe for redevelopment. The Jayakarta Heritage Park was planned to be built on reclaimed industrial land east of Sunda Kelapa. The master plan by Urbane included a 30-storey tower. In conclusion, what the New Batavia will be depends on the politics of the future and the reality of flooding in the megacity of Jakarta.

Figure 25. Museum Fatahillah in Kota Tua, North Jakarta. Photo by Avi Sovia

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Figure 26. IJSS 2016 Team at Fatahillah Square. Photo by Avi Sovia

Figure 27. A Site Visit to the Famous Sunda Kelapa Harbour. Photo by Avi Sovia

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Lecture 3 | Bang Indra, Community Leader Setu Babakan

setu babakan

etawi Cultural Village known as Setu babakan is preservation area that has legitimate rules administered by the Ministry of Tourism and Culture. It is located on Srengseng Sawah, Jagakarsa, and South of Jakarta. Srengseng Sawah is in the of a district, almost 675 hectares overall. On the North side, Setu Babakan is bordered by the Lenteng Agung district, on the East side with the Ciliwung River, on the South side with Depok-West Java- and on the West side with the Ciganjur and Cipedak districts. Setu Babakan has 50 RT (neighborhood areas) which contain more than 20,000 people. These people live in a 219 Ha area and the government has about 70 Ha (including the Ministry of Tourism, culture, blue space, graveyard and parks). Setu Babakan, as a Cultural Village, has a set of basic laws for every day operation. They follow the National Regulations No.29 2007, Province Regulations No.3 2005 and No.1 2012, Jakarta

Governor Regulations No. 92 2000, No. 129 2007, No. 151 2007, No. 754 2008, No. 1937 2010, No 305 2014 and No. 197 2015. For the future plan, Setu Babakan decided to divide itself into four zones, which are Zone A, Zone B, Zone C, and the Embryo Zone. Zone A with a 3.2 Ha area would contain the main entrance from the outside, social and public facilities, such as the information building, museum, art and cultural center, amphitheater, traditional house, parking area, and viewing deck. Zone B is smaller than Zone A. With almost 4,000 m2, Zone B contains a traditional culinary area. The area itself can provide for 200 shop/stalls (warungs) and also service areas like toilets, security building, prayer rooms and souvenir shops. Well-known culinary dishes, such as Asinan Betawi, Soto Betawi, Gabus Puncung, Kerak Telor and Bir

Pletok are served in the culinary area. The most interesting plan and also the most complicated one is Zone C. Zone C has 3.2 Ha area is located in the center of the lake. Plans for its development include a hotel, commercial resort, convention hall and restaurant complex. This area would be very modern and yet traditional at the same time. The cultural agents are defined as the original villagers themselves who live in Embryo Zone are on the North side of the lake with 4,132 m2 area. The people here miss the past because they have many memories. Something really changed. They said that in the 90â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the ecosystems really different. They used to play in the lake with many fish, insect and flowers. But today they canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t see it happening anymore so they make up some another games in the lake. Gebuk bantal and canoeing are the most popular activities these days in Setu Babakan

Figure 28. A View of Setu Babakan. Photo by

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Figure 29. Setu Babakanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Initial Master Plan. Graphic by Setu Babakan Administratives

Some of Betawiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cultural Activities held in Setu Babakan. Figure 30 (Left). Martial art; Figure 31&32 (middle & right:). Traditional dance.

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Lecture 4 | Dr. Abimanyu Alamsyah, Universitas Indonesia

Risk Management of Water Resources

his presentation is an introduction for environmental problems and risk of changes in general and especially related to the three sites. The purpose of this lecture is to discuss risk management of water resources. This means considering not only the source, amount and quality of water, but also the risks associated with flooding, health and sanitation issues for Setu Babakan in Jakarta, the UI Lakes and Setu Rawa Besar, both in Depok. In developing this area we should also think about what it should be in the future. The first case (Situ Babakan) is on how the Local Government tried to conserve the local traditional values (Betawi Culture) of living close to the water. The second case is on how the urban development policy could support the private (campus) initiatives to conserve water sustainability (campus lakes) and improve the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s environmental conditions (city forests) in the upper stream. The third case (Situ Rawa Besar) is related to development of the potential Center of a Metropolitan region (2016 - 2 million population). Since the position of Depok City is right in the Centre of JABODETABEK (Megapolitan) region, developing the central area of Depok could mean the starting point of development of the Center of the Future Megapolitan region (in 2050 - more than 20 million population).

Figure 33. A Lecture by Dr. Abimanyu Alamsyah. Photo by Gibran, S.Ars, M.Sc

The first lake, Setu Babakan, is located in southern Jakarta and it is designated by the government as a center of cultural activities.

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It is not only about water conservation related to how people treat the water system, but also about conserving and improving the Betawi culture and customs. The water comes from the south from a number of tributaries, which supply water to the lake. The lake is the focus of the culture and lifestyle of the Betawi people. The second lake concerns the UI lakes, which receive their water from a number of sources. The importance of the lake is for forest, the environment and for the community. The main challenge is the new infrastructure, which separates the green space from the community. The main challenge for the future is to design an ecological place so that the new infrastructure does not cut the sustainability of either the community or the environment. From the south you need a green concept from the community, which supports the lake and the upper stream environment. The third site is Setu Rawa Besar located in the center of Depok, a city of 2 million people. At one time, the perception of Depok was that it was an extension of Bogor. The southern watershed feeds the lake. Moreover, going beyond the city of Depok, Setu Rawa Besar is located in the center of JABOTABEK, which offers a difference sense of urbanity. Therefore, we need to plan for the future, not just for the next 20 or 30 years, but for the next 50 years when the three lakes are located at the heart of the megapolitan region.

Figure 34. The question-answer session . Photo by Gibran, S.Ars, M.Sc

Figure 35. The class situation. Photo by Gibran, S.Ars, M.Sc

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Lecture 5 | Prof. Christopher Silver, University of Florida

Habitat: Water, Places, and Resources

hat I wanted to do today was to reflect on what I saw and what you saw in the project itself concerning a ‘Web of Water, Space & Life.’ These issues were evident in the projects we saw yesterday and the presentations from Pak Abimanyu and Pak Herr Suryantono. (See website). What I thought was important was to reflect on what we saw the other day. Water is the issue that brings all the other issues to the fore, including flooding and a disaster response approach. It is not just the issue of flooding, but fitting the whole package together. Setu Rawa Besar is an interesting example of land, habitat, water and life. The best example is the UI Campus lakes which show the interface of the three issues in a more thoughtful system to manage water and to improve the quality of water downstream. For Setu Babakan, the cultural significance is evident, plus the effort to create a waterfocused society emphasizing the relationship between the land as habitat, space, water and life. By coincidence, I received a gift of a World Bank publication entitled “City Risk Diagrams for Urban Resilience”. It is not on the World Bank website as yet. It is a fabulous model to deal with the response to the project areas. There is a need to link land development with disaster management and also the community development element. There are six Indonesian cities (Palembang, a river city and a water city, Semarang, Yogyakarta, with its fascinating river in the center, Balikpapan, Makassar, etc.) It is an excellent framework for building urbanresiliency. There are three parts which discuss building resilience. • identify risk scenarios for building development and address land management.

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Figure 36. A Lecture about Habitat: Water, Places, and Resources by Dr. Christopher Silver.Photo by

What happens to people when it is not a sustainable situation. • Identify through analysis land use change, but also identify where infrastructure needs to be introduced as a model. • Manage work with local stakeholders to maintain the ecosystem. The research concerns not only just fixing the infrastructure, but also bringing the place back to life again. From 1950’s aerial photography, the rural areas outside Jakarta were documented. With a rapid rise in population, the ecosystem and its tributaries were in the way of providing space for new development. Now the pace of development is much slower. Efforts are being made to try to restore the ecological foundations, not just going back to focus on past ecosystems, but to understand and revive current ecosystems. One case study focuses on Yogyakarta. Issues include informal housing built on government-owned

flood plains, high density and water quality. The Winongo Riverwalk strategy aims at returning the river in the center of Yogyakarta to recreational areas. Yogyakarta competes with Bali for domestic economic development aspects. The Winongo Riverwalk creates a ‘kampung walk’ and works with community groups along the river to help create water quality through education. The total project is estimated to be in the region of US$94150 Million. However, given the magnitude of expenditure, the economic returns greatly exceed the cost with anticipated income from tourists coming to the site and the increase in the overall quality of life.

seen and the notion of urban resilience.

As you approach your project, “Think Outside the Box.” It is too difficult to understand the governance and regional system all at once. There are governance issues related to all three sites. I offer this talk as a kind of perspective between the places you have

The World Bank, (2012). “Building Urban Resilience – International Recovery Platform, See Chapter 3, Jakarta.

Question Why would you use the 1950’s data, when you have the opposite opportunity to plan for the future? Answer Using the 1950’s data we can determine what is the natural ecological system for the lake itself. This is how it happens with the landfill that has been going on for the past 65 years. The only way to move forward is to get the baseline data.

Related Sources

http://www.recoveryplatform.org/assets/ publication/EAP_Tools_for_Building_Urban_ Resilience_2012.pdf

Figure 37. Lecture session. Photo by Gibran S.Ars, M.Sc

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Lecture 6 | Dr. Jocelyn Widmer, University of Florida

Ideas for Collecting Data Using Different Field Methodologies

y talk considers conducting fieldwork in a short amount of time with different technologies, using a photographic survey method. My philosophy is about working together with stakeholders and then analyzing the data when you get back from the field work. Data collection includes field observations (field notes), photography, film, videos, sketches and conceptual diagrams, spatial information for data mining (GIS, Google Maps, GPS, Historical maps), literature searches, social media exploration, policy review, surveys, categorical systematic information, interviews with focus groups, stakeholders and on site mapping. Individual

tools include tablets, smart phones, GPS devices to connect places, etc. The only photo in this presentation from the October UI UF CU workshop is the people shown in floating boats on the lake and there are no fish! Methods as artifacts for data collection include connecting the dots and then looking at a system of data collection as part of the system iteself. There is a rhythm to data collection, comparing the old versus the new. The research questions are numerous and varied. What is historic? What are the issues? What are the cultural heritage practices? What are the causes, for example, debris (sampah), a dead rat, etc. What are the

solutions for water removal? What is static about the communities? What is dynamic? How are people moving? Think about speed and time. Think about meaning. Here is a banner with a UI Logo, hung upside down. It had some meaning at one time and now is being used in another way. What is familiar to you as students? What is unfamiliar? What is familiar to the place and its context? What is a familiar activity, such as boating? What are the regulations? Often there is a government sign, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Do not throw trash here. There is a Rp. 500,000.- fine.â&#x20AC;? Then, right next door there is a mountain of trash. What is the reality? Is there another rhythm in the community? Is the trash condition the result of inaction or is it closer to the reality of life on the ground?

Figure 38. A Lecture about Data Collecting by Dr. Jocelyn byWidmer. Photo by

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What is the reality of people living in these places from an insiderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perspective? As planners, are we future facilitators? Think about the continuum of water in a context related to public health implications. What is the life cycle of water? These photographs document doing the laundry, domestic cleaning, commercial laundries, washing plastic Aqua water bottles, etc. On the consumer side, water in plastic bottles is imported by truck as drinking water. What is the price of water? This sign indicates that Aqua is Rp 15,700.-/bottle refill. How does this price resonate with the consumption of water? Sachets of dry juice are sold, which raises health issues about the addition of potable water. Many of the children we saw were seemingly overweight, which may be indicative of malnutrition, due to second or third degree consequences related to the lack of agricultural land. In terms of waste, think about what is happening in the packaging and recycling chain. Also consider the reality of space. In this photo on one side is a channel carrying waste water and on the other side is a tap (kran) attached to the house with a washing bucket below (bak mandi). The reality expresses the adjacency of clean and dirty water, not the unsanitary implication of mixing the water supply and the waste water. It is the proximity that is problemmatic. Also consider: What is the impact of trash on the local community? Where do children play? Look across all peoples when thinking of social issues and remember to have fun!

Figure 39. A Lecture about Data Collecting by Dr. Jocelyn . Photo by Widmer.

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Lecture 7 | Ibu Nana Zara, ST, Depok City Government

Water Resources Management: Spatial Aspects

Figure 39. A View of Setu Rawa Besar. Photo by

t is the City of Depokâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plan to implement the master plan for control of water resources. From the land use map, we can see the extreme differences between 2009 and now. In 2009, 50% of the area was builtup. Now it is closer to 60-70% built up. In terms of policy and strategy, maintaining the function of protective areas is relative to the future increase in the value of the functions in protected areas. The plan is to improve the functions in the protected areas with an obligation for 20% public green space and 10% private green space. To increase cooperation between the City Governments of Jakarta, Tangerang and Depok, plans are being prepared for Water Systems and Lakes (Reservoirs) and drainage systems. Lake Bojong Sari and

Lake Pengarengan are two redeveloped lakes related to progress in water resources management and normalization.

On the local scale, pipes are installed to distribute waste water. Individual buildings have septic tanks.

The central government determines the rules on infrastructure, the management of deep wells and the drinking water supply systems. Depok was once a part of Bogor up until 1999. An integrated wastewater treatment plant is located at Kalimulya in West Depok. Everything is managed by environmental boards, including the wastewater treatment system and the latest technology for zero-run off systems.

There are 26 lakes in Depok, including the UI Lakes. The Detail Engineeering Department handles the lakes. For example, Setu Rawa Besar has dense settlements as well as the Depok City Government offices, the train station, educational facilites and open green space. The Area Development Plans include residential, recreational, educational land uses. There is also aquaculture, since Depok is famous for its fish and its ponds. The Perumnas Rumah Susun (Public Housing) was built by the Depok City government as replacement housing for informal settlements. There is a gutter around the lake so that water that comes from the inlets does not come

Question-Answer Is the waste collected by pipes or taken by trucks?

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directly into the lake. There will be a floating restaurant in the future. In the visualization of the master plan, there is a 15-meter gap around the lake for a green belt. There are plans for a waste management system.

Are there plans for an incinerator as part of the waste management system? My understanding is that an incinerator has to be some distance away from the housing. What about the waste management system? The first thing the government has to do is

analysis and data gathering. We analyze the original layout. The dark green area is the 50-meter borderline of the lake itself. That is the idea in the end; it will be finalized in the detailed engineering plan. Related to the plans for a waste management system, we are trying to change our mindset about trash. As long as the management system is good and the filtering is good, the trash will not cause an odor problem. We still have the option to be open to better design options. For wastewater treatment the government will

also change their plan for the green buffer, so there will not be any more pollution. All of the area is an irregular settlement, so the waste system has to be distributed. The red squares on the plan are future locations of the MCK (Mandi, Cuci dan Kakus) for public toilets and washing areas. It is not clear about the blue squares.

What is the Area Development Plan for aquaculture? In the Area Development Plan, fish egg

Figure 40. A Lecture about Setu Rawa Besar by Ibu Nana Zara from Depok City Government. Photo by Cindy Ruth`

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distribution is one of the programs to create an ecosystem. Of course, what needs to be done is cleaning up the body of water itself.

Does the plan take into consideration the occupantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s occupations? Do they fish to eat or to sell? Most of the illegal settlers are actually illegal immigrants. They are generally unskilled, without a proper education, which makes the area a slum. Some are actually traders, many are trading in the markets or alongside the road (kaki-limas). In the occupational concept of the government, there is an obligation to put the local settlers as a priority. If there are openings in, say, waste management jobs, then these settlers will be inducted. Once the

official data is gathered about the settlers in the area, then the programs will be provided for those people as a first priority. Where all of these programs will be depends on the data. Low-income people will be considered for health, jobs and help.

Will the illegal immigrants be repatriated or wil they become legal? Of course the first thing that the government will ask them to do is to register for their ID cards.

Is it possible for them to become legal? The yellow color on the master plan shows the existing situation for the residential areas (public housing). How can there be a place

Figure 41. The children living in an llegal residential area located near the Setu . Photo byRawa Besar

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for more green space? The public houses are actually part of a much larger housing area. The social facilities are located in another area. The Depok City Government has not done any relocations because the public housing was built by the Central Government.

Regarding continuity, when did you begin thinking about what have been the changes over time? We are also talking about the destination as a main tourist attraction.

When developing the plans, was there engagement with the community? There will be discussions about the plan.

Figure 42. The environmental condition of Setu Rawa Besar. Photo by

Lecture 8 | Yosef Prihanto and Dita Trisnawan, Universitas Indonesia

Geospatial Information for Urban Green Infrastructure Modeling

his lecture concentrates on how to use remote sensing and GIS in architecture. Architectural design often starts from the micro perspective. However, starting with the macro scale first and then looking at the micro scale is another way. Remote Sensing is the science of understanding the art of objects or phenomena detection without any contact to the object. The discipline includes aerial photography, radar, satellite images, etc.). The GIS (Geographic Information System) is comparable to fortune telling in that its limits are intangible. GIS involves geographical referenced information for data collection, compilation, recall updates and

simulation of spatial data as an architectural tool. The components of GIS include abstraction or simplification of the database which is useful for architectural design. Without GIS, the compilation of data is more complicated, inefficient, costly and difficult to manage with many layers of paper. With GIS the whole process is simplified and more effective in terms of cost and budget. Data accuracy and good management of data is possible. You can use a hard disk instead of a paper-based culture to manage the data. The GIS infrastructure includes human resources, programmers, geographers, surveyors and civil engineers. The software

includes RS (Remote Sensing) software, such as ERDS, ER MAPPER, ENFI, IUNIS, IDRISI). GIS software also includes ARCGIS, ArchInfo, ArcView, MapInfo, MapObject and Arc Explorer, etc. The hardware server includes PC GPS, hand phones, satellite discs, digitizer tablets, and digital cameras. GIS data sources include aerial photos (expensive) and small format phones (drone). Other available data are: tables, reports, land surveys, coordinates data by GPS, topographic and thematic maps. Data acquisition vehicles include space borne and airborne. Space borne vehicle characteristics include the use of satellites from outer space,

Figure 43 (left). An aerial picture of sites; Figure 44 (right). Topographic informations are being retrieved from the map. Graphic by Yosef Prihanto.

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no need for flight permissions and limitless areas. However, the resolution in satellite data is lower than airborne data. Aircraft vehicle characteristics include the use of aircraft, higher resolution and accuracy, easier updating of data, smaller coverage area, flying risks and the requirement for flight permissions from government jurisdictions. One example of satellite data is the NSDI project in Medan. Cars, buildings and the central square (alun-alun) are visible in the 20cm resolution with Ultracam X20cm, 1 pixel map with a scale of 1:1000. This is a suitable architectural scale. LandSat 1 offers a 30km-20cm resolution range which is a low resolution where 20 km equals 1 pixel. Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) radar provide 3D information which includes buildings and vegetation. The radar data is collected airborne at 3,000 feet, using a laser

Overlay layerd

to detect the surface. The data can be used for 3D mapping at a scale of 1:5000. The data is available for Jakarta and for Depok at a scale of 15 meters. Such data is available by formal letter from the Spatial Information Agency. In making a map from raw data using GIS applications, cartography is combined with other available data. Geometric corrections are made to increase the accuracy of the raw data with coordinate information. Orthorectification and image filters are used to enhance the image, which is part of the Spatial Information Agencyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s responsibilities. Classification and digitation is shown in colored layers to indicate streets, land boundaries, contours, and buildings, etc. The visual cartography layout is done in accordance with the desired output and needs. The information can be analyzed with

overlays to get new information or data. SIG Multi-criteria Analysis can be possibly used for suitable land. Analytical software tools can be used for buffering to create new information. Overlays, not just 1 or 2, but up to 1,000 overlays can be used in filtering data to create road maps, settlement maps, soils maps, and water maps, which all yield an analytical result. The Depok Existing Land Use (2005) map can be compared with the 2015 map to understand the land uses changes around the lakes. Setu Babakan is in Jakarta. Soils data can be analyzed to obtain special data for contour and topographic mapping as well as soil types. Also rain, microclimate, geological, and base rock data can be obtained to determine whether or not the water body is sustainable. Land use changes require thinking about

Road map Settlement map Soil map Analysis results

Water map Etc.

Figure 45. A model of topographic informations that is being analyzed in GIS software.. Graphic by Yosef Prihanto

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The data not only records the color, but also information about radiation and uses the data to construct 3D images. The radar sends a sound wave and bounces back the data from the geographic features. The ground surface takes a longer time to travel than the mountain, which is obviously higher. Then the GIS device calculates the sound waves based on the distance and the heights. The radar scales the distance between the site and the reflection. The map shown is an incredible range of pastel colors rivaling 17th-century antique watercolor maps. Wind, precipitation and how water arrives in the Depok area from the south to the north is indicated. Using a grid on the contour map and using a zoom feature to enlarge the map, we can locate bodies of water. The other satellite information is joined together in a low resolution 15m/pixel, (which is admittedly not very clear.) The water bodies can be identified as a dark mass in a field of red and green. The black points shown on the gird are the location of the public facilities. The GIS point and line area data are shown for classification purposes. The data can be analyzed one-by-one or combined together. The light spots on the map are clouds and can be recognized. Remote sensing data Figure 46. An illustrative map covering some different topographic informainclude color, texture and distribution which tions.in an area. Graphic by Yosef Prihanto are included in 9 key identifications for each object. For example, the clouds also cast a shadow, which is the same shape, but it is the catchment areas. Architects must think Bogor area is a catchment area to supply water a different object from the lake, even though about these issues beyond the surface, not to many water bodies. Gunung Salak is shown both are black on the map. only water, but also where the water comes with SRTM 30 meter data in a digital elevation from and how it stays in the soil. Most of the model. This kind of data was also used as the Questions-Answers information is available on GIS. Architects must basis for a book about the Tsunami in Aceh What is the difference in time between one learn to assess information on a global basis in 2004. set of data and another? on a macro scale for a greater understanding SLTM satellite radar data has a topographic The satellite returns every 16 hours. The about the landscape. For example, the Depok/ mission using radar sensors to record data.

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remote sensing satellite is geo-synchronized every 16 hours back to space in its orbit. But, not every image is recorded; it depends on the request because of the cost involved. QuickBird or WorldView II data need 4-8 gigabytes of digital data. The server is huge, the size of this room, possibly 50m2 in order to cover the size necessary to cover analytical and computing power.

Are there regulations for access to GIS data? Yes, but the first regulating factor depends on the budget since the Indonesian archipelago is so large that Papua, Kalimantan and Java cannot be recorded at the same time. There are 800 people working in the agency. The process of mapping all of Indonesia will not be completed for years.

What software programs do you use? Global Mapper is easier to use if you have the capability of using GIS. It is not open source, but the prices are friendly for students. There is also QGIS.

Your agency is recording and mapping the whole of Indonesia. Are there maps available for every area?

Yosef Prihanto is currently a PhD candidate at the University of Indonesia in Environmental Sciences. His background is in civil engineering and geography. He has a degree from Gadjah Maja University in Environmental Sciences.

Jakarta maps have a higher resolution than Depok maps. Thirty million people live in greater Jakarta, which indicates the priority.

How do local government agencies get the data? It is free. The resolution depends on the need. 1:15,000 scale data is freely downloadable on the website. For more detailed data for Jakarta, Surabaya and Bandung, say 1:10,000 scale is available. Other places are not available.If the area is covered with trees in the US, we wait until the autumn season when the trees drop their leaves to get closer to the ground.

How do you handle data collection in Indonesia? That is a good question. Advanced Remote Sensing (LIDAR) data combined with conventional satellite data is used for mapping in forestry areas. The maps are at a scale of 1:100,000.

years ago, which has helped.

Are there any outreach programs from the university or the government agencies? Yes, the Faculty of Geography at the University is involved as well as hosting and training for local government the private sector within the agency.

Is there any data on the outer islands? Yes, it depends on the budget. The agency also tried to cover all the islands, but there are over 17,000 islands in Indonesia.

Is there any specific program that is more effective for mapping the environment? ArcGIS has more tools than GlobalMapper.

What kinds of projects have you done using GIS for spatial planning for Jakarta?

We started using GIS technology 10-15

Spatial modeling to manage the flooding, also spatial planning and the drainage systems are some of the projects. After Mount Merapi in Yogyakarta exploded in 2010, we launched a volcano project about managing the lava flow in the rainy season. Lava came down through the rivers as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;cold lava.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; We also have produced the National Indonesia Atlas.

Dita Trisnawan had experience on GIS projects (San Francisco, Miami, and New York) in the United States when he was working on his Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Degree. The projects included GIS information on topography, water, climate and vegetation. His experience includes a project in Miami concerning the 100-year flood zone. The data is also

useful for building resorts in mountainous areas. Historical landscape and heritage data projects also use GIS data. Another project was using historical landscape data for an Armed Forces retirement home in Washington D.C. to record and maintain actual historical landscape data, including a golf course and housing

How widely adopted is the use of GIS data in Indonesia to improve planning and development?

