Sep | Oct 14 - International Aquafeed magazine by Perendale Publishers Ltd

I N C O R P O R AT I N G F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y

Efficacy of a pharmaceutical preparation based on glycyrrhizic acid â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in a challenge study of white spot syndrome in Litopenaeus vannamei

The live feed revolution The global surveillance of Antimicrobial resistance The Chinese Conventional Freshwater Fish Industry Fish Farming Technology supplement - RAS Technology

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SE P T EM B E R | O C T O B E R

AQUA

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CONTENTS

AN INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE FOR THE AQUACULTURE FEED INDUSTRY - INCORPORATING FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

Aqua News 3 5 5 7 8 8 9 9

Sweet potato protein breakthrough for Philippine fish farmers New sales manager at Azelis Animal Muyang to showcase FAMSUN brand at VIV China 2014 Import ban triggers union members to challenge Ghana government for explanation BioMar and Sagun sign final agreement Symrise AG successfully closes acquisition of Diana Group Novartis Animal Health Aqua announces winner of Young Scientist Award at Sea Lice 2014 New CEO appointed for the BioMar Group

Features 10 Efficacy of a pharmaceutical preparation based on glycyrrhizic acid in a challenge study of white spot syndrome in Litopenaeus vannamei 12 the unseen enemy 14 The Live Feed Revolution 16 The global surveillance of antimicrobial resistance 18 Yeast cell wall and the immuno stimulation 22 The Chinese Conventional Freshwater Fish Industry 28 Trends in global compound feed production 30 Trade shifts and price volatility prediction

Regular items 7 THE AQUACULTURISTS 26 PHOTOSHOOT 32 EXPERT TOPIC - CARP 44 INDUSTRY EVENTS ILDEX Cambodia 2014 Preview Aquaculture once again at this year’s EuroTier Aquatic China 2014 All go for Aquaculture Europe 2014! 50 CLASSIFIED ADVERTS 52 THE AQUAFEED INTERVIEW 54 INDUSTRY FACES

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom. All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2014 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

Also in t Our Fishhis issue:

Far Technolo gy centr ming supplem e section ent: RAS Tec hnology

Editor Professor Simon Davies Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk Associate Editors Dr Albert Tacon Email: albertt@perendale.co.uk Dr Yu Yu Email: yuy@perendale.co.uk Dr Kangsen Mai (Chinese edition) Email: mai@perendale.co.uk Editorial Advisory Panel • Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt) • Dr Albert Tacon (USA) • Professor António Gouveia (Portugal) • Professor Charles Bai (Korea) • Colin Mair (UK) • Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK) • Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada) • Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece) • Dr Kim Jauncey (UK) • Eric De Muylder (Belgium) • Dr Pedro Encarnação (Singapore) • Dr Mohammad R Hasan (Italy) Editorial executive Olivia Holden Email: oliviah@perendale.co.uk Editor - Asia Pacific Roy Palmer Email: royp@perendale.com Circulation & Events Manager Tuti Tan Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk Design Manager James Taylor Email: jamest@perendale.co.uk International marketing team (UK) Darren Parris Email: darrenp@aquafeed.co.uk Tom Blacker Email: tomb@perendale.co.uk Tilly Geoghegan Email: tillyg@perendale.co.uk Latin America Ivàn Marquetti Email: ivanm@perendale.com Pablo Porcel de Peralta Email: pablop@perendale.com India Raj Kapoor Email: rajk@perendale.com Africa Nathan Nwosu Email: nathann@perendale.com More information: International Aquafeed 7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square Cheltenham, GL50 3PT, United Kingdom Tel: +44 1242 267706 Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

Creoso - welcome

am on my way to participate in the aquatic China and VIV meeting in Beijing as I write this editorial. In the next issue of IAF we will report this event in detail and the range of topics in aquaculture nutrition from experts around the world and China in particular. This will be my second visit to this great nation and I am looking forward to the coming week with my colleagues from the magazine publishers Roger Gilbert and Tuti Tan. We have as usual, a most exciting issue for the autumn with a variety of interesting news items and reports from the industry at large and our continuing inclusion of related technology features that link with feed delivery and management issues as well as novel engineering systems bringing new opportunities for aquaculture. This is pertinent for the RAS technology for aquaculture that we discuss. Given major problems of disease in the global shrimp industry, we report on new strategies to curb such problems by novel feed additives in a controlled scientific challenge study. Professor Simon Davies Mycotoxins are the stealthy enemy of the animal feed industry with aquafeed being no exception and so opportunities to utilise natural fee based additives as solutions is welcome and we feature the use of seaweed extracts as such agents. Live feed revolutions in the early hatchery phases are making tremendous progress and a feature illustrates these approaches. Yeast is nature’s word food and a very topical feature reporting on applications of yeast and yeast derived fractions as potent immune modulators in aquafeeds offers a sound perspective for current and future use. With China in mind it is appropriate that carp is our main fish focus in this issue and the Chinese freshwater fish culture scene. No doubt I will enjoy sampling the delights of China on my latest mission and so I must be catching my flight. See you in the next edition and good reading till next time! Simon Davies

Sweet potato protein breakthrough for Philippine fish farmers

n The Philippines aquaculturists are exploring a new source of protein for fish - the local sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas. The nutritional properties of this vegetable root crop are widely recognised and are currently being exploited for inclusion in fish deists at the Tariac Agricultural College in The Philippines. The project is receiving government support through the Bureau of Agricultural Research and its program of commercialisation of technology. The National Technology Commercialisation Program is attempting to bring to market and provide fish farmers with affordable, high-quality formulations for fish. Enriching the potato was achieved through a microbial fermentation process over a two week period and which resulted in a protein product 17 times more in protein content than non-fer-

mented potatoes and having a shelf life of up to two years without adding antioxidants, say the researchers. To date the project has produced some 17 tonnes of PESP (protein-enriched sweet potato for feeding bangus, tilapia and shrimps. PESP is being hailed in The Philippines as a 'breakthrough' product for the aquafeed industry. The Technical College, which holds the patent, is planning to build a feedmill and move to industrial production and marketing of the product.

Aqua News

Lost crab pots keep re-bating themselves

ver 12,000 crab pots are lost in Washington state's Puget Sound every year, costing an estimated US$700,000 in lost harvest revenue, and more poignantly, damaging the sea floor environment. Using sonar to find the pots, divers and scientists venture into the waters to clean up and learn why pots are lost.

The problem

Recreational and commercial crabbing in Washington's inland waters is a popular pastime and an important seafood industry. But thousands of crab pots are lost every year, abandoned on the sea floor. The lost pots continue to attract Dungeness and red-rock crabs for up two years, trapping them until they die. The dead crabs then attract more crabs. "It just keeps on self-baiting itself," said Joan Drinkwin, programs director at the Northwest Straits Foundation, which spearheaded the crab pot cleanup project a decade ago.

The damage

Crabs are not an endangered or threatened species, so what's the issue? Scientists have estimated that a derelict crab pot can impact up to 30-square-feet of the sea floor around it, depending on where the pot landed. For example, a pot digging out cavities in the sea floor can damage eel grass beds. "If you think about 12,000 pots sitting out there every year, and you add that up, the numbers are pretty alarming in terms of the kind of impact they are having on marine habitat," Drinkwin said.

The causes

Research by the Northwest Straits Foundation has found a variety of reasons why pots are left behind. Lines attached to the pots can be cut by boats, a problem acerbated when people place pots in heavily used waterways. Badly tied knots can come undone. Pots are left in water that's too deep for the line. And sometimes, even sabotage among competing fishermen is a cause. "We see people putting their pots in the middle of ferry

Totality...let's imagine!

lanes. And obviously that's a terrible place to put your pot," Drinkwin said.

Ioannis Zabetakis, assistant professor of food chemistry, university of Athens, Greece

The clean-up

After using sonar to pinpoint crab pots on the sea floor, a diver plunges into the cold, dark Puget Sound waters using a rope with a weight thrown near the pot as a guide. Once the pot is found, it's tied to the rope and reeled in. The team uses divers in an attempt to minimize the impact on the sea floor. In a 2010 trip to Boundary Bay near the U.S.-Canada border, the team found over 1,000 pots in a 6-square-mile area. "When the divers went down to remove them, they tripped over the pots," Drinkwin said.

Crab pots aren’t alone

More than 336,000 animals from more than 240 species have been found in derelict fishing nets and crab pots, according to the foundation.The nets have killed porpoise, sea lions, Chinook salmon and many more species. Since 2002, the Northwest Strait Foundation teams have removed 4,700 nets and 3,400 crab pots from the Puget Sound. The law now requires fishing vessels to report a lost net, and there's no penalty.

Fixing the problem

Crabbing is relatively easy and accessible, but that also leads to people setting up pots without knowing how to do it well. Drinkwin and her teams can't pick up every crab pot left behind. So they've been focusing on areas with high concentrations of pots. "We recognized that what really needs to happen is a combined approach that includes some targeted removals in areas where the concentrations of derelict crab pots may be having an ecological impact in the area, combined that with really aggressive prevention campaigns that will educate crabbers how not to lose their pots and also we want to work more to making sure that crab pots used in Puget Sound have appropriate escape mechanisms," Drinkwin said.

et's imagine an aquafeed company that has merged with an aquaculture company and after this merging, the resulting company has merged with a snack manufacturer and then with a delicatessen high street shop. Totality. Impossible you might think. But impossible is nothing! Now, this total chain company is using as raw ingredients functional aquafeeds and the bioactive ingredients of the feeds pass all the way to the fish stripes with olive oil and lemon that are extruded and packed in a 70g little sachet to be sold as a delicious and nutritious snack (as opposed to crisps!). So, this company sells snacks named as “fish with olive oil and lemon: the med diet in a sachet”. Would you buy it? Would you consider it as an alternative and much more nutritional snack for your lunch break? The totality described in the first paragraph does not exist. However, this should be the driving force in aquaculture today: how we can make better (i.e. more cost effective, more nutritional, more “appealing” aquafeeds (with improved flavour and colour) in order to produce more attractive fish and then fish products. Fish snacks do exist in Japan (albeit not as the one described above) but not in Europe. So, what are we missing in Europe as we do not produce them? At the end of the day, Europeans are (supposedly!) interested in following a healthy diet and are prepared to spend a bit more money to acquire more nutritional food. Will the industry “smell” consumer trends and become more “total” in its approach? The Cutting edge products that are badly needed today at the consumer level, i.e. at the super market shelf, are functional foods containing whole fish (not only omega 3 fatty acids!) as there is growing scientific evidence that total fish is beneficial against cardiovascular diseases as opposed to (isolated) omega 3 fatty acids supplements. So, this scientific evidence now needs to be translated and transcripted by the industry into novel functional food (e.g. fish snacks) with a flavour better than omega-3 pills. Impossible is nothing. More information: Ioannis Zabetakis Assistant Professor of Food Chemistry, Univ. of Athens www.zabetakis.net izabet@chem.uoa.gr

The integrity of food / feed safety assurance certification Johan den Hartog, managing director of GMP+ International, Rijswijk, The Netherlands

he integrity or credibility of a certificate about food or feed safety assurance is increasingly important.The overall aim of cer tification is to offer confidence to all stakeholders in the market that a cer tified company fulfils the requirements of a normative standard of a certification scheme. Third party certification means that a company’s management system its implementation and daily operations are assessed by an impartial and competent party (certification body, auditor) in a consistent way.

Aim of integrity policy

A scheme manager applies an Integrity policy and related program with the aim of ensuring the confidence that the certified companies comply with the principles and requirements of the applicable normative standards in a proper and unimpaired manner. Otherwise a certificate will lose its credibility. From time to time, certified companies in the feed and food chain are involved in feed/food safety emergencies. In some cases, it raises doubts about the credibility and value of a certificate. In my view, an Integrity policy is one of the most challenging responsibilities of a scheme manager. In most cases, several certification bodies and auditors are involved in the assessment and cer tification of companies, participating in a food/feed safety assurance scheme. Besides impartiality and competence, also consistency of assessing practical situations by certifications bodies and auditors is a concern. Therefore, a scheme manager needs to evaluate the effectiveness of an Integrity policy from time to time and improve it regularly. Above, it has to find the

right balance regarding nature and extent of efforts (cost) to obtain optimal results. GMP+ International has 30 accepted cer tification bodies with about 350 qualified auditors in charge with the cer tification against standards of the GMP+ Feed Cer tification scheme. At this moment, it is fully in the process of evaluating and redrafting its Integrity policy. Integrity policy is not a standalone item, but par t and the breechblock of a coherent set of roles and responsibilities of the involved parties. Therefore, I want to emphasise the responsibility of each involved par ty for the credibility of a certificate, before I dive into the Integrity policy as such.

Responsibility of the certified company

Fir st of all, the cer tified company needs to comply with the requirements appropriately. The management’s responsibility is to propagate adherence to compliance and to evaluate the implementation and compliance regularly. Accurate compliance is also crucial otherwise it will fuel a tendency of indolence. An internal audit is a useful tool to assess compliance regularly. Feed safety culture is the responsibility of the management. Is food/feed safety a priority or a company value? If it is a priority, it can be high or low, depending on the (financial) situation. A value is always at the same level of urgency, because it is a driving force for daily operations. That makes the difference.

Responsibility of the certification body

The cer tification body’s (CB) main responsibility is ensuring competent and impar tial

auditors applying the normative standards in a consistent way, and dealing with nonconformity in accordance with the rules of certification set by the scheme manager. It is recognised that the source of revenue for a certification body is its clients paying for certification, and that this is a potential threat of impartiality. To obtain and maintain confidence, it is essential that a certification body’s decisions are based on objective evidence of (non) conformity and that its decisions are not influenced by other interests or other parties (ISO 17021, par. 4.2). Inaccurate assessment by an auditor results in inaccurate operations of an assessed feed company regarding feed/food safety control. The consequence is that it can lead to fur ther stretching of deviant behaviour and non-compliancy.

Responsibility of the scheme manager

Finally, in my view, the scheme manager too has its responsibility. It is about setting normative standards or certification criteria, about setting rules of certification and about the Integrity policy.

Setting normative standards

The requirements for participating companies as well as involved cer tification bodies in the certification scheme should be achievable and relevant. Validation, prior to implementation, is an important tool. Wellbalanced multi-stakeholder s par ticipation is key for setting achievable and relevant requirements.

Setting rules of certification

Defining a coherent set of rules for certification is another

4 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

impor tant role . For GMP+ International, it is about accreditation against EN 45011. Currently, we are transferring to ISO 17201. Fur thermore, skills and competence requirements of auditors and technical reviewers as well as regular examination of auditors should be ensured. A training program is being developed together with Wageningen Academy.

Integrity policy

GMP+ International’s Integrity policy consists of three cornerstones: complaints management, management of the early warning notifications and compliance assessment. Cur rently, the compliance assessments are carried out by means of witness audits, par allel audits and annual c e r t i fi c a t i o n o f fi c e a u d i t s . The complaints as well ear ly war ning notifications supply input for a risk-based approach of the compliance audit program. GMP+ International is continuously evaluating and reviewing its Integrity policy to improve the effectiveness. A pilot is under way with different types of retrospective assessments. These can either be focused on a single auditor, multiple auditors or the cer tification body as a whole. The first results are very promising and GMP+ International is considering adopting these assessments in a structural way, due to its relevant insights. Fraud prevention is becoming more and more impor tant. My experience is that fraud sooner or later comes to light, because errors are made and thereby it will be discovered. Unfor tunately, it can also result in adverse effects on customers. Recently, GMP+ International did not hesitate to take severe measures in a situation where gross negligence by a company was discovered. We are also investigating in the development of instruments for identifying abnormal behaviour patterns that could indicate fraud. Finally, we have to realize that cer tification and Integrity policy cannot prevent fraud.

Aqua News Changing the status quo

New sales manager at Azelis Animal

olm McEvoy joins the Azelis Animal Nutrition team in Ireland as sales manager. Colm has a B.AgrSc (Hons) in Animal & Crop Production from University College Dublin and has a wealth of knowledge in sales and development in animal nutrition, ruminant animal production as well as quality assurance. He spent the past two years working for Connolly’s Red Mills in Ireland as Sales Representative/ Nutritionist. Prior to this Colm had worked as a ruminant nutrition specialist for Richard Keenan & Co Ltd based in Ireland and Northern Ireland. Colm’s appointment bolsters the Azelis team in Ireland, driving to improve customer service with expertise and market knowledge; delivering safe feed and encouraging environments that can help support animal health, enhanced performance and yields. Azelis Animal Nutrition offers a wide range of products, including high quality feed mate-

rials – minerals, fats, technological, sensory and nutritional feed additives; processing and preservation aids for on-farm feeds and forages, and hygiene products. Azelis is the leading global speciality chemicals distributor providing a diverse range of innovative products and services. It serves more than 20,000 customers in the coatings, chemicals, rubber & plastic additives, food & health, animal nutrition, pharma and personal care industries. Through sourcing and distribution channels in every major market around the world, Azelis with its corporate service centre in Antwerp, Belgium, offers chemical producers market penetration, in-depth local knowledge, value-added services and tailored multi-territory solutions. Azelis, backed by private equity investor 3i, has a turnover of €1 billion and employs 1100 knowledgeable people located in 37 facilities in 33 countries across Europe, Australia, Canada, China, India, Japan, Singapore and Malaysia.

Muyang to showcase FAMSUN brand at VIV China 2014

new pellet mill launch, the first presence of its animal farming systems and a booth of 445.5m2 await FAMSUN’s customers and visitors to VIV China next week, 23-25 September.

FAMSUN

The wide international reach of VIV and its coverage of all sectors in the animal protein production chain provide an ideal platform for FAMSUN to introduce its latest products to the industry. The 35T/H pellet mill to be unveiled is the first gear drive press in FAMSUN pellet mill family. It is developed by the European R&D Institute of Muyang Company. Driven by a 250 kW motor, the robust machine can produce high quality pellets steadily above

35 tons per hour without downtime. Besides the exhibited press, a model of 25T/H capacity is also available for this gear drive series to meet different production demands. For aquafeed producers and people who interesting in improving production efficiency, the FAMSUN MY 120×2 Twin-Screw Extruder and the FAMSUN-WEM Automation System backed by bountiful proven data from production practices will give out solutions. It will also be the first time that the FAMSUN animal farming family presents itself at VIV trade shows. FAMSUN delicate cage raising systems, flat raising steel structure houses and pig penning systems as well as farm climate control systems will be seen on the 445.5m2 booth.

Roy Palmer, director, Aquaculture without Frontiers

he conundrum of how you get out of poverty and into wealth is difficult to explain let alone do.

