January | February 09 - International Aquafeed by Perendale Publishers Ltd

Vo l u m e 1 2 I s s u e 1 2 0 0 9

EuroTier Show Review

Mediterranean

Practical methods of improving health & performance status in Mediterranean aquaculture species

Maximising

plant proteins and oils in Atlantic salmon diets

Are you ready for the aquafeed of the future? the international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry Member of the World Aquaculture Society, European Aquaculture Society, American Feed Industry Association and the International Aquafeed Association

AQUA

FEED

CONTENTS

An international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

EDITOR’S DESK

Aqua News Victam events grow - and move Model LPP 6.5 laboratory grinder Bentoli AgriNutrition Asia accredited ISO 9001:2000 Single-cell protein is a by product of lysine fermentation Fischtechnik International Engineering to use geothermal energy for Swiss aquaculture system AKVA group launches new website Probiotic research rewarded in New Caledonia ‘Friend of the Sea’ becomes main aquaculture industry standard for sustainability in 2008 New larger drumfilters are being produced at Hydrotech in Sweden Aquaculture sustainability - An international symposium in Edinburgh

3 4 4 5 6 6 7 8 8 9

Show Review EuroTier Show Review

Mediterranean Practical methods of improving health & performance status in Mediterranean aquaculture species

THE AQUAFEED PHOTOSHOOT

Proteins & oils Maximising plant proteins and oils in Atlantic salmon diets

Aquafeed Future Are you ready for the aquafeed of the future

Mixers Horizontal twin-shaft paddle mixers – the ultimate in mixing technology

Show Review VIV China 2008: the future is bright

Perendale Publishers Ltd

AQUA EVENTS

CLASSIFIED ADVERTS

International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom. All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2008 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

EDITOR’S DESK

elcome to the first edition of International Aquafeed for 2009 and a happy new year to all our readers.This year will hopefully mark some improvement from the financial uncertainties of 2008 with growth of the industry in certain sectors despite the prospect of some fiscal constraints in the global market.

As the new editor I am pleased to review some of the articles presented by leading international experts from a variety of fields.

Editor Dr Simon Davies Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk

Editorial Advisory Panel: • Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt) • Aliro Borquez (Chile) • Chen Shuping (China) • Citas Pascual (Philippines) • Colin Mair (UK) • Daniel Montero (Spain) • Dom Bureau (Canada) • Eric De Muylder (Belgium) • Miguel A. Olvera (Mexico) • Mike Cremer (USA) • Ola Flesland (Norway) • Mohammad R. Hasan (Italy) • Ming DanChen (Thailand)

We have up-beat information on the potential of the Mediterranean sector as part of our regional focus with work on nutrition developments for seabream and seabass with trials on novel dietary supplements based on mannan oligosaccharide products. Dr Elizabeth Sweetman explains the benefits of a commercial source of mannan oligosaccharide MOS in relation to fish health and overall performance which are no doubt transferable to other species of fish and have potential for shrimp and prawn species too. Research will always be directed towards alternative raw materials to reduce our need for marine protein and oil ingredients for those fish with elevated protein and energy demands such as high value species like salmon. The NIFES institute together with other partners in Norway including the Aquaculture Protein Centre (APC) continue to explore these possibilities and we have a report on the latest developments concerning the feasibility of selected plant by-products and their effects in formulated diets for fish. Dr Bente Torstensen reviews this active area from the perspective of assessing plant proteins and oils in salmonid feeds in relation to their productivity compared to fishmeal and fish oil. The article deals with the nutritional and feed efficiency savings that can be made accordingly. In another report, Dr Peter Coutteau offers his insight into the potential of various additives with a particular emphasis on the function of natural emulsifiers as a digestive aid in diets of fish and shrimp. He also addresses the importance of attractants and palatability enhancers with relevance to good feed management in an aquaculture system and their potential to reduce the consequent environmental impact. This latter area will become the focus of future articles in IAF. On a practical level, the importance of effective milling and grinding of raw materials prior to blending in order to achieve the correct mixing and flow of material is discussed with respect to the specific physical properties and characteristics necessary for aquafeeds of varying types to be effectively produced.This is a critical area and requires specialised comment from the expertise within our feature.

Educational training International Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: carolinew@aquafeed.co.uk Subscription & Circulation Manager Tuti Tan Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk Production Manager

The international dimension of this industry is still difficult to contemplate as I explain to my students in Plymouth. The educational training at all levels from the vocational, academic, commercial and managerial is a continuum and integrative in its complexity. We must all therefore acknowledge the tremendous contribution made by the feed industry through its support of research and technical training and the role of universities throughout the world. It is vital that we work together, share our views by disseminating this experience to advance the science of aquatic animal nutrition and its applications for aquaculture production. I trust that this magazine will serve as a strong forum for this purpose and I look forward to receiving along with my editorial staff a wide spectrum of articles, features and reports from all sectors and especially young scientists, researchers at the centre of activities.

Nicky Barnes Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: nickyb@aquafeed.co.uk

I wish to especially thank my Editorial team for their hard work and support and look forward to working with them closely during my editorship.

Design & Page Layout

Finally, I have some good news of my own. After 23 years in Plymouth, my institution has awarded me the Chair of Aquaculture Nutrition. As Professor Davies, I acknowledge all my colleagues and friends who have supported my research and teaching over this period and in particular my former and current PhD students who have all done me proud.

James Taylor Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: jamest@aquafeed.co.uk

Good news

Simon J Davies

January-February 09 2 | International AquaFeed | January-February 09

WELCOME TO INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED MAGAZINE

CROESO (Welcome in Welsh)

Victam

t a recent press conference the President of the Victam Foundation, André Oosterveld and Victam’s General Manager, Henk van de Bunt, announced new plans for future Victam-run events. They said that Victam Asia 2010 and Feed Ingredients & Additives Asia Pacific (FIAAP Asia) 2010 will once again be organised at the magnificent Queen Sirikit National Convention Center in downtown Bangkok, Thailand. The trade show and conferences will be held from March 3-5, 2010. These expanded shows will occupy the Plenar y Halls and foyer as well as additional areas. However, it is not just the exhibition area that will be expanded, but also the profile of the exhibition and its conferences. New for 2010 will be a greater emphasis on Biomass and Bio-Energy. Victam will also be introducing a new show: GRAPAS Asia 2010. This show will be an affiliated event to Victam for the suppliers of equipment, technology and ingredients for Flour Milling, Grain & Rice Processing and Pasta & Noodle Production. With the added importance of grain-derived Bio-Energy and the increasing consumption of Westernstyle baked products, this important market needs an exhibition and conferences of its own. Each trade show will be supported by one or more technical conferences and workshops. The interim conference programme is as follows: 1: Petfood Forum Asia 2010 – Organiser: Petfood Industry magazine, Watt Publishing 2: Aquafeed Horizons 2010 – Organiser: Aquafeed.com 3: Animal Feed Conference – Organiser: Thai Department of Livestock 4: Biomass – Organiser: To be announced 5: The FIAAP 2010 Conference – Organiser: FeedLink.com 6: T h e G R A PA S 2 0 1 0 Conference – Organiser: To be announced

Aqua News events grow - and move

New in Europe

Henk van de Bunt discussed the plans for the next show in Europe. He explained that the last Victam International event, held in May 2007 in Jaarbeurs Exhibition Halls in Utrecht, The Netherlands, was most successful with an increase of visitors from throughout Eastern Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Africa; with visitors caming from 110 countries. Mr van de Bunt went on to announce that the next Victam International trade show in Europe will be held from the May 3-5, 2011 at the Koeln Messe in Köln , Germany. The new Victam event that will open in modern, user friendly halls will be very different from previous shows in Utrecht without losing any of the fundamentals that Victam has always been renowned for. The event will be transformed into: “A partnership with synergy, your key to success” as it will incoude Victam International 2011, FIAAP International 2011 and GRAPAS Inter national 2011. These exhibitions and conferences form “A partnership with synergy” and each event subject has a relationship with the other events, therefore offering the opportunity for companies to exhibit within the multi-related shows and for the visitors to visit all of them with one free visitor ticket.

So what will you see at Victam?

“You will see what you have always expected to see at the show - the very latest technology and equipment from all over the world that is utilised in the manufacture and production of animal feeds, dry petfood and aquafeed,” said Mr van de Bunt. “Also within the halls there will the largest selection of the world’s elite suppliers of technology that is used in the production, distribution and storage of biomass pellets.” He says, this will be a major and

impor tant element within the process of recycling natural waste that can be used as an alternative energy source within municipal, commercial and industrial power generation, as well as within the home. Germany and its neighbours have a large biomass industry. The highly successful exhibition FIAAP and its series of conferences was introduced to the market alongside Victam Asia 2008. It will now be held in Köln in 2011.This offers exhibitors an event devoted solely to the ingredients and additives that are used within the manufacture of feeds for animals, fish, shrimp and pets. Visitors and conference delegates – including nutritionists, feed formulators, veterinarians etc, from compounders, co-operatives, integrators, large farms and hatcheries - will know that by attending this event they will find the only trade show and series of conferences specifically organised for them. In Cologne, visitors to FIAAP will also be able to visit Victam exhibitors and learn how technological developments in feed processing will impact upon their own function in the design and formulation of safe and competitively priced feeds.

The synergy continues

GRAPAS, a newly intro duced exhibition and conference for the Flour Milling, Grain & Rice Processing and Pasta & Noodle Production Industries, will become the international showcase for equipment and additives used in flour milling, the processing, handling, storage and distribution of grain and rice, as well as, the specialist technology used for the production of pasta and noodles. The following technical conferences and workshops will be held alongside the trade shows: 1: A q u a f e e d H o r i z o n s Workshop 2: Petfood Forum Europe 3: The FIAAP Conference 4: The GRAPAS Conference

January-February 09 | International AquaFeed | 3

5: B i o m a s s Te c h n o l o g y Conference

Benefits from the move

When asked how its exhibitors and visitors will benefit from moving the exhibitions and conferences to Köln , Mr van de Bunt listed the following: • Excellent new exhibition halls, conference rooms and refreshment facilities • The exhibition centre is served by a comprehensive railway system which also links with the international rail services • Excellent national and international airline services to and from Köln , Dusseldorf &and Frankfurt • Large and varied hotel accommodation • Easy road access from anywhere in Europe • Easy access to and from Eastern Europe • Köln is a beautiful city that offers wonderful historical sites as well as catering for all the requirements of the 21st century business traveller • Large important home feed market • Large home flour milling industry • Large home and neighbouring biomass markets Mr van de Bunt concluded by announcing an ‘industry day’ titled “A partnership with synergy, your key to success.” “This presentation will be held at the Koeln Messe during May 2010 and we will invite our exhibitors and our visitors to attend. “They will be presented with the exciting changes that Victam is introducing, as well as, information on consumer trends and other market conditions and technology that impact on the industries Victam, FIAAP and GRAPAS serve,” he added. More

information:

Website: www.victam.com Website: www.fiaap.com Website: www.grapas.eu

Aqua News Model LPP 6.5 laboratory grinder

odern Process Equipment of Chicago, U S A , t h e w o r l d ’s leading manufacturer of precision par ticle reduction equipment, intro-

duces the LPP 6.5 Laboratory/ Pilot Gran-U-Lizer™. Like all MPE roller-style GranU-Lizers, the LPP grinds material to a narrow particle size distribution, with few unwanted ‘fines’, while minimising impact and heat generation during the process. Better yet, the LPP’s size makes it suitable for achieving results at the roller grinder standard in the laboratory and at a pilot plant scale. Capability-wise, the LPP has independent control over the three important variables that affect ground product quality: 1) Roll Gap: The gap b e t we e n t h e g r i n d i n g rolls can be adjusted by the operator to 0.0005" accuracy with a gap adjustment handle located on the side of the unit 2) Roll Shear Ratio: The LPP

includes independent drive control for each roll, allowing independent adjustment of the roll speeds and the corresponding shear ratio between roll surfaces 3) Roll Corrugations: To obtain the best possible yield, the roll corrugation sizes and shapes are specifically tailored for the application. The LPP allows for simple, hand - ‘no tools’ - replacement of the roll bodies, thereby allowing for varying roll surface corrugation sizes and shapes In general, the LPP is perfectly suited for labor ator y settings, where a wide range of products are tested, or for testing a single product under a variety of conditions. It is designed and built to GMP standards, with easy clean-out and all product contact par ts are removable for cleaning or autoclaving.