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Lecture 9 | Dr. Li Yu, Cardiff University

Approaches to Water Issues in the City of Dongguan, China

t is my pleasure to give a talk about the other live project, in a different country, in another place. The focus is mainly on the river and the river treatment. Without water, we are unable to survive. Transport and urban activties target the function of the river. Rubbish, including industrial wastewater occurs not only in Indonesia, but also in many developing countries. We have begun to realize that it is action by human beings that damage the lakes and the rivers. Dongguan is located north of Hong Kong. It is an industrialized city involved in the manufacturing of I-Phones, TVs, and computers. There is a saying, â&#x20AC;&#x153;If Dongguan gets a cold, the market will be coughing.â&#x20AC;? There is a migrant population of 10M living in the city, with 80% from rural areas. Dongguan is south of Guangzhou and

north of Shenzhen. The riverside is the most polluted area in Dongguan. The area used to be well known for rice production. There are so many rivers, that they created a problem for transport. The area attracted the most polluted industries. Since the 2008 economic crisis and its impact on the Chinese market, the most significant impact hit Dongguan.

still more than 20 paper mills. The Classification of river water quality ranges from Class 1 water source, to Class II drinkable water, to Class III drinkable water, fishing and swimming, to Class IV usable, but not drinkable, to Class V neither drinkable nor usable, to Minus V highly polluted water.

The Dongguan Riverside questionnaire was used to survey and interview local citizens and government officials. The survey covers issues of lifestyle and pressure from urbanization and industrialization. We also looked at the planning targets relative to the riverside area for 20 Million people.

The main source of water pollution is from Paper, Textiles, Electronics and Thermal Power, etc. The dilemma is the Environmental Protection Policy. The government tried to close most of the polluted industries. The government will support financially the closures. The water quality can be improved, but it puts pressure on the job market

The river water quality is polluted from factories. The treatment capacity is not less than 60%. For a major city, the river quality does not reach an acceptable standard. There are

It means 20M people will lose their jobs and may have to move to another province. The industries employ huge numbers of people. If the GDP increases, the tax level increases.

Figure 47, A lecture about study case of water issues in China by Dr. Li Yu. Photo by

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is part of the reason to build a wetland to clean up carbon emissions. This type of technology awaits the solution of the problem with sewage bio-treatment (a wetland system). Experience shows that it is possible to treat sewage and to involve civic engagement into a thriving biosystem, resulting in a country lake. The advantages of adopting a ‘Sponge City’ include:

Figure 48. The illustration of Sponge City as proposed in the City of Dongguan, China

This is another issue or challenge. There is domestic sewage treatment, but not yet enough to cover the whole area. A certain percentage of sewage charge is directly to the river, which is creating pollution. The research proposes to introduce the concepts of a ‘Sponge City’, which is similar to “low impact development” in the US or sustainable urban drainage systems in Europe. A ‘Sponge City’ is able to adapt to climate change and natural disasters with resilience, just as a piece of sponge. The

rainwater can be stored. China’s Central Government has promulgated technology guidelines to build a ‘Sponge City’. The guidelines include: infiltration ponds, green infrastructure ditches, details of how to construct a ‘Sponge City’ including roads with permeable surfaces and rain water retention ponds and filtration systems. Bio-pores, ecological retention parks and artifical wetlands are included in a ‘Sponge City.’ With so many cars and bikes, there is still the issue of secondary pollution which

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•

Flood Prevention

•

Addressing Water Shortages due to water pollution

•

Improving Living Quality with better green areas

•

Attracting higher educated people; presently there is a low-skilled labor force

•

Improve water quality and provide free space

The water system strategy involved restoration, mediating pollution, controlling the use of recycled water and dealing with flooding. Detailed methods to deal with water pollution include: developing a master plan for the water system, drainage, sanitation and disaster protection. From an Urban Planning, Design and Engineering standpoint, a systems approach is used to deal with water issues. With the management of wetlands, livestock and people , the value of land increases. Wetland park activities become a tourist attraction, with boats and restaurants so that the wetland, river and lake is now in Class II, an improvement from Class V. This example raises an awareness of a ‘Sponge City’; however three are some restraints for adoption, including understanding of the concepts and coordination in delivery. The key word for ‘Sponge City’ is management. The planning officers may think that the wetland is a ‘Sponge City’. That is only part of the idea.

Figure 49. A view of river in Dongguan, China. Photo by

The whole society needs to understand the problems related to industry. In terms of management, the problems are decentralized. Many actions can be made local. Typically, in Dongguan, there are 2-tiers of government instead of 3-tiers. Also think of cities as being 3-tiers. At the level of villages and towns, governance is very strong in terms of economic development. There are so many issues, that I am discussing three tiers to coordinate policy. (Meso-, MacroMicro-) for delivering a ‘Sponge City.’ At the Meso-Level the purpose is to raise local awareness and coordinate local government resources. There are financial concerns, such as raising the price of water. At the MicroLevel there are indicators of a ‘Sponge City’ for each block that consider surface runoff. Recommendations are made for micro-level associations in the ‘Sponge City’ for local landscape architecture and gardening. The idea is to use local vegetation which will be more suitable to the local area.

There are also clear signs for general policy recommendations for a comprehensive environmental impact assessment, open and accessible accessibility for people. Additionally, management mechanisms for different tiers of government need to be put in place. Relative to land use, the impact on health requires real-time monitoring, review of treatment targets and economic assessments. Measures also include the promotion of green economic development to realize the ecological process by addressing industrial symptoms and tourist attractions. Closing down the factories outright means that other means of employment need to be found, which calls for an Ecological Industrial Symbiosis to transform, for example, a paper factory into an Eco-Industrial Park. The priority is experimental practice to enhance skills. The proposed ecological symbiosis also involves cultures with boats and food. Each town has a different type of delicious food. There are also local arts and crafts. We are

thinking that the critical issue is to make people realize their local culture and their belonging to their area. The local government plans to develop six local cultural sites with Dragon Boat competitions and Folk Art. In the proposals, it was suggested to intercoordinate with each other under the theme of, “One Town, One World” to create an attraction for tourism. Another research topic is for a Smart City Green Program. This involves evaluating 1,900 buildings for renewable energy potential and public involvement in the management mechanism. Questions-Answers

How do you cope with policy? You have to cope with policy in a relaxed way, but the government has to enforce all the policy.

Regarding the wetlands, how did the community organize itself?

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First, there was support from the local government. Then, there is self-organizing.

In Setu Babakan, the wetland is used for filtering and treating the water. How could this be developed? In taking out the island, this could leave some more wetland that could be used as an educational facility to see how the water can be treated, using a bio-treatment system.

Comment Linjun Xie You describe a bright future, but in Guangxi Province and Guangdong Province in recent years, there has been a huge change in my hometown in Guangdong Province to raise the standard of wastewater, but the cement and the tire factories cannot afford the treatment of disposed water. The government hasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t provided enough subsidy. So the factories are moving to Guangxi Province where it is cheaper. The factories move in, the streams disappear, and air pollution comes in. The solutions come to the rich cities, but not to the poorer areas. The best solution for the government is to improve the technology and provide funding. So the factories can then treat our environment with some positive effect. Comment Prof. Li Yu Public participation and the knowledge if people understand the risk of industries in remote areas will force the government to control the discharge from the polluted industries. It could be a kind of education program, similar to what we have seen in Depok. They may not realize the risk of polluted water and its damage to their health.

Figure 50-53 (top-bottom)Some site survey photos of Dongguan, China

At what level do the people understand the problem? They do not have a high level of education.

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The answer is the same. The local people do not realize the level of pollution, so they wash their clothes and vegetables in the water. They do have tap water at home, but they lack the awarenesss.

You mention the challenge of making the local people understand. It is not difficult to make the local people feel belonging, but 80% come from another area, so they do not care. We also suggest to have an understanding of the typical culture of the migrant. But, no one is exploring the consequences for the outcome of the migrants and what kind of culture makes them feel belonging to the area.

Question The educational level of the local people in Guangxi Province is split into two groups. The local people donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t like the factories, but the poor people welcome the factory because they can work locally. Is it too risky to relax public engagement or should we be more critical? First, there is knowledge and second, public engagement. As a planner, I think we need to reach consensus in principle and in practice. I think we have to be careful. It is difficult to achieve consensus. You have to listen and invite people to be engaged, but we have to be careful of design and control.

Lecture 10 | Depok City Government

setu rawa besar policy discussion

everal members from the Depok City Government discussed spatial planning and policy issues for Setu Rawa Besar. The working group gathered around the site plan for discussion with the city government representatives. The discussion also involved a question/answer session about Setu Rawa Besar.

Questions-Answers

We noticed a mixture of activities (motorcycle repair shop, etc.) along the road, do the traders require permits? For economic activities, shop owners and traders need to have a certificate from the government. Without the certificate, the traders can be removed from the area.

Why do we still have buildings by the lake?

The buildings are still there because they were built before the regulations. The permit should be renewed every five years.

be able to have a legal building certificate. But, if they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have a building certificate, the government has the right to demolish their buildings.

Yesterday we visited the site at Setu Rawa Besar. Within the 50-meter setback, there are also lots of school buildings. Will you also remove the school buildings?

Is there any detailed plan from the government for the 50-meter setback?

The school buildings themselves are more than 50 meters away from the lake. The school sports fields are within the setback. The school buildings are not affected by the 50-meter setback.

What kind of activities are provided by the government in the interest of the local people?

Are there plans development?

regulate

future

After the government has cleared the 50-meter distance between the lake and the illegal settlers, the remaining people should

Are we focusing on the 50-meter greenbelt or about the whole government plan?

For the 50-meter greenbelt, the plan is to use the area as an open green space for water treatment, water management and for recreation. The plan not only addresses the 50-meter setback, but also it includes the whole area. It does not have to be exactly 50-meters as there is also a correlation with the depth of the lake or river, as the setback

Figure 54. A discussion about Setu Rawa Besar Policy with Depok City Government Representatives. Photo by

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Figure 55. Some visualizations of Setu Rawa Besar Initial Master Plan. Graphic by Depok City Government

is mainly to protect the eco-system. We are talking about what will actually happen when the greenbelt is established. This is still under discussion this year. If the settlers have a certificate, then it would be possible to have legal ownership in an apartment (rumah susun).

If we realise the 50-meter greenbelt, who will be responsible for the area â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the government or the private sector? What is the plan? It depends on the fee structure. If we rely only on the government budget, then it will be difficult to cover the cost. If we can get private sector investors, it will be a better opportunity for the community to develop the lake area. We have a similar example in

Surabaya. Comment â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Miktha If the private sector collaborates with the government to cultivate the lakeside, it will be better to cover the maintenance costs.

Why is there a 50-meter setback? Fifity-meters is the starting point between lakes or rivers. The focus is not on the 50-meter dimension itself. There are some other reasons. The government has to protect the distance between the water and the housing, whch is actually set at 200-meters and it is also there to protect the lake from trash.

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Along the road there are some parks that are under construction, Could you explain what the parks will be used for? The parks are meant as public space for the people in the area. The project was started last year. The budget is currently being recalculated and then the construction will start again. This is a government project to make a public gathering space for the people.

Professor Li Yu It seems that many of the sewage waste is discharged directly into the river or the lake, separated only by a drain. Are there any plans to have a separate sewage treatment system?

Figure 56. Some visualizations of Setu Rawa Besar Initial Master Plan. Graphic by Depok City Government

For the area around Setu Rawa Besar the drainage system was built before the Spatial Plan 2012. After 2012, there is a fixed route for sewage. Basically, the housing was built by the government over thirty years ago - that is why the grey water is not separated. After 2012 all the houses already have a separate drain. The government will also built a drain around the lake.

Question â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Diane Wildsmith What kind of socialization programs (gotong royong) are there with the community to communicate the city planning policies? The socialization in each area is divided into districts and types, for example: environmental and water resources and

information about health and water resources. For future planning, the government will make organizational meetings with people in the area.

Is the discussion actually occurring with the local people or is this just an idea? Is it written in the regulations to have this kind of communications? It is not actually written, but it must be realised in order to revitalize the area. It is necessary to be close with the community.

Has the government socialized the plan? The Urban Renewal Plan 2007 from the central government has been socialized.

The people are given a temporary place to live, while the revialization is going on. But the people did not like the relocation area because it was too far away, so the plan failed. The people could suggest a change in the regulations to formalize the socialization program.

What has the government done with the local people? Have they made an approach to the illegal settlers? For the future plan, will the government educate the local people about how to take care of the environment and how to handle their local waste? In dealing with the illegal people who live in

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the area, they are being asked to move back to their hometown, but the reality is that the people have settled illegally in that area. In dealing with the waste and environmental issues, there is Regulation No. 5/2014. The waste should be separated between organic and inorganic. If the waste is not separated, the government will not take the waste away. If someone is caught disposing of the waste illegially, there is a fine.

Who should provide the waste bins? The local government provides the bins with contributions from the local people and the private sector.

If there is only one landfill site, how is it possible to realize this policy?

Eash household has to separate its own waste.

is also necessary to recycle, possibly to consider generating electricty.

Discussion

The other issues are related to public space for the communtiy. There are not many activities after school. What facilities will the local community desire? How will the greenbelt be developed? These are some of our thoughts.

After we visited the site, we wondered if there are any sugggestions to develop the site? Our initial thoughts after the field survey are in relation to the 50-meter setback and how to stimulate potential public interest in the area related to the greenbelt and sewerage systems. How can people associate with the greenbelt? What is their interest? What is the demand? One critical issue is to show how to improve the water quality. The main issue is sewage treatment and also about the rubbish. The short term answer is related to recycling. What about the future? Education and training for local people is next. Tourism is also to be considered. It

Looking at the existing assets in the community, are there existing community groups besides the government? Every sector has its own community group. The members of the community are changing, so the former community group is no longer active.

Figure 57. IJSS 2016 Team withDepok City Government Representatives.. Photo by Tania M, S.Ars, M.Arch

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JAKARTA SETU BABAKAN (jakarta)

UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA LAKES (Depok)

SITU RAWA BESAR (Depok)

DEPOK

Zoomed in map of site

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goes to UPSTREAM

Setu babakan

salam LAKE

UPSTREAM ulin LAKE

DOWNSTREAM

puspa LAKE

UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA LAKES

mahoni LAKE kenanga LAKE

aghatis LAKE

DOWNSTREAM

residential

UPSTREAM

SITU RAWA BESAR DOWNSTREAM market

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setu babakan

Reviving setu babakanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s identity International Joint Studio & Seminar 2016

about setu babakan

Figure 1. Situ Babakan lakes

characteristics of setu babakan

etu Babakan or Lake Babakan is located in Srengseng Sawah, Jagakarsa subdistrict, South Jakarta, Indonesia near Depok. Setu Babakan is an artificial lake with a total area 32 ha. The water comes from the Ciliwung River and now it is used for many

activities. Setu Babakan is also home for the Betawi people. The Betawi Cultural Village is used to preserve the cultural heritage of Jakarta. With a total area of 28 ha, Setu Babakan is owned by the government and the private sector with over 300 households.

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Setu Babakan is also known as one of Jakartaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tourism areas. In the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Betawi Cultural Village, we can find and enjoy Betawi life with its nuances in the community, its natural beauty around the lake and in the urban forest, Betawi art performances, information and

Fugure. 2 Living by the lake, photp by

documentation about the Betawi community, traditional dance, traditional music and martial arts classes, and also Betawi culinary dishes. The Betawi people hope that all activities can be understood as a form of protection and guidance in order to preserve and

develop their livelihood in the arts and cultural traditions. Betawi cultural expression is in accordance with the needs of the present. Betawi culture is useful as a form of potential development in eco-cultural aspects related to the environment. Betawi cultural responds

to eco-social aspects by improving the welfare of the surrounding community as well as being one of the cultural tourist attractions in Jakarta.

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Figure 3. 1) Betaeiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s large puppet performance, ondelondel; 2) Gambang Kromong. (Source: wikipedia.com)

the betawi culture Betawi is an ethnicity which dominates the population of Jakarta. In fact, Betawi people are the native inhabitants of Jakarta. Their culture is a mixture of Portuguese, Arabian, Chinese, Dutch, Indian and Sudanese, thus this ethnicity is known for their richness in diversity. Betawi is known for their native language, dialect, and arts. On a daily basis, they use a Malay language which is dominated by Javanese dialects, but some still speak Madurase and Sundanese. As for spiritual beliefs or religion, the majority of Betawi people are Muslims.

The three stages that are considered important for the Betawi lifestyle are khitanan (circumcision), kawinan (marriage), and kematian (death). Culinary, music, dance, art, fashion, and other ceremonies are also important for Betawi people. The Betawi traditional culinary dishes, such as Sayur Asem Betawi, Ketoprak, Soto Betawi, Asinan, and Nasi Uduk are very much appreciated by people all over Indonesia, no matter what ethnicity they are. Street food such as kerak telor and rujak is also a big part of this culture. These kinds of food are usually sold by street vendors who tend to walk around with their carts to look for consumers. Betawi also has

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their own Batik style that has different features than from the other Batik patterns from other ethnicities. Betawi has patterns like Buketan, Liong, and Lokcan or Burung Hong, some of which are inspired from the Chinese culture. Dances are an important way for the Betawi people to express themselves. They often use puppets for their dances, for example Ondel-ondel, a large wooden maskedpuppet. Martial arts have also become a well known. There is a dance that is performed by men to show their strength and hero status. Betawi also has a traditional orchestra called Gambang Kromong which is similar to Javanese gamelan.

Figure 4 1) Pencak Silat (Martial arts); 2) Gambang Kromong 3) Batik Betawi. Source: wikipedia.com)

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context and methods

exploring the existing context

etu Babakan Region, as defined by Decree of the Governor of the Special Capital Region Jakarta No. 92 In 2000, the draft law No. 17 of 2004 and Regulation dated May 21, 2004, on â&#x20AC;&#x153;Restructuring Betawi Cultural Village Environment in Srengseng Sawah, Jagakarsa-South Jakartaâ&#x20AC;? was designated as the central of Betawi cultural heritage and as a major water conservation area for South Jakarta. This area is a residential area that is used as a tourist area. Setu Babakan consists of a lake, houses and yards, gardens, and vegetation as well as the various activities relating to the way of life of the Betawi society. This background then supports the development of Setu Babakan as a Betawi cultural center. To this day, Setu Babakan still holds the role as cultural heritage and as an environmental conservation area. Setu Babakan still continues to develop and undergo through changes to reach the goal of the master plan design. Setu Babakan is planned by the local leaders and also the government in order to have six main functions, which are to be: an iconic Betawi residence, a ritual or religious facility, an information resource, an arts and cultural facility, an education and research facility, as well as a tourism destination. All of the ideas and aspirations are embodied in the master plan design.

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Masterplan of Setu Babakan

Figure 5. Masterplan of Setu Babakan. (Source: UPT Setu Babakan)

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Figure 6. Expansion process of Setu Babakan

Here in Setu Babakan, we can find residential and public areas that function both as public spaces, which include open green spaces and as private spaces and gardens in the residential areas. The settlement area spreads from upstream to downstream areas around the lake (setu). The recreational areas and administrative buildings are located in the downstream part of Setu Babakan, while the upstream part is dominated by residential and green areas. In addition to the functions of conservation, Setu Babakan

is an environmental attraction that is also used by the community for commercial reasons. Both of these functions, cultural and environmental conservation, become an interesting component of this region.. In the master plan, Setu Babakan will be developed into several zones: Zone A which will serves as the administrative offices and parking area with a total area of 3.2 hectares, including the Embryo Zone, which will consist of the cultural embryo and the centralization of the Betawi cultural office with

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a total area of 4,000 sqm and Zone B, which is still incomplete. Zone B will serve as a recreational and a culinary arts zone. There are three canals located on the North side and one on the South side. This master plan design is based on development regulations promulgated by Pemda DKI Jakarta, specifically named the Regional Betawi Culture Regulations (Peraturan Daerah Budaya Betawi) No. 4 and the DKI Capitol Region Regulations (Peraturan Daerah DKI), Jakarta No.3, Year (tahun) 2015.

METHODS To understand further Setu Babakan, the research team conducted data collection to determine the development of the region of Setu Babakan. Broadly speaking, Setu Babakan can be divided into two areas, namely downstream and upstream. Cultural conservation is prominent in the downstream area and environmental conservation is prominent in the upstream area. To identify the issues that will be processed, the research team was divided into two groups. Each group is to focus on one specific area, one team for the downstream and one team for the upstream. This was done based on the consideration of the boundary area, as well as the differences in the quality of

Figure 7. Scoop of the observatioX

the surroundings, both natural and built. In the upstream area, the environmental aspects stood out the most. Therefore, the upstream team gathered data based on the environmental components that were divided into water, green areas, as well as lifestyle. While in the downstream area, the Betawi culture stood out more, so the data collection focused on the Betawi culture itself, the tourism economy, and the habits of the users’ interaction with nature. These components helps us make references for further data collection to determine Setu Babakan’s development. Data was collected through literature search, observations, mapping, interviews and

questionnaire distribution. Before making any observations, the team started by searching for data about Setu Babakan through available literature resources to gain a preliminary understanding about Setu Babakan. After that, the team conducted several observation and mapping sessions in the field. Observation and mapping sessions were conducted within the team’s perspective as an observer. While the interviews and the distribution of questionnaires to residents around Setu Babakan were done to get the perspective of the users’ data in the Setu Babakan region. Furthermore, each team processed a framework based on the findings that are dominant in that region.

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WAY OF THINKING

Inlet team’s objective

Water

Generaly speaking, the two teams are analyzing two different areas that have different characteristics. Compared to the outlet area (downstream), the inlet area (upstream) has a bigger water catchment area. Meanwhile, what stands out in the outlet area is the cultural recreational development by the Department of Tourism and Culture, the City of Jakarta (DKI) government. These different characteristics cause us to have a different framework and a different way of thinking. INLET AREA

Green Infrastructure

Green Space

Outlet team’s objective

The existence of the cemetery, as well as several gardens and fishing areas, orientates the inlet area more prominently towards the natural environment rather than the built environment, even though you can still find settlements around the upstream. The inlet is located in the Southern part of Setu Babakan, which means it no longer is included in the Betawi Cultural Village conservation area, so there is no need to follow the regional development directives. Under such conditions, the inlet team formulated a framework that is based on three important elements, which are: water, green areas, and lifestyle. The three elements are composed of both physical and non-physical components. These components will become a reference point for the observations on the environmental aspects and also human activities in Setu

Lifestyle

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Betawi Culture

Green Infrastructure

Economy

Environment

Figure 8. Outlet and inlet team‘s objectives

Figure 10. Giving interviews and questionnaires.

Babakan. We found a connection between these elements and tried to look at it from an environmentally friendly infrastructure standpoint to formulate a different way of thinking. OUTLET AREA Contrary to the upstream area, the outlet area consists distinctly of an orientation towards the built environment, especially around the lake. Cultural tourism that is undertaken by the city is dominant here and it provides direction to the development and construction in this area. The development is focused on the Betawi culture. Setu Babakan is seen as a positive addition for the visitors. Furthermore, because Setu Babakan is a magnet for cultural heritage tourism, the experience has to present beautiful natural conditions, such as the water’s cleanliness. With the number of users comprising both settlers and tourists, human interactions with

the surroundings become the main focus for our observations. From that framework, each team operated by making observations and by gathering data via : • Mapping All the observation data is in the form of photographs, sketches, and videos, which will be analyzed and processed in the form of interconnected diagram mappings. •Literature Search This method is performed before making any observations. It starts with finding and understanding the sources from the available literature. This is done to limit and define the research discussion. •Interviews The interviews were conducted as the result of collaborations with the administrative

staff manager of the Setu, Betawi elders, residents, sellers and visitors. The purpose of the interviews is to acknowledge the diverse viewpoints of Setu Babakan’s occupants. • Questionnaire Questionnaires were used as a method to get to know the general perception of the majority of Setu Babakan’s occupants on various issues. The questionnaires were aimed at determining to which extent and what attachment arises through their lifestyle in relation to the experience of Setu Babakan. Questionnaires helped us to receive quantitative opinions and to gain a qualitative feeling with first hand experience of the occupants viewpoints.The questionnaire was distributed to visitors of Setu Babakan, local residents and administrative officers with a total of 60 respondents.

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data

circumstances & inside scoopes

ased on the data collection and research methods, both teams collected the Setu Babakan general information that might be useful in supporting an hypothesis. It could be something that we do not even realize at first. Each team has focused on a specific object of observation, based on the research structure. Then, the data collected would be used as the basis or way of thinking in identifying the main issues.

SETU BABAKAN SPACE ZONING The team mapped the Setu Babakan area in relation to the information about the gardening area, the house/ farming nodes, and also the traditional vehicle of direct interviews with local informants, backed up by literature resources. Such information would be a potential point base to activate the Betawinese culture that is gently fading away. We also mapped what tourism activities visitors are most interested in, by noting the intensity of people at every visitorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s spot.

Figure 11. Urban solid-void diagrams

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Figure 12. Urban mappings

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Figure 13. activities mappings

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Besides, the economy activity that happens, there is also the teamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s consideration of the spaces to be mapped, since boosting up

the economic sector is one of Setu Babakan Boardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s visions. The goods sold, the variation of trading, the form of shops, and their

spatial needs, and also the buyersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; habits are the kinds of data that are to be mapped.