The founder of the nonprofit Operation HOPE, John Hope Bryant, believes in the case for an “economic Marshall Plan” to give the poor “access to capital and knowledge about how to use it.” His view is that poor people rarely reap the fruits of capitalism because instead of meeting entrepreneurs, homeowners, and college-trained professionals, they’re surrounded by payday lenders, the unemployed, and people who’ve never had a bank account.They are surrounded by the ‘victim’ system so those factors foster the mindset and knowledge gaps that perpetuate poverty. Some say this is perpetuated in the foreign aid programs that exist. Additionally the Australian Minister for Employment said, “Whenever we go somewhere, what’s the first thing we do? We identify our name and the second what our role in life is. It is par t and parcel of our makeup.” If you do not have a job then all you have is your name! Social data confirms overwhelmingly, if you are in employment, your physical health, your mental health, your selfesteem, your social interaction are all enhanced. Not only for you as an individual, but for everybody that is in your family unit. Employment is a massive social good. The importance of employment should never, ever be down played. The other issue that is playing a big part of AwF activities today is that of gender. Since the ‘Women in Aquaculture’ session at World Aquaculture Adelaide AwF has organised a number of meetings with people who have shown interest in being involved in a Gender & Women Network (yet to be officially named). As is pointed out in the Repor t by the High Level Panel of Exper ts on Food Security and Nutrition for the Committee on World Food Security (HLPE FS&N) food security and malnutrition arise from inequalities, including those related to gender. Whilst the

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 5

first view of gender tends to be about ‘women’, the report highlights that we cannot ignore men’s conditions and behaviour are also critical in social and gender relations, and that men can also suffer from food and nutrition insecurity because of gendered fish sector work. Additionally this report highlights that the awareness of the role of fish in food security and nutrition is rarely adequately emphasized in food security and nutrition meetings. Nothing new there – the same thing has applied at discussions at world level regarding climate change. Clearly without awareness on the beneficial nature of fish as a source of good protein and micronutrients then it will not be promoted and consumed. Female literacy plays an important role in this area in developing countries. In HLPE FS&N, it states categorically that gender disaggregated dates are not routinely collected and little policy attention is given to the gender component in the overall fish sector. Even major documents such as the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries have been gender blind, which has the effect of precluding attention to gender in development policies and programs at global and national levels. There are about 160 million people working in the harvest area of seafood around the world and it seems that a likely majority of them are not being considered in governance, policy, development, etc. Surely this is something that needs to be reviewed and changed. Please help us in our quest to change the status quo. So you can join us on communications on this important area and get involved in the discussion and network please see http://www.aquaculturewithoutfrontiers. org/womens-network/ and let us have your views. AwF has a strategy and through our Aquaculture Learning Centres the aim is to not only educate on aquaculture, but to also engage in engineering, business, gender and nutrition as it is important to break the cycle of poverty and malnutrition.

AQUACULTURE

view

These activities and publications have been a cornerstone of the development of the aquaculture feed industry worldwide.

A Large but Fragmented Body of Knowledge Nonetheless, for all this dynamism, the large number of aquatic animal species (> 300 species), life stages, production systems, essential or conditionally-essential nutrients (> 50 nutrients) and feed ingredients that need to be studied results in great dilution of the research efforts and significant fragmentation of the body of knowledge generated. This represents one of the great challenges of our field, notably compared to other animal productions.

by Dominique P Bureau, member of the IAF Editorial Panel

Capturing and Valorising Research Information and Knowledge in Aquaculture Nutrition When I am asked what I do for a living and answer “research in fish nutrition and aquaculture”, my interlocutors often get a puzzled look on their face. Most people, even those working in animal production, don’t know how vibrant our field truly is.

A Vibrant Field When you have thousands of scientists and industry stakeholders attending congresses, symposia and workshops on aquaculture nutrition each year, one can only conclude that our field is very dynamic and draws of lot interest. Each year, thousands of research trials are carried out by academic, governmental or industrial research groups. These research activities are supported through generous funding from numerous governmental granting agencies and industry stakeholders. Hundreds of scientific papers, technical documents, and scientific communications (abstracts) are published each year on the nutritional requirements of a large number of aquaculture species and on the chemical composition and nutritive value of an increasingly wide variety of feed ingredients.

Making sense of scientific and technical information and developing a wholesome understanding of “state-of-the-art” is not simple in aquaculture nutrition, especially given the great diversity of animal species studied, ingredients used and the complex interactions between dietary (nutritional), endogenous and environmental factors. Capture and meaningful integration and Valorisation of the knowledge generated each year by these hundreds of studies represent one of the great challenges but also one of the great opportunities for the aquaculture nutrition community.

Making Sense of State-of-the-Art Significant efforts have been invested over the past two decades by my research team at the UG/OMNR Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory, as well as a small number of other research groups, to compile, audit, standardize and analyze data from hundreds of published studies. To do so, we have used various approaches: mathematical modeling, statistical meta-analysis and nutritional modeling. These “knowledge capture and Valorisation” efforts proved to be valuable since they have helped quantify the combined effect of different interacting dietary, endogenous and environmental factors. They also allowed the development of tools (e.g. models). Some models enable the optimization of feed composition to meet

nutritional requirements of animals in a cost-effective fashion, while dealing with increasingly complex array of feed ingredients (e.g. digestibility models for various nutrients and species). Other models allow the prediction of feed requirement, biological feed conversion ratio (FCR) and waste outputs from animal populations. What many of the knowledge capture and Valorisation efforts based on analysis of data from published studies have indicated is that when taken globally the research efforts in aquaculture nutrition have in the past been of highly unequal quality. In general, less than 50 percent of the published scientific studies surveyed contain sufficient information or have design and results that are sufficiently meaningful and credible to be used in modeling effort or statistical meta-analyses. These efforts have highlighted the need for improving the completeness and for rigorous auditing of the quality of published data. Nonetheless, quality of research has improved quite significantly over the past two decades in part through the hard work of editors and reviewers of scientific journals, a greater general awareness of proper scientific methods and the better training of scientists involved in the field. We, as a field, have made very significant progress and can be proud of this.

What’s Missing? What’s Next? Tons of highly valuable information is generated each year by our community. Some results find some use but most are never fully Valorised to their full potential. My group has spent countless hours going over and entering data from a variety of sources (our own experimental results, published studies, information from feed manufacturers, etc.) trying to extract valuable information. I often dream of a platform that would allow the systematic and effective compilation, analysis, interpretation and Valorisation of information generated by global aquaculture nutrition community. This system could be used to gather sufficient information allowing the development of more robust nutritional models applicable to

6 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

the broad number of species our industry is producing. These models would be continuously evolving and improving as new information would become available. Efforts would need to be invested in developing accessible and user-friendly interfaces for the developed nutritional models so that researchers, feed manufacturers, and aquaculture producers can more easily use these tools and work cooperatively to meet current and future challenges in aquaculture. How farfetched is this dream? Agree or disagree? Do you have any feedback or suggestions? Please contact me at dbureau@ uoguelph.ca

AQUACULTURE UPDATES Coral trout and moray eels communicate. Despite their stunning colours and impressive pouts,the humble trout has never been considered the smartest of creatures. But the species may have been underestimated. A new study has found that the coral trout could be just as clever as chimpanzees when it comes to teamwor k. UK researchers believe that the trout are able to select the most cooperative moray eels to help hunt for prey and use movements, such as headshakes, to communicate. Coral trout are torpedo-shaped and about 21in (50cm) long. They have speed to chase down a fish out in the open, while the moray eel boasts a sinuous body to find prey in hard-to-reach places. The eel benefits by being able to eat the fish chased into reef crevices by the trout. The trout benefits by being able to eat those fish the eel fails to catch. Coral trout - along with close relative the roving coral grouper - will use gestures and signals to flag the location of prey to an eel, including head shakes and headstands that actually point the eel in the right direction. Norel has a new distributor in the Colombian market. Biotecno-V is a company specialised in raw materials for animal nutrition and animal health. Biotecno-V produce, commercialize and distribute products with innovation and add-value for the feed industry sector. Norel, always thinking in the customers services decided to open new operations in Colombia. The new project will allow them to have presence in the feed additives sector with specialized products, developed with the higher technology and knowhow.

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Aqua News

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The Aquaculturists A regular look inside the aquaculture industry Import ban triggers union members to challenge Ghana government for explanation

ember s of the General Agricultural Workers Union (GAWU) in Ghana have called on government to disclose how it intends to increase tilapia production locally following its announcement of a ban on the importation of the fish. The Ministry of Fisheries & Aquaculture lately announced the ban on the importation of tilapia to help create a market for the local fish industry. GAWU, in a statement, commended government for the bold initiative, adding that it would help to lessen the $2 billion used annually to import fish into the country according to a 2012 report by the Ministry. Annual demand for fish currently stands at 880,000 tonnes, but only 42,000 tonnes is produced locally. GAWU argued that the directive should be backed by a concrete plan.

Edward Kareweh, Deputy General Secretar y of GAWU, disclosed that Ghana should not ban tilapia importation without any results-oriented alternative arrangement to meet the consumer’s needs, as well as fill the gaps that would arise by the directive. Mr Kareweh called for further explanation on the government’s directive since not all Ghanaians were likely to back it. Fur thermore, he questioned the period of time the directive would be enforced. Sherry Ayitey, the Minister of Fisheries & Aquaculture, recently disclosed to the media in Tema that the ban could create about 50,000 jobs in the aquaculture sector. The Minister added that por tions of the Volta Lake would be earmarked for all-year round aquaculture.

Students develop cheap water treatment system using chip packets A team of students at the University of Adelaide, Australia, has designed an elegantly simple yet efficient water treatment system using empty chip packets, some plywood and glass tubing. What’s more, the whole thing cost just AU$67 and doesn’t require skilled engineers to assemble, making it ideal for remote communities with no access to clean water. http://bit.ly/1wsFeb8

Carp in demand - one of the prime cultivated fish worldwide today The global market for aquaculture is expected to reach US$202.96 billion by 2020, according to a new study by Grand View Research, Inc. Carps were the largest product segment, accounting for 25,137.6 tonnes of global aquaculture demand in 2013 and is expected to reach 29,462.8 tonnes in 2020, growing at a CAGR of 2.2% from 2014 to 2020. The demand for carps is expected to rise as it is one of the prime cultivated fish due to its high compatibility with nonideal environmental conditions and its extensive use in fish farming. Mollusks were the second largest product segment, with market demand exceeding 16,619.6 tonnes in 2013, owing to health benefits resulting in high consumption. http://bit.ly/1uWFfDe

Bangladeshie fish farmers lose tax privileges The National Board of Revenue yesterday withdrew tax privileges for fish farming to rein in tax-dodging by a section of dishonest taxpayers who allegedly shift income from other sources to fisheries to evade tax.

NUMBER CRUNCHING

Carp

http://bit.ly/Xol2ef

51-61 cm-The average length of a carp in South-Eastern Europe (Where conditions are optimum)

32 kg-The maximum weight of a carp recorded in Italy in 1886 75 235 tonnes- The total catch reported for this species to the FAO in 1999 1g/kg body weight -The daily requirement of common carp for protein 3–35 oC Common carp occur within this temperature range 20–25 oC The optimum water temperature for growth and propagation

Source: FAO - www.fao.org/fishery/species/2957/en

1.8-4.5 kg –The average weight of a carp in SouthEastern Europe

Shark kills Australian swimmer in safe Byron Bay The hunt is on for a two-metre shark - thought to be a Great White - after it killed a 50-year-old local man who was swimming at Clarke's Beach in Australia's noted Byron Bay. Police with helicopters have sighted what may prove to be the killer shark but say that it might not be culled if it is found to be a protected Great White. Byron Bay is considered to be a safe beach with the last attack taking place in 1995. A second man went to the aid of the swimmer to drag him clear and onto the beach. Despite carrying out CPR the man died at the scene. His wife was on the beach at the time and in a highly distressed state according to reports http://bit.ly/1DlGKR9

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 7

www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com

FEATURE

BioMar and Sagun sign final agreement

t a small ceremony in Aarhus, Denmark, the final agreement for the establishment of a Joint-Venture feed company and a feed plant in Turkey was signed by BioMar CEO Mr Torben Svejgaard and the owner of the Sagun Group Mr Ahmet Sagun. Torben Svejgaard expects the factor y, which will be placed near Izmir in the south west of Turkey, to enter operation towards the end of 2015. Turkish fish far mer s will, however, already in a few months be able to purchase feed from other BioMar factories through the newly established BioMar-Sagun feed company. The BioMar-Sagun Joint-Venture feed company will mainly serve Turkey, the second largest aquaculture market in Europe, but once the feed plant becomes operational the new feed company will

also start export sales to some of the neighboring countries. The establishment of the new Turkish Joint-Venture will strengthen BioMar’s position in the Eastern Mediterranean area considerably. The Turkish market is already ser ved by more than 15 feed companies, but almost all are only local players with limited resources for research and product development. Local presence is one of the keys to the Tur kish feed mar ket, but many Turkish fish farmers h av e l o n g e x p r e s s e d t h e need for introducing new and better feed concepts allowing farmer s to obtain better and more stable production results. In collaboration with one of the leading Turkish fish farmers BioMar recently perfor med benchmark trials with some of

Symrise AG successfully closes acquisition of Diana Group

QUATIV, part of DIANA A q u a bu s i n e s s u n i t of DIANA Group, is pleased to announce the acquisition of DIANA by the German Group SYMRISE. Within the SYMRISE Group, DIANA will operate as a new division and will be positioned as the platform for natural ingredient based solutions for Taste, Color, Texture, Health and Nutrition, and Food protection. DIANA AQUA has been developing for many years a marine

sourcing backward integration for DIANA, securing the marine functional ingredient supply to DIANA targeted markets (FOOD, PET FOOD & AQUAFEED). This marine sourcing is only based on marine co-products which fully suppor ts our customers & company sustainable development policies. Thanks to this marine sourcing, AQUATIV has been expanded worldwide to become the sole player delivering highly standardized, safe and performing

AQUACULTURE UPDATES

considering listing on the Australian Securities Exchange in a float that could be worth Aus$400 million.

Australia’s $40 billion aquaculture industry is expected to boom by the end of this decade as the country’s biggest fish farmers Tassal and Cleanseas turn their fortunes around and inspire others to list on the Australian share market. Huon Aquaculture is

A soft robotic fish that was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), by Andrew Marchese, is reported to be capable of movement similar to that of a real fish. This "self-contained autonomous soft robot" can perform rapid movement, and by convulsing its body it can carry

the main Turkish feed brands, and these trials underlined the need for introducing more efficient and sustainable diets in Turkish aquaculture. Further, the combination of BioMar’s know-how in feed development and manufacturing with Sagun’s strong network within the Turkish aquaculture sector will give the new feed company a very strong platform to start from. The signing took place at the headquarters of Schouw & Co, the owner of the BioMar Group, in Aarhus, Denmark. Present were from left to right Mr Jens Bjerg

functional hydrolysates to the Aqua feed industry. Liquids and powders are obtained from the freshest and most sustainable marine raw materials sources one can possibly find. Adding to its expert knowledge in the field of marine protein hydrolysis

Sørensen, Managing Director of Schouw & Co, Mrs Seda Sagun, Mr Torben Svejgaard, CEO of BioMar, Mr Ahmet Sagun, Owner and President of the Sagun Group, and the next generation in the Sagun family Mr Ogulcan Kemal Sagun and Ms Nazlican Sagun. For more information: Group Sagun Mr Ogulcan Sagun Tel: +90 533 7276672 Mr Onur Fil Tel: +90 533 9621902 BioMar Group Mr Henrik Aarstrup Tel: +45 25 505071

inherited from DIANA, AQUATIV has built up a team entirely dedicated to aquaculture, including fish and shrimp nutritionists, health specialists and veterinarians. AQUATIV delivers natural ingredients bringing high functionality to the aquafeed and ultimately better productivity to the farmers. For more information: George MARCO President DIANA AQUA Email: gmarco@diana-aqua.com Catherine Esnol Marketing Assistant AQUATIV Email: cesnol@diana-aqua.com Website: www.aquativ-diana.com Website: www.diana-group.com Website: www.symrise.com

out escape maneuvers to change direction almost as quickly as a real fish can. Soft robotics is a relatively new field of robotics, which has earned its own journal- Soft Robotics. This field involves the development of robots from soft materials, making them flexible and ideal for movement around limited spaces, with the ability to change gait (locomotion achieved through movement) easily. Daniela Rus,

8 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

director of MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, who also helped to design and build the fish, is very excited about this research. "As robots penetrate the physical world and start interacting with people more and more, it's much easier to make robots safe if their bodies are so wonderfully soft that there's no danger if they whack you."

FEATURE

Novartis Animal Health Aqua announces winner of Young Scientist Award at Sea Lice 2014

asel, September 15, 2014 – Novartis Animal Health (NAH) Aqua is pleased to announce Kiranpreet Kaur, a post-doctoral researcher at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Sea Lice Research Center in Norway, as the winner of the most recent NAH Young

For her prize, NAH will host Ms. Kaur on a visit to the NAH Research Center at Saint-Aubin, Switzerland later in the year. While there, she will meet with leading NAH scientists to learn more about novel pharmaceutical developments and revolutionary new technologies in fish parasi-

• Kiranpreet Kaur, from Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Sea Lice Research Center, selected at Sea Lice 2014 for her presentation on the mechanism behind azamethiphos resistance in salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) • Kaur will travel to the Novartis Animal Health Research Center at Saint-Aubin, Switzerland, to meet NAH scientists and learn about their research • Award demonstrates ongoing NAH commitment to investing in future of the industry by encouraging development of young talent

Scientist Award. Presented during the Sea Lice 2014 conference in Portland, Maine, her presentation on the identification of the mechanism behind resistance against organophosphate (azamethiphos) in salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) was selected for top recognition by an independent panel of exper t judges from industry and academia.

tology. Her trip will also include an opportunity to present her work to the NAH researchers. “Being selected as the latest Young Scientist award winner is an exciting honor,” said Kiranpreet. “Having the opportunity to visit the Novar tis Animal Health Research Center in Switzerland, and engage with NAH scientists there, is a highlight for me and

New CEO appointed for the BioMar Group

derful and smart people. It has thus been a very difficult decision for me to resign, but this is the right time for me to withdraw from the executive life and seek a new career path as a non-executive." Chairman of the board, Jens Bjerg Sorensen, says, "First I want to thank Torben for his contribution to BioMar's development over the past six years. His successor Carlos has been with BioMar since 2000 and after a strong career in the Chilean organisation he has during the last years broadened his responsibility area successfully, so he today has responsibility for the two Regions Americas and Continental Europe and on top of that he is the overall respon-

orben Svejgard, who has been Group CEO in BioMar since 2008, has resigned from his position in order to focus on a career as a full-time board member. The BioMar board has appointed Vice President Carlos Diaz as new Group CEO. He will take over the seat from Torben Svejgard towards the end of the year. Torben Svejgard says about his decision, "My six years with BioMar have been fantastic. Aquaculture is an exciting industry and BioMar is a wonderful company with won-

offers real development possibilities for my future research.” The sponsorship of this NAH award shows the ongoing NAH commitment to building the future of the industry by encouraging young, talented scientists to share their innovative research. Previous Young Scientist Award winners include Rogelio SierraFlores from the University of Stirling for his work on underwater noise and its effects on fish behaviour ; Laura Braden from the University of Victoria in British Columbia, Canada, for her research on the molecular basis for Pacific salmon’s resistance to sea lice; and most recently, Marie Smedley from the University of Stirling for her work on the use of

nutrition to improve performance of Triploid Atlantic salmon. The award was presented by Marta Gameiro, Global Technical Services Manager for NAH Aqua. “Novar tis Animal Health Aqua believes that staying at the forefront of aquaculture innovation requires continual investment, both in technology and people,” said Gameiro. “NAH has significantly invested in our R&D facilities and also in endeavors such as the Novar tis Chair of Fish Health at the University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI) and the Sea Lice Research Centre in Bergen. Encouraging scientists, such as Kiranpreet, is another important part of building the future of our industry.”

sible for business development. "I and the board are thus confident that we in Carlos have a strong Group CEO, who can lead the company towards new heights." Carlos Diaz is 45 years old, has a background as a veterinarian and holds an MBA with speciali-

sation in marketing and commercial management. Before BioMar he has been working in the aquaculture industry in some Chilean companies, as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. Commenting on his appointment Carlos Diaz says, " I am pleased and happy to take this new professional challenge in my career and contribute to consolidate and grow BioMar as a global leader in fish feed. I am sure that with all the good people in the company we can continue making a difference and creating value for our customers, employees and shareholders". See our interview with Carlos Diaz on page 48 of this edition of International Aquafeed magazine

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 9

FEATURE

Efficacy of a pharmaceutical preparation based on glycyrrhizic acid in a challenge study of white spot syndrome in Litopenaeus vannamei

n spite of difficulties, shrimp production is an important and profitable food producing industry. In many countries, cultured shrimp production has been severely hindered by various viral diseases, for example, white spot syndrome — WSSV. First signs of this disease, such as sudden reduction in food consumption and red discoloration, are followed by a sharp increase in mortality in shrimp farms over the next 3–10 days, even reaching 100% mortality. The first description of WSSV appears to have been from an outbreak in Taiwan in 1992. This disease seems to have spread worldwide, except perhaps to Australia. It has been suggested that world weather changes have contributed to the dissemination of this disease. As the name of the disease suggests, the main signs of WSSV are 0.5–2.0 mm white spots in the interior part of the shell, appendixes, uropods, telson, pereiopods, pleopods and cuticle of the abdominal segments. The colour of shrimps becomes pale red and the lymphoid organ becomes turgid. It has been described as hypertrophic. Diseased shrimps become lethargic, and they show erratic swimming and lack of appetite and die during the next three days. Viusid® (from Catalysis, S.A. de C.V., Mexico) is the proprietary name preparation based on diammonium glycyrrhizic acid, extracted from licorice with added vitamins and oligoelements. It has been claimed that this drug preparation stimulates production of gamma interferon in human beings.