About MPE

Modern Process Equipment Corporaion (MPE) is the world’s leading manufacturer of precision par ticle reduction equipment. MPE has been supplying its customers with superior particle size reduction solutions for over 40 years, earning the reputation as the place to go to improve product yields and reduce the generation of unwanted fines. MPE aspires to design and manufacture the most modern, innovative and highest quality equipment with the most responsive, practical and timely service possible. More

information

Modern Process Equipment Inc 3125 South Kolin Avenue Chicago IL 60623 USA Tel: +1 773 254 3929 Web: www.mpechicago.com

Bentoli AgriNutrition Asia accredited ISO 9001:2000

he Singapore-based speciality feed additives manufacturer, Bentoli AgriNutrition Asia Pte Ltd, has been accredited ISO 9001:2000 for Research, Development and Manufacturing of Feed Additives per the standards laid by United Kingdom Accreditation Services (UKAS). This was conferred by the

C e r t i fi c a t i o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l Singapore Pte Ltd after the final audit of Quality Management Systems of Bentoli AgriNutrition Asia Pte Ltd in late October, stated the Executive Vice President, Dr Kasula Rajasekhar while making the official announcement. “We are proud, as a team, at this landmark achievement, which is a result of our concer ted,

focused and committed efforts,” he added. “This is a part of our aggressive plans to be one of the leading global speciality feed manufacturers and I hear tily congratulate the Bentoli Asia team for the scheduled achievement of the same. This accreditation is a timely and distinctive recognition to our rapidly emerging operations in the eastern hemisphere,” said the President, John C Robinson. “It gives me immense pleasure and pride on this historical milestone of Bentoli Asia. This is yet another step demonstrating our commitment and focus to be the first choice strategic nutritional solution provider to our Customers through our ‘progressive nutritional concepts’,” remarked the chairman & CEO, William A Robinson on the occasion.

4 | International AquaFeed | January-February 09

information

Philip Blair Ong Magdaherin Bentoli AgriNutrition Asia Pte Ltd 2 Woodlands Sector 1, #05-03, Singapore 738068 Tel: +65 64812306 Fax: +65 64812324 Email: philipm@bentoli.com Web: www.bentoli.com

Get every issue of International Aquafeed magazine direct to your door & receive a free copy of the International Aquafeed Directory each year. Visit:

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Aqua News Single-cell protein is a by product of lysine fermentation

70 percent protein, n u c l e otides (8%) and LPS (lipopolysacchar ide) and is a by product of the l y s i n e f e rmentation Alternative sources industr y. A variety of alternative sources T h e are being explored among which b a c t e r i a is the use of microbial-derived t h a t a r e single-cell protein (SCP) sources. u s e d to Production of the microbial produce lysine are har vested biomass solely for this purpose and all of their genetic material would not usually be economi- i s d e s t r oye d by b e i n g cally feasible given the technology b r o k e n i n t o i n d i v i d u a l required, so the use of waste components (nucleotides) products from other commer- by the use of enzymes. cially viable processes has to be This is done to ensure considered. that there are no complete This protein source is inex- g e n e s w i t h i n t h e fi n a l pensive, contains nucleotides p r o d u c t a n d o f f e r s a measure of comfor t to Table 1: Representative analysis of cells companies that are concer ned % about using microbial cells as Crude Protein 77 - 88 (dry weight) a component of a feed ration. Crude Fat 6.7 These dried cells are then Ash 2.1 coated with soybean oil to Moisture 5 ensure that they do not readily Additional information is available on request. form a dust. This ensures that the that are essential for optimal highly immunogenic LPS lymphocyte function and is does not pose a health also immunogenic , resulting hazard to those few indiin nonspecific immune activa- viduals that might be sention, enhancing this compo- sitised to it. A representanent of the immune system tive analysis of the cells is in animals that are fed the in table 1. material.

were no negative effects on growth or on palatability. The product is currently recognized as GRAS in the USA and is being used in suckling pigs.

rotein sources used in aquaculture are typically derived from plant and animal sources. Fishmeal, while in ample supply today, will not remain so. Market and social pressures are making the use of fishmeal increasingly less desirable and the need to find suitable substitutes is becoming an ever increasing priority.

Nucleoboost

Nucleoboost is a single cell protein derived from microbial sources that contains more than

Aquarium, small scale trials

containing this material at an inclusion rate of one percent, demonstrated that there

information

Stephen Newman President Aqua-In-Tech Inc 162nd Place SW, Lynnwood WA 98037 USA Tel: +1 425 7875218 Email: sgnewm@aqua-in-tech.com Web: www.aqua-in-tech.com

Innovation forum AQUALLIANCE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; New aspects of sustainable aquaculture Febrary 4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 5, 2009, Stralsund, Germany

www.aqualliance.de

Aquarium, small scale trials in which post lar val shr imp were fed a diet January-February 09 | International AquaFeed | 5

Aqua News Fischtechnik International Engineering to use geothermal energy for Swiss aquaculture system

rom June 2009, the Swiss will be able to look forward to European perch from a new domestic production source. F i s c h t e c h n i k International Engineering GmbH (FTIE) is currently building a recirculating aquaculture system in Raron in the Swiss canton of Valais. In future, 300 tonnes a

The water flows out of the tunnel at a constant 18°C – an ideal growth temperature for the fish. Some 12,000 tonnes of European perch are eaten in Switzerland every year and, since traditional lake fisheries cannot deliver such quantities, lar ge amounts are impor ted from Eastern Europe. The European perch is reckoned to have good The planned recirculating system in Raron (Switzerland) should soon be producing 300 tonnes of European perch a year

year of this popular fish, known in Switzerland as Egli, will be produced and processed at the site. But what makes the project particularly interesting is that warm water from the new Lötschberg Tunnel will be used for the fish farm.

prospects as an aquaculture species, however. In particular, the low target weight when sold – fish of 150-200g are preferred – makes the species interesting for growers, as the fish grow relatively rapidly at this stage.

The main reason that European perch is a species new to aquaculture, and one that has not yet been farmed on such a large scale as salmon, trout or carp, is its sensitivity when reared in commercial fisheries. “The water from the Lötschberg Tunnel will provide the fish in our recirculating aquaculture system at Raron with an ideal temperature for growth,” explains FTIE managing director and aquaculture exper t, Dr Gerd-Uwe Meylahn. “The water will be mechanically and biologically purified and treated using the latest technology to provide the fish with an excellent environment and growth conditions. And only ultraviolet light and ozone will be used to disinfect the water in order to prevent disease.” Indeed, careful husbanding of resources has been central to the planning process. Solar panels for power generation will be installed on the roof of the fishery building. Heat will be recycled using modern thermal

AKVA group launches new website

KVA group has launched a new and improved website, giving its customer s an easier route to useful product specs as well as other impor tant company information. The new features include expanded content, a new look

and feel, as well as improved site navigation. “Our online visitors will now experience a more complete and seamless view of AKVA group online,” says Trond Severinsen, chief marketing officer at AKVA group. “The redesign of the website is not just a facelift! We have analysed

heat pumps. And thanks to the components of the system, many of them patented, it will be possible to keep emissions to a minimum while purifying and disinfecting the effluent from the fish farm in the unit’s own wastewater plant. The resulting sludge is in demand from farmers for use as fer tiliser or can be mixed with fish processing waste and fully composted in a local composting plant. As yet there are no Egli growing in the aquaculture system in Raron, but the production facility

and the wastewater plant are nearing completion. Installation of the aquaculture system components is due to begin in January 2009. If everything goes to plan, Gerd-Uwe Meylahn expects to see the first European perch harvested from Raron in January 2010. More

information:

Jo Dawes Laurich & Kollegen Communication Consultants Tel: +49 40 752577 995 Fax: +49 40 752577 999 Email: jo.dawes@laurichkollegen.de Web: www.laurich-kollegen.de

Fischtechnik International Engineering GmbH

Fischtechnik International Engineering GmbH specialises in systems for intensive, low environmental impact fish farming. Chief focus is recirculation aquaculture systems that use a minimum of water and electricity. Since the water is disinfected using ultraviolet light and ozone, no chemicals or antibiotics are required. Close links to research institutes, universities and specialised companies all over the world ensure state of the art systems of the highest technical and biotechnical standard. More

information:

Website: www.ftie.de

the usability of the site, and the result is an intuitive and consistent web experience. It is now much easier for visitors to find the information they are looking for, whether it be in English or any of the other languages supported through translated product sheets.” Fur ther enhancements to the AKVA group website will be completed in the next few weeks, so

6 | International AquaFeed | January-February 09

please stay tuned. Welcome to our new website! More

information

Trond Severinsen AKVA group ASA Nordlysveien 4 N-4349 Bryne Norway Tel: +47 51 77 85 00 Fax: +47 51 77 85 01 Email: tseverinsen@akvagroup.com

Aqua News Probiotic research rewarded in New Caledonia Mathieu Castex is named ‘Young Researcher of the Year’ during New Caledonia’s ‘Doctoriales 2008’ ceremony for his work on probiotic applications in aquaculture The ‘Doctoriales’ is an annual event co-hosted by Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie and U n i v e r s i t é d e Po l y n é s i e Française. It is the oppor tunity for PhD students to share their research with a panel of recognised exper ts from various disciplines, as well as with the general public thanks to a significant coverage of the event by the local media. Every year, PhD students from New-Caledonia and French Polynesia are invited to present their research to a scientific, multi-disciplinary jury. A first or second year student is awarded the Encouragement Prize, while a final year student, selected for the quality of his results as well as his presentation, receives the Young Researcher award. Lallemand, Inc. is a privately-owned Canadian company specialised in yeast, bacteria and yeast d e r i v a t i ve s , fo r a n i m a l nutr ition, baking, winemaking and phar maceutical industries. It is a major supplier of probiotics and silage inoculants in Europe, Nor th America and Africa. IFREMER is a public institute of an industrial/commercial nature. It conducts and promotes basic and applied research that enhance marine resources and enable their sustainable exploitation through improved methods of monitoring, forecasting, protecting and enhancing marine and coastal environments and encourages the economic development of maritime activities.

2008. Probiotic P.acidilactici application in shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris culture subject to vibriosis in New Caledonia, Aquaculture 275, 182-193 Chim, L., Castex, M., Pham, D., Lemaire , P., Scmidely, P., Mariojouls, M., 2008. Evaluation of floating cages as an experimental tool for marine shrimp culture studies under practical earthen pond conditions. Aquaculture 279, 63-69 Castex, M., Lemaire, P., Wabete, N., Chim, L. Effect of dietary probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici on antioxidant defences and oxidative stress status in Litopenaeus styli-

information

Bruno Rochet / Yannig Le Treut Lallemand Animal Nutrition 19, rue des Briquetiers BP 59 31702 Blagnac Cedex, France Tel: +33 562 745 555 Email: animal@lallemand.com Web: www.lallemandanimalnutrition.com

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References:

Castex, M., Chim, L., Pham, D., Lemaire, P., Wabete, N., Nicolas, J.L., Scmidely, P., Mariojouls, C.,

rostris shrimp. Aquaculture (submitted). Chim, L., Castex , M., Wabete, N., Lemaire, P., Massabuau,, J.C., Study of the ration size effect and related growth ration cur ve with penaeid shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris. Aquaculture Nutrition (submitted).