Figure 12. vendors around Setu Babakan

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Figure 13. analysis of kiosk around Setu Babakan

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Figure 14. analysis of moving vendors around Setu Babakan

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Figure 15. analysis of seating area around Setu Babakan

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Inhabitant’s Perspective about Setu Babakan By interviewing informants or collecting data, the team understood some opinions about and facts about the Setu Babakan Administrative Board, from the Betawinese figures, the local residents, the traders and also visitors. Here are some points that could represent the local perspective. The team had a chance to have a conversation with Mr. Anin Saminjibur as elder Betawi and Mr. Rony as administrative board em- ployee. They discuss specifically about the Setu Babakan future plan. From an administrative board members perspective, there are three main reasons why the government picked Setu Babakan as the cultural conservation area. The first is the people, the second is the culture, (people here already speak the Betawi language), and they’re already informed about the characteristics of the Betawi culture. The

Figure 16. Representative from the Setu Babakan Comunity

third reason is related to supporting factors like the natural environment. The environment here is already beautiful; we just have to manage it. There are two main reasons for this development. The first one is related to cultural reasons and the second one is for economical reasons. We want the people to be satisfied through, for example, selling Betawi food, which means we are conserving the culture, while also increasing the people’s income. Mr. Anin’s opinion about government’s part in the development action, is that the government helps locals out with the renovation of their old houses. The government pays for the renovation so that the old houses can inherit and symbolize the Betawi culture. If the houses are too old, then the government would fully demolish these

derelict houses and build new ones. Mr. Anin also said that his house was renovated in the year 2000 around October. The government also helped him with the renovation in terms of financial aspects, so that the Betawi features can be preserved and even embraced. Also, the development that happens in Setu Babakan brings more positivity rather than negativity, because the conservation helps the people to preserve the existing culture. Additionally, because locals aren’t authorized to restrict the people from building things that are outside their will, the development helps to manage things that the the locals can’t. One negative impact of the development is the increasing amount of trash, more people, and more trash. It’s an automatic process. There are also changes in the water quality. People obviously can’t drink it anymore,

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Figure 17. Setu Babakan’s surrounding

then, they wished to go back to “The Good Old Days,” when it was 1948, but now it’s impossible, I think it’s because more people come to this area ever since the development happened. And they also don’t know where the water flows from; it might pass through animal stalls and such. Then, the housing design and appearance might be one of cultural conservation area and identification. Besides the government tourism center, the house designs by and large use Betawinese traditional housing ornaments and styles. The government also needs to regulate the surrounding housing and regulate what is in the Betawinese area. But, they could not restrict what people want to build (in terms of the architecture style); they also could not force locals to

do something they do not want to do. The policy required embracing the Betawi culture by having some Betawi ornamentation or embellishments like the Betawi windows or roof. These design guidelines will help to set the Betawi atmosphere, and visitors will know when they have arrived in the cultural conservation area. Besides architectural form, the traders around the lake might themselves become one of the eco-social and eco-cultural highlights of this place, part of the traditional Betawi scenario. In the future, there will be changes; however, just to make things clear and not to be confused, either about Betawinese food or other aspects of Betawi culture, there will be zoning regulations. The Betawi people here include people who sell food based

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on their ability to cook Betawi recipes, such as gado-gado, soto mie, kerak telor, but it does not mean the other people cannot open other types of restaurants or goods stalls here. Besides the culinary dishes, we also plotted some merchandise stalls around the lake. We also found that the Betawi cultural program provides traditional dance classes to improve people’s knowledge about their culture. It’s mostly for the kids’ enjoyment, so that the visitors know about all the different dances. These kinds of dance performances for the visitors will be held every Sunday, and completely free of charge. These performances are one of the actions to demonstrate the feeling of the Betawi experience. Beside Mr. Anin, the research team also

interviewed some informants about their perspective on Setu Babakan and its environment. Mr. Adi, as a neighborhood chief, shared his views with the research team about his neighborhoodâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s intention in environment issues. Their neighborhood, RT 05, that is located at the upper end, but on the outer side of Setu Babakan, already has trash banks, in conjunction with Komunitas Pelangi. Every person who has paper and plastic waste tends to collect it every Sunday morning at the trash bank, then the trash would be sold to waste buyers at the end of the month. The nominal amount of trash would be weighed, counted and compared with an agreed amount of money. The monetary value received could be exchanged for household goods, such as body wash, detergent, rice, eggs, and many more. Lastly, the research team also solicited the opinions of the local inhabitants who live inside the Setu Babakan area, as well as the lake visitors. At the very moment he is gathering snails on the Setu Babakan walls, Mr. Tutut tells his story from when he was single, until now when he has become a grandfather. His home is just located 1-2 minutes walking distance from the Setu. In his mind, coming to Setu means collecting snails, jogging, and hanging out with other neighbors. Besides in Setu Babakan, other options for hunting snails is in the Universitas Indonesia (UI) Lakes. According to R. Tutut, the snails in Universitas Indonesia Lakes are better than Setu Babakan because they are tastier. His family also prefers to hang out and do some sports, like jogging and playing badminton in the UI Lakes area. The location is quite far from their home in Setu Babakan, but it is a refreshing leisure outing for the family. Talking more about his experiences in Setu

Babakan, Mr. Tutut was living here before the preservation was done. Later on, Setu Babakan was muddy because it was next to a rice field that had already become part of the expansion area of the lake. Even though the water was clear, the muddy lake basin made the water look murky. Meanwhile, the garbage had become an issue. New concrete perimeter walls were constructed, but these too appeared dirty from the murky lake water. The change in the color of the water in the lake was caused by water pollution, from both liquid waste or solid waste or a combination of both types of waste. Up until now, Mr. Tutut does not have any knowledge about garbage and waste separation. He knows that the garbage is collected by the local government team. Mr. Tutut thinks there may be some springs at the bottom of the lake because even when the upstream area is dry, the lake can stay full of water. Trying to recall Setu Babakan in the past, Mr. Tutut reminisces that his family had a large piece of land, but it was shared with whole family. Then, some family members chose to sell their part of the land to move to Depok. At that time, the land value was Rp. 3,000 per sqm, but now the land value might be Rp. 5,000,000 per sqm. Anyway all the land has all been sold. In talking about the preservation development plan from the local government, Mr. Tutut said that he had heard about that plan, but not in a clear way, not even about the land in the middle of the setu. The change to rice fields there was expected to have added value in terms of green public space infrastructure. However, the local people do not have any place to do sports, like football, while the people lived there would have had the potential in the past. From now on, they would just have to rent a mini-soccer field around their neighborhood.

Figure 18. Setu Babakan â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s perservation activity

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Figure 19. Questionnairesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Data

Setu Babakan Environment - Human Being Relationship A strong relationship among the Betawinese people and nature led the research team to conduct passive observations about that relationship between man and nature. The research team investigated the inhabitantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s opinions and behavior about Setu Babakan related to their daily activities and their perspectives about Setu Babakan itself. The majority of the respondents were local people and visitors. Their responses about public facilities in Setu Babakan are summarized

in the questionnaire concerning green area availability, the visitors parking lots, and the type of ideal public facilities that will be used around Setu Babakan. Some of the respondents even prefer to walk, instead of using vehicles. The Betawi residents and visitors understanding of about how to proceed with waste management in Setu Babakan raised questions about public awareness of trash segregation. The inquiry also relates to what

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the management does and the overall public satisfaction. The questionnaire also seeks to identify the majors issues for the respondent related to the environment and his/her life. Lastly, their perspective about water in daily use was explained in the questionnaires related to their water activity, their knowledge about water pollution, their scoring related to its quality and in relation to what they feel about water.

issues

envionmental & cultural concerns From all the data analysis, our intent is to sum up the main issues in Setu Babakan. The key issues are related to human relationships between culture and nature.

Poor Awareness of the Inhabitants towards the Environment 1.WATER AND POLLUTANT Water is one of the elements that can affect the quality of people’s lives, so further observations on water

are important to discover relevant patterns in society. Water inside the earth has a cycle of perpetual motion. In the context of Jakarta, the water cycle in the earth’s surface occurs continuously. The water vapor in the air condenses to form clouds, which later on will contain particles of water and fall in the form of rain. The rainwater that falls to the earth’s surface will be divided into ground water water, which will be absorbed into the ground, and the runoff water that will flow over the surface of the ground. When the amount of Figure 20. waste , water and barrier photo by Ajeng Nadia

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Figure 21. Water flow’s impact

water that flows over the ground is more than the amount of water that is absorbed into the ground, floods occur. According to Wibowo in Jakartapedia: The People’s Encyclopedia,

B. Residential part of the upstream radius of 150 meters

based on the position of where the water is located.

C. Southern part of the lake

What affects the level of water clarity is the ecosystem, the water channel (natural or artificial), the position of

D. ISTN’s campus lake

“Ironically, in the face of water scarcity, the potential of rainwater in Jakarta, which averaged 2.000 million m3/ year is not optimal because only 26.6% are absorbed into the soil and the remaining 73.4% is wasted to the sea.” (Wibowo, 1998).1 This occurs because the urban environment lacks water infiltration and water catchment areas.

E. Mangga Bolong outlet

Water follows gravity and flows from a higher position to a lower position. This may become either an advantage or a disadvantage that we need to keep an eye on.

organisms, the more complex the structure of water becomes. With that assumption, higher regions will have better

Downstream, Jakarta gets its water supply from Bogor, so in terms of quantity, the water in Jakarta will continually increase. However, the quality of the incoming water should be a concern because it will affect the water in Jakarta, and in this case, Setu Babakan.

Water clarity. Thus, there will be a direct correlation between the locations and better water clarity. (D, B, C, A, E).

Therefore, we took water samples to observe the level of clarity from five areas , which are:

However, according to our observations, the level of water clarity from lowest to the highest is A, B, C, D, E. This

A. Setu Babakan’s inlet

Our initial assumption was that the upstream area will have a better level of clarity than the downstream because There are fewer water sources and less contamination. The more contaminants, such as pollutants, garbage, or

outcome shows that the level of water clarity is not always

Wibowo, (1998). “Assessment of Potential Watershed Using Geographic Information System.” Bandung Basin Case Study, Master Thesis in ITB-Bandung. In Jakartapedia: the People’s Encyclopedia. Badan Perpustakaan dan Arsip Daerah Provinsi DKI Jakarta. http://jakartapedia.bpadjakarta.net/index.php/Kondisi_Resapan_Air_Jakarta

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sampling, water sources and possible pollutants. In the ecosystem, there are organisms that can influence the level of water clarity (clear/cloudy) and the tendency of different water colors, such as fish, algae, etc. The form of waterways also affects the level of water clarity. In waterways with proper drainage systems and culverts with open drains, murky water level will decrease, with the exception of the likelihood of mixing water with mud and soil. Of course, when the drainage channel is formed from soil, the possibility of improper drainage, soil erosion, and dirty water occurs. In addition, the position of the water source for sampling, as well as the presence of pollutants along the stream certainly affect each other. The closer the location towards the upstream, the lower the content of pollutants. This is because water always flows from the higher level to the lower level, and if there are not any water pollutant reduction system along the way, then of course the pollutants in the stream are not reduced either. However,

Figure 22. Water body analisys

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Figure 23. Water clarity analisys the water quality in the downstream is not always worse than the quality of the upstream because the percentage of pollutants is known from the amount of pollutant per m3 water present. If the contaminated water later on meets an inflow of clean water, then the content of the pollutants will decrease. In contrast, if the water is combined with the water that is contaminated with pollutants, then the percentage content of the pollutants will also increase. Some of the potential water pollutants in Setu Babakan are: 1. Liquid Waste, such as plantation waste, vehicle fuels, domestic waste, erosion, and natural ecosystem output 2. Solid Waste, such as domestic waste or trash from

tourists and laborers. 3. Future Possibility, such as from artificial island drainage Water clarity is not an accurate parameter when talking about water pollution in Setu Babakan, lab checks need to be done. The condition of the lake is inconsistent, the downstream area of the lake is cleaner than most lakes in Jakarta. we can find waste collectors in the lake everyday cleaning out the garbage floating in the lake. They make sure that the lake is ready for tourists. But this only happens in the downstream, contrary to the upper stream where the inlet is located is rather dead and unused. The upstream area is overgrown with hyacinth plants that often prevents the water from

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flowing and hold up the garbage. Even so, the sewer from the settlements does not flow into the lake, but into septic tanks. This helps improve the water conditions of the lake. Specifically, there is an artificial island that has not yet been completed in the upstream area. Its function and existence is not considered to be environmentally friendly, since it is composed predominantly of landfill consisting of cement rubble and ceramics. On the outer islands, there is some buildup of sedimentation, which can disrupt the flow of water and the survival of biodiversity In addition to this, on the upstream side there are

Figure 24. activity and waste, photo by Tia Aprilitasari several sources of pollution, such as waste from nearby slaughterhouses, solid waste, liquid waste from local industries, coupled with domestic waste from the settlement’s sewage overflow and greywater disposal. Liquid waste contain phosphates, which lowers the quality of water. Phosphate is one of the nutrients that plants need in order to grow. Excess availability of these substances in the water causes uncontrolled growth of water hyacinth. As a natural process, “Eutropication is the enrichment of an ecosystem with chemical nutrients, typically compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus, or both.”1 Eutrophication is also a condition that reduces the amount of oxygen in the water, which occurs naturally in lakes, however, extreme conditions could cause the

death of some species of fish in the water, due to a lack of oxygen. Towards the middle of the Setu Babakan lake, the condition was not much of a difference from the conditions in the upper area. Here, the lake is used for fishing. Thus, the water is often mixed with the leftover waste from fish bait or fish cleaning, as well as various types of solid waste. Speaking of domestic waste, the settlement consists of both blackwater and greywater coming from residents’ houses near the Setu. Generally, the sewage from the residential area is separated from the lake. So as not to contaminate the lake, the two types of wastewater merge downstream, meeting at the end of the Setu Babakan outlet, which flows into another

river. At this point, there are no adequate wastewater treatment. The condition and quality of the lake’s water can be identified by several physical and chemical parameters of water such as temperature, pH levels, dissolved oxygen, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), phosphate levels, oil and grease contaminants, phenols, detergents and so forth. 2. Sanitation and Waste Management The users awareness of cleanliness is also lacking. We can still find people throwing garbage into the lake even though trash bins are provided every 5 meters. The same goes for the awareness of

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Figure 25. Condition of liquid waste channel

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Figure 26. Condition of waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inlet Figure 27. Lake Biodiversity waste classification that can help the recycling process. Based on the interview, garbage is also one of the reasons why various fish species become extinct in this area because fish tend to get stuck inside the garbage in the lake or get contaminated with toxins. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s not only the behavior of citizens who do not reflect the culture of Betawiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s love for the environment, the local government have not fully tought about the plan of an integrated solid waste management system. The system design consists of waste clas-

sification, 3R treatment (reduce, recycle, reuse), and transport to the bigger landfills. Another problem is that even though the people know what to do in order to keep this place clean, they choose not to. 3. Decreasing Biodiversity The biodiversity of plants and animals in the water also becomes a question. Some locals talked about the richness and diversity of nature in the past, but there is not much now. Before the development and revitalization, numerous

of fish species can still be found inside the lake, but now there are only few such as the tilapia fish, catfish, goldfish, and other types of fish. Water plants are not dominating in the Setu Babakan lake, except for some plants indicators of water pollution, such as water hyacinth plants and algae. Biodiversity on land has also been degrading because there used to be denser and more variety of trees in the past.

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Culture as Pseudo-identity 1. Culture is Only Formality

Majorty of inhabitants are not Betawi people Setu Babakan’s administration has made an effort to create an ambience of Betawi culture by setting up building regulations especially related to housing for the inhabitants. Traditional Betawi ornaments occur on the house facades. Unfortunately, the Betawi ambience can be realized only physically and visually perceived. The interaction between the Betawi people and their living space rare-

ly reflects in the Betawi culture itself. Betawi people love to chit chat, gathering around on their porches or verandas or in the yard, but today the yards are only filled with a car or sometimes are used as a small shop. A local culture is somewhat forced to keep existing even though it is not in chime with the latest globalizing forces, even in Setu Babakan faces difficulties. The new generation of inhabitants are replacing the old ones, with different activities, some of which are oriented to living inside. Almost 80% inhabitants is not from the Betawi ethnic background, so it is hard for them to change their inbred

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Figure 28. Betawi socio-cultural development around Setu Babakan

and instinctive behavior to conform with the Betawi lifestyle. The cultural integrity is diluted and ends up being like using cultural mask to gain some economic benefits from the visitors by selling ‘cultural recreation’.

Betawi’s Ornament in Houses Setu Babakan’s administratives got an effort to make the ambience of Betawi still living inside, by set up regulation of building (specifically housing) into the inhabitants. They have to put some Betawi’s traditional

Figure 29. 1) Modern betawi house; 2) mosque with betawi architectural style.

ornaments in their facade. Unfortunately, its make the betawi’s ambience can be felt physically only. The interaction between human and its space rarely to reflect the betawi’s culture itself. Betawi’s people love to chit chat, gathering around but today even the houses yard only filled with car or used as small shop.

Inconsistency of Priority in Masterplan’s Design The existing infrastructure condition is part of process in realizing the already available Masterplan Design. Even so, there’s still lack in it which could give potency to create problems in future. It seems like there’s no inconsistency of what the future design priority is. It can be seen like, when the vision of the place is to reserve the culture, but the design’s is leaning more into the improvement of recreational facilities. Setu Babakan

ended up being a tourism spot that using the culture as its comodity which could give them economies beneficial. The essence of Betawi’ s life will never be reflected and saved as they only scratch it surface. So many complaints delivered by Betawi’s Community as they feel their aspiration of the place were not included in Masterplan’s Design. The lack in local community participation with every Adminitrative’s plan becoming the cause of these problem. The Betawi’s people past habit identic with no having boundaries toward nature which makes them have no distance with it. It created an intimate sense of belonging within their environment. The current Masterplan’s design have indications of parting that key relation, which ended up creating perspective within people to seeing the nature are exist just to be enjoyed not to be cared.

2.Degradation of Betawi’s Culture

Recreational aspect are more interesting than learning Betawi culture The Betawi Cultural Show is one of the media for visitors to learn about Betawi culture. But today, the show itself is becoming dormant and it is not held on a regular basis according to a fixed schedule. Even the local Betawi people becoming less interested in their own traditions. Even some of the performers are not local Betawi people. Many visitors come to Setu Babakan to enjoy the nature’s beauty, not to learn about the Betawi culture. Food vendors along the lakeside mostly are selling non-Betawi food. The public perception of cultural spaces is changing.

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Changing in Public Perception of Spaces Seen from its daily lifestyle and from the tradition of oral history, the Betawi people have an especially close relationship with nature. In relation to architectural aspects, the traditional Betawi houses always have terraces at the front. This terrace is a symbol of dialogue between the Betawi people and their environment. The terrace is not only used as their own space to socialize with their neighbours everyday, but it also functions as a transition space to provide shade and to moderate the temperature in response to the tropical climate. Traditional Betawi houses were usually built in the center of a large plot of land. The typical house was surrounded

by a big yard. The Betawi people used to live at a slow pace of life than their urban contemporaries. The Betawi people used to spend their days, living and relaxing around the house, doing their hobbies like farming, fishing. The conditions of Setu Babakan are changing from the past lifestyle. The locals are selling their yard spaces to newcomers. The natural aspects of Setu Babakan are to be perceived only passively by the inhabitants, as a background instead of an active social space. We could also observe acts of littering and people urinating into Setu Babakan. Fortunately, the essence of the Betawi

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peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s human-nature relationship has not vanished completely. It is just passively changing. The function of individual terraces in home as semi-public spaces has been replaced by using the space surrounding Setu Babakanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lake as communal public space. We could say that this is a positive effect in developing Setu Babakan as a recreational place. Food vendors play a role as human magnets into around the lake, adding to everyoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s enjoyment and re-establishing the feeling of neighborliness among the locals and the tourists.

Figure 30. changing public perception of place Figure 31. food vendor as human magnets

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intervention

sustainable kampung The proposed concept What is sustainable kampung?

assed on the current masterplan design, we feel the need to make sure that the plan is synchronized with what is hoped and expected for the future with what is going on in

the present. From the issues that we have discovered, there needs to be a redesign of plan that enables: 1. A collaboration between the locals, visitors, sellers, inhabitants and administration officers through the proper distribution of public spaces that allows these actors to increase their encounters and communication. 2. A spread of awareness between the people and the surroundings that can revitalize the essence of the Betawi society 3. An increase of interest towards the Betawi culture for the visitors through a more inviting and attractive environment. In order to reach the characteristics of such goals, we have created a concept with the theme:

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Sustainable Kampungâ&#x20AC;?

Figure 32. Concept of sustainable kampung for Setu Babakan

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What is Sustainable Kampong? Its purpose is to create a sustainable livelihood system in Setu Babakan. The Betawi culture should become the foundation or the roots that support economical and environmental aspects. The restoration of the Betawilifestyle becomes the essence in order to create an environmental management system that can

Socio-cultural

Economy

Environmental

List of aims in three main aspects

educate inhabitants and tourists. It should also facilitate research activities to increase environmental awareness. On the other hand, tourism can act as a trigger that can improve economic conditions for the locals.

From the three aspects, we have created a list of goals that should be achieved based on their aspects.

•

Links cultural performance space with nature

•

Engages community in cultural activity

•

Creates recreational area for community

•

Educates people in Betawi customs and nature conservation

•

Regulates policy regarding Betawi architectural design style

•

Use bottom-up approach in decision making process by advisory committee

•

Enhance tourist facilities

•

Increase local job opportunity through fomenting touristic economy

•

Use epicenters for cultural attraction

•

Create wetland to improve water quality

•

Improve water and sewage treatment plant

•

Enhancement of waste disposal system

•

Create New green infrastructure development in the area

Figure 33. List of aims in three aspect of sustainable kampung

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Figure 34. Re-enforcing the betawi architectural policy Socio - cultural aspect

•

Linking Cultural Performance Areas with Nature From the existing infrastructure, the locations of the cultural performance areas are lacking exposure, which makes it difficult to be seen by visitors to Setu Babakan. In addition, visitors tend to come for the environmental scenery, rather than the cultural experience. So it would be better for the performance areas to be located in place that has more exposure to the crowd, and areas that have a high intensity of human movement, either vehicular or pedestrian traffic.

•

spaces are needed for the community, and this can be achieved by relying on the potential that exists in the public spaces with a high degree of human activity.

•

Creating Recreational Areas for the Community

•

Betawi Architectural Policy A regulation for the building design in the Setu Babakan conservation area is required.It should no longer focus on the addition of ornaments only, but also people should provide a formal socializing space in between residential areas or front porches to foster communication between neighbors.

•

Bottom-Up Creation of an Advisory Committee to Engage in Decision Making There should also be an improvement in terms of the management system in Setu Babakan, which would also require the involvement of local communities in the decision making processes for a better Setu Babakan.

The recreational facilities that are planned for the future will provide a positive impact, because these can provide income to support and maintain the incoming crowds who will liven up Setu Babakan.

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Engaging the Community in Cultural Activities

Educating the Population in Betawi Customs and Nature Conservation

Local communities are known as actors who are quite involved in preserving the Betawi culture in Setu Babakan. But, many of these actors lack integration with each other and they tend to create a bubble within their own comfort zone. Meeting

We feel that it is important to add more educational facilities in the current master plan design. The presence of educational areas could balance out conditions supported by available leisure activities. The knowledge should not be accessible to the

visitors only, but also to the inhabitants. This area can house a research facility as one of the aspects of educational development.

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Figure 35. section of wetland area as connector between nature balance and human life environmental

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Creation of Wetlands to Improve the Water Quality Wetlands are the areas where water consists of soil, vegetation, and other characteristics that form an ecosystem. Since the soil and vegetation are covered by water, these elements are not entirely visible from the surface of the lake. In particular, wetlands can also act as an absorber of water pollutants. The different types of vegetation that are proposed to lower the water contaminants and to protect the soil in the wetlands are: Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver grass) protects the soil against erosion. Another plant is Helianthus (Sunflowers), which are useful in the accumulation of nitrates. Thlaspi caerulescens, or alpine penny-cress, found in Scandinavia and Europe, is a hyperaccummulating plant that aids in the decomposition of heavy metals. This plant may be useful, if it is able to survive in the tropics. The wetlands form the upstream area of Setu Babakan. Considering that this area is heavily polluted by various types of wastewater, the existence of these wetlands are expected to reduce the level of contamination and to increase the level of water clarity.

In addition to the wetlands, the addition of green open areas are also as part of the proposed solution. This can improve the potential of an environmentally-friendly site in Setu Babakan. There are also proposals to diminish the sediments and the use of concrete walls that limit human interaction with the Lake and decrease the natural image. The lake borders and the artificial islands should be made more natural, such as using trees or vegetation to decrease erosion, that is using green infrastructure instead of using grey infrastructure composed of concrete walls.â&#x20AC;&#x192;

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Improvement of Water and Sewage Treatment Plant This conservation area of 300 hectares is quite a large undertaking, in terms of size and human population. Automatically, the amount of both solid and liquid waste also increases over time, along with the need for an integrated wastewater treatment and solid waste management systems. The Wastewater Treatment Plant or WWTP is required to treat greywater and blackwater in order to significantly reduce pollution in the lake. Currently, there exists a small WWTP by the

administrative offices, but the current WWTP is not functioning well and it is not integrated throughout the whole of Setu Babakan. The proposed technological solution for this problem is a chemical process that requires chemical ingredients and physical treatments to improve the quality of this water. IPAL had to be made in relation to the electoral calculations and a mature processing unit must be obtained, so that it can function optimally in the long term. As one of the proposals, Setu Babakan Management should provide one unit of WWTP with a capacity of 192,300 grams/day for the wastewater and rainwater. Plans like a bar screen, a flocculation container, a coagulation container, a disinfection tank, an aeration chamber, and a reservoir can be further considered. The proposed technology solution for this problem is a chemical process that requires chemical ingredients and physical treatments to improve the quality of this air. IPAL had to be made to the electoral calculations and mature processing unit, so that it can function optimally for a long term.