Glycyrrhizic acid possesses antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo interfering with both DNA and RNA replications, hence interfering with replication of a wide range of viruses, including herpes, influenza A and B, hepatitis B, coronavirus, and SARS. Glycyrrhizic acid has also demonstrated to be capable of impeding virion eclosion from its capside, apparently due to a dose-dependent inhibition of kinaseP phosphorylation. Additionally, it has been shown to interfere with arylamine N-acetyltransferase bacterial activity, hence exhibiting antibacterial effects at least vs Streptococcus spp., Haemophilus spp., and Klebsiella spp. There are no biological or chemical effective treatments to treat WSSV. Body defence mechanisms in shrimp are greatly based on the number of circulating hemocytes in their hemolymph, and it has been observed better clinical responses to viral diseases in shrimp with high number of hemocytes. Hence, stimulation of their immune system may be a way to increase shrimp body defence mechanisms, particularly before they face the viral challenge. Thus, considering the apparent immune-modulator and antiviral activities of glycyrrhizic acid, it was set as the aim in this study to assess this preparation for its potential protective effects in a laboratory controlled challenge with WSSV.

Material and methods

This study was carried out with a total of 960 juvenile white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) obtained from a farm free of WSSV as confirmed by PCR analysis 5 days prior to the beginning of the trial. The study lasted for

18 days. Shrimps had a mean weight of 5 g at the beginning of the trial and were randomly distributed in four groups with four replicates each. Thus each replicate was carried out with 60 shrimps and the groups were distributed as follows: 1. Control untreated-challenged group (CUCH), fed with drug-free food throughout the trial and challenged with WSSV on day zero. 2. Control untreated-unchallenged group (CUUCH), fed with drug-free food throughout the trial but not challenged and dosed with saline solution. 3. Experimental 1 (E1), fed as E1, but starting 17 days before challenge as above with WSSV and maintaining the treatment for further 5 days after. 4. Experimental 2 (E2), fed standard diet plus Viusid® throughout the trial and starting 1 day before the challenge with WSSV, as group CUCH. Once groups were formed, five shrimps from each group were randomly selected and their hemolymph obtained and measured to set basal values of total hemocyte counts by direct counting with the Neubauer chamber. Then, additional samples from five shrimps per group were obtained for hemocyte count on days 6, 12 and 18. Shrimps were maintained in 1000 L tanks with continuous flow of brackish water at an approximate rate of 10 L/h. Temperature was kept at 23–25 °C with a thermostat (LED 200 W Dymax), pH was approximately 7.6–7.8 (Aqualytic, Germany), and continuous aeration was provided at 6.79–6.56 mL/min. Animals were fed twice a

10 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

FEATURE day with commercial shrimp drug-free pellets (Camaronina Purina®, Sonora, México) having: 35 percent protein min, nine percent fat min, 3/32 in pellets and considering a three percent feed intake per day with respect to the biomass as established by Alday-Sanz. Lack of ecdysis in shrimp was ensured before initiation of this trial. Glycyrrhizinic acid was incorporated to pelleted shrimp-feed as liquid Viusid® (Catalysis Spain, distributed by Dermaceutical México, S.A. de C.V. Mexico City). To achieve this, 540ml of the commercial preparation was diluted in 100 litres of demineralized water. Then pellets were dressing-sprayed on big trays. Feed was allowed to dry at room temperature for eight hours, stored in paper bags and fed to shrimps. The resistance mechanism of shrimps to WSSV and other viruses is incompletely understood. Various studies on how shrimp survives to viral infections state that the individual immune processes play a key role, such as infiltration, phagocytosis and encapsulation of viruses within a given tissue. In shrimp, the lymphoid organ is an integral part of the circulatory system, and can act as viralparticle filter describe intra-nuclear bodies in lymphoid organ cells of diseased shrimps (L. vannamei) diagnosed with WSSV in farms of the Persian Gulf. The lesions there

described comply closely with the ones observed in this trial, including karyorrhexis in some cells in the lymphoid organ as well as basophilic inclusion bodies within the nucleus. Yet, these formation spheres also occur in at least six different viral infections on peneid shrimps. Hence, this finding is hardly pathognomonic of WSSV. Results obtained from the total counting of hemocytes did not reveal an immune-linked effect of glycyrrhizic acid in the E1 and E2 groups. Yet, it showed that there is a clear decline in their numbers as the disease progresses. Nevertheless, a comprehensive analysis could reveal further information. Thus, our observations are not conclusive; important variations in the number of hemocytes in various studies have been reported, and also variation in hemocyte apoptosis has been described in shrimps with resistance to WSSV virus. Hence, further research is needed to clarify the role of hemocytes in WSSV surviving shrimps. In conclusion, there appears to be high effi-

cacy to augment survival of shrimps affected with WSSV in experimental groups. Also, glycyrrhizic acid plus mineral and vitamin components in the commercial preparation added as in-feed treatment to shrimps in this study has been regarded as a nutraceutical preparation by Secretaria de Salud (Ministry of Health) in Mexico. This will greatly facilitate its use since drug residues should not be a concern. Hence, it is here proposed that large scale trials must be conducted to evaluate the effects observed in commercial-large scale shrimp farms; for example, considering the rate of lixiviation. For more information Dr. Bulent Kukurtcu, Technical Managing Director, AgroVetinary Division, Catalysis, S.L. Website: www.catalysisagrovet.com. References available on request at: http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/references.

Your global technology process supplier for the aqua feed industry ANDRITZ is one of the world’s leading suppliers of techno logies, systems, and services relating to advanced indu strial equipment for the aqua feed industry. With an in-depth knowledge of each key process, we can supply a compatible and homogeneous solution from raw material intake to finis hed feed bagging.

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September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 11

www.andritz.com

FEATURE

THE UNSEEN

nyone with a background in life sciences will at sometime have come across Aflatoxin, a metabolite produced by the Aspergillus genus of moulds which has been well documented as the cause of fatal poisoning in both farm animals and humans following ingestion of contaminated food, with peanuts and maize being the most common route of uptake. Perhaps less widely known is the abundance and variety of similar so-called mycotoxins and their often less dramatic but nevertheless detrimental effects on organisms, which have ingested them. Animal nutritionists understand well the toxic actions of these fungal metabolites, some examples of which are included in the table below. Whilst much of the research to date has focussed on the impact to farm animals from mycotoxins which they have ingested through their feed, some interesting and illuminating studies have emerged over the last decade into the effects that these toxins can have on cultured fish which have been exposed to contaminated feed. By way of example Hooft et al (2010) demonstrated a significant reduction in appetite, weight gain and feed efficiency in Rainbow trout which had been exposed to DON (deoxynivalenol , a trichothecene mycotoxin found in wheat, barley oats and maize). He presented these results at the International Symposium on Fish Nutrition in Molde in 2012 concluding that Rainbow trout are highly sensitive to DON even at levels as low as 1 ppm. So how can fish farmers defend their stocks against the stealth threat posed by mycotoxins that occur as contaminants in feed?

ENEMY

Recently, PHARMAQ UK has entered into an arrangement with an exciting and innovative French company, Olmix, who have developed a novel and naturally derived additive that can be applied to feeds as a protection against unwanted contaminants. Olmix’s unique solution to this problem has been developed by combining specific extracts of seaweeds with Montmorillonite clay (Amedéite®) sourced locally to their premises in Brittany. The innovative combination of algal extracts and this fine clay creates a product that is extremely effective in the adsorption of mycotoxins. The product, known as MTX+, already has a ten-year track record in terrestrial livestock Mycotoxin Aflatoxin B1

by Chris Mitchell and Rob Sinnott

of global crops estimated to be currently affected by mycotoxins and increasing pressure to include more grain derived material in fish diets, greater attention will need to be focussed on the raised potential for microbial contamination by mycotoxin producing organisms in fish diets. This is a challenge not only because these molecules are quite difficult to detect, but also because they are robust and can persist as contaminants even if the source mould has been removed. In addition it has been suggested that because mycotoxin production by moulds is often a mechanism of defence, the very interventions which are applied to limit mould infestation of grains in storage (heat,

Toxic activity Carcinogenic / immunosuppressive

Ochratoxin A

Carcinogenic / nephrotoxic / immunosuppressive

Fumonasin B1

Carcinogenic / neurotoxic

Zearalenone

Estrogenic

Trichothecenes dermatoxic T-2 toxins immunosuppressive

production where demand continues to grow. By adsorbing mycotoxins in the intestine MTX+ significantly lowers the availability of these molecules for absorption into the animal. Thus intestinal integrity is preserved and immunosuppression, a hallmark of mycotoxin toxicity, is avoided. Its application to aquaculture was heralded in 2011 in a trial on farm-raised tilapia in Viet Nam. As well as a modest improvement in FCR, fish that had MTX+ added to their diet showed an 8.5 percent improvement in daily weight gain over the control group. Early days indeed but with 25 percent

humidity reduction and some fungicides) can actually encourage the production of these metabolites! Through the inclusion of a naturally derived and formulated mycotoxin binder such as MTX+ into the feed of fish, especially during their early life history, health managers can at least be sure that they are giving the stocks under their care the best start, free of these pernicious stealth toxins. For more nformation on how MTX+ might contribute to your stock health management strategy please contact Chris Mitchell on +44 7769 330540 or chris.mitchell@pharmaq.no

12 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

Olmix group innovates and proposes new ranges of products dedicated to

AQUACULTURE

e a g l A f o s t fi e Ben

une system m im e th f o n tio • Stimula rvival rate • Increased su erformance p th w ro g d e v • Impro • Weight gain rsion Ratio e v n o C d e e F r • Bette

www.olmix.com

FEATURE

Revolution The Live Feed

ive feed production is the bottleneck for many shellfish, marine finfish, and shrimp hatcheries. Industrial Plankton is a Canadian company manufacturing live feed equipment focused on biosecurity and automated production. The equipment stabilizes hatchery yields by increasing the predictability and reliability of on-site live feed production.

Last year Industrial Plankton released an automated 1000L algae bioreactor for aquaculture hatcheries, followed this year by a 500L version with additional features for researchers. Other high tech live feed technologies will be launched in the coming year, including a zooplankton reactor, and a system to control algae densities for feeding or greenwater. Biosecurity is the focus of algae reactor, which is capable of automatically cleaning and sterilizing itself between culture runs. The lid is sealed, and the air is micron filtered as it enters and exits the tank. Incoming water is micron filtered, then UV sterilized at the point of entry to the tank, and a biosecure pinch valve is used for the automated harvest. The harvested algae is ideal for feeding shellfish larvae, spat and broodstock, providing greenwater for shrimp and marine finfish hatcheries, or providing feed for zooplankton. The large volumes produced also make a great inoculant for larger tanks or raceways.

Stable culture parameters are also important for biosecurity. Large fluctuations in water temperature, nutrient availability, light levels, and other factors, can cause a portion of the algae culture to die off. The decomposing cells spike the total organic carbon (TOC), creating an environment that encourages the growth of early colonizers, often pathogenic bacteria like vibrio. Vibrio spp are the most common and serious pathogen in fish and shellfish marine aquaculture worldwide (Chatterjee, et al. 2012). Despite efforts to maintain biosecurity in the algae room, pathogenic vibrio species can often be found in algae bag cultures, and even in stock cultures at aquaculture hatcheries (Elston, et al. 2008). However, healthy algae cultures can naturally limit vibrio growth, reducing vibrio counts in the incoming water by 99 percent in 24 hours (Lin Wei, Chen Dou, Liu Xiu-yun. 2000), and even significantly reducing vibrio counts when added to larval rearing tanks (C. Regunathan, S.G. Wesley. 2004). Unstable culture conditions can have the opposite effect by increasing TOC and encouraging vibrio to proliferate. To boost the productivity, a star shaped tank is used to double the surface area exposed to light, letting cultures grow denser before self-shading limit cell growth. A touchscreen gives the operator control over the various parameters, such as scale up density, nutrient additions, light levels, harvest

density, etc. The bioreactor monitors the culture, graphs the data onscreen, and logs it for later analysis. When you want to start a new culture, press a button on the touchscreen that will drain the existing culture and automatically pressure wash, then sterilize the tank. Come back in 2 hours and the bioreactor will be ready for a new culture. A 20L carboy is an ideal amount to add as a starter culture. The control system will scale this 20L up to 1000L in 7-10 days, depending on the species. Once the reactor is full it will start harvesting small portions of the culture periodically, based on feedback from the culture density sensor, automatically topping up water and nutrients after each harvest. Alternatively, the whole tank can be harvested as a batch. Regarding algae production costs, including capital costs, in most situations the PBR-1000L is the most economical option for producing medium volumes of high purity algae, with each reactor producing a few hundred liters of algae each day. Larger ponds and raceways can produce algae even more economically, but you sacrifice control over contaminants and culturing parameters. Which system to chose really depends on what the algae will be used for. For sensitive life stages in fish, shellfish, and shrimp hatcheries, or when producing large volumes of pure inoculant the PBR 1000L is the perfect solution.

14 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

FEATURE

The global surveillance of

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE WHO’s (World Health Organization) 2014 report on global surveillance of antimicrobial resistance reveals that antibiotic resistance is no longer a prediction for the future; it is happening right now, across the world, and is putting at risk the ability to treat common infections in the community and hospitals.

ne of the stress points being placed in the sometimes abusive use of antibiotics is in animal production. The common trend in all countries is to reduce or even ban the use of these valuable molecules to avoid an apocalyptic post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries, which have been treatable for decades, can once again kill. As an estimation of the situation nowadays we can state that in Europe 25,000 deaths per year can be attributed to this antimicrobial resistant “superbugs” and 38,000 deaths in Thailand and 23,000 deaths per year in the EEUU. The overall society cost impact is estimated to be US$ 35 billion in the EEUU (sources: ECDC 2007, Pumart et al 2012, US CDC 2013) New strategies are needed therefore in the fight to the common pathologies suffered by production animals. And quorum quenching (disruption of quorum sensing) is getting more and more attention by scientists as many of its characteristics makes possible to conjugate pathogens’ control with a non resistances-promoting therapy. But what is quorum sensing? The first indication of bacterial cell-cell communication was introduced in 1965, when Tomasz suggested that the regulation of competence in Streptococcus pneumoniae was aided by a hormone-like extracellular product (Tomasz and Beiser, 1965).

However, cell-cell signaling and coordinated microbial group behavior was officially ascertained by Nealson and co-workers, who reported that the bioluminescence developed by the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri (formerly Photobacterium fischeri) in its symbiotic relationship with the Hawaiian squid Euprymna scolopes (E. scolopes) was controlled by one or more signaling molecules accumulating in the extracellular milieu as a function of cell growth (Nealson et al., 1970a). V. fischeri infects the light organ of the squid, where the cell density reaches 1010-1011 cells mL-1, then the signal molecules can accumulate to an adequate concentration to trigger the transcription of genes encoding luminescence enzymes. Microbial cell-cell signaling has become known as “quorum sensing” (QS), this system allows microorganisms to sense its own population density and when the external signal (known as autoinducers) reaches a threshold or “quorum” a number of target genes are activated or repressed in order to synchronize processes such as bioluminescence, antibiotic production, conjugative DNA transfer, sporulation, virulence, biofilm formation, etc. The best-known autoinducer is N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) It has been widely accepted that Gramnegative bacteria utilise various AHLs to regulate the mechanisms that help them to adapt to changes in the environment. AHL signals appear to be dedicated molecules produced with the sole purpose of mediating specific quorum sensing processes. Different AHLs are usually characterized by acyl chains with variable length, saturation level and oxidation state. In AHL-dependent quorum sensing systems the specificity of the transcriptional activator protein for its cognate AHL depends on both the length of the acyl side chain and chemical modification at the β-position of the HSL ring. Therefore, AHLs require an N-acyl side chain of at least four carbons in length in order to be functional under physiological conditions in mammalian tissue fluids, and the longer the

acyl side chain the more stable the AHL signal molecule. It is also well known, that this autoinducers regulates the expression of virulence genes responsible for the production of extracellular proteases, extracellular hemolysin and other extracellular factors contributing to cytotoxic activity. Some enzymes are able to deactivate these molecules and subsequently block the communication, disrupting the quorum sensing, this effect is known as quorum quenching (QQ). Only two enzyme families in the microorganism have the capability of cutting AHL structures; the AHL-lactonases and the AHLacylases have been demonstrated to be involved in the real cleavage of the QS signal molecules for quenching QS. The interference with the quorum sensing system by the quorum quenching enzyme is a potential strategy for replacing traditional antibiotics because the quorum quenching strategy does not aim to kill the pathogen or limit cell growth but to shut down the expression of the pathogenic gene. Therefore they do not create a selection pressure on the organisms and as result do not promote the appearance of resistances. QQ can be developed as a technique for disrupting the ability of a pathogen to sense its cell density and disable or diminish the capability of triggering the virulent expression. This capability ensures that the host has time to eradicate the pathogens naturally through normal immune system function. Additionally, AHL-mediated signaling mechanisms are widespread and highly conserved in many pathogenic bacteria, being an attractive target for novel anti-infective therapies. Some microbes not only produce QQ enzymes as a defence strategy against their competitors but also utilize AHL and its enzymatic degradation products as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources for cell growth. As this QS mechanism was first discovered in the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) system in

16 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

FEATURE this microorganism is well characterized and is used as a model system for many AHLproducing Gram-negative bacteria. The genus Vibrio includes more than 30 species, many of which are associated with human diseases, and have described QS systems for both inter-bacterial and intra-bacterial communication. Among them AHL system is present in many Vibrio species, including V. harveyi (closely related species such as Vibrio campbellii and Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and V. anguillarum which are amongst the most Table 1: Control

tion; these products combine different modes of action and some of them also show quorum quenching activity. The AHL-degrading enzyme was first identified in Bacillus and recently, B. amyloliquefaciens was confirmed to have AHL-degrading activity (Yin, X.T.; Xu, L.; Fan, S.S.; Xu, L.N.; Li, D.C.; Liu, Z.Y. Isolation and characterization of an AHL lactonase gene from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2010, 26, 1361–1367.) The probiotic ECOBIOL produced by NOREL is based on this bacillus strain: B. amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940. It is capable to secrete 0.9 g of lactic acid per g of sugar present in the environment; this lactic acid will reduce pathogenic bacteria. In addition, the vegetative form of B. amyloliquefaciens produces barnase, a bacteriocine, which has an antibiotic effect.