We have your per for mance in mind

Chemoforma Ltd. CH-4302 Augst Switzerland Tel +41 61 811 33 55 Fax +41 61 811 28 03

January-February 09 | International AquaFeed | 7

www.chemoforma.com

athieu Castex, a final year PhD student at the French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER), in Nouméa, NewCaledonia, was awarded Young Researcher of the Year during New-Caledonia ‘Doctoriales 2008’. The subject of his research project, conducted in par tnership with Lallemand Animal Nutrition, is the evaluation of probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici MA 18/5 M (Bactocell®) in Litopenaeus Stylirostris shrimp farming. This award is the recognition of the quality of the research. It also marks the interest of the scientific community for natural approaches, such as probiotics, for shrimp farming, which plays a significant par t in the local economy. The study is the result of a three-year s joint research progr am between IFREMER and Lallemand Animal Nutrition and conducted by Mathieu Castex in Nouméa, at the Dépar tement Aquacole de Calédonie . The project c o n fi r m s t h e p o t e n t i a l o f Bactocell for shrimp farming, both a financial and sanitar y potential: • Positive effects on growth performance • Enhanced survival • Increased resistance against vibriosis The probiotic modes of action in shrimps were also scrutinised. M i c r o b i o l o g i c a l e f fe c t s a t the s h r i m p ’s g u t l e ve l a n d effects on the digestive functions were shown. Moreover, the study highlighted a positive interaction with the a n i m a l ’s o w n a n t i - ox i d a n t defenses, an innovative and promising path for probiotic research.

‘Friend of the Sea’ becomes main aquaculture industry standard for sustainability in 2008

ore than 350 tonnes cer tified from 15 different species. FOS is also the only scheme for sustainable fishmeal, oil and feed. ‘Friend of the Sea’ sustainability certification has become the most requested international aquaculture industry standard, with a total tonnes of certified origins three times the tonnes of organic aquaculture products.

and other pressure groups express their objection to a definition – the organic one - which seems to carry many potential incongruences, possibly more than the organic agriculture definition. In this area of uncer tainty ‘Friend of the Sea’ has thrown in a clearer and more reassuring definition, surely more acceptable to consumers: sustainability. Sustainability of the aquaculture

While governments in USA, Europe and elsewhere are slowly developing minimum requirements for organic/bio aquaculture cer tification, NGOs, consumers

plant and its potential impact on the environment. Among the ‘Friend of the Sea’ requirements: an initial Environmental Impact

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Aqua News Assessment; continuous monitoring of water parameters, procedures to limit escapes and bycatches; no GMO; no antifouling paints; use of Friend of the Sea certified fish feed; water, energy, feed, waste and carbon footprint management. The simple and consumer friendly ‘sustainability’ concept has proved as captivating to aquaculture companies, as the simple but effective Friend of the Sea seal of approval, which is applied to farmed as well as wild-caught products, making justice of both origins, which should be equally promoted when sustainable. ‘Friend of the Sea’ cer tified aquaculture origins – over 350,000 tonnes - are more than triple the 100,000 tonnes of organic products estimated by FAO in 2008. Not only do they regard species normally not among those certified as organic, such as kingfish, mulloway, halibut, turbot and mussels, companies assessed or with certified products operate in all continents. Fore example, Clean Seas in Australia; Pacific Seafood/Hue Fisheries in Vietnam; Rainbow and Ristic in Costa Rica and Germany; Fr amgord in the Shetland Islands UK; Leroy and Villa Cod

in Norway; Stolt Sea Farm and Frinsa in Spain; Agricola Sterpo and Agroittica Lombarda in Italy; Toralla in Chile, etc. ‘Friend of the Sea’ is also the only scheme assessing fish feed, fishmeal and fish oil for sustainability of their origin. The first range of sustainable fish feed has been certified, produced by the French market leader cooperative Le Gouessant. Several fish oil and fishmeal producers and origins have also obtain the ‘Friend of the Sea’ recognition: Omega Proteins and the USA Menhaden fishery, Sovapec & Maromega and the sardines and mackerel fishery in Morocco, Austral and the Peruvian anchovies fishery, the main fishery in the world, catching almost 10 percent of the total yearly catch worldwide. “Friend of the Sea is not competing with the bio/organic certification schemes,” affirms Dr Paolo Bray, director of ‘Friend of the Sea’, “We instead want to collaborate toward our common aim. To promote and motivate lower impact practices.” More Information: Paolo Bray Director Friend of the Sea’ Email: paolobray@friendofthesea.org

New larger drumfilters are being produced at Hydrotech in Sweden

he biggest drumfilter is now Hydrotech HDF2010, which has just a few more filterpanels than the former biggest filter, HDF2408. “Our HDF2408 is very useful on large aquaculture installations,” says Dr Henrik Mortensen from Hydrotech, “but it is costly to ship on long distance, as it does not fit into containers. “The new HDF 2010 is not only bigger, but it can also be shipped in a standard HC container and we expect our cus-

tomers will find it ver y conve n i e n t , c o n c l u d e d H e n r i k Mor tensen.

The Hydrotech HDF2010 will have 22.6m2 filtration area, allowing capacities over 1000l/s. It still features

the patented Hydrotech cell based filterpanels and can be supplied to aquaculture in freshwater, saltwater and even tropical saltwater in a special alloy version. More

Dr Henrik Mortensen

8 | International AquaFeed | January-February 09

information:

Kurt Carlsen Hydrotech AB Mejselgatan 6, 235 32 Vellinge, Sweden Tel. +46 40 42 95 30 Fax +46 40 42 95 31 Email: kurt.carlsen@hydrotech.se Web: www.hydrotech.se

Aqua News Aquaculture sustainability - An international symposium in Edinburgh 21st and 22nd April 2009 in Edinburgh,

he Scottish Aquaculture Research Forum (SARF), in association with the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, will hold a joint International Symposium Scottish Aquaculture: A sustainable future from April 21-22, 2009 in Edinburgh. This high-profile event is specifically designed to provide delegates with an understanding of key issues related to the sustainability of aquaculture. The Wiley-Blackwell group will publish the symposium proceedings in a special edition of Aquaculture Research. FishFarmer magazine is also supporting the event. In addition to SARF, The Crown Estate, Seafish, Intervet ScheringPlough, EWOS, Skretting and Biomar have all agreed to sponsor the event. The impressive line up of speaker s has been carefully selected to provide delegates with a clear understanding of key issues, our current understanding and how this applies to aquaculture. This prestigious event is to be opened by the Scottish Minister for the Environment. The opening plenar y will be provided by the Mr Ernesto Penas-Lado, Head of the Maritime and Fisheries (CFP & Aquaculture) unit at the European Commission giving an overview of the status of aquaculture across the EU area in the context of sustainability. Skretting’s Paul Morris will give an update on the complex and fast moving area of feed sustainability with some insights into consumer perceptions of feed substitution. As well as presentations from decision makers from Government and Regulators, internationally recognised scientists and acknowledged industry experts will also be taking part. The event is clearly shaping up to be an important opportunity for all those with an interest in aquaculture to learn and network. The programme of presentations is deliberately diverse. Nicola McRobbie of SARF explained that, “Our symposium speakers have been briefed to

provide presentations that will address both specialist and nonspecialists from a diverse range of backgrounds. Our aim is to raise the overall level of awareness of delegates to sustainability issues as they relate to aquaculture. “We want delegates to be able gain as much as possible from the event, not only by attending presentations that relate to their own expertise but to dip into other

subject areas – which might well provide a broader understanding, different perspectives and some novel approaches.” As we go to press, the Federation of Scottish Aquaculture Producers (FSAP) has announced its intention to hold its annual meeting alongside the Symposium. FSAP represents the diverse SME aquaculture sector in Scotland and will dovetail with the Symposium

programme by looking at some of the marketing and economic aspects of aquaculture sustainability. More

information

Dr Mark James SARF secretariat PO Box 16 Birnam, Dunkeld Perthshire, PH8 0AY, Scotland Tel: +44 1350 727 484 Email: symposium@sarf.org.uk Website: www.sarf.org.uk/symposium.htm

Commitment A Commitment to our Aquafeed Customers

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January-February 09 | International AquaFeed | 9

Corporate Office P.O. Box 8 • 100 Airport Road Sabetha, KS 66534, USA phone: 785-284-2153 fax: 785-284-3143 extru-techinc@extru-techinc.com www.extru-techinc.com

Feature Title

Show Review by Caroline Wearn, International Aquafeed

eld at the exhibition grounds in Hanover, Germany from November 11-14, EuroTier is the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest exhibition for animal husbandry and management, with over 1700 exhibitors and 170,000 square metres of covered showground.

EuroTierâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s saw a 15 percent increase in exhibitors in November 2008, and has therefore had to expand its showground area by 25 percent, compared to previous years. There was a steady stream of visitors throughout the four-day event, and never a shortfall of people to discuss industryrelated matters with, especially as there was such a vast range of species and interconnected services available. There were around 300 specialist bioenergy exhibitors at the event. This bought to my attention how rapidly this industry is developing in both Europe and globally. Among many other business sectors, aquaculture was represented in force by many of the leading companies within this field, including plant and equipment and ingredient and feed. Aquaculture is continuing to grow at

tremendous speed worldwide, creating huge demand for new products and services. As our waters become over-fished through increasing demand for seafoods, we have been forced to seek alternative and more sustainable methods of farming. Inland fish farming has been made possible thanks to the innovative technologies available on the market today, for example, recirculating systems, filtration systems amongst many others. EuroTier has given us the latest scientific developments in aquaculture and it was a great opportunity for me, personally, to meet with many of the companies and organisations within this industry. It was great to meet familiar faces from past events and to meet regular contributors to International Aquafeed, such as Amandus Kahl, Chemoforma, Muench Edelstahl, Sonac to name but a few. Every company exhibiting had its own unique and individual way of making visitors to their stand feel welcome, whether it be a warm smile, an invitation to take a seat or offerings of snacks and beverages. There was certainly not much opportunity to go hungry. On the first night of exhibition, exhibitors 10 | International AquaFeed | January-February 09

were invited to an opening party, which gave everybody the opportunity to meet other business sectors as well as direct competitors. It was a relaxed event, with opening speeches, food and wine and gave individuals the chance to meet others in a less formal manor.