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Figure 36. integrated system of wetland and public space

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Figure 37. plan of constructed wetland in inlet area As one of the proposals, they should provide one unit of WWTP with a capacity of 192 300 gram / day for the waste and rain water. Plans like bar screen, flocculation container, coagulation container, disinfection container, aeration, and a reservoir can be further considered. Enhancement of Waste Disposal System

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Enhancement of Waste Disposal System Theoretically speaking, ideally every city should have a solid waste management system that is integrated, neatly systemized from the upstream to downstream systems and from the household to the disposal process and to the final disposal site (landfill). A system is not complete until the policy makers and citizens are fully involved in the process.

In Setu Babakan a system has been thought about before, such as the initial process for a solid waste management system involving the sorting of waste (Organic, Inorganic and Hazardous Waste (B3)). But in reality, the separation of waste does not operate very well. It might seem that the trash collectors classify the waste, but in the end, they still combine the trash due to unavailable technology and a proper processing facility. The people do not seem to be cooperating either; they still throw their trash adjacent to the trash bins or put it inside the bins without considering the type of classification.

Next, the garbage that is fully piled up in the bin should be moved to more spacious premises,

such as waste disposal site (TPS). There should be an emphasis on how the solid waste management process could be integrated from the upstream to downstream. This must be done to successfully operate the system.

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New Green Infrastructure Development in the Area Green infrastructure should also be developed. There should be regulations that restrict visitors from parking around the lake area to create an air pollution-free environment. Green Infrastructure should also be correlated with the childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s activities so that they can improve their relationship with nature from a young age. The addition of bike lanes, as well as open green spaces can be used actively and not just for aesthetic purposes.

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Figure 38. visualization of wetland area

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Figure 39. water treatment system in the outlet area

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Figure 40. waste management system (micro)

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Figure 41. waste management system (macro)

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economics

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The condition of recreational facilities for tourists here is quite simple, thus resulting in more passive activities . The available facilities are used mostly for observation and viewing. Increasing the recreational facilities, such as for boating, or fishing or handicraft classes or classes for dancing or singing, etc. should attract Setu Babakan’s users and trigger more

will result in a win-win situation for both the inhabitants and the visitors.

curiosity about this place.

Enhancement of Tourist Facilities

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Incline of Local Job Opportunities

through

Touristic Activities

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We can attract the contribution of the inhabitants of Setu Babakan in this development by providing jobs that can better their economic condition. These job openings can be derived from the available tourism activities. By promoting Betawi culture, jobs for the inhabitants

Development of Performing Centers The old performing area should be maintained because it gives a different sense of space. The performance area provides space for performances which will portray the richness of Betawi culture.

Figure 41. components of sustainability

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The Correlation between the Three Main Aspects From the issues that we have found, we think that Situ Babakan is in need of an integrated system for cultural, economical, and environmental aspect that will not only manage about the issues mentioned above, but also to improve people’s lives by creating a sustainable system. Each factor relate to each other, we will explain further about the idea behind: 1. Cultural-Environmental Relationship Nature and the Betawi culture is not enjoyed separately. They both have a special attraction that complements one another. Culture was derived from the interaction between human and nature, in this case the Betawi culture. The Betawi culture is loaded with interaction and dialogue among its people. This can be one of the main commodities in the region’s cultural heritage. The cultural commodity can be stronger when there are direct interactions with the local residents. The idea is, instead of making more guesthouses and hotel accommodations that separates the visitors with the locals, the development should combine these two actors somehow through direct interactions. Visitors should be able to interact in the local’s houses such as the front porch (this activity is also part of the Betawi character), with drinks and snacks accompanied by a gentle breeze and good scenery.

interactions can give a better impact on the visitors when compared to passive education only. By restoring locals’ habits back to the Betawi roots who are tied to nature, it is expected that people will increase their environmental awareness. Changes in regional management systems, infrastructure and existing regulations are also intended to maintain a balanced lifestyle in the future for a long term. 2. Cultural-Economy Relationship The Betawi culture can be the main theme for the leisure facilities. Tourists and local residents will have a facility to support the educational activities of the Betawi culture. The impact from tourism can create an improvement for the economical conditions of local residents. The mutual relationship between these two aspects will make Setu Babakan a tourist magnet that can independently maintain its own culture. 3. Environmental - Economical Relationship Environmental and economical improves along with the increasing sustainable regional infrastructure. It will make a distinction between Setu Babakan cultural center with the other similar places since there no activities that destructs nature.

Thus, the activity of promoting the Betawi culture can flow smoothly and natural without it looking as something being forced, and instead, this kind of cultural promotion can happen daily between the locals and the tourists. The will to promote the Betawi culture should be done with sincerity. Direct

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Figure 42. proposed masterplan for Setu Babakan

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present

Figure 43. existing condition around setu Improvement and Changes from the Current Master Plan Design and staples help to maintain their traditions. This farm can be located in empty lots near the fishing ponds that are located near the main lake of Setu Babakan. This can also be one of the attractions for the tourists to see the native Betawi lifestyle.

In order to reach the goal of a Sustainable Kampung, we propose the following changes in the master plan design in orderr to maximize its sustainability. 1. Rezoning the Spatial Allotment

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Green Space Increasing the open green space in the southern area to counterbalance the high density of people. This can balance out the relationship between humans and their natural surroundings.

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Creating a place specially made for the locals to farm and raise their own animals and vegetables

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Wetland Conservation

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Water Bar Screen The addition of a filtration device, such as a water bar screen, in the inlet area to filter out the trash in the water before the stream enters Setu Babakan’s lake is advisable. Through this waste filter, the lake will be free of trash and ease waste collecting. The garbage collector can just transfer the trash from the filters to the landfills.

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Regulation of Vehicles Creating a car-free built environment along the lake edge can increase the public open space and help people to focus on the natural aesthetics of the lake. Thus, people can use more space for activities, such as fishing and exercising safely.

Betawi Farm Area

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Green Belt Promenade Reforest the green area along the edge of the lake with trees that can provide shading and decrease the ambient temperature, which will increase the comfort of the visitors in many spots. In addition, it can also increase the intake of oxygen into the area.

Culinary Area Creating zones for food vendors based on the origins of the food itself (which culture the food originates, how is it grown and prepared for cooking in order to inform the visitors and also create a distinction between what comes from the Betawi culture and what does not.

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2. Enhancement of Current Infrastructure

Creating a catchment area for water conservation purposes along the perimeter of the lake and along the edge of the artificial island to minimize flooding potential will assist in wetlands conservation.

Integrated Water Treatment Plan The integration of water treatment plans at one point can ease the process of controlling the treatment.

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Landfill Trash Disposal Moving the landfill outside of the recreational area of Setu Babakan will improve the visual aspects and give comfort to the users. As in Coritiba, Brazil, the waste treatment facilities can become an attraction

future goal

Figure 44. proposed improvisation for street around setu Babakan The development of an arts and craft center that embraces the Betawi culture could be located on the artificial island so that it can receive full exposure to the visitors.

for the community and its visitors.

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Trash Bins Improving the ergonomics of the trash bins (cans) in this area helps the users to use the trash bins no matter how old they are. The trash bins should also be equally spread around the area

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Museum and Research Center

Banishing the Concrete Wall Along the Lake This demolition would help to eliminate the symbolic barrier between people and nature. A softer natural edge based on green infrastructure would be preferable. Such a design may require expansion of the lake area to allow for a graduation transition instead of a perpendicular wall around the edge of the lake. .As a preventive step against erosion, then the lake edge should be treated by strengthening the type of soil under the water level at the perimeter, This design would be subject to civil engineering studies and site conditions.

3. Adding New Infrastructure

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Arts and Craft Center

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colloquium i

establishing betawi cultural vilage TEAM 1A - UPSTREAM

In a timeline from 1987 to 1985, the events range from preservation to a master plan to establishing the Betawi cultural village. Setu Babakan is part of the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s green infrastructure system. There are three intersecting elements in the analysis of Setu Babakan: Water, Lifestyle and Green Space with GIS as a circle in the middle. The problems in Setu Babakan are related to burning waste (air pollution), infiltration with water, blocked water

flow, connection to the natural canal and tourists leaving behind their trash. In terms of Green Space: What is Green and what is its contribution to the sustainability of the environment? Lifestyle includes tourism with art performances, activities by the edge of the lake, the value of the lake in terms of symbolic use and shoreline activities, such as fishing. The reservoir as a commodity to attract tourists as well

as handicrafts, food and trading as occupations. In terms of city planning for Setu Babakan, the government plans do not show the connections between water, people and space as an integrated system. Â

Figure 45. development of Setu Babakan

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TEAM 1B- DOWNSTREAM

here are three sources of water in Setu Babakan. There is very little green space. There are three environmental issues: waste management, waste water and water quality. There is a sense of public awareness programs about the relationship between the environment and living space. There are not many fish. There are cultural issues related to Tradition, Identity and Perception. Is there water degradation? Has water become a commodity? How has water been mixed with Indonesian tourism? What is the present generationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perception of water and the environment? The management of water also involves sociopolitical issues. What do people desire? What are the priorities of the government? What are the priorities of the people?

Figure 46. zoning of Setu Babakan area

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Q&A SESSION Question The island in the middle has a potential for tourism. What is your plan and how do you look at the island? Answer

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As we move forward, how do you see yourself collaborating? Answer It is more about management and how to live. Question

Yesterday, we discussed general issues and now we are discussing in small groups. The park is more attractive to the local people, so improvements can be made for tourism, such as boats and other water activities Question

Figure 47. colloquium 1â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

The first group is looking at culture and traditions. What is the attraction of local culture to tourists for a day, for a half a day? How many people will depend on the tourists for their livelihood? What is the weakness of the existing plan and what should be done to improve it?

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Answer For the Master Plan we would like to explore whether it is about the economic side or about the cultural side. We would like to see a balance between the economy and culture. Question Relative to the island and its construction, what do people say about it? What do they want? The island is an infrastructure that is not natural. Answer

Figure 48. group 1’s Q&A session

Related to Groups 1A and 1B, it is easy to differentiate between inlet and outlet. Group 1A concerns the natural or environmental aspects. Group 1B is about the cultural aspects and how the lake is used for water, boating, fishing and cultural activities. Comment

Group 1B Downstream

One proposition is: “What is good for the environment is not always good for the people and vice versa.” Water is a blessing. Clean water and clean environment helps to keep a sense of the

Betawi people. What are the interests of the local people in their own culture? Comment

Group 1A Upstream

The research included how to manage the quality of water. The island area is divided into a lower and upper side. One of our questions is: How to make people stay longer? We plan to gather data for statistical analysis. The second step is to find out what to do. The third step is from the data analysis to draw conclusions. Comment

There should be collaboration among the whole group so that there is no subdivision between 1A and 1B. Eliminate the split and think holistically. Comment Dr. Andrea Frank Re-evaluate the statement: What is good for the environment is not good for the people and vice versa, which overlooks that conversely a poor environment has a negative effect on people’s health. A much more linked approach is advisable.

Dr. Andrew Flynn

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colloquium ii

harmonizing lifestyle & environment TEAM 1A - UPSTREAM

Figure 49. identification of green infrastucture componnet

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Figure 50. Group 1A’s presentation

Water, Green Space and Lifestyle Sixty questionnaires were distributed over a two-day period. We also collected water data about the poor quality of water, types of water sports, causes of the water pollution that are attributed to tourists and the perception of bad policy from the local government. We also considered the influence of water on the community and how people, (tourists and locals) interact with water. We also discussed solutions to water problems at outlets, islands and bridges. We looked at the lakes in regard to current liquid and solid waste and then towards future operability for a more natural green lake. We took water samples based on the brown water at Setu Babakan; it seems to be of a better quality than the light brown color at Setu Mangga Bolong. The community is trying to defend the water quality. Their lifestyle around the lake includes snail harvesting and fishes

cultivation. The future plan is to add green space around the lake. The history of the Betawi people is founded on the connection between water and green space. Our methodology raised the following questions: What are the connections between water, green space and lifestyle that are particular to Setu Babakan? How does the quality of water affect the lifestyle? Will the green space become a tool to improve the lifestyle and the quality of the environment relative to carbon emissions? Comment Prof. Jocelyn I would like to add a clarification about the water quality testing. There is way that provides data based on observation. A second way is based on central government data. The color of water is an important standard. We don’t want people to think that we tested the water to make a scientific judgment. The color of the water doesn’t

determine whether the water quality is good or not. We have to make sure that people understand that we did not physically test the water. We have to ask, “What are the standards?” Question Prof. Abimanyu There are three interests: two in the west and one in the south. Check the entrance as it determines how you plan the area. What kind of culture do you have in relation to the future? What is the culture? What should be changed or improved? What is the water quality in relation to the other areas? Most of the people living there are not Betawi people. How does the culture affect the water quality? We would like to see later on how an improvement in water quality will improve the culture. Do you have any suggestions? There is no facility yet for the improvement of water.

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TEAM 1B- DOWNSTREAM

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Figure 51. Group 1B â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s colloquium presentation topic

Figure 52. Group 1B â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s colloquium presentation

Exploring Setu Babakan: Reviving Cultural and Environmental Sustainability

width around the lake. People also sit around the lake.

the environment. The traditional houses have verandas overlooking the lake.

The contents include â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;then and nowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; conditions of Setu Babakan in space and time. The methodology of the survey includes a comparison between the master plan in 2005 with some agriculture to the conditions in 2105 with a larger lake, an island and still some agriculture. The Master Plan is divided into Zones A - F for purpose of analysis. Land use data was analyzed. The methodology includes observations from two field surveys, one on a weekday and the other on the weekend. Interviews were conducted with visitors, tourist and residents. According to some of the Betawi respondents, the government was not involved in the process. The survey process also involved mapping streets, footpaths, bike paths, parking locations and identifying interview spots. Parking areas occur in the 5.5-meter street

As shown in the section, in the future, the pedestrian way around the lake will be widened to 14 meters for pedestrians and horse carriages. The distribution of trash bins was analyzed as well as the identification of cultural water centers and a boating map.

Environmental indicators include waste treatment. We found gaps in the waste treatment and management plans. There is also the potential to preserve the community and to add tourist attractions to support the local community.

The green area along the lake also has places for selling and eating food plus fishing activities. The transportation activities were observed, both on the weekend and during the weekdays. The Betawi architecture includes Modern, Traditional and Traditional Modern Styles.

Comments

The older generation is concerned about the degradation of Betawi culture. We considered the conditions of the food stalls, the settlements around the lake and the connections between human activities and

Prof. Jocelyn - The presentation hits all the highlights, but changing speakers was disruptive in the short amount of time available. A one-person presentation might be better. Prof. Andrea - It is a good idea to try to keep eye contact with the audience and not turn your back in the presentation.

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Figure 53. Group 1B â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s zone mapping

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Figure 54. colloquium II

Question

Bill - After your research, what are the primary things you take away from the experience?

Prof. Li Yu - I have both a comment and a question. The presentation is too wide and needs to be focused on what is the key point. Then, how can access to the area be improved? Where is the location for the parking? There is no public transport, so would you want to add a shuttle bus? The visitors are not charged an admission fee. What is meant by the cultural sustainability and how does it lead to environmental sustainability? Do we have an understanding of the environmental system?

Answer Through observations and interviews we mapped the activities and relationships of people with the lake. Trash bins were broken or missing. Fishing is for both consumption and for a hobby. The potential for Setu Babakan exists as a tourism place. In comparing the temporal aspects of their behavior in terms of ‘before and after’, there is a mistrust of the government. The Betawi people wish to attract people to the lake and revive their culture.

past. Look at the island – the solutions and ideas and incorporate a sense of time with the island. Cultural sustainability preserves the essence of the culture and makes it come forward. When you enter you would immediately see evidence of Betawi culture. The younger generation is faced with a change of values coming from the outside. The theme of culture is a series of events between past and present. We cannot separate culture from the environment or from architecture and artifacts.

Wrap-Up Kylen - Looking at time and place, you cannot plan for the future by looking at the

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plenary seminar

the future: sustainable kampung

Setu Babakan: Building an Innovative Model of Cultural and Economic Sustainability Moderator: Diane Wildsmith Universitas Indonesia Setu Babakan is attractive because of the Betawi culture. We believe that Setu Babakan can look forward to a sustainable future. Our findings reveal an innovative model of a sustainable kampung as well as making recommendations about the gaps in the masterplan applicable to the future. If we compare the green space and the size of the lake in 2005 to 2015, the lake size has increased. The 2005-2020 Master Plan is comprehensive with zoning around the lake. Figure 55. presentations of group 1

The sustainable kampung model is based on the Betawi culture. If we think of a structure

like a house where the roof is sustainability, the environment and the economy are the pillars and culture is the platform, then we have the relationship for a virtual circuit between management, the economy and sustainability. The management of water and green open space will transform Setu Babakan for educational and research opportunities. Even though the red zone in the master plan is fragmented, there is continuity in the overall master plan and it is just a matter of how to fill in the gaps. The methodology is based on observations of

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Figure 56. three main aspects of sustainable kampung

the physical effects on culture and lifestyle. We don’t get the feeling of Betawi culture here. The main idea of the Betawi culture is not exposed. Water is contaminated by organic waste and domestic waste. There are issues about the separation of domestic waste. Green space is greatly valued. The lack of public transportation causes more and more vehicles to come to the site. We are explaining about the gaps, which we are trying to complement in the master plan development and with the buildings. We don’t see continuity, again it seems to be fragmented. Our planning recommendations are first to add a promenade to create continuity by adding a food court with Betawi food as the main symbol. The promenade will pass over to the island. The current master plan proposes a guest house on the island. Instead, we are

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proposing to use the island as a museum and also as a farm to engage the community in urban agriculture. By using wetlands, we can add better water quality to the lake. This may well be a good way to revitalize the lake and a way to reinforce the Betawi culture, which appreciates open space. We also plan to add meeting points along the lake. The green space will raise an awareness for the people to take care of their environment. With the addition of Situ Babakan’s new cultural island, - with the food court, a museum and research center and meeting points, we are seeking to connect people and their culture. The museum and research center would also have a performance area. There is a 14-meter band proposed around the lake to add green space as a continuation to the spacious feeling. There will be parking areas added and from an environmental point of view, the wetlands will increase the capacity

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of the lake. We propose to manage the trash with a barrier wall as a kind of dike to prevent waste from entering the lake and to add bigger trash bins with international symbols for organic, non-organic and hazardous waste. We propose offering a Betawi handicraft souvenir as a prize for good trash management. To sum up and reinforce our model of sustainability there are three categories: socio-cultural, economic and environmental. On the socio-cultural side, we plan to link cultural performances with nature. In terms of political engagement with the community, a bottom-up approach is preferable. In conclusion, we propose a system and a model as an approach towards sustainability.

Questions and Answers Question Diane Wildsmith Nezar AlSayyad (UC Berkeley) writes about the risk of commodification and ‘Disneyfication’ in relation to culture and tourism. Do you think the Betawi culture in Setu Babakan will be able to survive commodification? Answer People want to know more about the Betawi culture.There are dances and performances, but people are also hired as dancers and performers, which raises doubts about the integrity of the culture. There are many ways to improve the culture. Visitors do not sense Betawi culture when the younger generation disobeys the community laws. Commodification is known, but it is not a visible mark. The Betawi people know what they want in terms of an arts and crafts center, which is a desire that comes from the people. Question Kyle Dost Your holistic approach questions the culture, the environment and the economic means

Figure 57. seminar presentation’s of group 1

to sustain the area. If we think in terms of the regional watershed, Setu Babakan is the northern most lake. Since the water flows from south to north, there is an accumulation of problems. How does that effect come into your reconnection with pollution upstream and downstream? Answer From possible observations beside the lake, there is an accumulation of sediments besides the water. Water pollution will go to the other side. There is a need for conservation of the environment as a filter, both upstream and to downstream. Setu Babakan, especially downstream is close to heaven on earth. There is a good quality of lake water, but at the intersection between the sewage outlets and the water outlet downstream, there is some pollution. There is a proposal to add capacity to rectify that problem. Question Prof. Li Yu

It is a very interesting presentation that reviews and identifies the importance of the existing culture and how culture can promote the economy and the environment. Answer Why didn’t you talk about the society, the whole of society and the relationship between the culture or the whole community? First, there is the relationship between the economy and culture. Then, there is the relationship between the environment and the lack of culture to promote the environment. Can you further examine these issues? The second question is: “Can your model be used for other areas? Can you list the advantages in delivering your plan to other areas? Answer Related to culture and the environment, it is not just about tradition and the arts, but also about lifestyles. We see for the first time that we have an island. There is a view of culture

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Figure 58. Q&A session for Group 1 seminar

from the other side and how the Betawi people are open and welcome other people. Tourists are not just sitting around, but also can interact and feel welcome. The island offers a possibility to make a research center for bio-diversity and this is a way for local people to become experts in the environmental field on the island. In terms of architecture, there is also a link with the culture in that the veranda offers ventilation, open air and protects people from the sun. To sum up, the traditions and the lifestyle that the Betawi people appreciate and like, have to do with open space. This foments green space and walking around in the natural environment with a sense of identification with the Betawi culture. For the Betawi, it is a reminder to value and to preserve their culture with an emphasis on daily activities. Every Friday, members of the community volunteer and work cleaning up the public areas. In answering your question, “How to export

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the master plan?’ This answer is based on the culture of Indonesia that has its own diversity. One way to do this is to create jobs that would build up the environment and the economy. The environment and the culture of Indonesia has to do with the outdoors, being outdoors, talking with people, and socializing. Question

Isti

I really appreciate your presentation and your approach through an ethnographic method. I would like to point out that the ethnographic method is “tricky”. Do you take their quotes of what individuals say and then romanticize their quotes? I would like to point out that it could be viewed as a “threat”. If so, how did you take the quote from the micro scale context? Answer As soon as we entered the conservation area, we asked ourselves, “What makes a Betawi, a Betawi?” The answer was that, “We are very open people.” By mixing origins with Dutch, Chinese, Portuguese and Arab,

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etc., it is a very diverse, open space. In our proposal, we wanted to have the area being representative of that openness, so that when you enter the place you feel different. You can then experience culture in an open way. Our teachers told us that we are conducting research with a fresh eye as foreigners. We have mixed feeling about the Betawi culture. We are trying to envision what makes Betawi culture really distinctive? We surveyed 60 respondents and we tried to complete the full survey. We found answers, but there may be other reasons. It is ordinary to have differences. Question Miktha

In terms of food and what you mentioned previously about Betawi culture, there is the physical nature of the Betawi house itself. It will need codes to preserve the materials as well as another need for maintenance codes. What are your thoughts? Answer

Figure 58. Question from Dr. Andrew Flynn

To make the whole area Betawi would be very costly. (The architecture with its veranda) is just to communicate how there is no boundary between the guests and the community. The traditional houses often use ornaments of the Betawi culture and style. Actually in conclusion, but not to go to deeply into the topic, the regulations about Betawi architecture extend to new houses built on the site, but there are gaps. Some of the existing houses apply some aspects and are fully designed as Betawi houses. Comment Diane Wildsmith Benedict Anderson, (historian and political scientist) from Cornell University wrote about the idea of an ‘imagined community’ as the basis for constructing a nation. In our own way we have become involved in ‘imagining communities’ with the Betawi people in Setu Babakan. The way the students huddle together to discuss and then answer questions is a kind of community action. This collaboration and way of working together

about green infrastructure can continue once we return home to our respective universities.

a limited number of tickets for daily entry so it is not too crowded?

Question Dr. Andrew Flynn

Answer

I am thinking through to the future when the community thrives and becomes successsful. However, tomorrow the community may become the victim of its own success. How do you manage demand and what might that mean in terms of equity? In terms of generation of capital, the more success there is, the more likely it would be to have investors with external capital. These are two forces that may begin to undermine the success of the community.

If it attracts more investors, there is always a pull of power to make this investment. If the community conservation area is handled by the locals, they will take over the preservation of the place. They need new infrastructure so they have to wait for the government. If they have the money, they can go ahead faster. The key is that they want to be able to have a voice.

Answer How does the community deal with the increase of success and with the increase in tourism. Of the 200,000 people, there are only a small percentage of foreigners. How do people get to this place? If it is by motorcycle and private cars, where are the parking lots and how will the community handle the increase in tourism? Will there be

It is a good question that we ask ourselves. Before the conservation area, people remember making more of a connection with the place. As far as the younger generation goes, one person commented, “I tell them to go that way and they go the other way. The younger generation is changing in response to the surrounding urban area. We don’t expect them to do farming or to work in ‘green’ jobs.” The lifestyle is different now.