Test 1

Test 2

7 h (pH 6.4)

24 h (pH 8.6)

24 h (pH 6.2)

48 h (pH 8.6)

Barnase-Barstar complex.

48 h (pH 6.2)

Source: Mazen Ahmad, Center of Bioinformatics, Germany Another mode of action reported in ECOBIOL is the ability to stimulate the immune system (not based on antibodies) by increasing the activity of phagocityc cells and lysozyme. So, the combination of the quorum quenching activity which switches off the virulent expression together with all the above mentioned pathogens fighting tools, have

important bacterial pathogens in the intensive rearing of mollusks, finfish and especially shrimp. Therefore it seems to be a natural conclusion that QQ could be a promising alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture, especially against Vibrios and particularly against V. parahaemolyticus, known etiologic agent in EMS/AHPNS. Probiotics here arise as an optimum solu-

been demonstrated to be effective against many harmful microorganisms. In vitro study conducted at NOREL lab, it could be observed how the growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was inhibited by the presence of B. amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 culture supernatant (Table 1) In the study, after culture of the probiotic, cells free extracts of B. amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 were obtained by centrifugation and used to test the bactericide effect using the inhibition halo technique. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens supernatant showed inhibition halos around the mugs. It is hence concluded that ECOBIOL is able to control the population growth of this kind of pathogenic bacteria. Number express inhibition halo in mm In the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report No. 1053, probiotics were recommended as a tool in the control of AHPNS. Ecobiol based on B. amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 not only features quorum quenching activity, additionally it has, as a kind of Swiss army knife, more mechanisms capable of modulate and control the growth and effects of typical aquaculture pathogens. Aquaculture producers must have probiotics in mind when trying to cope with the more and more difficult task of producing food for feeding 7 billion people in a sustainable way. Source: www.who.int

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FEATURE

Yeast cell wall and the immuno stimulation

he world aquaculture activities have shown a rapid increase is the primary defence mechanism against infectious disease. A local in production (17.8 percent per year) since 1997 (FAO, immune response in the intestinal mucosa is generated in different steps. 2007, Mohamed et al. 2010). With intensification of aqua- At first macrophages and other phagocytic cells, like dendritic cells, take culture production, the spreading of disease has been the up the pathogen (nonspecific immunity), and destroy them with enzymes main problem in the fish farming industry. Up until now, antibiotics and O-radicals, and process it for presentation to local T cells. Phagocytic were used as treatment for fish disease management and also in Table 1. Total count of bacteria, immunity items and proximate composition of the common carp fingerlings order to offer a better growth fed diets containing different levels of ImmunoWall® for 8 weeks. performance and feed efficiency. 0.0 g/kg 0.5 g/kg 1.0 g/kg 1.5 g/kg 2.5 g/kg As in the other animal species, the Parameters widespread usage of antibiotics as a Total counts of bacteria (Log 9.18 7.78 7.50 7.30 6.96 feed additive in aquaculture has been cfu/g intestine) ± 0.23ᶜ ± 0.26ᵇ ± 0.44ᵇ ± 0.18ᵃᵇ ± 0.17ᵃ under intensive scrutiny, as there Immunity items are growing concerns over the risk Albumin (g/l) 11.5 10.70 11.3 11.5 12.1 associated with the transmission of ± 0.4ᵃᵇ ± 0.7ᵃ ± 0.5ᵃᵇ ± 0.5ᵃᵇ ± 0.8ᵇ resistant bacteria from aquaculture Globulin (g/l) 13.09 12.7 13.6 14.6 15.6 environments to humans, and also ± 0.9ᵃᵇᶜ ± 0.1ᵃ ± 0.9ᵃᵇ ± 0.7ᵇᶜ ± 0.6ᶜ the risk associated with the introAlbumin:Globulin ratio 0.82 0.84 0.83 0.78 0.77 duction in the human environment ± 0.08ᵃ ± 0.12ᵃ ± 0.09ᵃ ± 0.07ᵃ ± 0.08ᵃ of nonpathogenic bacteria, containLeucocyte(x10⁴ mmᶟ) 2.01 2.28 2.25 2.24 2.15 ing antimicrobial resistance genes, ± 0.04ᵃ ± 0.01ᶜ ± 0.02ᶜ ± 0.03ᶜ ± 0.02ᵇ and the subsequent transfer of such Total protein (g/l) 25.4 23.4 24.9 26.1 27.7 genes to human pathogens. On January 2006, the European Union ratified a ban on the use of all sub-therapeutic antibiotics as growth-promoting agents in animal production. Concomitant with the ban of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) new strategies in feeding and health management in fish aquaculture practice have received much attention. The research of prebiotics in fish nutrition is increasing with the demand by consumers for safe products produced according the sustainable practices (Denev et al, 2009).

Aquaculture And Protection Mechanism

The immune system of the fish

± 0.55ᵇ

± 0.35ᵃ

± 0.40ᵇ

± 0.25ᶜ

± 0.15ᵈ

Glucose (mg/l)

1196 ± 2.51ᵃ

1201 ± 3.69ᵃ

1200 ± 3.60ᵃ

1199 ± 3.83ᵃ

1195 ± 3.51ᵃ

Haematocrit (%)

27.7 ± 0.72ᵃ

27.9 ± 0.35ᵇ

26.9 ± 0.46ᵃ

26.6 ± 0.37ᵃ

26.4 ± 0.65ᵃ

Proximatencomposition (g/kg)

Initial values

Moisture

746.66 ± 6.43

715.33 ± 4.37ᵃ

709.07 ± 2.99ᵃᵇ

708.72 ± 3.11ᵃᵇ

707.51 ± 5.12ᵇ

703.93 ± 3.64ᵇ

Protein

132.3 ± 3.6

145.18 ± 1.21ᵃ

146.57 ± 1.72ᵃ

150.79 ± 1.68ᵇ

153.21 ± 2.24ᵇᶜ

156.40 ± 1.96ᶜ

Lipid

82.1 ± 1.91

95.54 ± 1.81ᵃ

95.81 ± 1.18ᵃ

96.72 ± 1.19ᵃᵇ

98.72 ± 1.47ᵇ

98.43 ± 1.65ᵃᵇ

Ash

26.5 ± 0.53

27.45 ± 0.66ᵃ

28.60 ± 0.50ᵃ

28.04 ± 3.66ᵃ

28.73 ± 0.80ᵃ

28.70 ± 0.60ᵃ

Energy

6.53 ± 0.7

7.42 ± 0.10ᵃ

7.52 ± 0.04ᵃᵇ

7.58 ± 0.06ᵃᵇᶜ

7.65 ± 0.11ᵇᶜ

7.73 ± 0.11ᶜ

P:E ratio

20.27 ± 0.56

19.55 ± 0.24ᵃ

19.46 ± 0.11ᵃ

19.88 ± 0.35ᵃᵇ

20.0 ± 0.46ᵃᵇ

20.22 ± 0.09ᵇ

18 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

FEATURE cells also secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines that stimulate the activity and proliferation of those T and B cells that are most fit to attack the type of pathogen that was presented by the phagocytic cell (specific immunity) (Ghent, 2011). Immunity in fish has an important role against pathogen agents. Fish immune systems share some similarities to mammals. Fish, however, rely more on non-specific defence mechanisms than mammals do. The non-specific immune system of fish consists of several key humoral and cellular components that provide innate protection against infection, regardless of the pathogen type. Several studies have demonstrated that immune-stimulants are very beneficial to fish immune system (Denev et al., 2009) Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the specific action of immune stimulants in fish, such as selective stimulation of beneficial microbiota, improvement of immune functions, disease resistance, survival, growth performance and feed efficiency.

Beta Glucansas Yeast Cell Wall Component

They have been studied as immune stimulants in numerous vertebrate and invertebrate species. The evaluation of cellular and humoral immune parameters was established at phenotypic level by the phagocytic activity of head kidney macrophages and quantification of inflammatory cytokines in spleen and gill tissues by indirect ELISA. Innate immune response, mediated by lysozyme, was reported in several fish species. Prebiotics are non digestible functional fibres that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth of and/or activating the metabolism of one or a limited number of health-promoting bacteria in the intestinal tract, thus improving the host’s intestinal. Beta-glucan is a particulate carbohydrate that consists of glucose and mannose and is the main constituent of the yeast cell wall (Schimitt et al., 2013). Several studies confirming the potent immune stimulatory properties of beta-glucans in many fresh and seawater fish species documenting the effects themon the pathogen resistance, protection, survival, and fish specific humoral immunity have been published. Strong degranulation of neutrophils was observed in fathead minnow after dietary administration of beta-glucans. The lysozyme activity increased after 4 weeks of feeding the whole yeast cells at a dose rate 10g/kg ration to gilthead seabream. Enhanced phagocytic activity, respiratory burst activity, and bactericidal action in the head kidney macrophage were observed in the groups that received dietary immune stimulants.

Yeast Cell Wall - Immunity and Resistance to AeromonasHydrophila Infection

Several studies with ImmunoWall® (ICC) were carried out in Sari Agriculture University (Ebrahimi, 2011). ImmunoWall® is a natural product containing various stimulating compounds such beta-glucan, complex carbohydrates, and MOS, glucomannoprotein complexes, which have been used as feed additives in animal production. Both are components of the yeast cell wall (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Appropriate or low levels of beta glucans were stated to be efficient stimulators of non-specific immune functions in fish.

Material and Methods

The fingerlings were adopted for 2 weeks and then reared in triplicate groups in 250-l tanks (n = 15 per tank with average initial weights of 11.12 ± 0.55 g), and divided into five groups that received experimental diets (isonitrogenous and isoenergetic) containing different levels of ImmunoWall® (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2.5 g prebiotic/ kg diet) thrice a day (until apparent satiation) for 8 weeks.

Experimental Results

Both feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio significantly (p < 0.05) increased with increasing ImmunoWall® levels from 0.5 to 1.5 g/kg diet. The highest protein content (p < 0.05) was found September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 19

FEATURE in the fish fed a diet containing 2.5 g/kg prebiotic. Haematological parameters and plasma total protein concentration were also significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the fingerlings fed diets containing 1.5 and 2.5 g/kg prebiotic in relation to the control. The control fish contained the highest mean of total bacterial counts. The lowest mean (p < 0.05) of total bacterial counts were observed in the fish fed the diet containing 2.5 g/kg ImmunoWall®. The present study reveals that a dietary ImmunoWall® supplementation from 1 to 1.5 g/kg is capable to improve the feed efficiency and growth performance of C. carpio fingerlings as well as their resistance to A. hydrophila infection and the ImmunoWall® levels from 0 to 2.5 g/kg diet revealed no mortality throughout the experiment.

Discussion

It has recently been shown by Jafar Nodeh (2010) that supplementing the diet of the Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) fingerlings with the commercial prebiotic ImmunoWall® considerably modified the intestinal microflora. The author also reported that Lactobacillus (lactic acid bacteria) population in the intestine of the fish fed a diet containing 2 g prebiotic/kg, was higher than that of other supplemented groups, while total counts of bacteria steadily declined with an increase in the prebiotic levels up to 2 g/kg diet (p < 0.05). Furthermore, it has been confirmed, in a number of studies, that lactic acid bacteria as one of the common probiotics have beneficial effects on the improvement of host nutrition through the production of supplemental digestive enzymes; they also produce bacteriocins that inhibit specific fish pathogens. It seems that changes in villi morphology and density in the common carp fingerlings fed with the prebiotic ImmunoWall® are probably one of the remarkable factors involving in the increased potential nutrient capture thereby increased feed efficiency. The increase in WBC (White blood cells) count might be due to stress suffered by fish as a result of daily feeding on beta-glucan.

Harikrishnan et al. (2003) also reported increased WBC counts in C. carpio after herbal treatment with Azardicha indica. The observed increases in the leucocyte and total protein levels as well as lower mortalities resulting from the pathogenic A. hydrophila infection appear to be signs of enhanced health status of the prebiotic-fed fish. Moreover, high concentrations of serum proteins including humoral elements of the non-specific immune system are likely to be results of an enhancement in the non-specific immune response of the fish. The improved health condition in the C. carpio fingerlings is probably due to the beta-glucan and MOS components of the ImmunoWall®. Glucans can modulate the activity of phagocytes and other components of the innate immune system in fish (Robertsen et al., 1994). The administration of glucans in the diet of fish has been represented to improve the respiratory burst activity, phagocytosis, lysozyme value and resistance vs. pathogens in some cultured fish (Ogier de Maulny et al., 1996; Li and Gatlin, 2004). Rodriguez et al. (2007) found that b-1, 3/1 6- glucans would modify the immune response of P. vannamei juveniles, influencing the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) prevalence and shrimp survival in ponds. Li and Gatlin (2004) observed that hybrid striped bass fed glucan and/or chitin from brewer’s yeast showed extracellular superoxide anion production of head kidney macrophages. This prebiotic supplement also improves the fish resistance to A. hydrophila infection, thereby acting as a potent immune stimulant. Notwithstanding, extra dosage of ImmunoWall®® seems to hinder enhancements of feed utilization and growth of the fingerlings.

Conclusion

Based on the findings of this study, supplementation of ImmunoWall®®at levels of 1–1.5 g/kg was beneficial on immune system, increasing the performance and the survival of C. carpio fingerlings. Full citations and references available on request

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20 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

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FEATURE

The Chinese Conventional Freshwater Fish Industry

Figure 7

Figure 6

by Ge Xianping and Miao Linghon

hina has one of the greatest fishing industries in the world. At present, China has developed into an industrial system with breeding, fishing, processing, distribution as well as research and education supporting each other. Chinese conventional freshwater fish mainly consists of seven species of black carp (Mylopharyngodonpiceus), grass carp Figure 1

(Ctenopharyngodon idellus), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthysmolitrix), bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and bream (Megalobramae) (Fig. 1), which are the major species of Cyprinidae fish aquaculture in China and account for a larger part in the inland aquaculture production. They are an important part of Chinese food safety. Carp are also one of the main sources of animal protein occupying an impor-

tant position in the structure of Chinese people's food. According to statistics in 2013, the total production of the above seven species was 18.738 million tonnes, accounting for 67.0 per cent of the freshwater aquaculture production in China (Fig. 2). Among them, the yields of grass carp, silver carp, bighead carp, common carp, crucian carp were all above 2.5 million tonnes (Fig. 3), ranking top 5 in the fish aquaculture in China. The main producing provinces of conventional freshwater fisheries are Hubei, Jiangsu, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Anhui, Sichuan, Shandong, Guangxi, Liaoning and so on (Fig. 4).

Contribution of Chinese conventional freshwater fish industry

Figure 2

Chinese conventional freshwater fish are the main farmed species of aquaculture in China. It occupies a very important industrial position. First of all, the yields of the seven species of black carp, grass carp, silver carp, bighead carp, common carp, crucian carp and bream account for 51.4 per cent of Chinese fish yield, playing a key role in the effective supply for ensuring Chinese food security and satisfying the aquatic products of urban and rural markets. Secondly, as a healthy food with high-protein, low-fat and rich nutrients, conventional freshwater fish has functions of strengthening brain and body, promoting longevity, as well as improving health and beauty, which make an indispensable contribution to the improvement of the nutritional level of citizens as well as enhancing national fitness. Thirdly, conventional freshwater fish is a key point for the growth of important industry in rural economy as well as rural incomes, also playing an important role in boosting the development of related industries. Fourthly, the food chain of conventional freshwater fish is short with high feed efficiency, in which 22 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

FEATURE and promotion of improved varieties of conventional freshwater fish By mass selection, gynogenesis, hybridisation, marker-assisted breeding and other breeding techniques, six new species have passed the national validation, which are Allogynogenetic crucian carp ‘ZhongKe No.3’ (Fig. 5), Songpu mirror carp (Fig. 6), FFRC strain common carp (Fig. 7), Changfeng silver carp (Fig. 8), Furong hybrids of common carp and crucian carp (Fig. 9) and Songpu red mirror carp (Fig. 10). It also bred new strains of blunt nose black bream and grass carp. Farming promotion of these improved species has been carried out in most places in China, resulting in huge economic and social influence. By the end of 2012, there were more than 20 new improved seed multiplication bases for 6 new species, in which over 30 billion high-quality seeds have been propagated.

Figure 10

Figure 5

Figure 8

filter-feeding fish accounts for 38 per cent, herbivorous fish accounting for 30 per cent, omnivorous fish accounting for 29 per cent, who are all the model of food-saving fishery. The most conventional freshwater fish adopts an integrated multi-mode multi-species ecological culture mode, which stabilises the ecological communities and balances ecofauna by matching silver carp, bighead carp and other planktonophage fishes. Thus, it plays an irreplaceable role in improving the water environment.