BIOMIN GmbH â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Natural health in animal nutrition

IAF met with Florian Zehner, marketing coordinator from Biomin GmbH. Its headquarters are in Austria and the company has offices in various locations around the world. Their stand was an impressive size and was very easy to spot as their company logo towered above the rest. There were plenty of representatives to talk to, which meant you were never left waiting - ideal with so many other exhibitors to see. Every day they had offerings of traditional German sausages, and coffee and from 4pm each day during the event visitors were offered some of the finest Austrian wine. Biomin is one of many leading companies in the field of animal nutrition and

EuroTier aquafeed one of their most recent market developments; in fact over the past two years. Despite this being such a new area for Biomin, they have developed some truly innovative products. Biomin plans to make aquafeed a focal point for 2009, and will be increasing trials for both new and existing products. Biomin’s vision is expressed in their slogan ‘We care for health in animal nutrition’, and their vision is now active in over 100 different countries worldwide. Biomin only use natural products, and believe this is the way forward as the ban of antibiotics in many European countries is unlikely to be reversed. The quality of their products is the key priority and they are proud to tell their customers that products labelled Biomin, only contain Biomin. Biomin have put a huge amount of resources into researching and developing nutritional products, and recently opened a new research centre in Bangkok, Thailand. This centre is dedi-

cated exclusively to aquaculture, offering specific solutions to the industry. “The demand for more sustainable solutions is continually increasing as aqua feed producers seek safer and more economical alternatives,” said Florian Zehner. Its research centre is recognised as state-of-the-art and internationally acknowledged and certified. Biomin has also recently introduced the B.R.A.I.N. program (Biomin Research And Innovation Network); which has

been report upon in our magazine previously. The program has been designed to support the scientific education of today’s young talents who will become tomorrow’s animal health nutritionists. It is vital to support individuals studying animal nutrition to insure they have the knowledge and the know how to better products for animal health in the future, and this program offers excellent grounds to support this industry. Biomin manufactures many products

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January-February 09 | International AquaFeed | 11

EuroTier including premixes of vitamins, trace elements, amino acids, and growth promoters. Mr Zehner was keen to discuss a particular product line called Mycofix. The Mycofix product line represents specially developed feed additives that protect animal health by preventing mycotoxins. This product consists of three main strategies: Absorption - selected blends of minerals which absorb mycotoxins Biotransformation - biological degradation of less or nonabsorbable mycotoxins by patented biological components (specific enzymes produced by micro-organisms transform non-absorbable mycotoxins in to non-toxic metabolite). This strategy is unique and differentiates Biomin’s product from similar products available on the market, from their direct competitors Bio protection - guaranteed by blends of scientifically studied and carefully selected plant and algae extracts that are able to overcome the negative effects caused by all mycotoxins through the support of the immune system, reducing the risk of inflammation and protection against liver damage The Mycofix product line includes several different products, and this selection of products depends on the target animal group and the types of mycotoxins present.

IFFT – global supplier of environmentally friendly re-circulation farms

International Fish Farming Technology (IFFT), based in Germany, is a supplier for global planning and installation of environmentally friendly re-circulation farms for inland production of seawater fish. IFFT aims to provide the technologies and services required for efficient re-circulation systems to support a highly sustainable and profitable production of sea fish. Their customer base is both public and private sector worldwide, installing closed loop mariculture farms adapted to specific customer requirements. In November 2006 scientists from the Dalhousie University presented an extensive examination on economical consequences, concerning the extinction of wild fish. The results indicated that our seas would be almost empty by the middle of the 21st Century, due to over fishing. There is an increasing demand for fish worldwide and the industry fears that our waters are no longer able to sustain this demand. In fact, FAO believe fish consumption has doubled in the last 50 years. And we have seen fish prices triple since 1947. IFFT’s innovative technologies enabled them to be the first company to allow inland production of seawater fish. Production takes place much closer to the consumer, enabling them to supply fresher fish to the market. IFFT offer an environmentally friendly Closed Loop Mariculture (CLM), giving their customers an alternative to conventional fish farming, and under stable rearing conditions, they Table 1: Biomin offers many different effective solutions for the present a new aquaculture industry perspective for sustainable and Core competence Biomin® Brand environmenMycofix Plus tally friendly fish Mycotoxin Risk Mycofix Select farming. The end Management product is of Mycofix Secure excellent qualAquaStar-Hatchery ity, guaranteeing high profitability. AquaStar-Growout Probiotics As global AquaStar-PondLife demand for AquaStar-PondZyme saltwater fish continues to HepaProtect Aqua (liver protection) spiral, very soon Specials Aquaboost (nutritional supplement) demand will

12 | International AquaFeed | January-February 09

not be satisfied. Farming fish therefore represents one of the quickest growth opportunities for the food industry. This challenge can only be tackled by providing the necessary technologies, capable of meeting ecology as well as environmental demands, which may arise, enabling farmers to still have profitable production. IFFT aim to increase awareness of their technologies worldwide and to seek out sustainable fisheries globally. The ecologic principles of integrated aquaculture are by no means a new concept, but have been in existence for 1000s of years. IFFT’s main concern is to integrate the idea of ecologic aquaculture in to modern production processes, such as re-circulation systems.

Aller Aqua – a leading

supplier of fish feed for both saltwater and fresh water fish

Aller Aqua started in a mill called Aller Molle. The mill was, untill 1769 owned by the King of Denmark. hey have been manufacturing fish feed

Caroline Wearn (IAF) with Florian Zehner from Biomin GmbH

EuroTier

for over 40 years. Aller Aqua believes their experience has helped them to become one of the most experienced suppliers of fish feed for freshwater and saltwater species.They guard their reputation throughout the world and describe themselves as high quality and extremely trustworthy within the fish feed industry. Their image is their strength and the company takes its obligations to deliver quality products seriously. Aller Aqua was approached by an international fish feed manufacturer 40 years ago to establish full factory production. This was a result of fish farmers in Scandinavia wishing to convert from feeding wet fish offal to dry pelletised feed. Before the extruder era, they were faced with the challenge of finding a way to use the grain in which the starch had been heat treated, and consequently, more easily digestible for fish. The solution was discarded bread from the local bread factories as the flour had been heat-treated. Pelleting was replaced by extrusion in 1987, and dry feed has improved enormously in this time. It was now possible to produce feed with higher energy content, leading to the possibility of producing one kilogram of fish with less than one kilogram of feed. As a result of increasingly strict Danish environmental regulations, fish farming in Denmark has often lead the way in innovation and developments in Europe. Today, Aller Aqua manufactures highly specialised feed for more than 10 species of fish, and is the largest supplier of feed for re-circulating aquaculture in Denmark. Aller Aqua was part of Aller Molle up until 1996. They then became an

independent division and also acquired a competing company. Aller Aquaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s products are easily recognisable all over the world, due to the elips pellet shape. The latest production unit added is a pea protein factory and a fish feed factory near Berlin. This is a joint venture with one of Europeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s leading starch manufacturers, Emsland-Starke GmbH. Both parties formed Emsland-Aller Aqua GmbH. However, due to consistent growth in the Aller Group (fish feed, agricultural feed and petfood), the owners decided in 2007 to divide the company in order to keep sufficient focus on individual areas of the business. Aller Aqua is today an independent company with a strong and focused platform for the development and production of tomorrows fish feed.

End of the show At 18:00 on Friday November 14, 2008, we saw the last of the visitors empty from the exhibition halls. Exhibitors sat and waited to begin the task of dismantling their stands, which was a bigger job for those with more elaborate stands. As the show drew to a close it was clear to see how beneficial and rewarding this event had been for all involved. I for one am looking forward to the next EuroTier in 2010, which I hope will see even bigger increase in exhibitors and visitors involved in aquafeed than this year. I would like to say a special thank you and well done to the official organisers of EuroTier. They did an absolutely fantastic job of making the event run smoothly, a task, which might to some seem quite unmanageable. See you in 2010. January-February 09 | International AquaFeed | 13

International Aquafeed magazine is a ideal way to gain exposure for you company For more information about how we can help get your products and services infront of more potential customers please contact our International Marketing Manager, Caroline Wearn Email: carolinew@aquafeed.co.uk Tel: +44 1242 267706

Not a subscriber? International Aquafeed magazine brings a wealth of knowledge that everyone in the aquafeed industry needs to know To find our more, contact our Subscription & Circulation Manager, Tuti Tan Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk Tel: +44 1242 267706 or visit our website

www.aquafeed.co.uk

Mediterranean

Practical methods of improving health & performance status in Mediterranean aquaculture species by Dr Elizabeth Sweetman, Ecomarine Ltd, Livadi, 28200 Lixouri, Cephalonia, Greece and Dr Ioannis Nengas, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Aquaculture, Agios Kosmas, 16777 Athens, Greece Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) are two of the most important marine fish species farmed in the Mediterranean region. Currently approximately 100,000 tonnes of sea bass and 120,000 tonnes of sea bream are produced annually in aquaculture facilities, which are typically net pen cages although some pond and tank culture does occur.

ften in industrial scale farms unfavourable environmental conditions (oxygen levels, pH, water quality, temperature fluctuations), sub-optimal growth conditions (inadequate nutrition, overcrowding, overfeeding) and the reality of practical husbandry practices combine to result in the development of stressful situations. These ultimately express themselves in poor performance, suppression of immune defence mechanisms and variable product quality (Bonga, 1997; Wedemeyer, 1997; Pickering 1998). All this combines to make the farmed fish - Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) - more vulnerable to ubiquitous opportunistic bacterial and viral pathogens and parasitic infections.

The industry reports that average mortalities from juvenile to a market size of 330g are about 10 percent for gilthead sea bream and up to 20 percent for sea bass. Many of these losses can be attributed to the development of diseases, which negatively impact profitability, especially so at times where profit margins are tight. Constraints in the market prices of sea bream and sea bass have led the aquaculture industry to consider many approaches to minimising losses, improving production and reducing costs. It is possible to protect against certain diseases with vaccination strategies but only a limited number are available for commercial use. Restrictions on the use and variety of therapeutics available to the industry, increasing consumer concerns and social considerations have led the industry to consider more environmentally friendly approaches to disease control (Hansen and

14 | International AquaFeed | January-February 09

Olafsen 1999 Verscheure et al 2000). Good management practices and sanitary prevention measures are recommended including the integrated use of vaccines and health promotional nutritional supplementation that help prevent infection and strengthens immune defence mechanisms. (IUCN 2007). An important area of research is the formulation of optimal diets that meet the specific requirements of each fish species and each developmental stage through the productive cycle. Mineral nutrition in aquafeeds is important for many reasons such as skeletal formation, maintenance of colloidal systems regulation of acid-base equilibrium and for biological compounds such as hormones and enzymes (Lall 2002). Even although the requirements for these micronutrients has been determined for several species no reliable data is available for most marine cultured fish,

Mediterranean maximize the growth potential of the species.

Improving gastrointestinal performance and immune status Modern agricultural farm practises place heavy emphasis on the quality and performance of young animals. It is considered vital that Control the best possible start is given to the young, as an animal never performs best after a bad start. Similarly in aquaculture just as poor larval fish survival rates will limit production so will poor juvenile quality. Juvenile quality can be difficult to assess but the industry considers parameters such as growth rate, mortality and susceptibility to disease, occurrence of fish with skeletal deformities or large size disperBio Mos sions and differing stress sensitivities as indicators of quality. Figure 1: Microvilli from white sea bream larvae The importance of the fed with enriched Artemia with and without piscine gastrointestinal Bio-Mos supplementation. In the control group the microvilli are not continuous and they tract and its mucosa as contain gaps (G) and are broken (BP) in place. a defensive barrier to The scale bar illustrates a length of 2Îźm pathogen attack, its role as a major endocrine and osmoregulatory organ and its function as a especially the Mediterranean species like mechanism for nutrient uptake makes the sea bream and sea bass. U n d e r stress conditions dietary nutrient, trace mineral and vitamin requirements often change and consideration, therefore, has to be given to adequately compensate for this, combat the negative effects of stress and

integrity of this system vital to the health, performance and therefore quality status of the fish. Mannan oligosaccharides have been shown to modulate the gastrointestinal integrity of marine fin fish. Dimitroglou et al, 2007 showed that the inclusion of a specific mannan oligosaccharide, derived from yeast cell wall material, Bio-MosÂŽ (Alltech Inc, USA) in the diets of several marine species including sea bream improved the gut morphology by increasing the microvilli density in both the anterior and posterior gut regions and significantly increasing the microvilli length. These changes in the gut morphology indicated that the absorptive surface of the gut had been improved and that a better absorptive capacity appeared to be possible. These improvements in gut morphology have also been noted in the larval stages of white sea bream (Diplodus sargus)(Dimitroglou, 2004) and cobia (Rachycentron candum)(Salze et al, 2008). Larval quality was significantly improved by adding Bio-Mos through the enrichment media of the Artemia. In these experiments, villi morphology was unaffected, however, microvilli condition was improved and damaged areas of the gut reduced with Bio-Mos supplementation. Similarly, Daniels et al (2005) demonstrated that adding Bio-Mos to the artemia enrichment media improved survival rate in larval lobster (Hommarus gammarus) to stage IV and further noted that Vibrio sp. levels were reduced in the Artemia culture medium. One of the key benefits of this specific mannan oligosaccharide is its ability to bind