If we look

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Figure 58. Group photo session

back at the time before computers and the advances that society has made now, it is a totally different Setuation than in the past. When there were no TVs, people used to talk a lot. When the young people marry outside of the Betawi community, they are homesick. Question Dr. Abimanyu Alamsyah If you look at the macro, Setu Babakan is outside the campus and the toll road. But, in this case you have to talk about the same area related to culture. If I am a foreigner and I want to learn about the Betawi culture, how should I learn about it there? What scenario can you make so the space/time of learning

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about culture is there? What kind of culture can I learn about there and how can I learn there? Space is limited there. One of the obvious things are the arts and crafts. You can also show this. On the Master Plan you show a Guest House, a Museum and a Cultural Center. What makes the Betawi interesting? You have to consider: what, where, why and long because it is too small a scale. Answer What makes the Betawi culture interesting is their openness to foreigners and not just to the Betawi themselves. Guests can

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experience the cultlure directly first hand. Wrap-Up Kyle Dost There is one more point to consider. Case studies are used as an overarching idea to take a model and a framework to be applied elsewhere to rejuvenate an area. I believe that where the places of interaction intersect with the space of the environment is a way to make it sustainable, believable and resilient. In a more general way, the model is based on the culture, nothing to do with the economy or the environment, so you have a cultural sense at the end.

participants universitas indonesia

Ajeng Nadia

Cindy Ruth Maharini

Coriesta Dian Silistiani

Efi Adriyani

Griselda Grananda

Inten Gumilang

Jeraldy Putra

Olla Varalintya Yochanan

Shintia Apriani

Tia Aprilitasari

Wismu Sadono

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participants cardiff university

Antonios Saragkas

Haoyue Zhang

Liliana M. Fonseca

Qinyan Shen

Rapsomaniki Vassiliki

Shenglin Zhang

Uyanga Ganchangaa

Xu Ma

university of florida

Yalan Zhang

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Zhongmin Deng

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Matthew Kalap

facilitators Diane Valerie Wildsmith, AIA., RIBA., M.Sc. Universitas Indonesia

William C. Whiteford University of Florida

Dita Trisnawan, ST. M.Arch., STD Universitas Indonesia

Feby Hendola Kaluarsa, S.Ars., M.Ars Universitas Indonesia

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lakes of Universitas indonesia

Figure 1. Kenanga Lake by www.vsebayang.wordpress.com

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ABOUT UI LAKES

regaining consciousness

Figure 2. Kenanga Lake’s Emerald Water by www.vsebayang.wordpress.com

In addition to the beautiful and comfortable Forest City area at the University of Indonesia Depok, there are also lakes that serve as water catchment areas. There are six lakes in the University of Indonesia Depok, among these are Lake Kenanga, Lake Agatis, Lake Mahoni, Lake Puspa, Lake Ulin and Lake Salam. Lake Kenanga was constructed in 1992 with an area of 28,000 m2. The lake is surrounded by several important buildings, such as the Rectorate, the Masjid UI and the Assembly Hall. The location of Lake Agatis between the Natural Sciences and the Jakarta State Polytechnic was built in 1995 with an area of 20,000 m2. Lake Mahoni is next to the South Campus and is bounded by the main southern ring road (East side of FIB & PSI, West FE). Lake Mahoni (Mahogany) was built in 1996 with an area of 45,000 m2. Lake Puspa is situated between Lake Ulin and Lake Mahoni. Lake Puspa was built in 1995 with an area of 20,000 m2. The location

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of Lake Ulin is situated between Lake Puspa and Lake Salam and it was built in 1998 with an area of 72,000 m2. Lake Salam’s location is parallel with a flow from south to north as part of the series in relation to Lake Ulin and Lake Puspa. Lake Salam was built in 1998 with a 42,000m2 area. In addition to the six existing lakes, UI also has another lake called a recharge pond downstream. The Universitas Indonesia’s (UI) recharge pond, which was constructed in 2006, was initially expected to store inflow discharge from river, storm water, and runoff, to allow the water to infiltrate and percolate as ground water recharge. The construction was supported by the Ministry of Public Works. It was built with a long-term goal as a field model to overcome drought and flood disaster in Jakarta and the surroundings. (Hartono et al., 2010) Historically, since 1983 the six lakes were constructed in stages and inaugurated in 1987. At that time, the UI campus planning

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concept was “Green” to blend with nature. The lake itself is a place to hold water based on a philosophy that is consistent with scientific principles, meaning that water is the source of life. Meanwhile, the spirit of science is to build life itself. According to SK Rektor UI (Prof. Dr. A. Boedisantoso R.), the UI Lakes function as a means of education, recreation and water catchment. Six of the lakes are adjacent to the city forest in the academic environment that makes up the UI Depok campus, which has a total area of 312 hectares. The existence of the urban forest and the lakes is expected to supply 825 million cubic meters of clean water for the surrounding residents as well as for the campus. In addition, the UI Lakes are also used as a nature conservation area and research laboratory. The water source in UI campus forest comes from the Cinakusen River, located on the outskirts of the urban forest The water management system includes a dam in order to manage the overflow

from excessive rainwater into

the

lakes.

Due to pollution and sedimentation, the six lakes on the UI campus are in critical condition. In fact, these lakes are also part of the water catchment areas of Depok and Jakarta. The pollution caused by the large number of housing wastes and factory wastes from the surrounding areas are not well managed, so that the pollution also flows into these lakes. The community around the UI campus often has a negative impact. Recreational activities, like fishing, have a positive feature, however, the disposal of solid and liquid waste directly into the river upstream eventually pollutes the lakes downstream. Located on the upstream side of the UI Lakes, Lake Kenanga is actually a semi-artificial lake that was formerly a shallow marsh area, which was then excavated and molded to form the lake basin. Furthermore, pollution is also caused by the flow of water from the residential areas, from the slum areas, and also from the market, resulting in a variety of trash entering Lake Kenanga. Charged with reviewing the campus environment, its functions, and its sustainability, the Campus

Environmental Development Agency (Pembinaan Lingkungan Kampus, PLK ) operates regularly to manage and clean up garbage or trash from the lakes. In accordance with the Lake Management Plan, the UI PLK, along with the Depok residents, the Depok Institute for Community Empowerment (LPM), and the government city of Depok, continuously strives to preserve the lakes. The UI Lakes are a favorite place for people from the Depok community and the surrounding areas, but not many of the people know about the burden that must be borne from sewage, trash and other pollutants entering the UI Lakes. Dr. Ir. Tarsoen Waryono, M.Si (Lecturer from the Faculty of Mathematics & Science) mentions at least three sources of pollution: from the Depok market, the Bambon village, and the Beji Kukusan district. Annual data from the Department of Chemistry UI noted the high levels of Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4). The compound is hazardous to water and the environment as it can be very toxic to the organisms in the water with a longterm impact on the environment. There are

also oil-based compounds in the water that could threaten the survival of fish in the lake. In contrast to the waste coming from Beji Kukusan, mostly the waste from the Depok market is organic. When it rains, the market trash is washed into the waterways and into the UI Lakes. The sewage sludge is mixed with water and then the combination results in a precipitate in the form of sediment. Erwin Nurdin, Lecturer at the UI Department of Biological Sciences, describes the condition of some UI Lakes where the water is bluishgreen, smelly, and possibly a source of disease. Bluish-green lake water is due to the blooming of algae, namely the abundance of algae that dominate organisms in the water. If there is a decay of algae, the oxygen content in the water goes down. Other aquatic organisms, including fish, will have difficulty in obtaining oxygen. In the face of the waste problem, the lake has the ability to conduct self-purification or independent cleaning that occurs naturally. However, when the incoming waste load is too heavy, the water is not capable of self-purification.

Figure 3. Agathis Lake covered by Plants by Avi Sovia

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context & methods

OBSERVING THE LAKE Urban Green Infrastructure: An Interactive Web of Water, Space, & Life is the main topic of the International Joint Studio and Seminar held in January 2015 at the University of Indonesia. As we can see in the main topic, our project will be focusing on the relevance of the presence of water to the environment and its sustainability for daily living. Then, we will consider how all things are connected with each other. As the previous chapter explains, the UI Lakes accommodate a water system that is used in the whole area of the university and also contributes to the water system outside the university in Depok City. Mainly, the UI Lakes serve as a rainwater catchment area in order to have a broader space for water absorption. The water is absorbed by the soil, then it becomes what we call ground water. This water is then used as a water supply for

plumbing, Therefore, the water quality is one of the main concerns in relation to human needs.

Being related to human aspects, the UI-UFCU research group focuses on the UI Lakes Eastern Area and the UI Lakes Southern Area as an overall case study. This case study is unique in that the UI Lakes in the Eastern and Southern areas have different characteristics. The UI Lakes Eastern Area is in one of the most popular public spaces at the UI Campus and its function is also as a reservoir and recreational area. Meanwhile, the UI Lakes Southern Area is a swampy area on campus that was until recently relatively untouched by human daily activity. Besides, both lakes do not have any direct connectivity each other. Having two areas that have different characteristics, the group divided the research into two groups: Group

2A and Group 2B. Group 2A focuses on the UI Lakes Southern Area. The southern area is located near the PNJ (Politeknik Negeri Jakarta) Campus. This stream connects to Lake Agatis and then it flows into Lake Mahoni. The upstream inlet is coming from the residential district nearby the campus into the UI campus site. However, there is a traditional market area located upstream from the site that impacts the water quality, more so than the other inhabitants of district. (See Group 2B) Group 2B focuses on the UI Lakes Eastern Area for the case study with their main concern on Lake Kenanga. By conducting site surveys in accordance with the topic of Green Infrastructure, Group 2B will look first at the infrastructure in the region of Lake Kenanga, After conducting site surveys, we will map the existing grey and green

Figure 4. Walking Around Lake Kenanga by: Deassy

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Figure 5. Visitiing the Kemiri Muka Market management office by Chang He

infrastructure. Our design-based research is conducted in both qualitative and quantitative approaches, (using a mixed method), involving dynamic site developments. Following the literature search, Focus Groups Discussions (FGD), in-depth interviews and questionnaires, preliminary site visits and observations, data analysis, keywords, site analysis and problem identification will be completed for a solutions approach. The large site area is divided between individual group members with similar

data requirements to simplify the process. Various basic resources are taken into account to support the first general comprehension of the sites. Primary sources are identified by directly involving participants on site visits and in interviews with respective respondents. Site visits are necessary in order to compare the previous literature search with actual physical conditions and to find unique and potential characteristics that are not readily apparent by observation alone. Data

collection includes photographs and digital sketches, including site layouts. The second site visit is conducted to develop a more detailed and deeper understanding of the site. Specific attitudes, behaviors and perceptions of individuals are gathered through direct interviews and questionnaires. The results will be translated into the form of design recommendations. Discussions are held between the two groups to achieve a holistic understanding of the sites and to analyze issues appearing in both upstream creeks. Several research analyses from waste

Figure 6. a) Observing the Riverbank by Gandes Punjung. b) Interviewing the Residents by Chang He

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management to community engagement to policy intervention are conducted. Keywords are identified to summarize complex ideas through a design-based approach related to public policy formation. This process generates holistic solutions to the key water management issues. After doing the survey and mapping of the Lake Kenanga Area, we looked back at the history and the main functions of the lake. The existence of this lake is associated with the flow of water from the Upstream Area. This data became the starting point of Group

2Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s investigation. Group 2B decided to look more closely at where this water comes from. After further review, we decided to conduct interviews. From these interviews, we expected to find limits on the coverage area for the requisite case study. After conducting interviews and identifying the limits of the coverage area, we revisited the site survey to collect additional data in a recursive process. During data collection, we found typically three different areas, the difference being how each water system is related to its environment. Therefore, Groups

2A and 2B decided to divide the case study area into three parts, namely the Commercial Area, the Residential Area, and the Kemiri Muka Market Area. The next step involved re-collating the data in the form of mapping, issue findings, and questionnaire dissemination. After identifying the issues and the main problems revealed in the data collection process, our hypothesis will be centered on what we can do to create better green infrastructure.

Figure 7. Interview with Stakeholder by Gandes Punjung

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Figure 8. Mapping of Southern UI Lakes Area by Gandes Punjung

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data

REVEALING THE LAKE

Figure 9. Existing Condition of the Southern UI Lakes Area by Avi Sovia and Gandes Punjung

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southern ui lakes

< INHABITANTS IN 1 RT (NEIGHBORHOOD) 1) 2 original/native residents (Betawi) 2) 54 immigrants/newcomers residents (mostly Javanese) (industrial worker, campus worker, labourer, trader) 3) upperstream creek and wet land have potential value that could be used by the government and local people to improve their quality of life. 4) 3-4 families integrate their houses together and made one neighborhood area. These informal inhabitants use the ponds directly for solid human waste disposal. 5) Usually, the formal and informal inhabitants do not interact with each other. The formal inhabitants donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t care much as long as the informal inhabitants do not disturb them. For some events, both formal and informal inhabitants contribute to neighborhood, as if they are in one area 6) Wetlands are owned by some members of the private sector as absentee landlords.

While heavy rains occur during the rainy season, the water channel volume is wide enough and deep enough to contain the runoff water. (approximately 2 meters in depth). The water channel goes back to normal flow about 2-3 hours later. The water quality is firstly observed through its color. Recently, the water color has changed to a greyish tint, probably caused by solid and liquid waste deposited upstream, eventually clogging the water channel. Therefore, it is risky to use the water for drinking or cooking or washing purposes. Alternatively, people are digging wells and using pumps to obtain fresh water. The housing surrounding the upstream channel is divided into formal and informal. Based on observations and site visits, the wastewater from the houses along the upsteam channel flows directly to the mainstream channel without any treatment. For the formal houses, the blackwater flows into housesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; septic tanks, but for the informal ones the the blackwater flows directly into the mainstream channel. From both the formal and informal housing, the greywater flows directly into the mainstream channel. These problems led us to think about what treatments could improve the mainstream channel water quality, before entering into the UI Campus Lakes.

mainstream channel has the potential to be green open space, used as an absorption space for improving water quality. This kind of use will lead the community to take care of the site. After flowing through this site, the water quality that flows into the UI Campus will be improved. Additionally, some kind of community action related to managing the blackwater and the greywater in the kampung and in the formal housing area would be advisable. Besides an educational approach, the addition of septic tanks and cess pools in the kampung and rerouting the greywater in the formal housing area could be considered to improve the infrastructure related to waste treatment and water quality. . Based on the UI Master Plan 2008, there will be many changes in the next few years, especially in the nearby Lake Agatis. The existence of highway toll project will also significantly impact the UI Lakes and additional constraints inside the streams might appear.

There is an empty piece of privately owned land beside the mainstream channel. According to an interview recorded with the neighborhood chief, the area was originally wetland used for planting rice fields. The remaining piece of land alongside the

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Figure 10. Water Condition of the Southern UI Lakes Area by Gandes Punjung

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Figure 11. a) Water Channel going through Toll Highway Project by Mushab Abdu b) Questionaire Result about Waste Water by Gandes Punjung

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eastern ui lake INTERVIEW INTERVIEW ONE wiith the Mosque Guardian near the Lake

I (Interviewer) MG (Mosque Guardian) I: Is Lake Kenanga an artificial lake or natural lake? MG: At first the lake was a swamp; then, the University dug it up in order to make an artificial lake out of it. Maybe it was to prevent the floods. I: Has it flooded during previous times? MG: Yes, before this area used to be flooded, but after the lake was made, the flood rare-

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ly happened. The worst flood was in 2010; it was before the wall barrier was built that the water came into the mosque. The water height was as high as a man’s thigh, but after the wall barrier was built it hasn’t flooded since.

WGS (Water Gate Security)

I: How about the water source of this lake? Where does it come from?

I: How about the source of water for the lake? Where does it come from? Is it only from rainwater?

MG: From the upper stream. I don’t know exactly where, but I think it’s from the Kali Baru River. That’s why the water is polluted. INTERVIEW TWO with the Water Gate Security

I (Interviewer)

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I: What is the function of this lake? WGS: It is for collecting rainwater and also to make the scenery of the campus more beautiful and natural.

WGS: No, the lake also has one water spring in the middle of it. That is why the lake has never dried out. The water also comes from rainwater and the Kali Baru River. I: Ooh...so the Kali Baru water stream also comes to the lake? Doesn’t it make the lake polluted?

Figure 12. Questionnaire Results by Rezqi Adhika P.

WGS: Yes, indeed it makes the water of Lake Kenanga polluted, which is why now the water inlet from the Kali Baru River has been blocked. The stream gets very polluted, especially when there is too much waste from the Kemiri Muka Market. I: Oh...so if the water stream to Lake Kenanga has been blocked, where does the water from the stream go? How about the water stream to Lake Kenanga? WGS: Do you mean the water stream of the Kali Baru River? It goes downstream to Lake Mahoni. Lake Kenanga is now clean. I: Then what happens? Is there some kind of water gate? What is the function? WGS: Yes, there is a water gate for trapping

the waste that goes with the water flow from the Kali Baru River. But now it hasn’t been used very often. Now, there are newly installed nets for trapping the waste. Then, the people from the Depok government will regularly, once every three days, take out the trash from the net installation. INTERVIEW THREE with the Parking Security

I (Interviewer) PS (Parking Security) I: What is the function of Lake Kenanga? PS: To collect rainwater because Depok City needs a reservoir area. That is also one of the reasons why the campus made this lake.

I: So the water only comes from the rainwater? But why is the color of the lake so green? PS: Yes. But actually there was also a water stream from the Kali Baru River which is now closed. I don’t really understand about the water color being green. From the beginning the water has been green. Maybe, because at first this area was a swamp, so the color of the water is green. Also this lake is also use for research needs, unlike other lakes in the campus that are polluted, so the lake’s water quality is observed quite often and records are obtained. Here, it is also forbidden to fish or do other activities without the campus permission.

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INTERVIEW FOUR with the Seller at Gunadarma Campus

I (Interviewer) FS (Food Seller) I: How long have you been selling food? When you cook, do you cook here or at home? Are there any problems about waste and its management? FS: It has been 7-9 years now, from the first time I started selling foods. At first the cooking activity took place here, but after a time it was tiring. So, finally I decided to cook at home and re-cook it here to keep it heated. About the waste management, please don’t tell anyone, but sometimes I throw it directly into the river, but for big amounts of waste, I throw it into the bin to be collected by the government, because we pay regularly for the waste collection.

I: But isn’t there any regulation about not throwing the waste directly to the river?

INTERVIEW FIVE with Mr. Pohan (Activist)

P: No, it doesn’t flood in this area. The water height might rise, but it never causes floods. The water height rises if the amount of waste from the Kemiri Muka market is increasing. That much waste isn’t from the residential area here, but from the residential area on the upper site and also from the market that throws waste directly into the river. Sometimes people on their motorcycles passing by, throw their trash into the river. But they aren’t people from the residential area here.

I (Interviewer) P (Mr. Pohan)

I: If it goes on like that, then who is responsible for it? Is it the government?

I: Does this river have any use for the residents in this area?

P: The government doesn’t pay attention to it. The waste management is an initiative from us, the citizens who would like to have a cleaner environment. What the government did was to give net gates only to trap the waste, but when the waste is trapped, it doesn’t get carried away by anyone. The waste began piling up and it started to flood.

FS: Others also throw their waste directly to the river. I only throw food leftovers into the river. For big amounts of waste, there is a bin for it. Actually I don’t really want to do it, but it has become a habit.

P: It is used to collect grey water and rainwater from the residential areas. I: Does it often flood in this area? If it does, is it because of the river?

Figure 13. A glimpse of waste flowing through the Kali Baru river by Herriatma

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So the citizens have to carry away the waste by themselves. It was supposed to be done by the government, but they didn’t do it. For example, the waste was supposed to be carried away every two days, but it’s been a week and they haven’t carried it away yet. This situation is disturbing because of the smell and when it rains there’s a possibility of floods. INTERVIEW SIX with Mr. Asep (Seller)

I (Interviewer) A (Mr.Asep) I: Sir, does this river flooded? A: It floods but only a little, only when it rains hard. I: How about this much amount of waste? Doesn’t it cause flood? The wastes are most likely to be vegetable wastes? Do you think it’s from the market? A: Yes, sometimes the sellers, who have stalls located near the river tend to throw their waste directly into the river. There are a lot of them that do that because they don’t want to pay 1,000 rupiah for the waste management. But nobody has made any comment or complaints about it. The sellers think it’s okay because the waste will go with the river flow. MAPPING From the previous explanation, it was mentioned that one of the methods in doing this research was by mapping related contextual elements on the site. The method of mapping was carried out during the journey on the UI Lakes Eastern Area, which consists of Lake Kenanga, the Commercial Area, the Residential Area, and lastly on the Kemiri Muka

Figure 14. Highlighting the characteristic of site by Rezqi Adhika P.

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Market. The starting point of our mapping journey starts from Lake Kenanga, then it follows the path upstream from where the Kali Baru River flows eventually though the Commercial Area, the Residential Area, and through to the Kemiri Muka Market. At Lake Kenanga, our group decided to walk around the lake and map the existing water infrastructure, such as the water inlets and outlets. The number of water outlets is not sufficient in comparison to the number of inlets. Moving on, the next area is the Commercial Area. In this area we saw the malfunctioning of the river. The Commercial Area contains many food retailers, thus causing waste problems. The sellers throw their waste straight into the river without filtration or sorting. The next area is the Residential Area. In this area, we are concerned about the living space of the residents. Our questions are, “How they live with the river as the surrounding environment? and “How does the river affect their living?” The last area is the Kemiri Muka Market. This area is the end of the research coverage. Based on interviews and site visits, our findings are that this market has complicated problems that include their waste management and water systems. It was also shown on site that the waste from the marketplace activities is neglected and it is thrown on the road and also into the river.

Figure 15. Mapping the research area by M. Nur Ichsan

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PHOTOGRAPHING Our next method in this research is by taking photographs of the environment within the research coverage area. Photographing is one of the conventional methods on doing research. It is important that photographs are taken, because photographs describe moments that can be easily forgotten. The photographic method also helps the mapping method. From this method, we can also see the differences between each area. Of course there are different situations at different times, in the morning, at the night and in-between. Each area has its own productive time. In these photographs we intend to show the time-lapses between activities in different spaces. As shown from the photographs, there are so many different elements to be analyzed in this research. Other than time-lapses, the photographs also capture the interactions that happen in the area. The interactions include human beings and various elements in space. From the photographs we can analyze how social interactions occur in

relation to occupational spaces. Human occupancy of space is one of the primary considerations in our research. As we can see from the photographs shown herein, there are examples of how social life occurs in the blue space of the environment. One of the photographs captures how children from the residential area play in the Kali Baru River, consequently, giving access to a spectacle open to interpretation by the observers. Also, from these photographs, we intend to convey images of the real situations in each area, which have uniquely different conditions. From this uniqueness, we can deduce the issues in each area and focus more sharply on the conditions, so we may know the purpose of our interventions. Later, through the analytical process, these issues will clearly guide our research right to the heart of the problems. Consequently, our proposed interventions may become solutions for each area.

Figure 16. a) Zone Layers by M. Nur Ichsan b) Children Playing in the River by Chang He c) Behind the Commercial Area by Heriratma

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ISSUE

unCONNECTed BLUE & GREEN SPACES

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southeRN UI Lakes

Figure 17. Mapping the issues by: Gandes Punjung

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The main problem is raised within the behavior of the inhabitants and their responses to and interactions with water. Generally speaking, most people are not very aware of and do not pay much attention about the water system, its flow and its quality through the neighborhood areas. Their houses are designed to be oriented backwards, away from the water. Our research focuses on the environmental issues upstream in relation to the water flowing into UI Campus. This problem leads us to think about solutions geared towards improving the water quality before the water enters the channel flowing into the UI Lakes. In order to benefit the UI Lakes, our research investigates possibilities for design interventions on the surrounding sites. Beside wastewater treatment, the chosen site for design intervention can be used for other activities. Near to the farming zone, two houses on the chosen site can be used for solid waste management. The first house on the left is for sorting the residential solid waste. The output of organic waste will be used in the compost house. The second house is for composting organic waste and to make fertilizer that can be used for local farming or else sold to other farms.

Figure 18. Bad Condition of Water Channel in Agathis Lake by Avi Sovia

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EASTERN UI Lakes COMMERCIAL AREA The first site is the Commercial Area, which is located on the upper stream of the UI Kenanga Lake, between Kali Baru River and Margonda Road, the main road of Depok City. At the center of Depokâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s commercial activities, there are various types of retail shops, such as restaurants, fashion shops, digital printing shops, etc. The Commerical Area poses key problems that affect the water quality in the UI Kenanga Lake and thus the whole water system in Universitas Indonesia. The Commercial Area is located alongside the Kali Baru River, which is the main stream that flows into the UI Kenanga Lake.

Area. Occupants alongside utilize the Kali Baru River as a part of their water system. Besides using the river water for washing and cleaning, the occupants also misuse the river as place for disposing their waste. Therefore, water and waste management have become the primary concerns of this research effort. It is also relevant to see how public policy, regarding water and waste management, is a part of the research analysis. The following section will describe an analysis about how the three aspects (water, waste, and policy management) are relevant to the context of this research.