Research progress on national conventional freshwater fish

Cultivation, propagation, demonstration

Disease prevention and control technologies and applications

Through an extensive investigation on the diseases of conventional freshwater fish in China, major diseases and pathogens endangering these species have been determined. As such, corresponding diagnostic techniques have been established, for example, molecular diagnostic techniques and immunology diagnostic techniques for viral diseases and bacterial diseases, morphology diagnostic techniques regulations for important parasitic diseases. Research on immune disease prevention and control techniques, drug prevention and control technology as well as ecological prevention and control techniques have been conducted. The developed ‘Grass carp hem-

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FEATURE Figure 9

orrhagic disease vaccine’ and ‘Aeromonas hydrophila Sepsis inactivated vaccines’ obtained the production number in 2011, which has been delivered to related enterprises for production and now has been widely applied in China. The screened herbs for carp hematopoietic necrosis disease and carp herpes disease prevention also achieved good results in the trial. The developed replacement drug for Saprolegnia disease has significant effects.

Initial establishment and application of aquaculture mode and feeding techniques

Based on the aquaculture methods of conventional freshwater fish, research on the affecting mechanisms of micro-flora, algae and water quality physicochemical in ponds have been conducted, which focus on the dissolved oxygen, light, temperature, pH, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and other important factors, and strengthen the built on primary productivity and beneficial microbial communities with engineered means. It forms ectopic and situ pond ecological control techniques and engineering facilities, which can effectively control water quality and reduce emissions; enhance primary productivity, reduce fertiliser inputs, ease bottom sediment, improve water quality and reduce feed coefficient. With the parameters improvement, the practicality of these technologies improves continuously and has become the core technology for pond reform and healthy aquaculture. Some of the methods, like plants floating bed facilities, have been widely used by the majority of farmers. Through research on the rules of fish feeding-growth, focusing upon the dynamic relationships between fish intake and the nutritional needs, environmental factors during different growth stages have been initially established. This has helped to gradually clarify

the changing rules of nutritional needs, food intake, food intake frequency, food intake rhythm, nutritional supplements, nutritional compensation and so on, so as to build precise feeding technology for Allogynogenetic crucian carp, black carp, grass carp, and common carp. Through the rational feeding system, 0.86 tonnes of feed inputs and 31kg ammonia emissions can be reduced for producing 1 tonne of fish products. A new feeding model for black carp based on the high-quality expanded pellet feed reduces the feed coefficient by 0.93. The application of a reasonable feeding system reduces the input amount of feed, improves the feed efficiency and water quality, which is of obvious economic and ecological benefits.

Circulation, trade and consumption of conventional freshwater fish

Chinese conventional freshwater fish is an important part of aquatic products in China. It accounts for a large proportion of household food consumption with a great impact on the entire development of fisheries. Conventional freshwater fish belongs to perishable agricultural products, which are mainly in the form of fresh consumption. Thus, its circulation structure should minimise the entity circulation and improve marketing efficiency. According to investigations, the methods of circulation and marketing for conventional freshwater fish in China have diversified, and the wholesale market is the main distribution link. The conventional freshwater fish is mainly reserved for national consumption. The international trade scale is relatively small in the whole industry. However, with the rapid development of the Chinese aquaculture industry and the demand of Asian immigrant communities on conventional freshwater fish in the world, the development of international

trade for Cyprinidae fish (including national conventional freshwater fishery) is great. In 2012, the total export of Cyprinidae fish in China reached to 42,500 tonnes, with an export value of 132.4 million dollars. From the export market distribution, Hong Kong, Macau, and South Korea are the top three export markets for China. In 2012, the total export of Chinese Cyprinidae fish to the above three markets was 42,400 tonnes, with an export value of 132.1 million dollars, accounting for 99.82 per cent and 99.83 per cent of the total export of Cyprinidae fish and total export value of China, respectively. From the source of export provinces, because of the convenient conditions for exporting to Hong Kong, Cyprinidae fish export and export value of Guangdong reached to 38,900 tons and 122 million dollars respectively, accounting for 91.6 per cent and 91.93 per cent of the total export of Cyprinidae fish and total export value. In addition, provinces with export volume over 800 tonnes also include Hunan, Liaoning and Shandong.

Prospects

Over a 30-year period of increased growth and development, the aquaculture technology of conventional freshwater fish is becoming mature. In turn, this has formed a complete industrial chain and technology system integrated with breeding, culturing, processing and marketing. China is the country with the best aquaculture technologies for conventional freshwater fish in the world. In the future, China will further improve industrial quality, strengthen input of scientific research, develop and promote standardised production technology, maintain sustainable development of the conventional freshwater fish, so as to make contribution to the realisation of resource-saving and environment-friendly aquaculture.

24 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

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PHOTOSHOOT Our new editorial executive, Olivia Holden was invited to take part in the second annual Breizh Algae Tour hosted by Olmix, France It was a pleasure to attend the second annual Breizh Algae Tour held in Nantes, Rennes and Brehan, September 14th-17th 2014. The tour, entitled ‘Algae and Nutrition: a new approach to health’ brought together leading scientific experts and researchers to enshrine Olmix’s message that Algae is one of the ways to meet the challenge of feeding nine billion people sustainably by 2050 while respecting the fragile balance of our ecosystems. Over 43 nationalities and 500 delegates were present at the tour which explored in great depth the use of algae in plant, human and animal care. The Breton spirit was alive throughout the tour. Delegates were treated to traditional Breton music and cuisine. Of particular interest were the talks and workshops given on ‘algae for aquaculture’. Faced with the challenge of an ever-increasing population, aquaculture is fast becoming the most sustainable source of protein for human consumption notably in Asia. Coupled with this is the challenge of sourcing raw materials for use in feed. Equally, a further challenge facing aquaculture production is that of health. An illuminating talk was given by Dr Loc Tran, one of the scientists responsible for the discovery of the pathogen responsible for Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS). The innovative and revolutionary use of algae is now part of the solution in tackling this problem. In this photoshoot you can find some of the highlights from the tour, including ‘The Great Elephant’, an artistic, touristic and cultural project based in Nantes. Furthermore, the launch of M Feed + was an exciting opportunity for Olmix to showcase to a worldwide audience their everincreasing innovative range of products. In our next edition we bring you a full report of the tour.

26 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

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RAS Recirculation aquaculture systems

ecirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) represent an exciting, eco-friendly and unique way to farm fish. Instead of the traditional method of growing fish outdoors in open ponds, net cages or tanks, this system rears fish at high densities within an operator controllable rearing environment inside a building. Recirculation systems filter and clean the water for recycling back through the fish culture tanks. New water is added to the tanks only to make up for water loss due to splash out and evaporation and to replace that used to flush out fish waste materials to storage tanks. RAS designs have several system process technologies, all of which work together to ensure minimum loss of water, heat and of course fish stocks, while constantly cleaning and re-using the fish tank water. RAS farms can be designed to various levels of complexity, however all true water recirculation designs involve the use of equipment to remove and safely store wastes, clean and re-use water and maintain rearing conditions at or near optimum for the species of fish being raised. In contrast, many older style tank farming systems that have been used to grow fish are termed “open” or “flow through” systems

because the water makes only one pass through the tank and then is discarded. Although several improvements can be added to older designs to reduce water usage and create hybrid types of operations, these are not exactly true water recirculation farms.

Benefits of Water Recirculation Aquaculture System Designs

Fish farmed in any facility must be supplied with the correct conditions necessary to remain healthy and grow with a good Feed Conversion Rate (FCR). Fish need a continuous supply of clean water at an appropriate temperature and dissolved oxygen content that is optimum for good growth. Water recirculation farms accomplish these tasks. A mechanical and biological system is necessary to purify the water and remove or detoxify harmful waste products and uneaten feed. The fish must be fed a nutritionally complete feed on a daily basis to encourage fast growth and high survival. With that in mind, it is now possible to review the potential benefits of using a Recirculation Aquaculture Systems.

Low water Requirements

Because RAS farms recycle most of their water, they consume considerably less than other types of culture systems and are especially well suited to areas with limited water supplies. The required quantity of water needed to successfully grow fish varies with the species of fish selected, size of the farm system, and the unit process equipment design. As a general rule, a minimum water volume of one-five gallons is needed for every pound of fish reared and minimum new water flows of five-20 gallons per minute are needed to grow 50,000 - 75,000 pounds of fish per year. A properly designed and operated recirculation system requires a minimum daily input of water, just enough to clean the waste from the filters and to replace water lost to evaporation. This allows construction of fish farms in areas where ground water is limited and even opens the possibility of an operation being located in an urban area to use de-chlorinated municipal water. Such a production facility could be located close to the market. By comparison, a recirculation system which produces the same number of pounds of fish as 1000 acres of ponds (about 4.8 million pounds of fish) would require only about 4000 gallons of fresh water each day or 1.5 million gallons per year. However, to fill 1000 acres of ponds averaging just 5 feet in depth, once only, would require 1.6 billion gallons of water. That is just to fill the ponds and does not include any water added to maintain levels or freshen the ponds after the initial filling.

Less Land Requirements

Since fish in a recirculation system are reared in tanks, with oxygen being supplied and their metabolic wastes removed by constant recirculation of water, fish can be safely stocked and grown in high densities. Currently the goal, which designers are striving to attain, is 1 pound of fish per gallon of water. However, many people consider 0.5 to 0.75 pounds of fish per gallon of tank water as being acceptable. In pond aquaculture, the common maximum density is about 0.003 pounds of fish per gallon of water. Therefore, a recirculation system can be located in areas where large amounts of level land (to build ponds) are not available. The low land requirement also permits the facility to be located in areas where the soil cannot hold water or, again, in urban areas, or housed in vacant farm or warehouse buildings converted to fish farming.

Control of Water Temperature

The low water requirement of recirculation systems opens up

002 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish farming Technology

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

the possibility of economically controlling temperature which, next to the lower water amounts need, controlling water temperature (and the resulting stock growth rates) is one the greatest benefits of these systems. Control of water temperature allows the aquaculturist to produce a fish species, which could not normally be raised in a given geographic area. It also permits the water temperature to be maintained at the optimum level to maximize food conversion and provide optimum growth. Growth can also occur throughout the year, maximising production and allowing rapid turnover of the product. In theory, marketing of the product is also enhanced, since fish can be supplied each week.

environment. By maintaining dissolved oxygen at optimum levels, the fish have better food conversion and are less stressed, which translates into greater disease resistance, less wasted feed and faster stock growth. In addition, the fish are isolated from potential environmental contaminants such as off-flavor caused by algal blooms that can affect cages and from any potential pollution resulting from soil run-off or residual pesticides into the water that the fish are held in. This results in a high quality product. In many cases where the fresh water is supplied by wells, the likelihood of disease outbreaks are greatly reduced and medications are not required.

Protection From The Elements and Potential Predators

Summary

There are various designs for recirculation systems and most will By rearing the fish indoors, the farmer is no longer limited by work effectively if they accomplish oxygen and aeration, removal of parweather conditions where a sudden cold spell can wipe out a year’s ticulate matter, biological filtration to remove waste ammonia and nitrite production by killing the larval fish or disrupting the normal spawning of and buffering of water pH levels. These processes can be achieved by the brood fish. In addition, pond and cage culturists can lose their crop using the simple units, that use combination filters which are often used to low oxygen during the summer or winter and have greater difficulty in small farm systems. In the case of larger farms filtration will often be controlling predators. Having the fish indoors also permits harvest at carried out using several interconnected components and unit processes. Land based fish farms that use RAS technologies are indeed an times when heavy rain, snow or ice would stop the harvest of pond fish or cage, creating a definite market advantage to the indoor farmer. alternative to pond and cage culture systems. As with any technology Indoor RAS farms are designed to prevent stock escapement, meaning or any other business the operators must have the knowledge and less potential for loss and mitigation of potential conflicts with regula- the inclination to manage the business and undertake the daily tasks required. In RAS farms staff must A care| for and manage tions governing water bodiesHatchery and fish escapements. Reed Mariculture, Inc. | 2014 Ad Campaign | Theme: Ad-1 Shellfish Dietthe | Design: Version: 1 both the fish stocks and the systems. So having the best systems and no knowledge Placement:Control International Aquafeed X 132mm of good husbandry will not work. Knowledge is king and one should of Water Quality| Size: Half Page | Dimensions: 190mm not attempt operating a farm without having the training and experiWith recirculation systems, the aquaculturist has the opportunity to control water quality, to the benefit of the live fish stock ence required. Water recirculation farms are also generally more costly and to the final product sold in the supermarkets and to the to build and more complex to manage.

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Fish farming Technology | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 003

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FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

RAS

technology overview Pentair DSF Series™ Drum Screen Filters: Rotary Micro Filters In demanding aquaculture applications, drum screen filters have proven to be highly efficient and reliable in removing solids from volumes of water large and small. Pentair Aquatic Eco-Sytems is product to offer our DSF Series™ line of drum screen filters, with a wide range of models, sizes and micron ratings to meet the specific needs of nearly any field application. Featuring a field-proven design and the highest quality materials available, the DSF Series™ follow the simple, robust and time-tested principles of drum screen screen filter operation. Water containing solids enters the rotary drum in the front of the system. Water passes through the micro-mesh filter, which filters out solids (for increased durability, stainless steel wedge-wire filtration material is also available). As the filter mesh or wedge-wire material becomes increasingly loaded with solids, the water level within the drum increases to the point that it triggers the cleaning process. As the drum starts to rotate, the spraybar nozzles scour the filter mesh or wedge wire with high-pressure water, returning the screen to its original permeability. This allows the internal water level to drop and stop the cleaning process. Solids that are cleaned from the water are collected in a trough and transported away from the drum screen filter. www.pentair.com/en/solutions/advanced-filtration-and-desalination

WATER proved WATERproved develops, delivers and installs aquaculture systems for all kinds of application. Careful planning, precise calculation and simulation of the set up make you safe money when it comes to energy efficiency and ease of maintenance. Selling state of the art technology, we develop all projects completely in house - from basic calculation to 3D model farm design. We know what we are doing-all our staff have practical farming background in recirculation and flow through systems. We worked with Trouts, Chars, Salmons, Sturgeons, European Perch, Pike Perch and Cyprinids. WATER proved is working together with notable suppliers such as Hydrotech, Lykkegaard and Ultra Aqua. All individually manufactured devices in plastic or steel are made in Germany and from highest quality. WATER proved will join Aquaculture Europe in San Sebastian on booth No. 25. We consider the show an excellent place for exchanging with international scientists, farmers and business partners. There are already lots of meetings arranged with customers during the exhibition. From the venue San Sebastian we hope to get into contact with new customers from Europe and especially France and Spain. Our French representative, Mr. Sylvain Delord from Smart Aqua, will also join us during this show.

Primzone Ozone Research shows that water treatment with ozone increases productivity at RAS aquaculture systems. Three reasons why ozone in aquaculture improves water quality and increases aquaculture productivity. As recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) operate by reusing the fish tank water it is essential to control the water quality. Many studies show that treating RAS systems with ozone increases productivity as fish health and survival is increased. At RAS the organic load tend to be high and the homogeneous fish stock leads to a high risk of infections and problems with bacteria, fungi and viruses. Although ozone is not primarily used for disinfection at RAS the reduction of solids and DOC often creates an environment that is less favourable for bacterial growth and thus creates a reduced need for disinfection. 1. Removal of colloidal solids with ozone micro flocculation The organic load is a constant concern for RAS systems, especially when the fish density is high and the water exchange rate low. Ozone has the ability to cause clumping or micro flocculation of fine and colloidal solids, which in turn facilitates removal by filtration and sedimentation. 2. Removal of dissolved organic compounds Ozone changes the characteristics of the dissolved organic compounds (DOC) by oxidation and precipitation that makes it easier to remove the DOC by bio filtration and sedimentation. 3. Turn lethal nitrite into harmless nitrate with ozone treatment A high organic load is a favorable environment for nitrite growth. When reducing the organic load with ozone treatment the risk of nitrite growth is also reduced. Ozone also has the ability to oxidize nitrite to nitrate. Suffer with any of the above problems with water quality at your RAS plant? Contact our Aquaculture Specialist Dan Johansson. How Primozone can help you increase productivity with ozone water treatment Primozone offers unique solutions for water treatment of recirculating aquaculture. We offer ozone generators and ozone water treatment systems that are especially designed for the aquaculture market. The Primozone OM-series ozone generators have several advantages that applies to aquaculture fish farming such as: • compact in size • built in redundancy • easy to operate • low life cycle cost • ozone levels automatically controlled by redox/orp values in each tank • ozone distribution module that can distribute ozone to several different tanks with individual ozone dosage

AquaBioTech - Filtration Systems As a result of our own research and development work we have developed some of the most advanced and cost effective filtration solutions available on the market today. Filtration modules that can process two – 2000m3 / hour of water are available, as well as custom-designed solutions that are specific for each client's requirements and budget. www.aquabt.com/filtration-systems

004 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish farming Technology

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY HydroTech The highest levels of filtration efficiency Water is filtered through the periphery of the drum and particles are carefully separated from the liquid through the special cell structure of the filter panels. As solids build up on the filter cloth, the automatic system starts rotating the drum and initiates the backwash. Solids are gently rinsed off the filter cloth and collected in the waste trough and discharged. The filtration continues on clean filter cloth during the backwash, thus allowing a continuous filtration process. The unique design of our filter panels prevents fragmentation through careful handling of the solids. This high filtration efficiency is essential in optimizing water quality parameters. Flexible, modular design The modular design incorporates 5 different drum diameters ranging from 0.5 m to 2.0 m with filter areas from 0.35 m2 for the HDF 501 to 22.5m2 for the HDF 2010. In total there are 20 different standard drum filter sizes depending upon your requirements. We also work with our knowledgeable clients by providing unique configurations to meet specific needs. Variable drive systems The Hydrotech Drumfilter is available in two drive system versions: direct drive and chain transmission. Direct drive: The direct drive is used on the two smallest drum sizes with 0.5 and 0.8 m drum diameter. Chain transmission: For larger units, a chain drive provides optimum performance. www.hydrotech.se/aquaculture

Faivre Drum Filters The operating system is simple. The water to be filtered is directed into a rotating drum. The outer surface of the drum is manufactured with a number of stainless steel plates covered with stainless steel (or Nylon) mesh plates. Suspended solids larger than the perforations are unable to pass through the mesh and thus, are retained in the drum. The slowly rotating drum sepa¬rates the solids from the water and discharges the solids through a dis¬charge channel located at the top of the drum as indicated on sketch. FAIVRE filters are designed to resist to all corrosion, due to their construc¬tion entirely of stainless steel type AISI 304L for fresh water, and type AISI 316L for salt water. All parts of the filter have been engi¬neered and calibrated for their spe¬cific duty. FAIVRE drum filters are manufactured with less moving parts as possible. The drum is driven by belts so as main¬tenance is reduced to a minimum. The efficiency of the design is contained within the construction of the stainless filter plates that are integrated into a strong stainless steel framework. Replacement of filter¬ plates is operated in a few minutes due to the exclusive design. The filter plates are easily cleaned and replaced on the drum. FAIVRE offers a complete range of efficient filters, strongly made and economic to operate.

Fish farming Technology | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 005

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

Technical aquaculture conference - Focus on the Mediterranean by Ruby Bircher

Tom Blacker from International Aquafeed Magazine attended the recent conference entitled ‘Tendencies in Aquaculture Value Chain’. The full-day conference took place at the FutureFish Eurasia exhibition in Izmir, Turkey, on Friday 6th June 2014. EuroFish organised seven separate talks with questions and answers.