Figure 2: The inclusion of Bio-Mos in sea bass juvenile diets improved the head kidney leukocytes phagocytic activity and bactericidal activity

January-February 09 | International AquaFeed | 15

Mediterranean or agglutinate a number of strains of bacteria known to cause disease in shrimp and fish thereby preventing colonization of the gut and subsequent infection. Dimitroglou et al, 2007 demonstrated that Bio-Mos significantly reduced the bacterial load in the gut of both rainbow trout and sea

cent and produced a better specific growth rate at low fish densities. The incorporation of Bio-Mos also resulted in improvement of the hepatocyte morphology with more regularly shaped hepatocytes and less hepatocytes with displaced nuclei to the cellular periphery. The activities of lipogenic enzymes in the liver were significantly reduced at the different incorporation levels of Bio-Mos. This development work has shown interesting new trends indicating the possibility of interaction with nutrient uptake mechanisms as Figure 3: The number of cells secreting acid mucins in indicated by the posterior gut significantly increased with Bio-Mos the reduced supplementation (P<0.05). (Torrecillas et al, 2008) liver fat deposition and the bream by reducing the total aerobically improved hepatic composition that may be cultivated bacteria. an indicator of better utilization of dietary In sea bass juveniles Torrecillas et al. nutrients. (2007a & b) has reported that the dietary The immune function was also improved incorporation of Bio-Mos significantly and the immune parameters, phagocytic increased growth, by approximately 10 peractivity of leucocytes and the bacterial activity of the sera in the Bio-Mos fed groups showed a statistically significant improved dose response when compared to the control group. Disease resistance to bacterial infection, both by cohabitative challenge and by direct inoculation in the gut, were enhanced when Bio-Mos was Figure 4: Chemiluminescence activity in sea bream as a incorporated function of incorporation of organic iron (Control â&#x20AC;&#x201C; no organic iron, Bâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;ppm Bioplex Iron, F-ppm Ferous iron) in the diets. In cohabitation 16 | International AquaFeed | January-February 09

trials the presence of Vibrio alginolyticus on the head kidney of sea bass was 33 percent for the control group and eight percent and 0 percent respectively for the 0.2 percent and 0.4 percent Bio-Mos fed groups. Torrecillas et al (2008) reported that in sea bass fed two months of Bio-Mos supplementation the number of cells secreting acid mucins in the posterior gut was significantly increased. The increase in mucus secretion with its anti-adhesive properties could be directly related to the decrease in the number of infected fish in disease challenge trials reported previously. (Torrecilas et al 2007a,b) In studies by Dimitroglou at the University of Plymouth improvements in the blood health parameters of gilthead sea bream were observed with the dietary inclusion of Bio-Mos. A reduction in the monocytes/macrophages in blood circulation was observed and that together with the increase in the number of lymphocytes in the Bio-Mos supplementation groups may be responsible for the reduction of the haemolytic complement activity (ACH50). Increased numbers of lymphocytes in the blood system indicate that a faster immunological response may occur in the event of an infection.

Improving health status through mineral nutrition Iron is one of the most importantly recognised trace minerals for fish health and production. Iron (Fe) plays a key role in oxygen transport in the blood, has an active role in oxidation/reduction reactions and electron transport associated with cellular respiration. Iron deficiency can cause anaemia or even low haemoglobin levels in fish and in certain conditions iron toxicity resulting in reduced growth, poor feed utilization, feed refusal, increased mortality and histopathological damage to liver cells (Lall 2002, Halver & Hardy 2002). According to Watanabe et al. (1997), the major factor that can influence iron absorption is the relative proportion of organic and inorganic forms of the metal in the diet, organic forms being more efficiently absorbed when compared to inorganic forms. When the effect of an organic iron supplementation (Bioplex IronÂŽ, Alltech Inc, USA) was studied in healthy sea bream no effect was observed in the haematocrit

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Mediterranean or haemoglobin levels between the control and the organically supplemented diets. However the red blood cell counts was affected by the different levels of the supplemented iron. Chemiluminescence activity showed an improved immune response in relationship

percent have been observed and the effect of this parasite can add an additional two months to the growth cycle. To counteract the anaemia 200ppm Bioplex Iron was added to the diet and mortalities were reduced to <2 percent of the population, haematocrit levels increased to normal levels of approximately 35 percent and growth rates increased. This provides a practical tool for treating the symptoms of infected populations of sea bream and reducing the negative commercial impacts associated with the parasitic infection. These practical and functional nutritional tools provide opportunity for producers to combat a number of naturally occurring specific and nonspecific diseases and their symptoms by improving the general health status of fish stocks. The promotion of improved fish health status through prophylactic measures such as these are environmentally sound, address the realities of commercial production and are welcomed by the modern consumer.

Acknowledgements

Figure 5: Microcotyle sp.

to the incorporation of organic iron at a level of 100-150 ppm. At this level the response was significantly higher compared to the ferrous form. Fish fed the ferrous form at 200ppm demonstrated significantly lower immune response compared to the 100ppm and 150ppm Bioplex Iron fed groups. In Greece sea bream juveniles of between 20 to 50g are susceptible, in the Spring, to infection with a gill parasite microcotyle sp. In challenged juveniles this monogenean parasite causes anaemia and mortalities can reach up to 15 percent of the population. Low haematocrit levels of approximately 10

To Arkadios Dimitroglou, University of Plymouth, UK and Silvia Torrecillas, ULPCG, Gran Canaria, Spain for their contribution to this article.

References Bonga S.E.W. (1997) The stress response in fish. Physiol. Rev. 77 (3), 591-625. Daniels C. (2005) Effects of Bio-Mos on the growth of lobster, Homarus gammarus larvae. In: Nutrition and Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries: Alltech’s 21st Annual Symposium (Suppl. 1 - Abstracts of posters presented) Lexington, KY, USA. Dimitroglou A. (2004) The role of mannan oligosaccharide on the development of white sea bream (Diplodus sargus) larvae. Thesis submitted to the University of Plymouth for the degree of MRes Applied Fish Biology. Dimitroglou A., Davies S., Moate R., Spring P. & 18 | International AquaFeed | January-February 09

Sweetman J. (2007) The beneficial effect of BioMos on gut integrity and enhancement of fish health. Presented at Alltech’s Technical Seminar Series held in Dublin, November 2007. Halver J.H. & Hardy R.W. (2002) Fish Nutrition. Academic Press. Hansen G.H. & Olafsen J.A. (1999) Bacterial interactions in early life stages of marine cold water fish. Microb. Ecol. 38, 1-26. Guide for the Sustainable Development of Mediterranean Aquaculture, Interactions between Aquaculture and the environment, (2007) IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Maliga, Spain, 110 pages ISBN 97884-491-0767-2. Lall S.P., (2002), The Minerals. In: Fish Nutrition (ed. by Halver J.H. & Hardy R.W) Academic Press, pp260-366. Pickering A.D. (1998) Stress responses of farmed fish. In: Biology of farmed fish (ed. by K.D. Black & A.D. Pickering AD), CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 222-255. Salze G., Mclean E., Schwarz M.H. & Craig S.R. (2008) Dietary mannan oligosaccharide enhances salinity tolerance and gut development of larval cobia. Aquaculture 274, 148-152. Torrecillas S., Makol A., Caballero M.J., Montero D., Robaina L., Real F., Sweetman J., Tort L. & Izquierdo M.S. (2007a) Immune stimulation and improved infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides. Fish & Shellfish Immun. 23, 969-981. Torrecillas S., Caballero M.J., Sweetman J., Makol A. & Izquierdo M.S. (2007b) Effects of feeding BioMos on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juvenile culture. Presented at Alltech’s Technical Seminar Series held in Dublin, November 2007. Torrecillas S., Makol A. Caballero M.J. Montero D. Sweetman J. and Izquierdo M.S. (2008) Enhanced nutrient utilization and bacterial infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides. Poster presented at the XIII International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding, Brazil 2008. Verschuere L., Rombaur G., Sorgeloos P. & Verstraete W. (2000) Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 64, 655-671. Watanabe T., Kiron V. & Satoh S. (1997) Trace minerals in fish nutrition. Aquaculture 151, 185207. Wedemeyer G.A. (1997) Effects of rearing conditions on the health and physiological quality of fish in intensive culture. In: Fish stress and health in aquaculture. (eds G.K. Iwama, A.D. Pickering, J.P. Sumpter and C.B. Schreck CB). Society for experimental biology seminar series 62. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp35-71.

Images courtesy of FRM Ltd

Edinburgh Conference Centre, Heriot-Watt Univerity, Edinburgh

Scottish Aquaculture - A sustainable future Scotland is a leader in seeking to use science based policy, regulation and voluntary industry codes to increase the sustainability of the aquaculture sector within the context of increasingly focused regulation and global environmental and economic forces. The symposium will explore sustainability under four broad themes of the environment, ﬁsh health and welfare, the role of science within regulation and policy, together with the socio-economic impact of aquaculture. The symposium is being organised by the Scottish Aquaculture Research Forum (SARF) in conjunction with The Royal Society of Edinburgh and The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, and aims to engage delegates from a wide range of backgrounds with an interest in aquaculture and bring together the extensive portfolio of SARF sponsored research, complemented by internationally recognised keynote speakers. PRELIMINARY PROGRAMME Tuesday 21st April

Thursday 23rd and Friday 24th April

Plenary Session 1: Aquaculture- Current EU and Global Status Field Trip to Stirling, Institute of Aquaculture, Session 1: Understanding our environment Oban, Scottish Association of Marine Science Session 2: Science into Policy and Regulation Laboratory and boat trip in Loch Creran to visit ﬁsh and shellﬁsh farms. Evening: Conference Dinner We anticipate presentations from 34 invited experts and an open call for posters. The symposium programme will deliver a co-ordinated Wednesday 22nd April series of presentations designed to meet the needs of delegates from a broad spectrum of Plenary Session 2: The Future- Challenges and Opportunities specialist and non-specialist backgrounds. The Session 1: Fish health and welfare proceedings will be published in a special volume Session 2: Sustainability of Aquaculture Research. The symposium is receiving generous support form SARF Members with additional support from:

Further information and on-line registration is available at:

http://www.sarf.org.uk/symposium.htm

The Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scotland’s National Academy, is Scottish Charity No SC000470 SARF is Scottish Charity No. SC035745

THE AQUAFEED PHOTOSHOOT

20 | International AquaFeed | January-February 09

ravelling Chile’s highway No 7 south, the road drops down to the waters edge at Caleta La Arena. Caleta La Arena, Chile some 50-60km south of Puerto Montt and Puerto Varas. To go further south you must take a car ferry around a seal colony to a road head further down the coast. It’s at Caleta La Arena that AquaChile has one of its most thriving salmon farming operations.

AquaChile is the largest Chilean-owned farmed fish company in the world – and it continues to expand. It is the world’s third biggest salmon company overall, boasts annual earnings of more than US$600 million and employs over 5000 people in Chile, Costa Rica and the United States. Chile’s rapidly growing farmed salmon and trout industries has boomed in recent years; earned some US$2.5 billion dollars annually, a staggering figure considering that in 1991 the country’s fish farms generated just US$159 million. Chile is now the world’s second leading farmed fish producer, just behind Norway. Together the two countries produce some 90 percent of the world’s farmed salmon. January-February 09 | International AquaFeed | 21

Proteins & oils

Maximising plant proteins and oils in Atlantic salmon diets

by Dr Bente E Torstensen

or the first time, a study has examined how feeding Atlantic salmon high levels of both plant proteins and vegetable oils affect the fish.