The Kali Baru River has become an integral part of the dwellings located in the Commercial

Figure 18. a) A view on the commerial from the crossing bridge; b) In between buildings by Chang He

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RESIDENTIAL AREA The second site in the research area of the upper stream of the UI Kenanga Lake is the residential area, which is located in-between the Commercial Area and the Kemiri Muka Market. From our site visits, it was discovered that there is already a waste management system. The government in Depok City, like in other cities in Indonesia, has an hierarchical system of dividing up the neighborhoods to make it easier for infrastructure management and administration. The smallest division is called a Neighborhood Association (Rukun Tetangga, RT). It is an area consisting of at least 10 houses or occupied buildings. The next largest division is called a Citizens’ Association (Rukun Warga, RW). The RW consists of several RTs. The research coverage area is at the scale of an RW. Based on various interviews, we learned that every RW has their own management system for infrastructure, including water and wastewater management. The RW behind

the Kemiri Muka Market already has a waste management system. Trash collectors from the government are assigned the duty of collecting the market waste. In principle, the market should not have any problems for managing its waste. In reality there is a problem because vendors in the market throw their waste into the Kali Baru River. Looking at the area’s contours, the Residential Area is located below the market, so the waste from Kemiri Muka Market flows downstream to the Residential Area. Sometimes the residents notice the smell that comes from the market’s waste, especially in the dry season. Another phenomena we discovered in our research is a lack of open space and that the open spaces do not even belong to public; they are owned privately by absentee owners. The properties are abandoned, therefore, the only “public open space” for the children to play is along the riverbanks and in the shallow riverbed.

Figure 20. a) Residential Area b) Water Condition by Chang He

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KEMIRI MARKET AREA The water flow from the Kemiri Muka Market is a considerable problem, affecting the quality of water at the inlet to the UI Lakes. The amount of trash, either organic or organic waste, impacts people around the market or the settlements located along the river. According to the seller in the market, “People’s bad habits can pollute the environment with a negative impact on the water quality, lifestyle, and health of the surrounding communities.” The Kemiri Muka Market is located behind the

D’Mall building and an apartment building. Its site area is about 2.3 sqm and it is open from 12 pm to 11 am. It is a kind of wet market that sells various items, such as meats, vegetables, herbs, clothing, live animals like chickens, etc. Some of Pasar Kemiri Muka’s traders live in Citayam and Bojong and they come from low income communities. The market stall rental costs between Rp. 300.000 – Rp.500.000 / month, depending on the stall size and location. Figure 21. Waste on the streets by Chang He

Water Treatment Some traders ignore the government rule about land acquisition along the riverbanks, which affects the quality of water. The flow of the river necessary for waste disposal also requires filtering the trash from the water and sifting and dredging the sediment from time to time. People’s bad habits, like throwing trash in the river, also result in a negative environmental impact resulting in river pollution that affects downstream communities. Traders who sell

their wares near the riverside sometimes throw garbage into the river without realizing its impact downstream. The landfill site is too far away from the illegal traders on the river. To raise the quality of water and wastewater management, one option is to re-layoutout the market with an equitable distribution of space for the legal and illegal traders.

Garbage Treatment Garbage or trash is a source of considerable problems in the market, especially in the streets around the market. Good waste management is a good first step to a healthy environment both in the market and around the market. During the dry season when the waters recede, people who live across the river would be able to see clearly any organic waste, such as rotting vegetables, chicken feathers,

Figure 22. a) Zoning b) Garbage Strategy by Herriatma

and any non-organic waste, such as plastic littered in the riverbed. When the water is flowing, this kind of waste will go downstream to contaminate the Residential Area downstream and then the pollution with reach the UI Lakes. These conditions broadly impact people from Depok to Jakarta, because the river systems ranges from Bogor to Jakarta.

lectors, there is still a trash problem from those vegetable and meat sellers who are too far away from the road. Therefore, their trash is not collected by the garbage trucks or carts and taken away to the neighboring landfill. The aim is to improve trash management and collection to turn the river into a waste free area.

Even though the government has trash col-

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KENANGA LAKE Water Flow Lake Kenanga is a part of the largest water catchment in Jakarta and it is connected to the rivers located in Depok City. Lake Kenanga is also a social area in which there are a good variety of activities carried out by students, faculty, staff and even the visitors who come from outside the UI campus. However, the environmental conditions at Lake Kenanga are far from perfect. If these environmental problems are left unchecked, Lake Kenanga will cease to function as a social area. During our observations of Lake Kenanga there are two main points of concern: Eutropication and Water and Wastewater Management. Eutropication occurs in shallow lakes where phytoplankton is very productive. The characteristics of Eutropication include, an unpleasant odor with cloudy water due to a variety of organisms, reduction in the visual quality of the lake, an increase in algae and a reduction in the supply of oxygen. The opposite

condition is an oligotrophic lake which has a low amount of organic organisms, resulting in a higher level of oxygen. The change from an oligotrophic lake to an eutrophic lake can also occur due to an acceleration of human activties for example, from the remnants of agricultural fertilizers and enriching the city landfill waste discharges a number of lakes with nitrogen and phosphorus. On the second point, water and wastewater management.for Lake Kenanga is important, especially at inlets and outlets. Given the trash problem from the market, the water flow and circulation from the Kali Baru River to Lake Kananga has been blocked off, which inflates the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus in the lake. Another important function of Lake Kenanga is to act as a water retention pond and catchment area ofr rainwater runoff.

Figure 23. a) Water inlet of Kenanga Lake; b) Water outlet of Keanga Lake; c) Blocked water inlet by Deassy

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Figure 24. Discussiing and Planning the Interverence by Gandes Punjung

intervention

curing water, curing people

Firstly, it is important to begin our solution framework from the patterns of activities inside the community itself. A reciprocal arrangement between the community and the environment leads to a visualization which could improve the lives of the inhabitants and the quality of water in the future. Design intervention based on these patterns of living would be based on a holistic and social approach which consists of education and financial support and controlling the law and policy aspects. The aim of a social approach is to trigger and become the motivation of

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Figure 25. Future Planning of the Wasting System by Gandes Punjung

green infrastructure solutions that will be implemented sustainably later on. Education, as one of the principal approaches, is necessary to create the overall public comprehension about environmental awareness, thus gaining the participation of people to collaborate together in maintaining their space independently in a sustainable way, especially in terms of the water quality aspects in relation to any physical intervention This approach can be implemented in environmentally aware types of activities which are daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, and annually on a regular basis. Events would be packaged in a somewhat interactive and fun way, including managing with laws, regulations, and goverment policies.

portunities for the informal settlers to manage the waste along the streams. In fact, the informal settlers may be engaged in activities to collect paper, bottles and trash. The trash may have some economic value, which potentially has a mutual benefit to individuals, thus encouraging support for environmental sustainability. These informal activities could also be connected to formal activities. Social approaches that are mentioned need integration of the communication systems between individuals, the government and other related agencies.

This would involve a top-down approach from the government to particular neighborhood chiefs. This kind of action could produce many new policies related to environmental issues. Fines are another way to regulate the environment. However, such an intervention may be ineffective because of the lack of public awareness and control measures starting from society itself. Self-awareness can be raised with awards for creating a clean and healthy environment. Another control function is providing job op-

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Figure 26. Diagram Presentation by Avi Sovia

Figure 27. Social Intervention Planning by Gandes Punjung

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EASTERN UI Lakes COMMERCIAL AREA Based on the analysis of the occupants’ behavior, it was shown that the occupants in the commercial areas tend to dispose of their waste into the Kali Baru River. Based on our analysis, there are three main factors that affect this behavior. Firstly, the occupants’ tendency to throw their waste into the river is because the commercial buildings face the river directly. The second reason is because of the types of waste produced by these commercial activities. Most of commercial buildings are restaurants, which sells soup and other foods. Customers dispose their waste directly into the river. Thirdly, there is orientation of the commercial buildings facing Margonda Road with the river being on the rear side. The backside of these buildings lacks any surveillance, so the occupants feel free to dispose their waste directly into the river. Based on this analysis, the main problem in this particular area is the behavior of the occupants in the commercial buildings. One response to solve the problem is by

interfering with the occupants’ behavior in disposing of waste directly into the Kali Baru River. It is undeniable that the occupants’ behavior of disposing waste is related to their body movement. In order to develop this idea, a simple observation on the movement of disposing waste is performed. These movements are then seen as a part of the activity sequences related to the act of ‘disposing’. The first part of the sequence is the act of ‘lifting’, and the second part is the act of ‘throwing’. Finally, the third part of the sequence is the process of ‘falling’, as the waste disposal falls down into river. Looking at this sequence, the idea is to interfere with the pattern. On which part of the sequence will the interference occur? From our analysis, the most effective way to interfere is in-between the act of ‘throwing’ and ‘falling’. The intervention presents waste disposal from getting into the river by installing a spatial prevention boundary to prevent waste disposal as a device, working as an

additional barrier to trash falling into the river. The spatial intervention comes with an intervention of technology itself. It is the aim of this project to instill better water and waste management in the area. As one means of prevention, an architectural element could be in the form of inclined boards that are installed right outside the openings on the rear side of the buildings. These boards would direct the trash into the wastewater that contains pollution, for example, food leftovers, to a new perforated gutter and piping system that would segregate the water from the contaminants. The piping system consists of several cleansing steps. First, the wastewater will go through the waste net trap, trapping dense substances, such as food. Then, the less dense water will go through the grease trap and then through the bio-filter. This segregation process produces cleansed grey water to flow into Kali Baru River.

Figure 28. Intervention on the Movement by Amanda Larissa

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RESIDENTIAL AREA The Intervention that we propose in the residential area, particularly, behind the Kemiri Muka Market, is a new system that aims to filter the water that flows through the Kali Baru River. After revitalizing the water quality of the river, the next step would be to use the water to increase the growth of vegetation and trees in green spaces in the area.

as plastic bags, waste vegetables, chicken feathers, and others, in order to separate these kinds of trash from the water flow of the Kali Baru River. This system could be realized by installing waste nets at several points along the river. By determining several points to install this trap, the segmented areas in-between are cleansed from solid waste.

The intervention consists of three new systems. The first system traps solid waste, such

The second system is filtration with a â&#x20AC;&#x153;Giant Purifying Systemâ&#x20AC;?. This filtration sys-

tem requires technological development and it aims to separate water from mud and other particles to cleanse the water. The third system is which involves the ic plants above the ers of system types vironment of green

a hydroponic system, growing of hydroponriver. These three laycould form a new enand blue spaces.

Figure 29. Water cycle in the residential area by Deassy

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KEMIRI MUKA MARKET After analyzing the issues found at the Kemiri Muka Market, the goal was to concentrate on improving waste and wastewater management at the market. The solution is going to involve replanning the market in order to change the spatial organization that consists of a new layout for sellers’ stalls, alleys, public facilities (WCs), so that there are

no sellers’ stalls located right next to the Kali Baru River. This relocation would prevent the sellers’ waste being thrown directly into the river. Stalls would be arranged based on the type of goods sold. Vegetables would have their own area, so would meats, spices and etc. Also from the re-planning of the market, alleys would be made wider to ease the mo-

bility of the garbage collection carts.. For the river itself, an act of covering the surface with semi-permeable material could be considered to block organic waste and restore green living space above the blue water space.

Figure 30. Reorganizing layouts & Restoring green spaces by Herriatma

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Add Activities for Restoring and Greening The River In-between the Residential Area and market, restoration along the river would create a new atmosphere. The river could be rejuvenated with additional activities, instilling a greater awareness of a healthy environment among the members of society. Greening along the

river is intended to create a good atmosphere and better water quality around the market. These proposed solutions related to water quality issues, could make the better for people who live

to the issues and garbage quality of life at the market

and in the surrounding community. Living together with nature could generate a positive attitude towards raising human awareness and a commitment to changing bad habits in relation to the environment.

Figure 31. Visualizing the Restoration & Greening of the River by Herriatma

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LAKE KENANGA Proposed nventions at Lake Kenanga are an accumulation of the other interventions from the previous research areas (Commercial Area, Residential Area, and the Kemiri Muka Market). These research areas identify key problems that affect the water quality of Kali Baru River, which flows into Lake Kenanga. By resolving these problems, it is predictable that the water quality will be improved. From these various predictions, one of the interventions at Lake Kenanga is to re-open the blocked stream of the Kali Baru River, which previously flowed naturally into the lake. Based on the previous issue of an unbalanced number of water inlets and outlets, a certain number of water outlets must be added. Mapping exercises focused on the types of academic buildings indicate that Lake Kenanga is at the center of UI campus activities. Most of the routes to campus buildings pass by this area, especially the walking routes. The intervention leads to future thoughts on developing Lake Kenanga for other sustainable environmental functions besides aesthetics, which include considering the natural water cycle and green infrastructure as well as the educational potential.

Figure 32. Mapping the activities centralized around Lake Kenanga by M. Nur Ichsan

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colloqium I

sensing the surface GROUP 2A: UPSTREAM LAKE AGATIS The main concept for the upstream area of Lake Agatis is divided into economical factors and human-social factors. The new Toll Road construction divides the two areas. The Cardiff participants observed that the water does not flow very well into Lake Agatis, so its condition is stagnant. The morphology is split between formal and informal housing. The informal settlements are located along the riverside. On the UI side there is vegetation covering the entire site; very little water is visible. Trash is apparent near the stairs in one location. The water quality is questionable and appears to be polluted because of the housing proximity. The trash comes from the traditional market. The water is muddy.

GROUP 2B: LAKE KENANGA - KALI BARU RIVER The group has discussed: What we have. How we are thinking. What we should do next? The artificial lake needs to be connected with the canal. More access needs to occur because of an over-abundance of plants (eutropic). Along Kali Baru, the majority of the buildings are residential, so the collection of

grey water and rainwater is apparent. In considering how we think, there are deeper problems. Where do the solutions come from and what are the human activities? We have to find out the relationship

The Toll Road Project cuts the water channel from the upstream housing area. How will it be possible to correct this condition in the future? The informal settlements have to cope with grey water, rainwater and wastewater. Somewhat irrelevant to our research on water issues, there is also a Gas Regulation Station Upstream, there is an intervention of an illegal bridge, built by the inhabitants The community leaders (RW/RT) say that the bridge is illegal, since the upstream river is owned by the local government and the bridge was made privately .For the upstream water pond, there is no apparent connectivity

Figure 33. Presentation slide on the commercial area condition by Amanda Larissa

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Figure 34. Mrs.Ova in Q & A Time by Avi Sovia

Question and Answers Question Mijo: If you divide the area of the water body into two types with different characteristics, could you describe these two areas in a few words to characterize these important aspects? Dr. Ova: For site visits and interviews, please be humble and think about the situation when you go to the site. See not only the problems, but also see the good things. You may be surprised by what will develop. Dr. Andrea Frank: The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Greenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; pictures are almost like a botanical garden, but with less

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trash than the other places. It is not only thinking about where the water is. Yes, it is under the plants. Settlers have not used this green area. Do these plants have a positive effect on water quality?

site. Group 2B needs to consider the eco-social aspects of the people, much in the same way that Group 2A looks at the natural environment as green space and vegetation.

For the manmade lake, what are the main obstacles to turn it into a viable, interactive lake?

To highlight these comments, contact with people as necessary with tactics and strategies in how to approach the interviews and have discussions in order to get more information from ordinary people.

Comment Why not divide the two sites into two parts? No one lives on the one site. On the other site, many people live there. There are negative impacts. Divide the site not only because of the Toll Road projects, but because it is also part of the process. We also have to look at the traditional market and its impact on the

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UI Lakes Upstream Discussion The main problem of pollution is coming from the markets, from the trash and greywater. • How will we do our research? (climate, population, land use) • Have a clear recognition of the water system • Discover the problems • Pay attention to human activity. Consider the feasibility of our data. We are not sure about the technology. A lot of the data is from our interviews and observations. • Next Steps • Data Collection • Methodology • Recommendations and Solutions Figure 35. Mapping the Future Intervention by Avi Sovia, Gandes Punjung, Nindita and Safira

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colloqium II

probing for the future UI Lakes Upstream Celebration We hope that the river and the stream can celebrate people being around the water and the water from UI. Water from the UI Lakes functions as part of a whole mechanism in the system, so that the water is a journey in itself. People may not appreciate the water. Brown areas mark the main problems. The UI wetlands act as a cleanser. The markets and the apartments do not have an appropriate water treatment system. The second problem is around Margonda Street where they sell food, resulting in problems with the customers throwing their waste into the river. The next step is to focus on the Community Market which is 4 kilometers away from UI. There are vegetables, fresh meat, and animals in the market. There is a temporary garbage dump at the back of the market. Traders along the river throw trash into Kali Baru because the dump is quite far away. The houses dump their grey water into Kali Baru. In the settlements, there are two types of people: transients along the river and residents along the street. Activities in the settlement include playing soccer, but there is no place to play soccer. Also

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powerful. There is the potential for breaking up the idea behind the sustainability. What is men fish along the riverbanks. The men work as traders and at business, as well as fishing. Presumably, the women are at home or in the shops. On the map there is a blue line for the river. The community has their market long the river. They built an illegal bridge over the river. They also hang their clothes over the river and use the river bank for illegal parking. People in the commercial areas throw their waste into buckets, then the contents are dumped into the river. We also designated organic waste (red) and non-organic waste (blue) on the map. In defining the issues, our goal is to ask, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Is it natural or sustainable?â&#x20AC;? The questionnaire does not ask whether the respondents need open space. There seems to be no awareness to have open space.

Figure 36. Prof.Andrea in Q & A Time by Avi Sovia

Questions and Answers

the major issue about the whole thing? You should propose something about how you can respond to this issue.

Question Prof. Andrea: I am thinking about the next steps. How do you take this project forward? You need to think at a different scale. How can you make the place more sustainable? How do you make interventions that go beyond the site?

Prof. Li Yu: All the issues or the problems come from data collection. Try to identify the key problems. Is there space for green infrastructure? But, in the residential areas, there is no space for green infrastructure. Around the lake there is space to combine green infrastructure.

Prof. Ridwan: The issues and the images are

Prof. Andrew: This presentation is interesting

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Figure 37. Present and Future Condiiton in Agatis Lakem by Avi Sovia, Gandes Punjung, Nindita and Safira

at a conceptual level in thinking of water as part of a system. In/Out systems are dynamic. They are not static. What is happening over time? What might we look forward to in the future? Who might be affected and how will the effect impact the dynamics of the system? Answer We need to pay more attention upstream to find a better connection between the river and the lake. Comments Prof Li Yu: Think about the synergies and the systems. Prof. Jocelyn: This is a good collection of

data, but we cannot read it. In data visualization, what is important is that we see the data. What are you trying to tell us with your data communications? Prof. Ridwan: It is a very interesting presentation. My concern is about the toll road itself. It will have a huge impact to the change of the area in the future. How far have you tried to get data from the city? I.e. think of the changes that have occurred on Jl. Margonda in the past 3-5 years, especially in relation to retail growth. Answer The Toll Road Project will cut off access. We think that there is another way. How can the

Toll Road be used for another function? We have been thinking about a wetland for tourism. How can this be maintained by local people? Connections between the UI Campus and the neighborhood will be cut off. Prof. Ridwan: You should also consider how it will change Margonda Street because there will be a new commercial connection. Comment Prof. Andrew: For Formal/Informal, how do we privilege or prioritize the Formal? In formal activity, it can be very important for social connectivity and environmental protection. The informal network and how it could feed through to policy considerations is important.

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seminar

connecting blue & green spaces create a more resilient future: UI LAKES & SURROUNDINGS Connecting Blue and Green Spaces to Create a More Resilient Future: UI Lakes & Surroundings Moderator: Dr. Andrea Frank Cardiff University Presentation This group is looking at the ideas and problems related to the UI Lakes and their tributaries. The methodology follows a logic of identifying problems and then considering issues and then proceeding to the solutions for the UI Lakes and their surroundings, which have significant aspects that reflect

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water quality. How can conditions of the environment affect water quality and the quality of life? Besides the facts of water and population, we are looking at the master plan. The goal is how to improve the water and the surrounding environment through social and physical intervention. The methodology involves participation with various actors (the university and the community) and how the whole water system will be more dynamic, if both the upstream and the downstream are affected. The Lake Agatis is in the western area. We

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also considered the upstream area of Lake Kenanga. In determining how we are going to solve the issues, we are considering community collaboration and water resilient management to activate the future plans as one idea. Kalibaru and Agatis Creek have two upstream rivers. The problems have the same source through the traditional market at Kermer. Traders in the market are known to throw blackwater and greywater into the river, which occurs concidently while children are playing.

Figure 38. Social Approach Planning by Gandes Punjung and Safira

The key problems in the UI Lakes have to do with floating vegetation, rainwater treatment, trash thrown directly into the river from the commercial area, residential areas and the impermeability of movement and market chaos. In re-arranging the built environment, we are presenting images of how the future might be. The Toll Highway cuts the site in two, which will affect the water quality. Our task is to show how to improve the water quality. Rearranging the built environment means addressing the wetlands, the relationship between waste and water, urban farming and the presence of solid waste supporting household activities. Localized solutions are focused on the market. Our methodology starts with approaching

the major areas, then considering the minor areas. The traditional market stalls are located along the river and they throw their trash directly into the river, so the river is polluted. One possibility is to change the layout of the market. We also propose to add a communal green open space and a garbage net along the river to collect trash. Additionally, we propose to add socialization about how to take care of the place. In terms of a localized solution in the residential area, the trash is found along the river, but it is from upstream, not directly from the residences. One solution is to add a simple filtering system to catch the trash in each area. Hydroponic systems (to grow vegetables) could be located in-between the houses. Another proposal is to make water gardens to collect the rainwater and to use porous pavement blocks. Another solution

is to add vertical green walls and blue space for the river. Localized solutions for the commercial area next to Kali Baru include adding an angle board to the side of the restaurant so people cannot throw their trash directly into the river. The section shows a new plumbing system where plants are used as a biofilter to trap the grease from the restaurant and leftover food is used for compost. Conclusions Physical and social approaches to solutions can be applied in a similar way to both areas. The lack of awareness means that implementation requires public support and government policy. The problem is in integrating the many different factors. We think there are solutions for a holistic system.

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Questions & Answers Comment Dr. Andrea Frank: There was very little time to survey the vast area and to travel around to view the two kinds of rivers. It is not just one river which influences the water quality and what happens downstream. There are a lot of actions for intervention or policy. For the focus on waste management, there needs to be some intervention, but it is not so easy. Highlighting the informal sector, it is a way to make a living and if you rationalize this

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situation, then people will lose their livelihood. It is a tricky problem to make this intervention, either for gray infrastructure or for transport issues, but not for the water or the green spaces. As you pointed out, there is more detailed work to be done.

Febe: I would like to know who are the actors that will make the proposal happen? Answer Who are the actors that can support the process? The main actors are the community

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themselves so the solutions are from the bottom to the top. The community refers to the people who lives in each neighborhood where the intervention is proposed. Actually from before, the community has a system, but it is not working, so maybe it is not the best one. Comment Dr. Andrea Frank: There seem to be multiple communities. I think the main actors in each area are different.

Answer The main actor is from the government. There needs to be some kind of guardian for the market. We could approach the RT neighborhood leader to lobby for our solution.

Who will manage and maintain the proposal? In the commercial area, it should be the person who â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;owns the plumbingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; who manages it. The actors should be responsible also for the legal management of the market.

Question What I am trying to ask about is who are the specific actors for the community and for the traditional areas? By knowing this, it will make it useful and easier to proceed.

In thinking about reconnecting the lake and the river, Lake Kenanga is used only as a container or reservoir for rainwater. Rainwater collection could be decontaminated for daily use.

Answer

In terms of social approaches, it is not just a

top-down question. The residents know their living space, so the solutions can be derived from real needs. We are also considering how the design can be developed for resilient futures. Education and financial support along with controlling laws are important. A social approach towards waste management is a holistic idea. The communities currently may not know about the solutions. The waste management system in the informal housing area, depends in part, on who holds the land certificate. We cannot deny this issue because it plays such an important role for housing. There are different conditions and different treatments, both formal and informal. The task is how to get reconnected. Negative aspects, such as burning the trash as usual near the river results in a bad impact on water quality. The formal housing has access to the government container service; however, this is not a sustainable way as homeowners do not take responsibility for their trash. Question My understanding of the area in the beginning is that there are two different administrative areas. Does this cause any difficulties, especially in terms of administration? Comment Dr. Andrea Frank: There are different administrations. Can we hinder or help? â&#x20AC;&#x201C; That is the question. Answer This is a long term development so some of the design may have to be negotiated. Together we have to negotiate with the administration about the designs. All of the proposals are catalysts to trigger all the Figure 39. Members of Group 2. by Cindy Ruth

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stakeholders. In our opinion, it is better to do minor innovations in Indonesia. We are going to do the interventions. The people are close together, so one neighborhood will copy the other. Question Prof. Li Yu: The main actors - these people are already in the community sector, but they pollute. How do you expect them to change? How can you deliver education? Are there any laws or policies existing? How do they function?

there are many laws that happen, but the community does not know the laws or know what is important. For the area of the Kali Baru River, there is the law, but there is not enough infrastructure to support it. There is a garbage collection system, but it is chaos and there is no room to pass by. So the physical environment has to change. The policy is hard to deliver. The government has a policy to collect trash, but the local people do not want to pay, so the policy is hard to deliver. In summary, the laws exist, but canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be implemented. Poverty exists so the poor cannot pay in an orderly way.