Best Aquaculture practices: BIOSAFETY- The new objective of modern farming

uroFish, in association with Turkish Food, Agriculture and Livestock Ministry delivered an interesting programme. International Aquafeed, following the attendance of Tom Blacker report from three talks given by presenters at the conference. At the welcome address it was highlighted that aquaculture in Turkey has grown to worldwide propor tions with Izmir at its centre. Izmir acts as an ‘important hub for the Turkish aquaculture sector’ said Mr Carçak from the Turkish Food, Agriculture and Livestock Ministry. Turkish aquaculture is growing rapidly, partly because of consumer dietary demands for animal protein and omega 3 as well as Turkey’s noticeably increasing population. It is encouraging to see how dynamic aquaculture is in this country, with huge trade flows between Europe and Turkey. Equally, competitors from emerging markets are growing as well and internal factors relative to Turkey are also creating new challenges. All industry organisations, companies and par ticipants must partake in aquaculture actively, share experiences and ask questions.

by Dr Pierpaolo Patarnello – Veterinary Fish Pathologist Dr Pierpaolo Patarnello, an early pioneer from Mediterranean marine aquaculture who has been in the industry for twenty years spoke. He gave an informative presentation on how to modernise fish farming, stating that, ‘Aquaculture cannot be reinvented as [in] the past’. In order to achieve this, a new approach must be found. Following a holistic approach, the welfare of the workers, the welfare of the animals, the protection of the environment and food safety are all vital factors to be considered in reaching this goal. By improving and regenerating the trade, Dr Patarnello says that ‘Turkey will be the leader of aquaculture in the Mediterranean’. The Mediterranean is a diverse ocean for fish farming from west to east, with dedicated industry sites spread throughout. However, Turkey has to take more care than they are currently doing with regards to environmental impact. Currently, minority species fish are being developed at the same level and in the same way that bass and sea bream were in the early 2000s. Choice of feed, water control and sanitation must be bettered to see the industry, as a whole, improve. Sanitary control, in particular, is critically important—pathology is just the tip of the iceberg. Diseases easily develop in water and, in the aquaculture industry it

006 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish farming Technology

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY is pivotal that they are stopped before mortality rates in fish increase. The speed at which technology is now allowing industries to work at is saving both time and, resultantly, money. Because of this, any technology used needs to be ensured that it is clean and safe. Finishing remarks focused on the importance of the control at the production stage. Using a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is a good way to achieve this. In the 1990s, skeletal deformities in fish were a problem at the production stage. Practices around improvements at this stage are so vital for good quality products. Standards in production can lead to standards in the end product, such as certifying and tracing the route to the consumer. Throughout the stages, Dr Pierpaolo Patarnello said, ‘feed choice is absolutely essential’ for success. On the whole, International Aquafeed Magazine found the talk very topical and interesting. It raised other wider ranging issues such as how much longer is it expected to take in order for Turkish aquaculture to develop? There are currently 4 standards internationally for fish and Turkey must follow one.

Technological Developments in the Open Seas in Fish Farming - by Darko Lisac of Refa Med Italy Darko Lisac of Refa Med Italy has been in aquaculture for thirty-five years. In 1977, the first trials of marine cage farming in the Mediterranean began, creating an early-stage cage. This later developed into steel cages, however, it was found that the strength of the waves caused the metal to crack. Cages with flexible structures fit for absorbing the force of the waves and environmental conditions were soon produced — however, a new challenge arose where, in the open seas, the waves are even greater. Circular cages were later manufactured to solve this problem as it was found that it could withstand the severe exposure. New nets are also now being tested, using high tenacity polyolefin (plastic) to produce ‘knotless nets’. As Tom Blacker from International Aquafeed saw at an earlier show this year-Aquaculture UK, W&J Knox are just one of the companies who manufacturer these products. However in Turkey, these nets are excellent in local conditions because of the following reasons: • No water absorption • UV protection • The waxy surface reduces the amount of fouling • Easy to clean in situ in which it is resistant to abrasion • High tensile strength- the fibres are woven together tightly Mr. Lisac then moved on to talk about other equipment such as grid mooring farms and the challenges facing them: big storms, the

domino effect (if one goes wrong so do the others when the cages are adjoined)—as well as the existence submersible PE cage models, Bonnar Engineering and Dunlop cages made of submersible rubber material. Open Sea cage systems such as the Ocean Spar sea station (USA) and the Subflex system were discussed also. The Refa Tension Leg Cage (TLC) was mentioned. The TLC is another Open Sea cage system that, during the build-up of waves, can sink by itself, catching fish easily with very little maintenance required. Darko Lisac concluded that, ‘Refa Med works with farmers to overcome the environmental and operational constraints in the open seas and deliver functional technical solutions’.

Health Management in Marine Finfish Production by Dr Pierpaolo Patarnello– Veterinary Fish Pathologist This was the second presentation Dr Patarnello gave at the conference in which the concern for sanitation in fish farming was addressed. To an extent there is always some biological risk in intensive farming where infectious, as well as environmental diseases can manifest. Stress in cultured fish is also a major problem that exposes them to disease due to the ‘metabolic stress condition to which they are subjected’. This refers to the uncomfortable habitat in which they live, including: high density, intense feeding and a small environment. It is impor tant that disease in aquaculture is controlled not only to save the fish product itself but also the wild species. A recurring problem of marine farmed fish is that the cages often attract those from the wild. The promise of food and shelter encourages the wild fish to get into the cages by slipping through available holes and gaps. Any possible diseases carried by these fish then infiltrate the water infecting the surrounding farmed fish. Dr Patarnello describes pathology as the ‘alteration of one or more physiological aspects in a living organism which appreciably compromises its biological functions until the extreme consequences of death’. Pathogens are exchanged between the fish, spreading disease, and, potentially, inciting an epidemic. However, the risk is not only limited to fish- in some cases, diseases are zoonotic, allowing them to be passed to humans, putting the farmers in danger of infection as well. Several diseases that can develop were mentioned, including: • Vibriosis-results in skin and visceral haemorrhages. In some cases, strains of the bacteria have appeared that are resistant to drugs/chemicals used to treat the disease. • Lymphocystis-it is found that this viral disease commonly manifests when fish

are under stress. Small, white growths, occasionally mistaken for Ich, appear on the fish’s skin, growing until the fish eventually dies. While there is no known cure, some recommend surgery in serious situations. • Pseudotuberculosis- this is an example of a zoonotic bacteria that is common in South America. In fish, the disease causes the spleen, liver and lymph nodes to inflame as well as cells in tissues to die. • Streptococcus-this disease, also zoonotic, is prone to appearing in fish that live in stressful conditions, resulting in inflammation of the brain. Side effects can include ‘lethargy, dorsal rigidity, and erratic swimming behaviour; death follows in a matter of days’. One way to control the infection is to decrease the quantity of feed given to the fish; some antibiotics have also been proven successful. As has been mentioned, there are some ways to ‘cure’ these diseases. But is there a way to manage the risk so that the fish don’t become infected in the fir st place? Dr Patarnello reveals that control is the key. It is important, he says, to always keep sanitary conditions under control, to be vigilant and willing to increase and adapt the conditions as and when problems arise. Other advice, regarding technical and strategic control, was relayed to the audience. The application of health monitoring programmes by fish farm managers can help to assess which best practices should be enacted. Prevention was described as a proactive type of treatment: • Increase the control over the management level of farms • More attention to sanitary requirements of new seeds • More attention to prophylactic standards for infectious diseases • More attention to the feeding and to the growth of cultured species The presentation concluded that the continuous environmental monitoring of fish farms is vital in controlling the spread of diseases. To do so requires specialized veterinarians to carry out the surveillance as well as making a routine of investigating the fish, water and feed. Dr Patarnello finished saying, ‘According to 2006/88, all European aquaculture companies must implement Sanitary Surveillance programs, aimed not only to control the epidemiological risk of disease spread, but also to minimize the use of disinfectants and chemotherapies for a future production that is increasingly healthy and safe for our fish, for our environment, and for our children as future consumers.’

Fish farming Technology | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 007

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 27

FEATURE

TRENDS

in global compound aquafeed production

by Albert G.J. Tacon PhD, Aquatic Farms Ltd, USA

t is estimated that the total production of the major non-filter feeding finfish and crustacean species groups fed industrially compounded or farm-made aquafeeds was about 35.7 million tonnes in 2012, with total global industrial compound aquafeed production estimated at approximately 39.6 million tonnes; the compound aquafeed sector growing at an average rate of 10.3 percent per year. In terms of global aquaculture production in 2012, the major compound feed fed finfish and crustacean species groups included: Chinese carp at 12.47 million tonnes (excluding silver carp and big head carp) with an estimated total compound aquafeed requirement of 11.03 million tonnes or 27.8 percent of total global compound aquafeed production), followed by • Tilapia at 4.51 million tonnes with an estimated total compound aquafeed requirement of 6.67 million tonnes or 16.8 percent of global aquafeed production; • Shrimp at 4.33 million tonnes with an estimated total compound feed requirement of 6.18 million tonnes or 15.6 percent of global aquafeed production; • Catfish at 3.91 million tonnes with an estimated total compound feed requirement of 4.27 million tonnes or 10.8 percent of global aquafeed production; • Salmon at 2.29 million tonnes with an estimated total compound feed requirement of 2.98 million tonnes or 7.5 percent of global aquafeed production; • Marine fish at 2.18 million tonnes with an estimated total compound feed requirement of 2.98 million tonnes or 7.5 percent of global aquafeed production; • Other miscellaneous freshwater and diadromous fish at 2.13 million tonnes with an estimated total compound feed require-

ment of 1.31 million tonnes or 3.3 percent of global aquafeed production; • Freshwater crustaceans at 1.83 million tonnes with an estimated total compound feed requirement of 1.80 million tonnes or 4.5 percent of global aquafeed production; • Milkfish at 943,259 tonnes with an estimated total compound Table 1. Estimated total global production of compound aquafeeds (values given in thousand tonnes) Total production1

Total feeds used

1995

9,136

7,526

1996

10,361

9,001

1997

11,071

10,297

1998

11,790

11,398

Year

Figure 1: Top compound feed fed farmed fish and crustaceans in 2012, average annual percent growth from 1995 to 2012, and estimated value of total production (data calculated from FISHSTAT, FAO, 2014).

1999

12,942

12,175

2000

13,943

13,837

2001

15,192

15,150

2002

16,208

16,648

2003

18,601

19,284

2004

19,443

20,620

2005

20,892

22,241

2006

22,719

24,012

2007

24,892

26,698

2008

26,723

29,006

2009

28,395

31,257

2010

30,414

33,494

2011

32,862

36,092

2012

35,717

39,617

2015

43,233

49,736

2020

56,226

65,401

2025

71,104

87,136

1Total reported species group

Figure 2: Estimated total compound aquafeed production by major fed species group in 2012, and predictions for 2020 and 2015 (values given in million metric tonnes). 28 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

production for 1995 to 2012 taken from FAO (2014), and estimates for 2015, 2020 and 2025 are calculated based on expected growth. 2Mean annual percent growth. 3Estimated percent of total species group production fed on commercial aquaculture feeds. 4Estimated average species group economic feed conversion ratio (total feed fed / total species biomass increse). 5Estimated total species group aquaculture feed used (total species group production x FCR (feed conversion ratio))

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ermany • M a

Figure 3: Estimated total compound aquafeed production by major species group from 1995 to 2012 (values given in x 10,000 metric tonnes).

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Figure 4: Growth and projected increased in production of total compound aquafeed production by major species group from 1995 to 2025 (values given in thousand metric tonnes).

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feed requirement of 890,000 tonnes or 2.2 percent of global aquafeed production; • Trout at 878,985 tonnes with an estimated total compound feed requirement of 1.14 million tonnes or 2.9 percent of global aquafeed production; and • Eel at 241,285 tonnes with an estimated total compound feed requirement of 370,000 tonnes or 0.9 percent of global compound aquafeed production. It is currently estimated that about 35.7 million tonnes of farmed fish and crustaceans (39.5 percent of the total global aquaculture production in 2012) is dependent upon the supply of industrially compounded aquafeeds. Total industrial compound aquafeed production increased more than five-fold, from 7.5 million tonnes in 1995 to 39.6 million tonnes in 2012, with production growing at an average rate of 10.3 percent per year. Aquafeed production is expected to continue growing, with production increasing at a more modest rate of 6.2 percent per year, reaching similar rate to 49.7 million tonnes by 2015, 65.4 million tonnes by 2020, and 87.1 million tonnes by 2025.

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September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 29

FEATURE

TRADE SHIFTS AND PRICE VOLATILITY PREDICTION

he global Salmon industry has just been through one of the regular reviews that only an organisation like Rabobank can give. They analyse all aspects of the diverse industry and gather data and comments from expert reviewers and put together a very detailed briefing document under reference Rabobank Industry Note #453. Gorjan Nikolik, Senior Analyst, and his team have just finalised this report on Salmon headlined ‘This Time It’s Different’ commenting that the industry is reverting to the ‘highcycle scenario’ emphasising that this has been an unusually long-lasting period of under supply and high prices which is likely to continue for another two years. Over the next few years, Rabobank believe the salmon industry will focus on issues related to biosecurity, sustainability, cost control, certification and technological innovations. They also predict that increased global demand will support the high price environment and strong profitability of farmers and, if this remains correct, even with the Russian trade issues it will likely create large-scale trade shifts and price volatility. The emphasis of the report is based on Norwegian production primarily because that country controls over 50 per cent of the global Atlantic salmon production but it does articulate the challenges and opportunities of the whole industry. In Norway there is a legal production limit for salmon, which is controlled by the maximum allowable biomass (MAB) per licence. The majority of harvesters are rapidly approaching this limit. This is especially the case during late summer and early autumn/ fall period. The issue has been a topic of discussion between the industry and government for some time as with a small change in whether MAB was applied to annual average rather than a single point of time could create an additional 12-15 per cent within existing licences. The potential downside for Norwegian harvesters is twofold if they were successful in their discussions. There could be a drop in price due to extra supplies being available and, probably more importantly, the additional product could create a sanitary risk.

The favourable environmental growing conditions experienced in 2014 also suit the harvesters biggest current risk issue, the parasite, sea lice. It is one of the reasons the Norwegian Government policy has been to ensure that parasites and diseases are under control before pushing the increased volume buttons. On the sea lice issue, the Norwegian Government have put forward an interesting proposal to the salmon farmers which enables them to purchase a one-off 5 per cent increase to their MAB providing lice numbers are controlled within certain parameters and a limit on lice treatments as adhered to. This innovation in regulations is only likely to be able to be taken up by 15-20 per cent of the industry. This sort of risk versus reward approach could be expanded in the future. Also adding to the Norwegian Governments novel approaches is the prospect of more issuances of so-called ‘green licences’. This could add another 70,000MT (note just 5 per cent of Norway’s salmon current production but as far as say Australia is concerned is actually more than Australia currently produces) over the next few years. Extra volume could be obtained by improved husbandry skills, lower mortality and improving genetics but overall there is a prediction that growth in the next three years will be in the range of 3 to 5 per cent. In Chile, the emphasis on growth limitations is more biological than legislative. This has been detailed in previous Rabobank reports but effectively relates to legislation that forced farmers experiencing poor biological performance to reduce farming density in their next production cycle–many aspects are similar to Norwegian 5 per cent MAB process. There will be an impact based on this in 2015 but, on the one hand, the industry is only utilising 374 of the 1277 producer owned seawater concessions that suggests there is plenty of capacity for growth. The Chilean position is more complicated than described in Norway but what is good is that the producers and regulators have together reversed a negative trend and natural growth has improved throughout 2014. Lessons have been learned during the various issues experienced in the region and that augurs well for the future. The report highlights that Regions X and Xl are the main areas in Chile for salmon production and whilst they are getting close to their maximums the future seems to be with Region Xll, which only accounts for 10 per cent of the Chilean Atlantic Salmon biomass. This region has potential to treble its output whilst maintaining low density of production. The lack of infrastructure, labour and hatcheries and higher transport/storage costs will have an effect on how quickly the area can grow. Salmon is riding the ‘lower supply growth’ and ‘positive demand’ train so no matter what

the product, the likelihood is the prices will remain on the higher side. The report gives more insights into EU, USA and Japan markets. Of course the current political issues relate to Russia and the various bans on trade both ways. It is likely that over 100,000 MT of Norwegian salmon will need to find markets in other directions as Russia enforces its own embargoes and they will then need to cover their purchases with product from Faroe Islands and Chile. Will sufficient supply be available from those areas? Where will the Norwegian product go? These are potential issues but even with re-shuffling the Russian situation does not change the overall high-cycle scenario even though prices are expected to come down somewhat after 2016 global supply improves. The marketing of salmon is still emerging as countries develop and the middle class numbers rise. Those economies of so called smaller markets consumed less than 20 per cent of Atlantic salmon production but during this year that figure will be closer to 35 per cent which is twice the size of the USA market. It is within the globalisation that growth will come–markets such as Brazil and Mexico in Latin America; global population giants India and China; Indonesia, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore and South Korea in Asia and the Middle East–through promotion as a premium, healthy and trendy protein. Integration is another subject discussed in this report as it highlights that larger players like Marine Harvest and LeRoy Seafoods have made acquisitions in salmon processing and there is a strong feeling that this trend will continue. This will make it difficult for specialist processors in the future. Feed and aquaculture equipment operators will likely lose out in the coming period as their core buyers will expand slower than previously. In the case of feed, as a major cost of production, every farmer will be aiming to use less, especially of feed that uses higher quantities of fish meal and fish oil. Feed in the industry grew from 2011 to 2014 by nearly 50 per cent and that sort of growth will be curtailed. Parasites and disease alleviation innovation is happening and feed innovation is under way so there are challenges in continuous improvement but importantly they are not blank pages. With increased profitability in the industry Rabobank predicts the major investments will be in biosecurity. The lice issue has been incentivised by the new regulation innovations in both Norway and Chile and its simply good business to put effort in this direction. The Global Salmon Initiative (GSI) is a group comprising the majority of the world’s largest salmon producers who currently account for about 70 per cent of the global Atlantic salmon production. They have

30 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

FEATURE announced by 2020 that all of their farms will be Aquaculture Stewardship Council certified. This will enable the industry to display sustainability credentials exceeding virtually any other modern aquaculture or livestock industry. The aim for GSI is to highlight how truly committed they are in harvesting a product that is as healthy to humans as it is to the environment. Interestingly the report highlights that few salmon farmers have made significant investments in other species in aquaculture and possibly suggests that organisations may believe that knowledge and experience in salmon farming does not equate to potential success in other species. The suggestion by Nikolik is that a potentially more synergetic opportunity could be the aquaculture of algae and seaweeds, a sector receiving increasing attention from academia, investors and the salmon industry. The diversity of algae and seaweeds opens up many conceivable markets beyond human consumption. Research to date has shown that seaweed fields grown adjacent to the salmon farms enable small fish to shelter, and some of those (example given is the lumpfish, Cyclopteridae family) prey on the sea lice. There is still some way to go with this before suggesting it is a solution but it is certainly a promising development. Cost control is essential. As mentioned feed costs, pest and disease control and

certification costs are the major issues but non-feed issues such as administrative and legal expenses should not be forgotten. Issues outside the control of the industry e.g. a record soybean harvest expected in 2015 have impacts on feed costs. Chile, the report suggests, is seeing a major turnaround with strong momentum expected in 2015. Research continues to show successful outcomes in increasing the size of the smolt before re-location in the main farming areas. This is seen as a modernisation of the process and the outcomes have indicated lower mortalities. Open water farming will create new challenges on exposed sites and the barriers to this seem to be more legal than technological, as the industry has already invested in advanced ocean farming requirements. On paper, at least, open ocean farming could bring the best out of the industry and create the ideal situation relating to costs and negative impacts. Maybe, the report suggests, this is a decade away but does open the prospects to the future. Countries like Iceland, Ireland and Russia are seeing rapid expansion of their salmon farming businesses but continued expansion is not guaranteed and it will be hard to see any material impacts from these regions on the global position. In Scotland, currently the third largest producer, the aim is to increase

its current production of 150,000 MT to above 200,000 MT by 2020 and whilst this is significant in one country it still only represents 2.5 per cent growth of the global scene. Land salmon farming is discussed but not seen as currently being the overall answer but if prices continue to strengthen and that trend continues then the opportunity will exist. Of course, land farming techniques are also going through technical improvements and the whole business case is always on the drawing board as a potential. How the industry works through its biosecurity improvements will also add to that equation in the coming years. The report does cover the potentially controversial issue of genetic improvements. It highlights that GM feeds are already in production and are used in animal feeds and is seen as a cost improvement opportunity. The Atlantic salmon industry is predicted to reach 3 million MT by 2020, which is 1 million MT more than 2013 and is 2 million MT more than was produced in 2005. This for a young sector with one of the best demand functions of any protein based on the back of high prices will see investments in the sector accelerate finding solutions to current bottleneck issues. Clearly salmon is leading the blue revolution and although there are still more tests for the industry ahead the progression and prospects appears very bright.