This experiment resulted in two kilos of salmon protein generated per kilo of fishmeal protein in the feed. The study showed a slight reduction in salmon growth, even though all known nutrient requirements of the fish were covered by the feed. Farmed Atlantic salmon have traditionally been fed diets containing fish oil and fishmeal. The steady increase in production volumes in aquaculture of eight-to-10 percent a year (Tacon, 2004; Tacon et al., 2006) has resulted in increasing use of

alternative plant proteins and oils in aquafeeds. The use of fishmeal and oil, representing 3-5kg fresh fish per kg farmed fish have been criticised both for exploitation of the global fishery resources and the misuse of high quality marine protein and lipid sources that could be directly used for human consumption. In this respect, vegetable oils (VO) have been proposed as sustainable alternatives to fish oil. VOs are, however, devoid of n-3 PUFAs (EPA, DPA and DHA) while the levels of 18:2n-6 and monoene fatty acids are usually high, resulting in low dietary n-3/n-6 ratios. Likewise, sustainable alternatives to fishmeal have included various plant protein sources, such as vegetable meals with crude protein content of 20 to 50 percent (Hertrampf and Piedad-Pascual, 2000). However, the indispensable amino acid (IAA) profile in plant proteins differs from fishmeal. Sensible blending of different protein sources are necessary to balance the IAA composition, while low levels of certain crystalline AAs may have to be added to fulfil AA requirements (NRC, 1993; Halver and Hardy, 2002).

22 | International AquaFeed | January-February 09

EU-funded project Aquamax investigates the maximum replacement of fish oil and fishmeal Studies have shown that Atlantic salmon can be given a feed containing 100 percent vegetable oils without any reduction in fish growth when the source of protein in the feed is fishmeal (EU-project RAFOA Q5RS-2000-30058). Espe and co-workers (2006) has previously shown that 90 percent of the fishmeal in the feed can be replaced by plant proteins without affecting the growth of the salmon as long as the source of fat in the fish diet is fish oil. One of the aims of the IP-EU project â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Aquamaxâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (016249-2) is to find out how much of the fish oil and fishmeal that can be replaced with plant ingredients simultaneously in Atlantic salmon diets without compromising fish growth, performance, health or product quality.

Reduced feed intake and growth in the first period Atlantic salmon in seawater weighing 0.35kg was fed feed containing either 100 percent fishmeal and 100 percent fish oil

Proteins & oils (control group), 35 percent vegetable oils and 80 percent plant proteins, 70 percent vegetable oils and 40 percent plant proteins or 70 percent vegetable oils and 80 percent plant proteins. The fish were fed for 12 months until they reached 3.9kg. The salmon which had received feed containing the highest mixture of plant raw material - 70 percent vegetable oils and 80 percent plant proteins - experienced a 12 percent lower growth during the first three months compared to the control group. There was no corresponding weight reduction in the other groups during the first three months. Over the entire period of the study, the fish fed the highest proportion of plant raw material experienced a weight reduction of 17 percent compared to the control group. The weight reduction was largely due to a lower feed intake during the first three months of the study. A fish diet comprising 70 percent plant oils and 80 percent vegetable proteins means that two kilos of salmon protein are produced for every kilo of fishmeal protein

in the feed. In other words, a good net production of high quality fish protein is obtained from plant proteins.

Less than a kg wild fish is required to produce a kg Atlantic salmon When producing fishmeal and fish oil from wild fish, the recovery of fishmeal is about 23 percent whereas as the recovery of fish oil varies between 5-12 percent dependent on fish species and season. That means that it requires more wild fish to produce fish oil than fishmeal. Based on the levels of fish oil

based diet, 3.4kg of wild fish was required to produce 1kg Atlantic salmon. Hence, 2.5kg of wild fish was saved by replacing high levels of fish oil and fishmeal with high levels of plant raw materials. In experimen-

"The steady increase in production volumes in aquaculture of 8-10% a year has resulted in increasing use of alternative plant proteins and oils in aquafeeds"

and fishmeal used in the different diets and a feed efficiency of 1.1, producing 1kg of Atlantic salmon requires 0.9kg wild fish when 70 percent of the fish oil and 80 percent of the fishmeal was replaced by plant raw materials. When the fish were fed the 100 percent fish oil and fishmeal

tal diet the amount of wild fish required for fish oil was higher than what was required for the amount of fishmeal in the diets. Hence, to save even more wild fish the level of fish oil should be decreased further rather than concentrating on replacing more fishmeal.

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January-February 09 | International AquaFeed | 23

Organizer:

1/10/08 10:05:23

Proteins & oils "Replacing dietary fish oil and fishmeal with plant raw materials had very few significant effects on nutrient digestibility and nutrient utilisation including total protein, lipid, energy, fatty acid and amino acid digestibility as well as protein and lipid utilisation"

reduction in growth of approximately nine percent was observed during the production phase in sea. The growth retardation was related to the reduced feed intake during the early feeding stages, due to an interaction effect of high plant protein and VO replacement. Possible metabolic interactions between dietary lipid and protein will be addressed in future scientific papers.

References Espe, M., Lemme, A., Petri, A., El-Mowafi, A. 2006. Can Atlantic salmon grow on diets devoid of fish meal? Aquaculture 255, 255-262. Halver, J.E., Hardy, R.W. 2002. Fish Nutrition. Elsevier Science, San Diego, 824 pp. Hertrampf, J.W., Piedad-Pascual, F., 2000. Handbook on Ingredients for Aquaculture Feeds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 573 pp. Krogdahl, Ă&#x2026;., Hemre, G.-I., Mommsen T.P., 2005. Carbohydrates in fish nutrition: digestion and absorption in postlarval stages. Aquacult. Nutr., 11, 103-122. Tacon, A.G.J., 2004. Use of fish meal and fish oil in aquaculture: a global perspective. Aquatic Res. Cult. Dev. 1, 3-14. Tacon, A.G.J., Hasan, M.R., Subasinghe, R.P., 2006. Use of fishery resources as feed inputs for aquaculture development: trends and policy implications. FAO Fish. Circ. 1018, 99 pp. N.R.C, Nutrient Requirements of Fish. National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 1993.

No significant effects on nutrient digestibility and retention Replacing dietary fish oil and fishmeal with plant raw materials had very few significant effects on nutrient digestibility and nutrient utilisation including total protein, lipid, energy, fatty acid and amino acid digestibility as well as protein and lipid utilisation. Starch digestibility, however, was significantly lower in the high plant protein dietary groups. Starch digestibility studies have identified a correlation between the presence of indigestible matter and reduced digestibility of starch and lipids (Krogdahl et al. 2005). And the high

plant protein diets will contain higher levels of indigestible matter. This did however, not influence the protein, lipid or energy digestibility of the high plant

And finally In conclusion, the results demonstrate net production of Atlantic salmon from wild fish with 1kg farmed Atlantic salmon produced per 0.9kg wild fish, as well as a net production of protein with 2kg of fish protein produced per 1kg fish meal protein used. However, by replacing 80 percent of fishmeal with plant proteins and 70 percent of the fish oil replaced with a VO blend, a 24 | International AquaFeed | January-February 09

About the author Dr Bente E Torstensen achieved the Bachelor of Science (Cand mag.) in 1994, and the Master of Science (Cand scient) in Nutrition biology in 1996, at the University of Bergen (Norway). Her PhD studies at the Institute of Nutrition, Directorate of Fisheries, (achieved at the University of Bergen, 2000) focused on transport and metabolism of lipids in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). For more information email: Bente.Torstensen@nifes.no

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Feature Title Are you ready for the

aquafeed of the future by Peter Coutteau PhD Co-authors: Ward Spruyt, Alexander Van Halteren, Sam Ceulemans & Wouter Meeus INVE Aquaculture, Hoogveld 91, 9200 Dendermonde, Belgium Email: p.coutteau@inve.be

The animal feed industry has faced tremendous increases of ingredient prices over the past years. This has accelerated a search for alternative formulations and feed additives to improve the cost efficiency of feed at the farm. Contrary to the livestock industry, developments in aquaculture are still hampered by the limited nutritional knowledge and the lack of critical mass in a relatively small-scale feed industry. Nevertheless, a number of promising additive concepts have become available recently to improve the sustainability of feed for fish and shrimp, both in terms of farm economics and ecological responsibility.

quaculture is the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fastest-growing sector in food production. Since 1970 it has sustained an average growth rate of almost nine percent â&#x20AC;&#x201C; compared with 2.8 percent for land-based animal production.

For some of the bulk production species, knowledge on nutrient digestibility, nutrient interactions and stage-specific requirements is still rudimentary. In recent years, all major aquafeed ingredients - including fishmeal, fish oil, vegetable proteins and fats, wheat flour, feed phosphates, additives, vitamins and

Global feed production for farming fish and shrimp has followed this expansion, estimated between 20.2-22.7 million tonnes in 2006 and expected to reach 32 million tonnes by 2012 (FAO, 2006; Tacon and Metian, 2008). Despite its tremendous growth over the past decades, aquafeed production represented in 2006 only four percent of total global animal feed production (Gill, 2007). Furthermore, global aquafeed volume is fragmented over many species produced under different conditions and mostly in developing countries. This lack of critical mass complicates focused developments, particularly for tropical species of fish and shrimp.

minerals - have shown significant price increases, in some extreme cases amounting to several 100 percent. In the livestock industry, combined research efforts from producers, feed and additive suppliers and academic institutes have resulted in a vast knowledge basis and a wide range of additives to

Figure 1: Formulating ecologically and economically sustainable aquafeeds is supported by the development of innovative feed additives

26 | International AquaFeed | January-February 09

Aquafeed Future cle illustrates potential advances in the cost efficiency of aquafeeds by the development of novel nutritional concepts specifically for aquaculture species.

Natural emulsifiers to enhance lipid digestion in shrimp Shrimps do not tolerate high levels of dietary fat well. A number of studies show reduced growth at levels above 10 percent of dietary lipid. Nevertheless, shrimp have no or very limited capacity to biosynthesize a number of lipid molecules which are essential for normal growth, including cholesterol, highly unsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids. Cholesterol is a key constituent of cell membranes and precursor for steroid and

% difference (novel vs traditional)

Two feeds were formulated at the same cost using either exclusively commercial feed ingredients (‘traditional feed’) or a combination of standard ingredients with the feed supplements Aquasterol and Aquaflavour (‘novel feed’). To balance the cost of the novel feed, significant reductions were made in the formulation for traditional feed ingredients, which resulted in lower analytical levels for various nutrients compared to the ‘traditional’ formula. These are in available phosphorous (water soluble phosphorous), cholesterol, phospholipids and n-3 HUFA which were different by minus seven percent to minus 44 percent (Table 1). Due to some variations in practical ingredients, the ‘novel’ feed also showed lower specifications in crude protein and fat compared to the ‘traditional’ feed. Results showed that shrimp fed the ‘novel’ feed had significantly better growth (1.17g/week versus 1.07g/week) and showed no differences in terms of survival, food conversion and protein efficiency ratio compared to animals fed the traditional feed (Table 1). This seemed contrary to the lower nutritional specifications of the novel feed. Verification trials under pond conditions in Indonesia using similar formulations confirmed the above findings.These results clearly showed the potential for making shrimp formulations less dependent on traditional feed ingredients by enhancing the digestibility and availability of Culture system for Litopenaeus nutrients using vannamei at the INVE Technologies test center in Brackishwater Aquaculture novel feed Development Center, Indonesia supplements.

Table 1: Feed analysis and shrimp performance for two feeds of different nutritional specifications. Data from a 70-day feeding trial with L. vannamei using triplicate tanks of 1m3 stocked with 20 shrimp/tank.