Answer How to deliver ideas is through education to show how the design will benefit their life. If they have an awareness, it is easier for the community to deliver that proposal. Actually,

Question Dr. Jocelyn Widmer: It is more interesting from a stakeholderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perspective. What are your thoughts? You are part of the chattering and the solution. How do you see the University

in terms of education? Maybe there should be an outside mediator contributing to that education piece. Answer The campus has a community engagement group for interaction. There are education movies and family gatherings. We conclude that there are many creative student groups developing. It is not only the lecturers and the stakeholders. The students have more time. Question Bill Whiteford: Kudos on pulling yourself together in such a good team for re-arranging the built environment into a past and future scenario. In terms of the waterway under the toll road, how can these ecological processes continue to exist after the toll road is built?

Figure 40. Visualizing the Future Neighborhood by Rezqi Adhika P.

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Answer There are many ideas. Actually, the water channel will flow below the highway project. It is challenging to consider how the water can flow. We will not be able to reach the water because it will be concretized. In the old plan, the water flow is connected. In the new plan, the water channel is bigger than before, but the first one will be closed. The other challenge is how we can filter or reach the underground channels. Comment Andrea: We assume that how to improve the quality specifically is that we can facilitate the filtering and the management of the system. Bill Whiteford: Now that the highway is being built, the objective is to turn it into an opportunity, instead of an obstacle. Question How can you improve the water quality? You can concentrate on the physical garbage, but you don’t solve the problem of water quality, which is due in part to algal bloom. Comment Andrea Frank: Okay, this is a challenge. Answer We have analyzed the UI Lakes in relation to the algae and the water hyacinth. Our solution is to consider the use of wetlands before the water enters the lake. Actually, historically speaking, the area was formerly a rice paddy. We discussed and considered this problem. Question Dr. Andrew Flynn: I am very intrigued as to the

title: “Resilient”. It is very topical, but you have to explain what you mean by social, economic and environmental resilience. Think about what is the best scale for analysis. Group 1 looks at water supply; Group 2 looks at a neighborhood. What is the best scale for understanding resilience? Question What is your recommendation for the other researchers about methodology for the local community and the environment? What is resilience and what kind of resilience is there? Resilience from our perspective is related to social, ecological and infrastructure issues. There is low impact development. There is green infrastructure for ecological development. They (the community) will have their own ability to recover from policy regulations and the laws. The public can recover from disaster and they will be stronger after the recovery. The social side can support us to change. Describe resilience based on your field study and what it means. Answer The hierarchy is about laws and policy. For ecology and insfrastructure restoration, it is better to put it in the context of a smaller scale related to real things that we can touch or feel in our daily lives. The community includes allowances for all three issues. Question How would you advise other researchers to understand resilience through data collection? Answer As for the methodology for other researchers,

it is to analyze the problem and to find out how other people respond. Then to determine how people, or our target reacts to the problem. Comment Isti: My comment is geared towards making your project deeper and more integrated. What happens in-between? I ask this question so you can use some imagination about how you move the people and why you are doing this research. As far as I understand, you are dividing the social and the physical. Consider how to integrate these two issues to provide more options. For example, the residential area to put up a gate, while the community throws away the leftovers. But, if you want to improve the social, you have to design options. Comment Andrea: On this wonderful concept, it is very valuable to go back to the community. On this positive note that is some way to take comfort from these projects.

“We forget that the water cycle and the life cycle are one” Jacques Couesteau

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participants universitas indonesia

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Avi Sovia

Amanda Larissa Marsudi

Gandes Punjung Winanti

Herriatma Putra Natanegara

Muhammad Nur Ichsan

Mushab Abdu Asy Syahid

Nindita Prameswari

Rezqi Adhika Prasetya

Safira Mayasti Nurrahmani

Valery Deassy

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participants cardiff university

Chang He

Meng Xia

Shasha Xu

Shihan Xue

Shiqi TIan

Xueting Wang

Yiyi Zheng

Zixian Liu

university of florida

Adam Carr

Kyle Dost International Joint Studio & Seminars 2016

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facilitator

Mikhael Johanes, S.Ars., M.Ars. Universitas Indonesia

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Harry Mufrizon, S.T., M.T., MsE., IAI Universitas Indonesia

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SiTU rawa besar Panorama Situ Rawa Besar, Photograph by: Afifah Karimah

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Fig 1. Situ Rawa Besar, Photograph by: Bella Septianti

ABout situ rawa BESAR

coexisting with situ rawa besar

epok City is situated in the southern part of South Jakarta and northern part of Bogor. Regarding the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s climate and topography factors, Depok serves to be a water storage area/water buffer zone in order to prevent flooding that flows from Bogor to DKI Jakarta. Therefore, the area provides several lakes and setu(s) (setu; similar to lake,

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mainly functione to catch and store rainwater), and one of the example that will be discussed in this chapter is Setu Rawa Besar.

Based on some interviews with local authorities of Depok City, the condition of this setu is poor. The setuâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s size has narrowed down to 15 Ha (from the original size of 25) Ha since

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there is an illegal slum area located around the Setu. Besides narrowing, the setu also suffered due to the amount of waste disposal from nearby settlements, local industries, and markets around Setu without any infiltrations. This situation has leaded the Setu being polluted.

Fig 2. Recent condition in Situ, showing; a) Rowboats; b) and c) Informal housing; d) Gateway to Situ Rawa Besar Photograph by: Bella Septianti (a and d), Istiqamah (b), Tri Damayanti (c)

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CONTEXT AND METHOD

IDENTIFYING THE SITU Setu Rawa Besar is considered as the biggest setu or lake in Depok City. It plays a huge role within people’s everyday life, especially to those who reside in slums around the Setu. The slums located on the southern area caused the most disposals to the setu, and hence those wastes are carried by the water currents to the northern part. The repairing process has been started in the north, but it is still difficult to be implemented in the southern part-slums, due to a higher difficulty in approaching the southern-slum dwellers.

In order to understand the site context, we did literature studies and direct observations. While observing, the methods we took were a mix of qualitative method and quantitative method. The qualitative method is done through direct interviews with the community and government to understand the phenomenon that occurred at the location (site). Quantitatively, we also tried to analyze the statistical questionnaire data which was collected to formulate a response to the dominant community.

LITERATURE STUDIES There are regulations and planning documents (Bantek Perencanaan Pekerjaan Kawasan: Depok City Urban Renewal; Republic of Indonesia Government Regulation No. 42 year 2008 Regarding Water Resource Management; Depok City Region Medium Term

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Fig 3. Appointing Situ Rawa Besar location (highlighted with red color) on Depok City map, Diagram by: Reza Yuniar Sandi

Development Planning year 2011 – 2016, and Squatter Community Empowerment of Depok City) that we analyzed by the beginning of this project. Understanding process of policies and plans from the central government includes several indoor presentations and discussions with Depok City government. From the discussions, we found a weakened point; in which, the local working group community namely ‘Kelompok Kerja’ (Pokja) who used to have direct relation with local government is now detached. The presence of this working group is important, since they brought collaboration between government and local communities in taking response on the setu’s problem.

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DIRECT OBSERVATIONS In obtaining the data for analysis, we did several direct observations on site and interacted with the community to collect their viewpoint and responses for the setu. Given the position that Setu Rawa Besar is a preserved area where government also take place in its maintenance, hence, on the first day of observation we asked the local authorities of Depok city to assist us for a better understanding towards the intended intervention on Setu Rawa Besar.

INTERVIEWS LOCAL PEOPLE NEAR SETU RAWA BESAR Our group tried to formulate a questionnaire that represents the response and information we needed. We realized that in this international join studio, there will be different perceptions about the culture, language, and the way to find information. Therefore, we managed the questionnaire to meet with the local cultural context. In producing the represented questionnaire, we took more than 12 hours. The survey and observation were conductued on Monday, January 18th, 2016 from 02: 00-5: 30 pm. We divided the

teams into 5 zones to gather a comprehensive interview and documentation. A total of 34 surveys has been collected. The survey was recorded using Fulcrum applications via mobile devices. Not only our main objective is â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;forming the behavior to live side by side with setuâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, we also wanted to find the correlation between the government intervention (plans) and the community behavior in Setu Rawa Besar. Therefore, hopefully we will be able to generate a

sustainable design that is appropriate with the local context. To obtain these goals, we did some approaches of community based development, where the policy implemented by the government should be able to educate and provide benefits to the community. Policies can encourage the positive responses of the public to interact directly with Setu and also take a concern of the conservation and sustainability of the Setu.

Fig 4. Group 3 decided to distribute the area into several zone: a) The divisions of site were used to mark the boundaries for group survey and observation b) The pins indicate the location for data acquirement during survey. Diagram by: Nisrina Muthi Meidiani

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DATA

LOCAL PEOPLEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S PERCEPTION W

e collected the data from site and transformed the information into diagrams and charts. The data was derived based on respondent background, activities in the Setu, and satisfaction/expectation from the neighborhood around the Setu.

Fig 5. a) Acquiring data from local residents in Zone C; b) Foreign interviewer interacted with a small group of local children; c) and d) Residents in Zone D gave their aspiration to Group 3 interviewer, Photograph by: Linjun Xie, Haoran Zhang

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QUESTIONNARE

Fig 6. by: Group 3

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PIE CHART

RESPONDENT BACKGROUND

ACTIVITIES/SPACE/WATER/WASTE

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Fig 7. by: Farah Nabilla Putri

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DIAGRAMS

ZONING We divided the area by colors to see land use differences in Setu Rawa Besar neighborhood. Yellow indicates formal housing, while the brown indicates the informal ones. The green parts are open greeneries, and purple indicates public area.

Fig 7. Diagram by: Afif Muhammad F.

FLOOD The flood is highly occurred in the northern part due to the lower topography compared to the southern area. There were also lacks of retaining wall that prevent the water from overflowing in the area.

Fig 8. Diagram by: Nisrina Muthi Meidiani

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WASTE The waste diagram indicates the most contaminated area took place in the southern area; the part where the slums are located. Meanwhile, on the northern part, trashes can be found in the sluice where the garbage got caught and stuck.

Fig 9. Diagram by: Nisrina Muthi Meidiani

GATHERING PLACE The gathering space is differentiated by various activities held in the place. The diagram depicts that the main activity done is fishing, shown by the purple dots.

Fig 10. Diagram by: Afifah Karimah

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ISSUE

THE MISSING LINKS Setu Rawa Besar is located in Pancoran Mas, Depok. According to Ministry of Public Works, stated in 2007 Depok Urban Renewal Planning; the area of Setu Rawa Besar has many advantages and opportunities, for instance, its location is in the center of Depok (the middle of Depok Golden Triangle) with a high population density and mixed-use land area. It is flanked by three main roads and located close to the center of transportation mode interchange (train, cars, and motorbikes), therefore it has a huge potential as a tourist destination. There are existing small and medium house industries, such as craftsmen, food industry, freshwater fish cultivation and many other household scale industries - that may increase the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s value. A lot of unoccupied land that have potential to be developed as green area and water infiltration. It can also be a chance to beautify the area and repair the environmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ecology. From our observation and interview, we found many problems that Setu Rawa Besar faced. We identified the issues in four main aspects (water, waste, living space and regulation) that interrelated with one another:

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Fig 11. Diagram representing issues we found on site, Diagram by: Tri Damayanti

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WATER AND WASTE Setu Rawa Besar mainly functions as rainwater storage in order to prevent flooding nearby the area and in Jakarta. The cleanliness and overall quality are supposed to be maintained by local government and the people who reside there. Nevertheless, due to the poor waste and water management by both parties, Setu Rawa Besar is now polluted with waste and it has caused flood to happen annually. Until today, the water quality is still very poor and unhealthy. WATER AND LIVING SPACE Back in the day, there used to be a lot of activities held in the setu, such as water sport (e.g. swimming), fishing, even cleaning and bathing. The setu used to be the gathering place and leisure destination for the inhabitants. There were many things that Setu Rawa Besar could provide for the people, but as the condition shifts and the setu no longer and the site gives less, people started to disregard the setu by treating it badly, by throwing domestic waste.

Fig 12. Current condition of the said isuues: a) Water and waste; b) Waste and living space; c) and d) Water and living space Photograph by: Linjun Xie

REGULATION AND LIVING SPACE The main problem that the government faces for living space is the land authority. In the land legality aspect, most people in the area already have land certificate; but there are also land ownerships that has yet to be certified. It is due to people who claimed the area, and then they build land and settled there. There are plenty of dwellers who were immigrants and work in the area nearby. The government totally lacks control of the land. Not only poor in maintaining, local government is also poor in building a relationship with the dwellers. It is shown by the 2007 Depok Urban Renew-

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al that stated “reorganizing the settlement with ecological thought and community approach”, however; the dwellers have limited knowledge about the development planning, as the plans did not put the inhabitants’ opinion into consideration. WASTE AND LIVING SPACE Back in the day, there used to be a lot of activities held in the setu, such as water sport (swimming), fishing, even cleaning and bath-

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ing. The setu used to be the gathering place and leisure destination for residents. There were so many things that Setu Rawa Besar gave to the people, but as the condition shifts and the setu no longer provide advantages; people started to disrespect the setu by treating it badly, for example by throwing domestic waste.

Fig 13. Diagram by: Group 3

In conclusion, the main issue is the quality of life: for human and environment.

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Fig 14. Group 3 framework of thinking, Diagram by: Afifah Karimah and Istiqamah

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INTERVENTION

INTEGRATING MANAGEMENTS: WATER, WASTE, AND LIVING Our group proposes these three integrated approaches to respond towards the issue while we base our consideration from the positive characteristics of Setu Rawa Besar. First, we would like to reuse the grey water produced by the neighborhood. Secondly, we manage the solid waste, and lastly relocate the slums into a vertical-living estate. Since we decided to focus on three problems, we tried to simplify them by grouping them based on the responds, which are environment and social. The water treatment and the waste management are used to respond the environmental problem while the relocation is used to respond the social problem. In order to reuse the grey water, a natural filtration will be located at the riverbanks on the southern area, and plants (e.g. bamboo, cattail, calamus) are planted to help the chemical filtration process. Layered ground as one of the natural filtration form also gives an advantage as the retaining wall to anticipate the

overflowing water volume in rainy season. In addition to filtration system, a solid waste management is added to the proposal. We relocate the slums into vertical housings and try to normalize the area by stopping it from generating waste. With the slums gone, the rest of the area can be used as one of the waste dispatch point and urban farming area. This program is proposed so that any waste can be recycled and reformed as another product so that people who reside there can also benefit from the area. The area is designed to be as playful like a waterfront; so in a sunny day, the people would not lose their main gathering space. To make sure that the system runs in a long term, there are some regulations applied on the river area. The proposed policy and guidelines are: Fig 15. The wetland flow as the intervention, Diagram by: Weiyi Cui and Qingtao Li

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Water treatment An artificial wetland should be established in inlet areas around Setu Rawa Besar. Recently, water that comes from inlets is primarily a contaminated wastewater from commercial activities upstream. Therefore, wetlands will serve as a mechanism for filtering wastewater disposal. Wetlands should contain some elements, such as wetland plants and grasses, for instance; alang-alang and bamboo â&#x20AC;&#x201C; which could be beneficial in filtering water contaminants such as metals, sediments, toxic chemicals, excess nutrients, etc. Wetland plants should be put in a manner that control shoreline erosion and additionally, increase aesthetic value for the setuâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s visitors. The setuâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s depth should be transformed into different levels and heights, in order to provide effective water filtration. By planting different plants on each level, varying intensities of filtration will be provided for different contaminants. The transformed elevation will also serve as protection against flooding. The diversion of incoming water through an artificial wetland to the setu will improve overall water quality. However, the treatment does not merely applied on setu, but there also need a development in the drainage system in the neighborhood. Fig 16. Mapping the ideas of intervention on water treatment, Diagram by: Farah Nabilla Putri

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Fig 17. The edges of Situ Rawa Besar, Photograph by: Tri Damayanti

Fig 18. The wetland filtration system; including the elevation differences, various plant types, and solid waste filter device, Diagram by: Afif Muhammad F.

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RESIDENTIAL WATER The residential septic tank in the neighborhood needs to be repaired by managing pipes and waste water flow. Each house should be connected to a communal grey water filtration system, and there should be multiple filtration systems throughout settlements around the lake. The grey water will then flow through channels around the setu, and the grey water will be released and infiltrate as groundwater, and provide water for surrounding trees and green spaces. In addition, collective septic tanks will also be installed for all proposed vertical housing settlements. SMALL VENDOR WASTEWATER Small vendors will be able to dispose of their wastewater in the communal grey water filtration systems, which will be in close proximity to the separated solid waste bins.

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Fig 19. a) Grey water filtration system; b) obtaining clean water from ground and filtering grey water, meanwhile the black water will go directly to septic tanks, Diagram by: Afif Muhammad F. and Dany Fauzan

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Solid waste management SEPARATE TYPES OF SOLID WASTE Each house must separate their household waste into three types of waste: organic, non-organic, and B3 (hazardous and toxic materials). The households must be educated on how to separate their waste properly, through community approach initiatives by the government.

They should install a larger separated trash bins in the community, where households and small vendors can dispose their waste properly around the lake. The trash bins should be placed in increments of 50 m and composting stations will be located in close proximity to vertical housing, and should be managed by vertical housing residents.

Organic waste will be used for urban farming/ community gardens throughout settlements around the lake. In addition, non-organic and B3 waste will be collected and disposed in landfills or other appropriate disposal sites. Appropriate non-organic wastes (glass, plastic, paper) should also be recycled.

Fig 20. Waste cycles and the possibility of uses or distribution, Diagram by: Wenjun Hu and Gaoli Zhu

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Fig 21. Illustration portraying the compost system, Illustrated by: Bella Septianti and Maulina

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Fig 22. Waste distribution and final disposal, Diagram by: Wenjun Hu and Gaoli Zhu

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Living space

SETBACK TRANSITIONAL ZONE The 50 m transitional zone between setu and residential zone should serve a multitude purposes, including: green space, pedestrian walkways, tree planting areas, and small vendor areas. The 50 m transitional zone will serve as a buffer between residential and commercial land use with the setu, and it is expected to improve the living quality and community health nearby.

Fig 23. a) Section of proposed urban farming, Diagram by: Afifah Karimah; b) Sec

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VERTICAL HOUSING The slum dwellers that do not have legal land rights and will be displaced should be offered an option to rent the vertical housing. In order to afford these vertical housing options, employment opportunities should also be created and offered to former slum-dwellers.

ction of proposed public space, Diagram by: Reza Yanuar Sandi; c) Section of proposed vertical housing, Diagram by: Yaotian Wang

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MASTER PLAN To formulate the master plan, we should restore defunct community groups to encourage community participation and address subject matters such as: security, neighborhood relationship, community activities, active participants, and responsible stakeholders. The initial way to achieve this goal can be done by selecting the leader in the region. Thereafter, we can utilize community groups as medium for the government and citizens to effectively collaborate and communicate.

Fig 24. Diagram by: Tri Damayanti

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LAND USE

WATER FLOW

LAND FILL

WETLANDS

Fig 25. Mapping of intervention; 50m setbacks from Situ, change of land use, land fill, water flow and wetland system, Diagram by: Farah Nabilla Putri

50 Setbacks The 50 meters setback is taken from the policy from Depok government. It was determined as the proper amount of buffer area between the residential and the Situ. Within this area, there would be greenery and

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pedestrian walks to improve the quality of neighborhood in surrounding area. However, to construct this idea, we need to demolish the slums at the Situâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge and deal with the property loss of the people living there. This

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is the reason why we included the vertical housing as one of our respond in the proposal of the wetland.

Fig 26. The previous condition and post-intervention circumstances, Diagram by: Nisrina Muthi Meidiani

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Fig. 27 Long-term

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ECO CITY CONCEPT This illustration shows an Eco City design that unify people and its surroundings; how people live and maintain the natural environment – and in response – how environment could sustain people’s life. ‘Water and Biodiversity’, ‘Energy and Material’ and ‘Urban Farming and Transport’ are the concepts that will be emphasized in this proposal. These ideas will be integrated as described: ‘Water and Biodiversity’ and ‘Energy and Material’ will utilize water as renewable energy. The implementation will also use eco-friendly technology and materials.

Water and Biodiversity’ and ‘Urban Farming and Transport’ is an approach that will use natural resources to supply human needs; for instance, with fish farming practices and urban farming, the area could provide food as well as improve green areas. In addition, to maintain the environment quality, the use of local transportation modes will be preferred. ‘Energy and Material’ and ‘Urban Farming and Transport’ apply the optimal use of energy and material, therefore it may reduce the waste. To fuel the vehicles, the area can also develop biofuel technologies that use waste as its component.

m plan proposal for the intervention of Situ Rawa Besar, Diagram by: Reza

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COLLOQIUM 1

WHAT WE FOUND FIRST GROUP 3A - DOWNSTREAM

History of Setu Rawa Besar

In the 1980â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, the water was still clean enough for drinking and swimming. After the government housing project was built, the waste went into the lake. Now the lake is only used for fishing and rowing boats. The issues are: Garbage, Water Pollution, Slums. In terms of solid waste, what is happening to the lakes? What is the original size of the lake? The area is becoming smaller and smaller because of the waste. The solid waste is permeating the lake. The algae/oxygen ratio impacts the fish. Human waste (feces) pollutes the lake. The problems include the impact of solid waste, the silting of Setu Rawa Besar, water pollution, a shrinking lake and flooding risk. All water pollution problems are related to human activity. Lots of rubbish is floating in the lake. There are natural, biological problems and geographical conditions that relate to the rainy and the dry seasons. Then, there are manmade reasons related to physical buildings and chemical dumping. The damage to the lake results in negative effects on human health. The chickens eat rubbish and the people eat the chickens. (ecological cycle). We need to consider how to develop the economy, without damaging the livelihood of the people. There is a small pond, separated from the main lake, possibly by land fill. The local people made smaller ponds in-between the structures for fish ponds.

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Reasons of Polluted Water

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Fig 28. Diagram by: Nisrina Muthi Meidiani (a), Wenjun Hu (b)

Fig 29. Mapping of interesting activities in Situ Rawa Besar

GROUP 3b - upSTREAM Setu Rawa Besar is located on 16.5 hectares. The water quality (BLH) is related to the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). The use of the lake concerns flood control, irrigation, fisheries, and spring water. Among the issues are conservation and sedimentation, dredging and retaining walls, waste filtering and trash pickup by the government. Land use issues are related to water boundaries. Housing types include informal settlements, private housing, government housing. Other land uses are educational facilities, govern-

ment offices, retails, mosque (mesjid) and church. The area is located in a transit exchange junction with angkot (mini-buses), ojeks (motorcycle taxis), trains and buses. Some of the local enterprises are small breeding (chickens) and fish ponds. Key interesting categories are: Waste and Water (bottles are collected by residents. Trash recycling form upstream), Housing (there is a huge gap in housing types, especially those built for low-income people), Activity (an area is gridded off for

fish pond breeding by the servants to make a profit), Racing boats are another example of how water becomes an enterprise and Fishing: The sketch of people fishing along the lake reveals the interaction between various activities. The retaining wall is useful to sit on when fishing. Someone has added a bamboo frame to hold the fishing rods. The fishermen are drinking coffee. The warung nearby sells coffee to the fishermen, thereby inviting another activity.Â

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Q&A SESSION Q1 Miktha Farid

Q2 Dr. Li Yu

What are the spatial characteristics of the site? What makes the difference between the inlet and outlet to define the future potential of the site? Think more about the garbage leading to rivers of waste. This thought is more general so you can define the potential of the site. What is feasible? What is infeasible? What are the things you can measure? Think about the waste, not only the garbage.

Regarding this area, there are two potential activities: 1. Water Quality and 2. Existing Slums. Think and then you can create potential research issues. What would it be like if they were resettled? What kind of job opportunities do they have? Do they wish to move to the government housing? This will define the research. The second issue is the quality of water. Who are the polluters? What is the quality of the water? In the future, all will be resolved to

ensure the quality of water. Beyond the 50meter boundary, there are also factories that discharge waste water into the lake, which impacts the quality of the water. After regeneration or renewal, it would be interesting for the second group to define whether the activities will be interesting for the local people. Consider the provision of public space into the existing activities related to land use.