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 31

EXPERT Tâ&#x2014;?PIC

EXPERT TOPIC

CARP Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a particular species and how its feed is managed.

32 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

EXPERT T●PIC

Global overview

by Ross Jelfs, Lower Berryfield Fisheries

yprinus Carpio are the most commonly produced fish in aquaculture, the tonnage of common carp in China produced every year alone exceeds that of salmon and trout worldwide.

Carp are a source of food in many parts of the world, especially central Europe. It is perceived to be a Christmas tradition and delicacy in some countries such as Poland. In such countries common carp can be purchased in supermarkets and taken home just like a goldfish in the UK. For hundreds of years the Japanese have been producing Koi Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) for garden ponds and water features. These domesticated fish are now produced not only in Japan but also all over Asia, Europe and America. These koi carp are bred to such a high standard in Japan and Israel that enthusiasts travel from all over the globe to the all Japan show every year for an opportunity to witness the carp and often purchase fish themselves. These koi carp can cost up to £80,000 for top quality fish and fish over £5,000 are very commonplace. In Western Europe, carp production is relatively on the smaller scale, as we do not produce fish for the table due the fact we are closer to seas and saltwater fish is more of a staple diet. The carp we produce in the UK are required for the sport and leisure industry, these fish are stocked into inland lakes, riv-

ers and canals. In the UK carp grow to weights in excess of 60lb and dedicated anglers spend days, weeks, months and sometimes years just trying to out wit their target fish, these carp can come in all shapes and sizes with varieties including common, mirror and leather carp. Here in the UK the demand for carp is ever on the increase with avian predation at every stage of a young carps life and otters making a successful come back in the wild. In the UK with the demand for quality carp being so high, we dedicate such large areas of land to the construction of mud ponds, lakes and huge re-circulation farms with hundreds of tanks loaded with high end filtration and top quality diets trialed for the best for feed conversion rates possible so that we can grow the carp as quickly as possible with out it being detrimental to the fish themselves. As producers we are able to breed millions of fish, during the hatchery stage we cross specific brood stock to ensure the scale patterns that are most desirable to the customers, such as fully scaled mirror carp, zip linears and true leather carp and, of course, the traditional common carp. However, carp (Cyprinus Carpio) are actually found to be more of an invasive species in other parts of the globe, due to their successful breeding nature. In some countries such as Australia they are seen as vermin only fit to feed crocodiles. On the whole, carp are a very valuable fish within aquaculture.

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 33

2 EXPERT T●PIC

HAMPSHIRE CARP HATCHERIES’

Investigation into alternative commercial diets for carp (Cyprinus carpio) production on their rates of growth and feed utilisation

t Hampshire carp Hatcheries we sell over 200,000 1st and 2nd year carp to the ornamental and restocking markets. We dedicate over half our farm’s surface area to their production. Feed has always been the major variable cost of production. Year on year as feed prices rise we look to see how we can optimise the production gross margin by using the most cost efficient diets. Over the last couple of years our neighboring fishfarmer John Paton at Fisher’s Pond Fishery, who specialises in the production of carp for the restocking market, has been co feeding his normal expensive aquacultural diets with a number of cheaper agricultural diets. We decided to investigate the potential benefits of this strategy, so in collaboration with Coppens International and Fishers Pond fishery, we carried out an 6 week feed trial on carp (C.carpio) at Sparsholt College’s National Aquatics training centre. The carp were fed four commercial diets in triplicate so that their commercial performance could be measured. Key parameters that were measured were: • growth • feed utilisation • economic performance

Because the agricultural diets are not complete formulated feeds for fish we combined them at a ratio of 2:1 with a bespoke fish diet to ensure that all nutritional requirement were met.

ences using a one way anova. There was no significant difference in bulk weights.(p>0.05,f = 0.04,d.f.3,8) The fish were feed the most energy rich trout diet @ 2.4% body weight a day. The

Materials & Methods Experimental materials and procedure Table 1 Formulation specification of trial diets The trial was conducted in twelve aquaria (dimensions 90x30x30cm) in a recirculation Diet Protein Lipid Price % % Euro/Kg unit. Each aquaria maintained a flow of 1litre min-1 at 20oc. Each morning the aquaria were cleaned by siphoning any suspended solids Distillers meal 30 9 0.196 and faeces. Water was replenished from a Trout 46 16 1.14 reservoir of standing dechlorinated water. Carp 32 11 1.12 Ammonia levels were routinely monitored Layers (Chicken) 16 4.5 0.312 throughout the trial. Prior to the start of the trial, the carp were accli- Table 2 Adjusted diet specifications matised to the aquaria for Trial diet Ratio Adjusted Adjusted Ad. price two weeks whilst being fed protein % Lipid % Euro/Kg on a maintenance ration. At the start of the trial 2 distillers +1 2.1 35.3 11.3 0.51 each aquaria was randomly trout stocked with 10 x 14.5 Trout 1 46.0 16.0 1.14 (+/- 0.5) gram carp. The Carp 1 32.0 11.0 1.12 mean values of the bulk weights of the fish on each 2 layers + 1 trout 2.1 26.0 8.3 0.59 diet were tested for differ- 2:1 = 2 of the trial diet +1 of trout

34 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

EXPERT T●PIC

SPECIALIST IN FISH FEEDS

oppens International bv is specialised in developing, producing and marketing of fish feeds. Our experienced specialists guarantee innovative fish feed programs of high quality. Coppens uses knowledge to develop the right feed per species of farmed fish in all their life stages. The Coppens Research Centre plays an important role in this. For many years, Coppens has been recognised as a prominent player in the fish feed sector. Coppens International employs more than 160 people in its headquarters in Helmond (Netherlands) and the production plant in Nettetal (Germany). The Coppens Research Centre is based in Valkenswaard (Netherlands). Out of the headquarters in Helmond, the sales of the self-developed fish feed is realised as well as customer contact. From the production facility in Nettetal planning, transportation and procurement of raw materials is provided. Coppens is active in and outside Europe. Coppens works with quality conscious personnel, a high product quality and widespread network of specialized agents and distributors. Coppens fish feeds are currently sold to more than 60 countries around the world.

arp farming is one of the oldest forms of fish farming and today common and mirror carp are still farmed for the table all over the world. Another important segment is farming carp for restocking natural waters and commercial fisheries for angling purposes.

other diets feed rates were adjusted to achieve standard protein intake. (see table 2) The daily ration for each tank was pre-weighed and divided into two roughly equal feeds that were fed at 08.30am and 4.30pm. The fish were fed just 6 days each week. On the seventh day the fish were bulk weighed and counted. New rations were calculated each week based on the new bulk weights.

Results

During the course of the trial all of the feed fed was observed to be eaten. There were no mortalities and the water parameters were recorded the same for all aquaria.

Diet utilization and Growth

The tanks ate between 181gr and 306gr of food over the trial. FCRs varied from 1 to 2.2, PERs varied from 1.4 to 2.1, % Weight Gains varied from 69% to 126% and SGRs varied from 1.9% to 2.9% There was a very highly significant difference in the diet’s FCRs. (p>0.001,f = 123,d.f.3,8) The Trout diet had a highly significantly lower Food Conversion ratio (FCR) than all the other diets (p<0.01) The Distiller diet mix had a significantly lower Food Conversion ratio (FCR) than the Layer diet mix. (p<0.05)

Carp are characterised by the lack of a stomach and have a long intestine. This type of digestive tract fits an omnivorous lifestyle in which zooplankton, invertebrates and fibrous plant material play a large role. The longer gut length is required to deal with a high level of less digestible material in the natural diet of the fish. A much longer exposure period to the digestive enzymes within the gastric tract is required for an efficient digestion. Since the protein intake is relatively low, carp function well without having a real stomach that normally is important for the first step in the protein digestion. These characteristics are important considerations for making feed formulations and are the starting point for the Coppens carp feed program. All the formulations not only meet the nutritional requirements of carp in the respective life phases but are made with ingredients selected for digestibility and palatability. By extruding the feeds the digestibility and the water stability of the pellets is further improved. After the winter carp have used up much of their energy reserves. In early spring they need to gain back their condition quickly and prepare themselves for the spawning season. Therefore a nutritious diet with sufficient protein and oil is required and ample vitamins and minerals. This will help the carp to recondition and gain weight while building up their gonads. A good choice is CarpCo Basic Select or even TroCo Prime-18 which meet these requirements and are very tasty to carp. These feeds are available in many pellet sizes to suit all sizes of carp. These pellets have good water stability so that also in cold water the carp have enough time to find them. It is recommended to feed in fixed spots or confined areas at certain times so that interested carp know where and when to check those places. CarpCo Basic Select and TroCo Prime-18 are also the right feeds to feed through the summer and in autumn to help achieve good growth rates. The higher oil level fulfils the fish’s demand for energy and reserves the protein for growth so that less ammonia is formed which helps to maintain a good water quality. It also helps to built up some energy reserves during autumn when carp still eat well which is essential to help them through the cold winter period. In summer and autumn once per day or per 2 days can be fed depending on stocking density and natural food availability. Late autumn, when the water temperature sinks below 10-12 °C, and during the winter a different feed can be given. The metabolism and digestion of carp slows down when the water gets colder and a less concentrated feed or a lower feeding level is required. CarpCo Excellent is a good choice now. This feed has a lower oil level that can still be well digested at low water temperatures. The cereal rich CarpCo Excellent is suitable to help maintain a good condition. Feeding should be done once per 2 or 3 days till the temperature goes below 6-8 °C. Feed a rather small size giving a large number of pellets per volume so that all carp have a fair chance to pick up their share. While calculating the amount of feed, the amount of natural food and what will be fed by the fishermen have to be taken into account.

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 35

EXPERT T●PIC

There was a very highly significant difference in the diet’s PERs.(p>0.001,f =70,d.f.3,8) The Trout diet had a highly significantly higher Protein Efficiency ratio (PER) than all the other diets (p<0.01) The Layer diet mix had a significantly higher protein efficiency ratio (PER) than the Distiller diet mix and the Carp diet. (p<0.05) There was a very highly significant difference in the diet’s SGRs.(p>0.001,f =66,d.f.3,8)

Layers diet had a 23% daily advantage and co feeding the Distillers diet had a 4% daily advantage.

Conclusion

The Trout diet significantly out performed the other alternative diets in growth, F.C.R., P.E.R. and economic effiTable 3 Trial feed rate guidelines ciency. Co feeding with the Layers Trial diet Protein Lipid % feed Available Available diet gave significant % % rate protein lipid better growth and protein efficiency Dist/Tr 35.3 11.3 3.1 110.24 35.4 than using the Carp Trout 46.0 16.0 2.4 110.40 38.4 or Distillers wheat Carp 32.0 11.0 3.5 110.40 38.0 diets and would be Lay/Tr 26.0 8.3 4.3 110.50 35.4 the best co-feed alternative. Overall the implications in The Trout diet had a highly significantly intensive farming environhigher Specific Growth rate (SGR) than all ments are that there is a sigthe other diets (p<0.01) The Layer diet mix nificant benefit from using a had a significantly higher Specific Growth rate bespoke high performance (SGR) than the Distiller diet mix and the Carp fish diet. However, in less intendiet. (p<0.05) sive systems where there is a considerable amounts Economics The Carp diet performed least well eco- of natural feed there may nomically. The Trout diet had a daily eco- be scope for these cheaper nomic advantage of 49%. Co feeding the supplementary alternatives. 36 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

Figure 1 Mean Cumulative FCR

Figure 2 Mean Cumulative PER

Figure 3 Mean SGR %

EXPERT T●PIC

Table 4 Summary of the mean performance of each diet after 6 weeks (+/- 95% C.I.)

"The Trout diet significantly

Diet Feed rate %

Food fed (gr)

FCR

PER

% Weight gain

SGR%

out performed the other alternative diets in growth, F.C.R., P.E.R. and economic efficiency"

Dist/Tr

3.12

211(+/-5)

1.95(+/-0.37)

1.46(+/-0.28)

75%(+/-17)

2%(+/-0.3)

Trout

2.40

183(+/-13)

1.02(+/-0.02)

2.13(+/-0.04)

124%(+/-5)

2.9%(+/-0.1)

Carp

3.45

237(+/-13)

2.06(+/-0.08)

1.52(+/-0.06)

80%(+/-4)

2.1%(+/-0.1)

Lay/Tr

4.25

301(+/-5)

2.17(+/-0.16)

1.77(+/-0.13)

96%(+/-12)

2.4%(+/-0.2)

F/V/G(Island):2015

Hampshire Carp Hatcheries

Pat Haughton has carried out nutritional trials for 30 years in his role as lecturer at the fisheries department at Sparsholt College. These were for feed companies and student dissertations. He has retired as a lecturer but runs, in partnership with Chris Seagrave, Hampshire Carp Hatcheries the UK’s largest cyprinid fingerling producer. Hampshire Carp Hatcheries produce 8 species of cyprinids (chub, barbel, ide, tench, carp, goldfish, gudgeon,and sticklebacks) and 20 colour varieties of these species. Their website (www.hampshirecarp.co.uk) is regularly updated to feature the farming operations and all areas of research and development. The author would like to thank Coppens International and Fishers Pond Fishery for their collaboration with this research.

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September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 37

3 EXPERT T●PIC

Feed and feeding practices of Carp in India by B. Laxmappa, Fisheries Development Officer, Department of Fisheries, India, e-mail: laxmappaboini@gmail.com

he carp is a common name for various species of freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae, a very large group of fish native to Asia and Europe. Cyprinids particularly the wide variety of carp species, represent a cheap source of protein for subsistence aquaculture in warm temperate and subtropical countries. Carp production is increasing tremendously throughout India and it is most likely that these carps will be able to cater to the tastes of all classes of people ranging from aristocratic consumers to poor people. India is the second-largest aquaculture producer in the World. Freshwater aquaculture is an integral part of the agriculture in India. It is one of the fastest growing sub-sectors in the country, which has registered a growth rate of 5.1 per cent per annum in last 60 years. During this period, the fish production in the country has increased from 0.75 million tonnes (mt) in 1950 to 8.5 mt in 2011 of which the major contribution has been from aquaculture. India is a carp country from aquaculture point of view. There has been a phenomenal expansion of commercial carp culture in constructed earthen ponds in certain Indian states such as Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana. In several other states viz. Odisha, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu commercial carp culture is also gaining momentum. Indian freshwater aquaculture is mostly based on few species, for e.g. about 80 percent of production is contributed

Table.1: Commercially cultured Carp species in India. Category

Indian Major Carp

by Indian major carps viz., Catla, Rohu, Mrigala and some exotic carps (Table 1). Globally, fed aquaculture constitutes about 75 percent of the current production from aquaculture. In China, more than 90% of the aquaculture production comes through feed based aquaculture, but in India, the fed fish culture is less than 30 percent. With an adoption of the carp culture technology the mean fish production level across the country has crossed 2.9 t/ha/year, while several farmers are able to achieve much higher production levels (8-10 t/ha/year). Nutrient requirements of commercially important freshwater fish viz. carp led to the development of generic feeds for the different life stages of these fish. Most carp production occurs in extensive, polyculture systems throughout India. But, in the last 20 years, carp production has intensified in several parts of India. The traditional polyculture has given way to the dominance of one or two species Labeo rohita and Catla catla. Typical pond yields range from 3-8 tonnes/ha/year. Farm mixed feed comprising of rice bran and a plant protein source such

Exotic Carp

Common Name

Scientific Name

Catla

Catla catla (Hamilton)

Rohu

Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

Mrigala

Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Silver carp

Hypophthalmichthys malitrix (Valenciennes)

Grass carp

Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes)

Common carp

Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus)

as groundnut oil cake or cottonseed oil cake is given to the fish.

Feed resources

Several agro-based ingredients have been identified and analyzed for their use in fish feeds. The ingredients that contain less than 20 percent protein and 18 percent fibers are

38 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

EXPERT T●PIC

Ingredients

Moisture (%)

Crude Protein (%)

Crude Fat (% DM)

Fibre (% DM)

Carbo hydrates (% DM)

Ash (% DM)

Rice bran

7-10

12-16

12-14

8-12

40-45

5-8

De-oiled rice bran

8-10

15-18

1-2

10-15

45-50

8-12

Groundnut cake

7-10

40-43

4-8

6-7

30-33

8-10

Sunflower cake

10-12

30-32

4-8

15-18

30-35

8-10

Mustard cake

11-12

32-38

5-7

11-15

30-35

6-7

Cotton seed cake

7-10

32-35

6-8

12-16

35-40

8-12

Table 3: Major feed ingredients available in India during the year 2007-08

Ingredients

Quantity (million tonnes)

State producing major quantity

5.70

Andhra Pradesh, Asom, Bihar, Haryana, Karnataka Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal.

Groundnut cake: Arachis hypogaea

6.00

Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha.

Sunflower cake: Helianthus annuus

1.00

Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar.

Mustard cake: Brassica nigra

3.78

Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, North East Region.

Cotton seed cake: Gossypium herbaceum

8.50

Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh.