Novel

Novel feed supplements can reduce the requirements for traditional ingredients in commercial feeds for Litopenaeus vannamei

moulting hormones. It has been found to be most effective in different species of shrimp at dietary levels ranging from 0.20 to 0.5 percent. Cholesterol levels below 0.10 percent limit growth in Litopenaeus vannamei, even if the other nutrients are formulated to satisfy normal requirements (Duerr and Walsh, 1996). Fishmeal is the major cholesterol source in practical feed formulations for shrimp with some contributions also coming from fish oil, squid and shrimp meal. Shrimp cannot bioconvert highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA: 20:5n-3 or EPA; 22:6n-3 or DHA) which need to be provided at 0.8-1 percent in the diet via the marine ingredients, mainly fish oil and fishmeal. Phospholipids are a component of cell

Traditional

alleviate increased cost of feed formulations for poultry and pigs. Various types of feed additives have been developed which enhance the digestibility and/or utilization efficiency of nutrients, including exogenous enzymes, compounds aiding in the digestive process by improving absorption, mobilization and transport of nutrients, stimulators of enzyme secretion, feeding stimulants reducing feed/nutrient waste, pre/probiotics and botanical extracts modulating the gut microflora. The feeding biology, digestive physiology and nutritional requirements of warmblooded land animals differ significantly from those of aquaculture organisms. Therefore, the direct application in aquaculture of nutritional concepts developed for livestock is not trivial. The present arti-

35.8

34.8

-3%

Crude Fat (%)

8.7

8.2

-6%

Crude Ash (%)

9.1

9.4

Moisture (%)

9.59

9.64

Watersoluble Phosphorous (%)

0.48

0.32

-34%

Cholesterol (GLC, %)

0.18

0.1

-44%

Phospholipids (Iatro scan, %)

0.93

0.85

-9%

Shrimp feed formula Crude Protein (%)

EPA (mg/g DM)

4.8

DHA (mg/g DM)

5.7

4.8

-16%

11.9

11.1

-7%

n-3 HUFA sum (mg/g DM)

Results growth trial 70 days L. vannamei Survival ( percent)

91.7

93.3

Initial weight (g)

1.02

Final weight (g)

11.31

12.74

+13 %*

Gram/week

1.03

1.17

+14 %*

Feed Intake (%/ABW/day)

5.45

5.61

FCR

2.29

2.31

PER (weight gain/protein intake)

1.23

1.25

ns= not significantly different; *= significantly different P<0.05

January-February 09 | International AquaFeed | 27

Feature Title

Caption: Set up for fish trials at INVEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s testing facilities at Caditec Testing (Spain) membranes, building blocks for lipoproteins (essential for lipid mobilization in the haemolymph) and constitute a highly available source of choline and inositol (Coutteau et al., 1997).

tion of suboptimal dietary levels of cholesterol and phospholipids may be particularly detrimental to shrimp nutrition due to the interaction between phospholipids and cholesterol requirements (Gong et al., 2000).

Figure 2: Specific blends of natural emulsifying agents are complementing the process of emulsification and absorption of dietary fats in the hepatopancreas, which in turn improves the efficiency of shrimp to use fats as essential nutrients and as source of energy for growth

Although the optimal level may depend on the formulation and culture conditions, phospholipid requirements are estimated around one-to-two percent (equivalent to 1.5-3 percent liquid lecithin). The combina-

Emulsifying agents are a diverse class of compounds, which are able to disperse fat in water under the form of small droplets (as in milk). In land animals, emulsifiers are added to the feed to complement the lipid digestive 28 | International AquaFeed | January-February 09

processes by reducing the size of the fat globules released from the diet and increasing the efficiency of the lipase activity. Furthermore, emulsifiers assist the bile acids in the formation of micelles, which are the transportation vehicles for absorption of lipids through the membranes of the digestive system. Emulsifying agents enhance the fat digestibility and growth performance in nursery and fattening of broilers and pigs (Smulders, 2008). Contrary to land animals, lipid digestion in shrimp occurs for a big proportion intracellular in the hepatopancreas epithelium from where it is transported to the target organs via the haemolymphe under the form of lipoproteins. The formation and absorption of lipid micelles from the lumen of the hepatopancreas tubuli is therefore a limiting step in the lipid digestive process. Specific blends of natural emulsifying agents, selected for their compatibility with the shrimpâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s digestive system, are capable of complementing the process of emulsification and absorption of dietary fats in the hepatopancreas. This in turn improves the efficiency of shrimp to use fats as essential components and as source of energy for growth (Figure 2). The natural emulsifying concept was

originally developed to improve growth and food conversion of shrimp fed diets deficient in cholesterol (Coutteau et al., 2002). However, current applications in white shrimp farms in Ecuador, Mexico, Thailand and Indonesia have shown a variety of beneficial effects from supplementing the emulsifying concept to commercial shrimp feeds including improved growth, survival, food conversion, hepatopancreas condition and molting. By improving the utilization efficiency of dietary lipids, shrimp formulations can be made more cost-effective by reducing the formulated values for phospholipids, cholesterol and n-3 HUFA. The compensation of lower dietary specifications for essential lipids by the application of the natural emulsifying concept was recently demonstrated in a nutritional trial in Indonesia with white shrimp (see insert).

Attractants and palatability enhancers to stimulate feeding in shrimp Good feed management is a key factor in any animal production system. In shrimp farming, feed management is a true challenge as shrimp are grown â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;hidden from the eye of the farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; in large ponds and their appetite is fluctuating rapidly in function of temperature, salinity, quality of water and pond bottom, feed quality, life stage, health status and molting cycle. Since feed constitutes generally around 50 percent of total production cost in shrimp farming, the efficiency of feed and feeding management strongly influence profitability. It is crucial that shrimp locate and consume fast the feed distributed in the pond as this will reduce the loss of valuable water-soluble nutrients leaching from the feed (including essential vitamins and amino acids) and the accumulation of wasted feed which will in turn affect the quality of water and soil and subsequently oxygen consumption in the pond. All nutritional compounds wasted as leached nutrients in the water column or un-eaten feed on the pond bottom are deteriorating the culture environment and not converted into shrimp biomass. Feed attractiveness is therefore a key factor to maximize feed conversion and growth in shrimp farming, particularly under low and medium stocking densities. Current knowledge of the effects of formulation on feed uptake by shrimp under

different conditions of age, crowding, disease status and environmental conditions is still very poor due to experimental difficulties to study feeding behaviour under production conditions in ponds. The most realistic way to measure feed attractiveness is probably by quantifying the rate at which the feed disappears from a feeding tray in a stocked shrimp pond. Although this technique is difficult to standardise and assumes good feed stability, it has proven to be valuable in comparing the effect of different attractants under field conditions (Ceulemans et al., 2003). Feeding attractants are key compounds in shrimp nutrition as they attract the shrimp to the feed and stimulate them to consume it (Lee & Meyers, 1997). Attractants compensate the lack of attractiveness of formulations (for example, due to the replacement of proteins of marine origin with vegetable protein) and stimulate the appetite of shrimp that show poor feeding responses (eg due to stressful environmental conditions or disease). January-February 09 | International AquaFeed | 29

Aquafeed Future Optimised formulations of water-soluble nitrogenous compounds including amino acids, short-chain peptides and nucleotides â&#x20AC;&#x201C; applied either as topdressing or included in the feed during processing - have shown to be effective in improving feed uptake in feeding trays (Ceulemans et al., 2003). Culture trials under controlled lab conditions have demonstrated that the addition of these formulated attractants to practical feed formulations improves feed intake, growth and food conversion (Figure 3). Furthermore, compared to protein concentrates based on fish hydrolysates, chicken hydrolysates or by-products from amino acid production, the supplementation of formulated attractants give superior results on growth and food conversion (Figure 4). Small inclusions of formulated attractants may have several additional nutritional benefits due to the stimulation of enzyme secretion and digestive processes (short-chain peptides), balancing amino acid nutrition (essential amino acids) and improved function of epithelia in gut and hepatopancreas (nucleotides). These additional benefits contribute to release more nutrients from feeds formulated to contain lower levels of digestible nutrients (see insert).

Phytobiotics to enhance digestive processes and feed efficiency The increasing pressure on the use of feed antibiotic growth promoters in animal nutrition has boosted the research for alternative growth promoters based on natural substances. Phytobiotics is a term used to describe plant-derived natural bioactive compounds, which affect animal growth and health due to their antimicrobial, digestive or metabolic stimulating properties. Phytobiotics are successfully used as alternatives to antibiotics in weaning and ongrowing pigs (Marin-Gusman, 2005). Since the gut is the main entry port for bacte-

Screening shrimp feed attractants under field conditions: measuring feed attractiveness by quantifying the rate at which the feed disappears from a feeding tray in a stocked shrimp pond

Figure 3: The addition of a formulated attractant (Aquaflavour) to practical shrimp feed formulations improves feed intake, growth and food conversion. Data from a 70-days feeding trial with Litopenaeus vannamei using triplicate tanks of 1m3 per diet; growing shrimp from approximately one-to-9g over 10 weeks (control diet). All diets formulated to 37 percent CP/6 percent CF; containing 21.5 percent prime Chilean fishmeal (Ceulemans et al., in prep.)

rial and viral infections in fish and shrimp, the capability of specific plant extracts to modulate the composition of the gut microflora offers interesting perspectives for protection against bacterial and viral infections in aquaculture organisms (Decamp et al., 2007). Spices are widely used to flavour our food but also exert stimulant actions on the diges30 | International AquaFeed | January-February 09

tive system. Herbal digestive properties include appetite enhancement, stimulation of gastric and bile secretions, and hepato protection. Recent screening work under controlled lab conditions at INVE Technologies test facilities at Caditec Testing (Spain) has revealed the potential of several natural products for improving the feed utilisation in fish. The addition of a blend of digestive herbal extracts to practical feed formulations for Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) significantly improved growth, food conversion and protein efficiency (Figure 5). The improved availability of dietary nutrients and energy for muscle growth was illustrated by the reduction of visceral wastes consisting of digestive system and fat deposits in the belly and liver of the fish, resulting in reduced hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indexes. Reducing processing wastes and maximising filleting yield has important consequences for the profitability of the production of fillet fish such as Tilapia.

Enzymes â&#x20AC;&#x201C; challenging but promising application in aquafeeds

Soaring prices and in some cases limited availability of feed phosphates has stimulated the use of phytases enzymes in animal feeds. Phytases are enzymes capable of releasing the phosphorus (P) present under the form of phytate in plant feed ingredients. The better use of plant P present in the formula is economically interesting and reduces the P output into the environment.