Fig 30. Group 3B during first presentation, consists of students from Universitas Indonesia and Cardiff University

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wRAP-up Dr. Andrea Frank It has been pleasurable and a real tribute to work together. I am excited about the sites and the ideas. The presentations meet our expectations relative to geographical scale on a micro level. Time scale also needs to be considered, in order to analyze the present and to consider a future-oriented baseline. How far in the future do you wish to project an idea? What are the key dynamics: socially, culturally, and dynamically? Think about the issues in-depth. What sort of areas are those shaped by urban planners? Ask the communities how they want to be in the future. The terms also need to be unpacked. What do we mean by the environment? Does it mean biodiversity? Do people have different understandings? â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Fishermen, Local Residents, Traders, Visitors? A shared understanding is different than an individual understanding. You have to work to have meaning, to strike a chord with people. You have a great capacity. Rise to the challenge. There is still time left for unleashing and exchanging ideas â&#x20AC;&#x201C; make the effort! Kyle Dost In terms of environmental issues and water management, a common theme is bridging. The strengths are that the good presentations foster collaboration based on a foundation of green infrastructure and connectiveness, which takes a collective approach. In focusing on the strengths, those presentations which express a strong spatial understanding look at the source of water: where inflows are and where the outflows are locat-

Fig 31. Dr. Andrea Frank giving a feedback on the first colloqium

ed. Many of the stronger presentations have a good understanding of vivid, visual designs. There is also a strong connection between human interaction and the environment. Further studies will explore the eco-cultural connections between humans and water. The gaps occur among other projects in which the participants need to think about how they collect data. Although we may not have the technology, you can be innovative, for example with water quality. Besides finding the data that complement each other, a dynamic occurs in utilizing the expertise be-

tween members and with the strengths of this 50-person studio and seminar. Taking advantage of our diverse backgrounds, other approaches would be to develop existing ideas, to spur new ideas and to develop and synthesize these ideas. The ideas and recommendations have real potential, i.e., with the new Toll Road across UI, recommendations could be made so everyone could see the actions happening, during and after the construction process.

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Fig 32. Explaining the accessibility, existing land use and opportunities the Situ possesses.

Diane Wildsmith In reference to Manuel De Landa, there are three metaphors: geological, biological and linguistic. These metaphors are poetic in relation to the understanding of green infrastructure. What we have been doing in this seminar is adding layers of understanding, layers of knowledge and layers of exchange of ideas. In a biological sense, once the soil is ready the seed will be planted to define

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the sustainable relationship between nature and humans. We are from many different countries and different languages. With that diversity we have the chance to propose innovative ideas for sustainability. Dr. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan The seminar will continue at 8 am tomorrow and we will proceed as normally, unless we are advised otherwise. Depok is relative-

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ly safe and away from the commotion of Jakarta. Some of the groups may plan to visit the site and continue their interviews and research. We will reconfirm the seminar plans in the morning to make arrangements for angkots (mini-buses), taxis and other transport to the sites to continue the seminar process. Thank you all for your participation and excellent efforts.

COLLOQIUM 2

A RICH LIFE IN THE SLUM GROUPS 3A & 3B Setu Rawa Besar We divided the area into 5 zones for surveys and observations, including formal government housing, education and slums. The survey forms an equation based on variables of gender, age, highest education levels, etc. What are the problems they (the respondents) are facing? The activities related to water are cooking, bathing, and cleaning. The respondents say that the residents no longer use the lake. The immigrants use the lake for fishing. Among the suggestions from the survey include: better waste management, better irrigation and the residents are open to the idea for a recreational space for social activities. In terms of planning, we noticed that a courtyard is used to play badminton. In the community social housing, the main road is used as a public space. Some public spaces are not in good condition. For example, the basketball hoop is broken, so the courtyard is used for kids to play football instead. There is a mosque and we noted the call to prayer. Most of the area is filled with government housing so during the time of our survey from 2 pm to 5:30 pm, most people are at work and not a lot of people are going back and forth. In relation to the key plan, the area is quiet. There are a few supermarkets. The respondents of each generation think that the envi-

ronment is important. Zone C is used for educational purposes. There is a high school. Behind the informal settlements, the students collect the garbage. In Zone B, the space is shared with 22 households. There is a pump within view. The channel is full of garbage. People gather worms for fishing. There is a rich life in the slum with chickens running around and fish ponds. There is public life and time for chit-chat. There is a traditional market area and people rent houses. In terms of the zonal analysis, we looked at gardens, waste, flooding and people’s interaction with water. Our diagram of three intersecting circles concerns: Water, Waste and Living Space. Drinking water is sold. We looked at waste disposal and living spaces. In considering a spatial representation of the problem of drinking water, we also discussed policy interventions. In terms of public living space, the government implemented a 50-meter setback, which is currently filled with rental housing. Vertical housing is proposed as future policy. Another policy addresses wastewater disposal. The policy proposed would consider the use of septic tanks for waste water disposal. As part of our micro analysis, we scrolled the regulations. We asked ourselves, ‘Why do such regulations exist?” Our next objective is how to make regulations.

History of Setu Rawa Besar

Perumnas & Kampung Lio

Perumnas

Educational Area

Slums

Market

Fig 33. Divisions of land use in Situ Rawa Besar

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Q&A SESSION Q1 Prof. Abimanyu I am surprised that none of you are talking about Setu Rawa Besar in relation to Depok City with 2 Million residents and also in relation to JABODETABEK. If we consider the location in relation to the next megapolitan region, it will be in the center. How does the possibility of the future impact your concept? What kind of data do you need to connect to that idea? Answer Since both groups accessed the site from different transportation modes, actually, the site can be developed for more industries with empty land used for green space. I would add that we have been talking to people from the government. Even if the regulation is good and it is updated every five

years, there is an impression that the government didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t really do an analysis based on what people need and an analysis based on the present conditions. In considering urban renewal in Depok, maybe it will be in terms of the Depok Regional Township in the future. Q2 Miktha I would like to address a problem for your presentation in fully talking about the data and compiling data. Today it should be about design strategies. Do you want to stick with the regulations? The idea is to play with the kind of potential the site offers and to focus on what kinds of things you want to pursue. The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Web of Waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is missing. If Water is the main ingredient, you should be able to collaborate (and correlate) water with anything. If you already catch the issue, the we have very little time to analyze the parameters.

Q3 Prof. Andrea It is really great that the group managed to do site visits and analysis together and also to consider waste water and how it is related to living space and how it is related to the big concept. How can we move forward to make the situation better for these people? Comment Adam How can we make the whole area better? This is a great presentation. It is surprising to see the extra effort and undertaking in relation to this iterative process of giving presentations. Pay attention for the last presentation and put time into it to create a solid product.

Fig 34. Kyle Dost wrapping up the second colloqium

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embracing whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ahead The policy system regulates that a 50-meter green belt occurs around the perimeter of the lake, but in looking at the plan, the existing residential and school area make it hard to push them into compliance. Our work will not solve the whole problem, unless the problems of the larger city are solved. Setu Rawa Besar is in the center of Depok, which is nearly in the center of Jakarta. The place can be reached through public transport and by small buses. On the plan, details about accesssibility are shown by the red line, which indicates the walking path. The zoning functions are shown as housing (Yellow), schools (Green), etc. Observations on the site were undertaken to find out the real questions. By looking at the past activities, we find that there are many interesting economic activities, such a selling food and fishing. But, the water quality is in a really very bad condition, so our idea is that Water is the opportunity to improve the environment and create job opportunities. We wish to consider how people are related to the lake (setu) as fishermen and tour guides. If they see the setu as their home, then they will keep the water clean. The method for the survey is to divide the lake area up into fixed zones and to survey the residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; awareness and their considerations. There were 34 random respondents who indicated on average that they would keep the fishing boats and that they wanted

Fig 35. Members of Group 3

to keep the environment as their own and not turn it into a tourist area. In a diagram, three circles of waste, water and living intersect The quality of life and the human environment is the indicator that intersects all three of the issues. Also considered are Land Use and Land Fill as well as dealing with waste problems, water flow and wetlands in the 50-meter deep setback. Current inhabitants of housing located in the slum areas expect to undergo relocation into vertical housing near the original location.

Living close to the water involves three strategies. The first strategy is to increase the living space and the public space. The second is to set up a solid waste management strategy. The third involves water treatment so that the wetland can deal with sewage from the houses and water quality in the lake. Water management is likely to involve a connected drainage and piping system, collection of rainwater and grey water and provision of septic tanks for the proposed vertical housing. There is likely to be a combination

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Fig 36. Group 3 having Q&A session in plenary seminar

of an eco-wetland and an artificial wetland to filter the waste. The case study on Dongguan is an example of a wetland and a water treatment project. The section drawing shows the inlet area with a solid waste filter to manage the trash that is dumped in the lake. The ground level is higher than the lake (setu) and there is a retaining wall to block flood waters. Different kinds of plants will be used to filter the water. Bamboo is particularly good for removing metallic impurities. Regarding the drainage around the setu, a collective drain pipe from each house would be connected to a communal grey water tank where the water would be treated and then released into the landscape to eventually filter itself down as ground water into the water table. The black water would be collected in

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a septic tank, whereas the grey water will be dispersed into the soil. In terms of solid waste management, several connection points for solid waste will be located in the neighborhood, near the residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; houses. The trash would be separated and then taken to larger collection points to be collected as organic, non-organic and hazardous waste to be processed by a cleaning company. There will be areas for composting in a communal urban farming area around and near the setu. The exhibit will also serve to educate people about the importance of the environment. The border lands of the setu will be used as public space with additional docks for fishing, a 5-meter wide pedestrian walkway and a 10-meter public space and space for urban farming behind the houses.

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The policy measures to be considered for wastewater treatment include septic tanks and an artificial wetland. For solid waste management, the policy includes waste separation into communal trash bins. Other policy measures might include improving the quality of public living space in the 50-meter setback as a transitional zone. Vertical housing is proposed to replace the displaced slum dwellings. Future policy considerations would encourage provision of employment opportunities. Additionally, enhancing the power of the community groups to act as a medium between the government and the people would be advisable for policy realization. Policy measures are a way to face the problems and the obstacles and to provide for many opportunities within the community.

Q&A SESSION Q1 Dr. Andrea Frank

Q2 Dr. Jocelyn Widmer

Answer

Thank you for the wonderful summary. I like how you approached being humble in your inquiries in order to enhance your understanding of the complexity of the site. From a systems level approach, the scale of the challenges range from the intimate scale to the larger scale. What happens in the future in the context of a larger scale? What are the opportunities for water to act as a democratic space? How do you define the fluidity between the communities and the center of the lake when you cannot access the water unless you are in the middle of the place?

I would like to weigh in here to say that to enhance the green space does not mean that you have to displace the green spaces, but it can be done in a familiar social context.

Basically, we also asked whether people were satisfied with the living spaces or not.

Answer

Do you think it is because of the physical conditions or is it because of the intangibility of the area?

Also I didn’t see the connection between the social data and the eco-wetlands. How do you ground the data in the solutions? Lastly, engagement with the community is moving forward with a cross-section of stakeholders, resulting in heterogeneity.

Q3 Prof. Li Yu

This is a wonderful presentation. What do you want to achieve with an eco-community? Alright, there is enhancement, but how do you achieve the plan with the community? If you move people out of the area to build a new building, how do you engage the community? I just want to ask how to address the program with human beings to build an eco-community?

Also we can focus on the urban farming and the community involvement to participate in the maintenance. It is important to engage the community in all parts of the plan. People are generally very happy within their communities.

This is a very interesting presentation, especially in terms of treatment for a systematic view that is not just about the lake. My question is, “Why do you suggest landfill on the site for the solid waste?” Answer For the waste management system, the orange squares shown on the plan are locations for the smaller bins set with a 50-meter gap in-between, so each part of the community can easily access the bins. Then, the trash will be taken to the waste collection area. The idea is just to collect the small scale trash and then take it away to the city landfill for further processing.

Answer

The public space problem is answered with the vertical housing to give a better quality of space.

What is your main challenge? Is it the social aspect of transferring from illegal to legal status? Did you cover this in your questionnaire?

Answer People said they would like to move as long as they could stay with their neighborhood. Q6 What impresses me most of all is: “What in this area makes the community so particular? What needs to be preserved and how do you use it to regenerate this place?” Answer In the past there was a strong connection between the people and the setu. Today this is not the case. There is a lot of activity in the setu with lots of people fishing, but we have no idea if the fish are edible. People in the setu area are not well-educated about the environment, so that the idea is about having a community base to keep the connection alive. It is a change of tact to focus on the environmental issues. Q7 I am impressed with the wetlands proposal to build up the slope and to add a pumping station. Technically, this works. Will this place remain as a wetland or is there a risk that it will be invaded by future urbanization? How do you see that can be managed?

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Answer

Q10 Dr. Jocelyn Widmer

The wetland is proposed due to the situation with water pollution. The question is, “How to remand this area in the future? There is a projection that Jakarta will continue to expand and we also know about the floods so Setu Rawa Besar can be used as part of a ‘sponge city’.

One aspect has to do with daring people to change their aspects.

Q8 Another point of prevention is government policy with the 50-meter setback, so people can make a connection in the 20-meter public space to protect the lake with 5-meter pedestrian and 15-meter public space, etc. Also in cooperation with community groups, there could be measures taken to limit the number of people migrating to the area. The proposed vertical housing is for the current residents. Answer Education is very important so the people will understand how important the wetland is for the quality of life, so people need to take ownership Q9 Adam I have a question regarding the urban farming. Your proposal is awesome. Are people interested in utilizing the space for that reasons or would they use it for something else? Answer For the urban farming itself, we did not specifically ask that question in the survey. If people are given faming within their own houses ,then this is a possibility.

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needs to pay attention as they will put a lot of money into the plan. In terms of education, people need to deal with the environment and how to manage their lives.

Q10 Bill Whiteford

Our ideas and plans are based on the government plans.

Top notch information – if approximately 1,000 families will be displaced in the slum area, where will they go and what will happen to them?

For a top-down approach there needs to be a middle man between the government and the people. The people need education so they can understand the overarching requirements.

Answer From the data, it is not 1,000, it is more like 100. We propose that they are relocated to vertical housing and have jobs, such as home gardening skills or cleaning skills for tourist destinations, which are provided in the same vicinity.

We talked a lot about this in the working groups, but currently these (community groups) are not active, so they need to be re-activated.

Q11 Kyle Dost

Q12 Frank Sedular

This is a great job in capturing a holistic perspective. The design captures the benefit of eco-system services. How does this relate to the planning cycle in terms of collecting data? How do you formulate an implementation plan and when can you rely on making the solutions come to life?

Answer

Answer Most of the time the rumah susun is too far away from their current working and living space, which costs time and money to travel back and forth. That is why we propose vertical housing around their current working space.The biggest reason is that the population is too big.

Your question is related to our processing and collecting the data and what we should do to implement it. People don’t see this as a problem. The government does not necessarily know why there is a 50-meter setback. We think that the regulation is not strong enough, so we decided to go beyond that and look at the people’s capacity. In order to improve the environment, first we need waste treatment. The government

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This is a very interesting approach. Could you explain the design process of working with the poor communities in Central Jakarta? There has been a lot of push-back from the informal residents. What is the decision to move the poor people into vertical housing – is it a quick fix? Answer Most of the time the rumah susun is too far away from their current working and living space, which costs time and money to travel back and forth. That is why we propose vertical housing around their current working space. The biggest reason is that the population is too big. Q12 Dr. Andrea Frank This is a quick interjection. How long does it take to build the 3-level housing? How much space do you need? How will you solve the problem of temporary space? During the process while it is being built, where do you move the people and how do you manage them? Answer The vertical housing is planned to be 720m2 with 25 rooms on each level. I am not sure how long it will take to build three floors. We didn’t consider where the people will live temporarily. In China, this might take about a year and the people have move to another part of the city.

Q12 Dr. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan The government plans to return the lake from 15 ha currently to 25 ha previously. What do you think about this planning from the government? In relation to the outlets of the lake, sometimes there is flooding involved. What are your thoughts regarding this scheme that you propose here? Answer One response regarding the government plans to expland the setu is that this will be very hard to do because the settlements are very dense. This kind of expansion won’t keep up with the urbanization trend. Near the bridge and the government housing, the gutter system in that area of Setu Rawa Besar is kind of clogged. There are retaining walls along the setu, so that area floods. The setu itself never floods regularly, only during peak flooding. What causes the floods is that the gutter is clogged in the front of people’s houses, so the water doesn’t flow properly. Only the slum areas are flooded by the setu. The water is approximately knee-height during the flooding. In the government provided housing, the retaining walls block the flooding. Comment Actually vertical housing is too radical at the present time

Fig 37. Closing

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participants universitas indonesia

Afif Muhammad F

Afifah Karimah

Bella Septianti

Dany fauzan

Farah Nabilla Putri

Istiqomah

Nisrina Muthi Meidiani

Reza Yuniar Sandi

university of florida

Tri.Damayanti Alyssa Henriques

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participants cardiff university

Daren Wang

Gaoli Zhu

Haoran Zhang

Linjun Xie

Nanqi Ye

Qingtao Li

Siqi Huang

Weiyi Cui

Wenjun Hu

Yaotian Wang

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facilitators Prof. Jocelyn Widmer University of Florida

Dr. Li Yu Cardiff University

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Dr. Ing Ova Chandra Dewi, S.T., M.Sc Universitas Indonesia

Miktha farid, S.Ars., M.Ars. Universitas Indonesia

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closing remarks

William Whiteford, University of Florida field, you are so professional, the ways you asked to talk in the name of the students from I could give accolades and informative comments, but what I would like to do is to take time about the challenge that lies ahead. We all know a journey starts with one step. Like a prelude to a book of your story, on your journey, it starts here. All we can do is to start here. To paraphrase Walt Whitman after his visit to Walden Pond, it is not the amount of love, but the amount of footsteps you leave behind in the sand. This is only the start. When you go back to your university, this seminar is a springboard for an eco-career and a sustainable planet.

Dr. Andrew Flynn, Cardiff University Kemas has inspired me with his jokes. “What is a fish with no eye? .. a fsh!” Okay, “What is a deer with no I? – No idea(r)!” It has been an enormous privilege to watch you in the

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have developed, the contribution you have made in the debates, you will only be able to appreciate later on. These are the memories you should treasure. There were many special debates. What make this seminar so special is the people we are able to interact with each other and that is what makes the program so special. Enjoy your time, enjoy your lives as much as you can. You have shown you have the energy for improving the lives of other people around you.

Miktha Farid, Universitas Indonesia Thanks for the special events and we will be very pleased if you come to our university again. – until we meet again.

Liliana Fonseca, Cardiff University We really want to thank everyone for making it possible for us to come here. When

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Cardiff University, I decided to ask my fellow classmates what they felt they got out of this experience. They said it was intense, chaotic. Getting out of the four walls of the University and going out in the field was something we weren’t accustomed to do and it felt overwhelming, but yet such an amazing opportunity to learn so much in such a short time. Something in particular we took from this was a change in lenses. For it is not only our perspective that we were influenced by, but also the perspectives from our Indonesian and American colleagues and from the locals. We think differently now and we have grown. Thank you.

Kyle Dost, University of Florida To see all the international perspectives and to mix all those together is amazing. It is awesome to see how people link to culture and

the urban landscape. I want to discuss how enjoyable our social interactions were. We enjoyed the food so much, especially the satay ayam. Thank you for being so welcoming to all of us and helping us to adapt. Thank you all for helping us to recognize the similarity with each other, so in terms of social media, I am going to take a celebratory video now!

Farah Nabila P, Universitas Indonesia First I would like to show and give my gratitude to the facilitators. Even though we were bound by a tight schedule, it was wonderful to work together to enjoy our moments. This should not be our end, but the beginning of an international freindship. I wish you all health and success.

Dr. Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan, Uni- studio facilitators kept things ticking over and the next time we bring a large group, I hope versitas Indonesia I would like Diandra and Tania to come forward to give this testimonial. It took quite a while for us to prepare this program. After the end of the October Stakeholder’s Workshop, we started in January with an extensive exchange of emails. We kept in our mind that we have a lot of things to do. The friendship behind this collaboration is the most important thing for everybody here. I, Tania and Diandra would like to apologize if there has been something that has been inconvenient for you.

Dr. Andrea Frank, Cardiff University In the end and from my previous visit, I knew everything would be fine. I had some faith that things will happen. I’d like to say something on behalf of all of the students. Diandra and Tania, you did an incredible job. The

you will throw yourselves again into the task.

Dr.Yandi Yatmo, Universitas Indonesia I am glad that everything is fine. You have experienced everything – the village, the sounds of the crickets and the bomb. We learned about collaboration and how to try to understand the problems. Our thanks to all of you.

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photographs opening remarks

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walking tour

Fatahillah Square, Museum Bahari, Kampung Luar Batang, Sunda Kelapa

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site visit

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Lectures

Studio Work

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Colloqium and seminar

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closing remark

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appendix

Questionnaire-Setu babakan

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Chart-Setu babakan Quesioner about Green Space

The people knowledge about how to proceed the waste in Setu Babakan questioned in a public awareness of garbage segregation inquiry, how the management do and their satisfaction about it and also what the actually major issues for correspondent related to the environment and his life.

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Quesioner about lifestyle

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Quesioner about Water Lastly, their perspective about water in daily used explained in the questions about the water activity they do, their knowledge about water pollutant, their scoring to its quality and relation to what they feel.

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Questionnaire-Lakes of universitas indonesia Hello, we are students of University of Indonesia. This questionnaire is designed to find out your opinions about the Kali Baru River. We would like to ask several questions concerning your living environment, and all information you provided will be used for the study only. Please answer the questions truthfully. Thank you for your help. Family size:

Gender:

Age:

Job:

1. What is the most common way you dispose household garbage? □ throw into the river □ throw by the wayside or farmland □ classify to sell □ taken away by garbage truck □ burn □ other 2. Where do you pour household waste water? □ in the own yards □ in the farmland □ through the drainage system □ into the river 3. In your opinion, what is the main function of the Kali Baru River? □ Fish-farming □ Discharge of waste water □ Entertainment □ Irrigation □Other 4. What do you think are the main pollutants in the Kali Baru River? (Multiple choice) □ Industrial waste water □ Gray water □ Household garbage □ Pollutants from upstream □ Garbage from passersby 5. To what extent do you think that the water pollution has a negative impact on your daily life? □ 100%-70% □ 70%-50% □ 50%-30% □ 30%-0% 6. Are you satisfied with your living environment? □ Not satisfied □ Moderately satisfied □ Satisfied □ Very satisfied □ Hard to say 7. Which aspect of living environment do you think that should be improved? □ sanitary condition □the water quality of the river □housing conditions □ others 8. Who do you think should take responsibility for the control of water pollution in the river? □ The government □ People alone the river □ Private sectors □ The public □ The media □ I don’ t know

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9. What do you think are the problems that exist the government’s management of the river? □ The disregard of the leadership □ Lacking sufficient support from policies □ Lacking legal safeguard □ The deficient environmental publicity and education work □ No participation of non-government organizations □ Others □ I don’ t know 10. To what extent do you think it is necessary for the residents to participate in the management of the river? □ 100%-70% □ 70%-50% □ 50%-30% □ 30%-0% 11. Do you need more public space for activities? □ very □ a little □ do not care □ not need 12. Any other recommendation about improve the condition of the river?

Chart-ui lakes

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Chart-ui lakes

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Chart-ui lakes

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QUESTIONNAiRE-Situ rawa besar

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CHART

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references Hendra, G. (2015). Pengembangan Ekowisata Hujan kota Universitas Indonesia dalam Upaya Menjaga Keamanan dan Ketertiban Wilayah Akademik 2015. Presentation on UI Campus Masterplan Workshop. Interior Minister Instruction no. 14/1988 Moore, C.W. (1994). Water + Architecture, Thames and Hudson, London. Pemerintah DKI Jakarta. (2014). Panduan Penggunaan Bangunan Gedung Hijau Jakarta Vol. 5-6. Sumantri. (January 9th & 15th 2016). Personal interview with the neighborhood leader or RT (Rukun Tetangga) 1 of West Beji District, Depok West Java. Sutjiningsih, D. (2015). Tata kelola Air dalam Masterplan UI 2015 (revised edition 2). Presentation on UI Campus Masterplan Workshop. Tjahjono, G. et. al. (2015). Universitas Indonesia (UI) Masterplan 1984, 1997-2003, 2003 (evalution) & 2008 in Rencana Induk UI Depok. Presentation on UI Campus Masterplan Workshop. Yahya Andi Saputra, Cici A. Ilyas, Zen Hae, 2014.. Demi Anak Cucu: Sejarah Perkampungan Budaya Betawi Setu Babakan (History of Setu Babakan as preservation place of the indigenous Betawi culture in Jagakarsa, Jakarta, Indonesia). Suku Dinas Kebudayaan Jakarta Selatan. http://library.anu.edu.au/record=b3755976 Indah Setiawati, (2013) “Setu Babakan gets facelift,” in The Jakarta Post, Thu, November 28 2013 (http://www.thejakartapost.com/ news/2013/11/28/setu-babakan-gets-facelift.html) Fransiska Surya, (2008) “Finding Sustainable Solutions for Situ Babakan: A preventive approach for slum forming in kampong peripheries in Jakarta,” TU Delft. http://repository.tudelft.nl/assets/uuid:d91e32bc-17cb.../arc_surya_2008.pdf Gunawan Tjahjono, (2003). “Reviving the Betawi Tradition: The case of Setu Babakan, Indonesia,” in Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review (TDSR), Volume XV No 1, University of California, Berkeley. http://arsitektur.upj.ac.id/download/download2.pdf BPLDH. (2014). Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Provinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta Tahun 2014. Jakarta: Pemerintah Provinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta. PP. (2001). Peraturan Pemerintah No. 82 tahun 2001.Republik Indonesia. SNI. (2008). SNI 3242:2008. Indonesia.

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