Mycofix

x i n Ri

Myco

Rice bran: Oryza sativa

classifies as energy supplements. The ingredients that contain 20 percent or more protein are grouped as protein supplements (Table 2). Among the different nutrients in fish feed, the protein is considered as the costliest one and is essentially required for growth, tissue repair, reproduction and health of fish. It is reported that about 40-80 per cent of the feed cost is due to protein alone and therefore, the success of aquaculture depends on the efficient utilization of dietary protein. But the utilization of dietary protein by an organism depends on types of diet, source of protein, digestibility of dietary protein, its amino acid profile, the ratio of energy to protein in diet and the amount of protein supplied. The total volume of manufactured feed sold in the country in 2010 was 60,000 tonnes of pelleted fish feed and 3,72,000 tonnes of extruded floating feed. The fish feed ingredients are the finite resources and many of these ingredients are having multiple users by other animal production systems such as dairy and poultry and it is envisaged that there will be acute shortage of ingredients in the days to come. The fish feed resources are mainly comprised of the by-products of the agroprocessing industries and the availability of these by-products depends on the production of the main crops like oilseeds, cereals and pulses which in turn depend on the success/ failure of monsoon (Table 3).

M YC OF I

en t

Table 2: Chemical composition of some feed ingredients in percent dry matter (DM)

nag eM

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EXPERT T●PIC Table 4: Generally suggested feeding rates for industrial pellets for Indian major carps (Bharat Lux Indo Company) Sinking pellet (18-20% crude protein) Extruded floating pellet (28% crude protein) Fish size (g) <100

% body weight per day

Fish size (g)

3.0

<100

% body weight per day 2.8

101–300

2.0

101-150

2.3

301–500

1.5

151-200

1.8

501–700

1.2

201-250

1.6

701–900

1.0

251-500

1.3

0.8

5011000

0.8

>900

Table 5: India’s extrusion feed mills Sl. No.

Company

Indian Broiler Group

Ananda Feeds

Uno Feeds

Growel Feeds

Kwality Feeds

C. P. Feeds

Rudra Techno Feeds

Mulpuri Feeds

Nexus Feeds

Deepak Nexgen Feeds

ABIS Fish Feed

Cargill Fish Feed

Rasoya Proteins Ltd

The important plant ingredients include wide range of oil seed residues, cereals, millets, etc. These are available to a tune of 48.85 million tonnes (2009-10) as feed concentrates in India. There are nine major oil seeds produced in India. These are groundnut, soybean, mustard, sesame, castor, sunflower, linseed, safflower and niger. Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat produce more than half of the total oil seed production in India. Cereal by-products/cereals such as rice bran, wheat bran, maize, sorghum, bajra and millets are the major source of carbohydrate and energy in fish feed.

Feeding practices

There are two types of feeding practices in India. The first one is ‘pole or rope feeding’ method in which the feed ingredients are mixed (mash feed), and 3–8 kg of the mixture is placed in used perforated fertilizer/cement bags. Holes are made in the bags, usually in four rows, about one inch size from the bottom of the bag. The bags are transported to the middle areas of the pond, and tied to fix feeding poles or ropes. The simplicity, efficiency and popularity of this feeding method

are evidenced by the fact that it is the only major farm management practice that has not changed for the past 30 years in the country. The second one is ‘broadcast feeding’ method in which the commercial pelleted (extruded) feeds are directly broadcasts in the culture pond. There was a high degree of variability in the total quantity of feed that the farmers were feeding to a given size class of fish each day. For example, fish up to 250 g were fed between 1–1.5 and 5.1–5.5 percent of body weight per day. Larger fish (1–1.25 kg) were being fed between 1.6–2.0 and 5.1–5.5 percent of body weight per day. There are no standard feed guidelines describing feeding rations that are based on animal size and stocking density. At present, farmers base their feed rations on their personal experience. The commercial aqua feed manufacturers provide feed tables to assist farmers to optimize their feed management. Typical feeding rates that are recommended by the commercial aqua feed (sinking pellets and floating pellets) manufacturers for Indian major carps are presented in Table 4. There is no published information specifi-

cally pertaining to the optimization of ration size in semi-intensive Indian major carp production systems that solely use pelleted feeds. The feeding rates that are advocated by the commercial feed manufacturers do not take into consideration the role of natural feeds in the production systems. Currently, Indian major carp farmers base their daily feeding regimes on a number of factors. These primarily include monthly growth parameters, the number of days that the fish have been cultured, the standing biomass, and the average fish weight. A number of the farmers that used a combination of floating pellets and mash feeds reported feeding twice a day at morning 6am to 8pm and again during the evening at 2pm to 4pm. Under this feeding regime, the mash was fed in the morning and the floating pellets in the evening. While there was no technical or scientific rationale for feeding in the morning, it became a standard practice as it was a convenient time for the farmers and farm workers to feed. Generally, the farmers monitor the feed preparation, feeding, and feed response, and provide instruction to their workers.

40 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

EXPERT Tâ&#x2014;?PIC The supplementary feed used in aquaculture generally consists of rice bran and groundnut oilcake which are compounded in 1:1 or 2:1 and some farmers use mustard oilcake in place of groundnut oilcake. Cake-bran mixture in conjunction with natural fish-food organisms is still a practice for semiintensive carp farming in India. This mixture is not nutritionally balanced, and is normally used to supplement protein and energy. Plankton plays a major role in sustaining fish growth and optimizing feed conversion ratio (FCR). Stocked species about 50 percent protein, 8 percent lipid and 27 percent carbohydrate and 4 Kcal/g gross energy from natural food organisms like plankton and of animal origin. Phytoplankton provides high quantities of n-3 and n-6 poly- unsaturated fatty acids. Owing to non-availability of commercial feeds and economic reason, more than 90% farmers use farm-made feeds of cake-bran mixture or improved version of the feed mixture in carp culture. The farm-made feeds are prepared based on ingredient availability and feeding experiences. In Andhra Pradesh, farmers use defatted rice bran and groundnut oilcake in 7:3 ratio with feed additives mineral and vitamin mixtures. And a farmer in Punjab is reported to enrich his traditional cake-bran mixture with animal protein sugar industry

by-product rich in minerals and feed is further supplemented with vitamins and minerals. Inter-linking of artificial feeding with natural fish food organisms has been found beneficial as influences dietary efficiency and economic utilization of former. There has been a rapid shift from traditional feeding to pellet feeding of nutritionally complete diet.

Fish feed industry

Until recently, India was an insignificant player in the global fish feed sector due to its reliance on traditional feeding based on a few nutritionally poor agriculture by-products and the use of animal manure for plankton production. American Soybean AssociationInternational Marketing (ASA-IM) decided in 2003 to create a niche for better aquaculture feeds, linking the development to an array

of better aquaculture practices to grow fish. Initial work focused on commercial feeding demonstrations that showed economic returns to the industry. Stakeholders and potential entrepreneurs were also exposed to feed-based technologies in practice elsewhere in Asia. As a result of these efforts and excellent participation by private companies and entrepreneurs in the fish-farming sector, India has emerged as a significant producer of soy-based extruded, floating feeds, as well as sinking pellets for fish. The industry has invested in imported extrusion machinery to produce the floating

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 41

EXPERT Tâ&#x2014;?PIC

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February 19-25, 2015 New Orleans Marriott New Orleans, Louisiana THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXPOSITION OF

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For More Information Contact: Conference Manager P.O. Box 2302 | Valley Center, CA 92082 USA Tel: +1.760.751.5005 | Fax: +1.760.751.5003 Email: worldaqua@aol.com | www.was.org

fish feeds. Presently more than a dozen feed mill operations with an installed monthly capacity close to 36,000 mt (Table 5). This major expansion will have to find a larger user base to which it can sell feed products.

Conclusion

Carp is the mainstay in Indian aquaculture. Being herbivorous, Carp can very efficiently use the plant feed resources. Several nutrient-rich plant products have assumed great importance for aquaculture. Proper combinations of different plant ingredients and incorporation/fortification of deficient amino acids, vitamins and minerals not only balance the nutrients but also act upon their deficiency-compensation mechanism. During the last decade, the price of the most of the fish feed ingredients had increased significantly to the tune of 3-4 times in the country. Therefore, identification of alternate feed ingredients and their use in the fish feed would be one of the major challenges in the future. To better utilize and also to save the much-valued fish feed resources, proper feed and feeding strategies are required. Feed constitutes more than of 60 percent of the production cost and efficiency. Feed use has a strong bearing on the cost-benefit ratio of the aquaculture operation. Earlier, sinking pellets were produced in the country particularly for feeding the brackish water shrimp and freshwater prawn, while use of feed concentrate for carp farming was almost negligible. Though realisation of better nutrition and higher biomass yield in carp, fed with a balanced diet is a well-known fact, the practice has not yet flourished in the carp farming sector owing to several reasons including the higher cost of pellet feed compared to the conventional feed mixture. Reluctance to invest in feed and lack of technical awareness on benefit of feeding fish are the other reasons that restrict the supplementary feeding. As a result, freshwater fish farming in India till recent years has been relying on the use of conventional

42 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2014

FEATURE

The world´s leading trade fair for animal production

"Carp is the mainstay in Indian aquaculture. Being herbivorous, Carp can very efficiently use the plant feed resources. Several nutrient-rich plant products have assumed great importance for aquaculture"

Fish & More Marketplace for Aquaculture 11 – 14 November 2014 Hanover, Germany mixture of certain feed ingredients such as oil cakes and brans of cereals as the protein and carbohydrate sources, respectively with an approximate FCR of 3-4. The supply of these ingredients for aquaculture is again getting stiff competition from the dairy and poultry sectors leading to an increase in the feed cost. With the growing aquaculture activity in the country, the situation may become more adverse for aquaculture if timely steps are not taken to increase the feed use efficiency. Fortunately use of balanced feed for fish is becoming increasingly popular among the commercial farmers for reaping better harvest. At present, pelletized feeds with balanced nutrition are used mainly in commercial aquaculture activity of two groups of fishes, i.e., major carps and catfish like Pangasionodon, and freshwater prawn and have proven to enhance biomass yield. About 44 million tonnes of concentrate feeds are manufactured in the country at present for the different animal husbandry sectors, whereas the demand for concentrate feed is around 143 million tonnes, with a huge current deficit of 69.3 percent. The aquaculture sector is currently using about 20 percent of total available concentrate feeds. Therefore, sustenance and further expansion of the aquaculture activity needs promotion of the production of concentrated feed rather than relying on the conventional feed mixture. While promoting establishment of feed mill, efforts should also be made to encourage finding alternate ingredients. Since use of extruded floating feed pellets for freshwater fin fishes have shown efficacy in terms of better feed consumption, low wastage and efficient feed management, feed mill should be promoted for production of this form of feed to save the ingredient resource.

References

Innovations for modern ﬁsh farming and water treatment New practical approaches for practical applications at Forum Aquaculture Answers to your questions at the Aquaculture Advisory Centre Get-together for the industry Showcase “Growth in Water” www.eurotier.com/aquaculture Hotline: +49 69 24788-265 E-Mail: expo@DLG.org

Feeding and feed management of Indian major carps in Andhra Pradesh, India- FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper: 578 Hand Book of Fisheries and Aquaculture 2011–Published by ICAR, New Delhi.

Dieses Projekt This project is wird von derco-fi Europäischen being nanced Gemeinschaft by the European kofinanziert. Community

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 43

RZ_105x297_Anzeigen_Fisch ET_EN.indd 1

including

Decentral

03.07.14 1

INDUSTRY EVENTS 3-5 September 14

9th Shanghai International Fishery & Seafood Expo (SIFSE2014), Shanghai New International Expo Centre, 2345 Longyang Road, Shanghai, China Web: www.sifse.com

9-10 September 14

International Conference on Fisheries and Aquaculture (ICFA), Hotel Galadari 64 Lotus Road, Colombo 1, Sri Lanka- 2014 Web: http://aquaconference.com

18-19 September 14

4-7 October 14

Latin American & Caribbean Aquaculture 2014, President Intercontinental Guadalajara Web: www.was.org

11-14 October 14

EuroTier 2014, Messegelände Hannover, Germany Web: www.eurotier.com

14-17 October 14

Aquaculture Europe 2014, San Sebastian, Spain Web: www.easonline.org

7th Protein Summit 2014, Hilton Rotterdam, Weena 10, 3012 CM.Rotterdam Web: www.bridge2food.com

22-24 October 14

21-22 September 14

22-25 October 14

Aquatic China (in conjunction with VIV China), New China International Exhibition Center (NCIEC) Beijing, China Web: www.aquafeed.co.uk/aquticchina

23-25 September 14

VIV China, New China International Exhibition Center (NCIEC), Hall West 1 and 2, 88 Yu Xiang Road, Tianzhu Area, Shunyi district, Beijing, China Web: www.viv.net

6-7 October 14

INDUSTRY EVENTS

ILDEX Myanmar 2014, Tatmadaw Exhibition Hall, Yangon, Myanmar Web: www.vnuexhibitionsap.com

FIGAP 2014, Expo Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco México Web: www.figap.com

AquaSur 2014, Puerto Montt, Chile Web: www.aqua-sur.cl

22-27 October 14

Vietstock 2014, Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Web: www.vietstock.org

12-14 November 14

ILDEX Cambodia 2014, Phnom Penh Hotel, Cambodia Web: www.vnuexhibitionsap.com

26-30 May 15

World Aquaculture 2015, Jeju Island, Korea Web: www.was.org

6-7 October 14

Myanmar Aqua Fisheries 2014, Tatmadaw Hall –Yangon – Myanmar Web: www.myanmar-aquafisheries.com

Find event information visit www.aquafeed.co.uk/events.php

ILDEX Cambodia 2014 Preview

LDEX Cambodia will be your gateway to connect your livestock business in new country. ILDEX Cambodia 2014, 12 – 13 Nov 14, Phnom Penh Hotel, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Southeast Asia is one of the most promising regions for the development of an intensive livestock industry. For nearly a decade, ILDEX Exhibitions have proved to be a successful gateway to entering livestock business in Southeast Asia. In 2014, ILDEX Cambodia will be introduced as a new platform for market opportunities in the new country. It aims to bring in new international technologies while maintaining a localised approach.

Why Exhibit?

• Meet your target groups • Find new international business contacts • Manage your sales networks: agents, dealers and distributors • Set up and develop sales

Participe en VIII VERSIÓN 22 al 25 de Octubre de 2014 Puerto Montt, Chile.

CHILE

La feria más grande del Hemisferio Sur más de

14re ci.0nt0o fe0riaml

channels with business partners • Increase your company image and get more attention to your products and services • Strengthen customer relations

Why Visit?

Related topics in Livestock industr y will be presented in seminar in order to ser ve the domestic market to produce more with quality Table-top platform will be concurrently organised This show will be developed in cooperation with Department of Animal Health and Production Cambodia, Royal Univer sity of Agriculture Cambodia and Federation of Asian Veterinar y Associations in developing topics and inviting delegates

When and Where

12 – 13 Nov 14, Phnom Penh Hotel, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

PARA RESERVA Y VENTA DE STAND Viviana Ríos vrioso@editec.cl (56-2) 2757 4264

More Information:

países participantes

más de

1.000

compañías

más de

19.000 visitantes

LA EDITORIAL TÉCNICA Y DE NEGOCIOS LÍDER DE CHILE

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 44

Ms.Achara Kongkaew Tel + 662 6700900 Ext 106 Email: achara.kon@vnuexhibitionsap.com Web: www.ildex.com

INDUSTRY EVENTS

Aquaculture once again at this year’s EuroTier

anufacturers, equipment suppliers and organisations from home and abroad − International forums for discussion – Advisory Centre − From 11 to 14 November 2014 in Hanover The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture report (SOFIA 2014), published in May 2014 by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, reveals evidence of further growth for the aquaculture industry. The report indicated that in 2012, for the very first time, the controlled cultivation of water-bound organisms provided more than half of fish for human consumption worldwide. In 2012 total fishery production worldwide was 158 million tonnes. Whereas

wild catch stagnated, aquaculture accounted for 90 million tonnes of this amount. This includes not only fish but also other aquatic organisms. 24 million tonnes, more than a quarter of aquaculture production, come from farmed aquatic plants. Fish is gaining traction and is playing an increasingly important role in feeding the world. In the past 50 years, average per-capita consumption has nearly doubled worldwide to reach its current level of around 19kg per year. Since 2002 aquaculture has been an integral part of EuroTier, the world’s flagship

The world´s leading trade fair for animal production

Fish & More Marketplace for Aquaculture

trade fair for animal husbandry. At this year’s event, on from 11 to 14 November at the Hanover Fairgrounds, once again the leading technology and equipment companies and a number of other suppliers and institutions from the areas of aquaculture, mariculture, inland fishery and environmental technology will be represented. Biomass from the water and the exploitation of nutrient cycles will be a key future-oriented topic at EuroTier 2014. The special presentation “Growth in Water” will be showcasing the latest developments in this area, and in particular the production and utilisation of seaweed and other water-based plants. In addition to the exhibitors, EuroTier 2014 will feature an aquaculture Advisory Centre. At the aquaculture forum experts from academia and business will be joining industry professionals to talk about the latest trends and developments. Further information is available from the German Agricultural Society (Deutsche Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft / DLG). Your contact is Dr Birgit Schmidt-Puckhaber, tel: + (49)69 2478 8307 or email: b.schmidtpuckhaber@dlg.org. Information is also available online at www.eurotier.com/aquaculture.

11 – 14 November 2014 Hanover, Germany Innovations for modern ﬁsh farming and water treatment New practical approaches for practical applications at Forum Aquaculture

Answers to your questions at the Aquaculture Advisory Centre

Adding Value

Get-together for the industry

Donostia – San Sebastián SPAIN October 14-17, 2014 www.easonline.org

Showcase “Growth in Water” www.eurotier.com/aquaculture Hotline: +49 69 24788-265 E-Mail: expo@DLG.org Dieses Projekt This project is wird von derco-fi Europäischen being nanced Gemeinschaft by the European kofinanziert. Community

RZ_105x297_Anzeigen_Fisch ET_EN.indd 1

For registration and more information, go to www.summit2014.org/registration

Decentral

03.07.14 14:45

cover artwork courtesy of AZTI-Tecnalia

www.summit2014.org

including

September-October 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 45

Organised by the European Aquaculture Society in cooperation with AZTI-Tecnalia

INDUSTRY EVENTS Aquatic China 2014 Beijing from September 21-22, 2014

Links to conference pages and information: FishFirst: http://www.fishfirst.cn/article-35906-1.html The 12-page IAF ‘supplement’ being mailed with FAM magazine http://www.gfmt.co.uk/digital_media/IAF140_chinese_special_12.pdf Conference page in English (http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/aquaticchina) and in Chinese (http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/aquaticchinachina) Registartion link English: http://www.registration.ciec.com.cn/rs/srt_91049_01/en/login.htm Registration link Chinese: http://www.registration.ciec.com.cn/rs/srt_91049_01/cn/login.htm

Aquatic China 2014 'Media Corner at VIV China