Aquafeed Future

Although many studies have demonstrated that phytase supplementation makes the chelated phytate-P available to fish (reviewed by Cao et al. 2007), the applica-

Phytase products, like any other enzymes, have inherent limitations on the Figure 4: Formulated attractants result in superior effects on growth and food activity range in terms of temperature, pH conversion compared to other protein and inactivation by proteolytic enzymes concentrates, possibly due to their in the digestive system. The digestive additional nutritional benefits (amino physiology is very different among the acid balance, nucleotides and peptides). different commercially important species Data from a 56-days feeding trial with Litopenaeus vannamei using triplicate of fish and shrimp, which are in turn tanks of 1m3 per diet; growing shrimp from different from warm-blooded poultry approx. 1.1 to 7.7g over eight weeks (control and pigs. Therefore, major progress on diet). All diets formulated to 37 percent CP/6 enzyme efficacy will result from the percent CF; containing 21.5 percent prime selection of the enzymes compatible Chilean fishmeal; test products included at two percent inclusion level: by-product from with the digestive physiology and feeding amino acid production (AA Byprod); protein biology of aquaculture organisms. hydrolysates based on poultry by-products The standard processing conditions (Chick Hydro) or fish (Fish Hydro); a during aquafeed production (temperaformulated attractant (Aquaflavour) ture, humidity, pressure) are inactivating (Ceulemans et al., in prep.) enzymes. Consequently, special equipment is required to apply enzymes in the tion of phytase in aquafeeds is still very aquafeed mill, such as pellet coating or limited due to uncertainties on its efficacy liquid spraying systems (Lorenz-Meyer, 2008). in formulations, processing and farming conProvided these bottlenecks are overditions typical for aquaculture. come, the wide diversity of enzymes presents an interesting potential to improve Figure 5: Effects of a blend of digestive the utilization of lowherbal extracts (Easy Digest) on growth, cost plant ingredients, food conversion, protein efficiency ratio, and liver/viscera weight in Nile Tilapia. Data which are often rich from a 70-day lab trial with Nile Tilapia in non-digestible using triplicate tanks of 100l per diet. carbohydrates, antiFish were grown at 26°C in a freshwater nutritional factors and recirculation unit from 40g to ± 90g while unavailable nutrients fed on a practical tilapia grow out diet with CP/CF of 33/7.6; SGR=growth rate (percent/ for fish and shrimp. day); FCR=feed conversion ratio (kg feed consumed/kg weight gain; PER= protein Note: Literature efficiency ratio (kg weight gain/kg protein references can be consumed; HSI=liver weight (percent body obtained from the author. weight) VSI=Viscera weight (percent body weight). Ceulemans et al. (in prep) Email: p.coutteau@inve.be

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Horizontal twin-shaft paddle mixers – the ultimate in mixing technology Before Forberg introduced its twin-shaft paddle mixing technology, a coefficient of variation (CV) of 10 was acceptable. Today, a CV of five or less is the standard. What led to this dramatic improvement in mixing accuracy? The answer is that the Forberg horizontal twin-shaft paddle mixer brought about a revolution in mixing. by Kees Rodenburg, Market Support Manager, Forberg International AS Hegdalveien 77, N-3261 Larvik, Norway Tel: +47 33 133434 Fax: +47 33 133435 Website: www.forberg.no

magine a chessboard as the image of a perfect mixture. How can practical mixing results get as close as possible to this ideal?

In the twin-shaft paddle mixer, the specific speed of the rotor shafts combined with the specific positioning and angles of the paddle blades provide excellent transport of particles (Figure 1 & 2). All particles in the mixture need air surrounding them to be able to move freely. The filling level in the twin-shaft mixer is not more that 40 percent above the shafts. Thus, there is surplus space in the mixer to provide air around the particles so they can move freely. The twin-shaft paddles lift the

particles up in the middle of the mixer in the fluidized zone, where mixing takes place in a weightless state. In this way, the particles are moved back and forth, up and down and across in all directions – this is the freedom of movement that is essential if particles are to be

Figure 1

32 | International AquaFeed | January-February 09

mixed as randomly as possible (Figure 3). All powder-type products with all shapes and densities can be mixed in the Forberg® twin-shaft paddle mixer. In some conventional mixers, the transport of particles is simplified and unidirectional, which results in poor-quality mix and long mixing time. For some materials this can even be negative as the particles can be crushed, worn down or can start forming lumps. Because the product is fluidised, the twin-shaft paddle mixer is very gentle with the product. Extra force must be added, for example with choppers, in case any lumps in the mixture must be crushed. High speed rotating knives will create the force needed to crush soft lumps in the mixture.

Background image Figure 2

Mixers

Mixers • The benefits of the mechanical fluidizMain features in the twin-shaft paddle ing zone are gentle mixing, no segregamixers: tion and very short mixing time. This • Mixing takes place in a very short gives savings in terms of minimal wear time. An average mixing cycle for dry and tear and low energy consumption. mixing can be as follows: filling 20-30 Maintenance costs are also very low. seconds, mixing 40-60 seconds and The mixer’s low energy consumption discharging 10-20 seconds. This gives is an important consideration in reduca total cycle time of 1.5 – 2 minutes. ing production costs. A relatively small twin-shaft paddle mixer will provide a large output – thus giving savings Figure 3 both in investment costs and space requirements. • Liquids can be added easily to the powder mixture. This is done by means of quick connection nozzles (single component flat spray nozzles are most commonly used) for adding oil, fat, water, flavours, etc. • Spraying of liquids requires approximately one minute ensuring the best possible distribution of the liquids in the powdered material. In this case, total cycle time, including spraying of liquids, will be as low as 2.5 – 3.5 minutes. • Liquid should be sprayed at a specific angle and at a specific distance to obtain the best possible distribution. The particles rotate around their own axes in the fluidized zone, exposing the total particle surface to the liquid during rotation. The liquid will hit the particles and be distributed in the mixture. • High melting point liquids, such as fats, can be sprayed in free flowing liquid state with special nozzle arrangements. • Homogeneous mixing is achieved Various mixer designs in the space of a few seconds The twin-shaft paddle batch mixer has thanks to the fluidizing of the been developed over several years. material. All particles can be mixed Today, continuous twin-shaft paddle mix(small, large, light, heavy, round, ers are available, notably Forberg’s latest etc.) without segregation, since the development, the rotating twin-shaft paddle forces of mixing are stronger than batch mixer. the forces of segregation during Continuous twin shaft paddle the mixing action in these mixers. mixer - The continuous twin-shaft Segregation only takes place when paddle mixer has many of the same the product is handled after mixing, advantages as the twin-shaft batch so it is recommended to minimise mixer. It is very gentle with the prodthe distance between the mixer ucts, has low energy consumption, and the packaging point to avoid high capacity, little space requiresegregation. ment and flexible filling. Throughput January-February 09 | International AquaFeed | 33

is very significant as the average retention time is approximately one minute. (Figure 4) For obtaining good mixing quality in a continuous mixer, an accurate feeding of the ingredients is demanded. Continuous mixers are suitable for mixing a limited number of components, which have similar properties.

One or two different liquids can be sprayed onto the product mixtures. Rotating twin-shaft paddle mixer The rotating twin-shaft paddle mixer has combined the mixing technology of the standard Forberg® batch mixer with a new solution for the filling and discharge (Figure 5). Within seconds, the whole machine is tilted from its filling position to its discharging position. This results in a whole list of practical, operational benefits. The rotating mixer (called the F-RM) has one inlet valve in the top where the product

Figure 6

Figure 5

Figure 4

Mixers

Figure 7

is introduced into the mixer.The valve closes and the mixing cycle is started. After the mixing cycle has finished, the entire machine

is rotated upside down and the product is discharged through the same opening as for filling. The machine is then rotated back 180° and is ready for a new charge. A feature for the F-RM is the automatic washing and drying of the mixer (Figure 6). The F-RM is designed for the feed, food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries where airtight processes are a must and cleaning is critical. It is also possible to mix under vacuum, or under an inert atmosphere to avoid oxidation of highly sensitive products. Application of steam or liquid nitrogen for sterilisation or coating is another interesting option. Advantages of the rotating twin-shaft mixer: - Completely closed mixing chamber. - Only one valve for charging and discharging. Reduced cleaning surfaces with integrated hopper. - CIP (cleaning in place) is easy to realise. Washing water can easily be discharged through the washingdocking station. - High production capacity due to short cycle times. - Mixing under vacuum (as an option) enables the design of new production processes. Oxygen sensitive products can be mixed under an inert atmosphere. - Less product damage due to missing edges of discharge doors. - Smaller tolerance (minimised gap) between mixing paddles and mixer housing can be achieved. In comparison with stationary batch mixers, the new and innovative F-RM machines combine high mixing quality and short mixing time with the discharge behaviour and convenience of a cone bin. The well-known rotating vacuum coater, F-RVC, has the same design as the F-RM but is reinforced and equipped with vacuum equipment. This machine gives the optimum result for deep core vacuum coating as used widely in high fat applications and medication lines (Figure 7).

Figure 8

Research and Development Mixing and processing - Mixing processes will always be one of the core processes in feed and food manufacturing. The twin-shaft paddle mixer is a versatile machine, in which many processes beyond mixing can be performed. Forberg focuses on further development of industrial processes, in close cooperation with customers 34 | International AquaFeed | January-February 09

and research institutions. In the field of aqua feed, promising research has been performed regarding feed protein sources.

Background/objective for research on feed protein sources: Feed protein sources for carnivorous fish are in a transition phase from being largely fish-based to multisource-based. Plant protein sources have the potential to replace fish meal in diets for carnivorous fish in a way that can support good growth and feed efficiency. These feed ingredients, however, represent significant nutritional challenges, including ingredient specific content of antinutritional factors (ANF). Use of feed enzymes may solve some of these obstacles, but for coldwater species, enzyme application post extrusion may not be the most efficient way of using feed enzymes. Research and experiments have been done for developing suitable processes. Use of online incubation with enzymes in the extrusion line seems to be promising. Studies conducted by Aquaculture Protein Centre (APC, Norway) using phytate/phytase as a model and laboratory scale Forberg mixer (F-6) as equipment, have shown that there is a potential to such a pre-treatment. It was shown that phytate concentration in a soy/wheat mixture was significantly reduced during incubation. In a follow-up feeding trial with salmon reared in cold water (8°C) the effects of a traditional phytase coating versus online incubation was investigated. It was found that the phosphorus utilisation was significantly improved. The method, and hence equipment, is at the development stage, and more research is needed in order to optimize the process and to implement it in the extrusion line (Figure 8).

References: Vegard Denstadli, Rotsukhon Vestre, Birger Svihus, Anders Skrede, and Trond Storebakken, Phytate Degradation in a Mixture of Ground Wheat and Ground Defatted Soybeans during Feed Processing: Effects of Temperature, Moisture Level, and Retention Time in Small- and MediumScale Incubation Systems. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2006 vol. 54: 5887–5893. Vegard Denstadli, Trond Storebakken, Birger Svihus, Anders Skrede, A comparison of online phytase pre-treatment of vegetable feed ingredients and phytase coating in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) reared in cold water, Aquaculture, 2007 vol. 269: 414-426.

VIVAsia 2009

www.viv.net Aqua VIV Asia 2009

VIV Asia presents Aqua VIV Asia, the 1st dedicated event for Asia-Pacificâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s aqua business.

Bangkok

March 11-13, Bangkok - Thailand

Show review VIV China 2008: the future is bright

IV China is still following an upward trend. The exhibition took place from October 20-22, 2008 at the New China International Exhibition Center. The 446 exhibitors at the biennial international Feedto-Meat trade show welcomed 19,035 visitors from 75 countries. The exhibitors rated the show with a 7.0, expressing their appreciation about the improved quality of the visitors. The show confirmed its role as the leading event for the animal husbandry sector in China. The move to the new exhibition venue NCIEC proved to be a smart choice. Project manager Ruwan Berculo: “Being away from the city centre meant visitors had to make more effor t to reach to the venue. The positive side effect was no ‘co-incidental passersby’. The visitors were industry

specialists, determined to find answers and solutions to improve their production processes.“

Internationalisation industry

VIV China is renowned for its unique combination of attracting strong exhibitor and visitor groups from both China and abroad. With its 2008-edition, VIV China strengthened this position: 312 Chinese and 134 international companies from 23 countries par ticipated. The 19,035 visitors, more than ever before, came from an all-time-high of 75 countries.These figures reflect the strong, international development of animal husbandr y in China. “Exhibitors were very satisfied with the origin of the visitors. Not only were there more visitors from more Chinese production areas than in 2006, the

international visitors also came from a larger number of countries than in the show’s history of five editions,” says Berculo.

Business

Vencomatic BV from the Netherlands and Shanghai Extra Machinery Co. Ltd from China signed a letter of intent to cooperate in a joint venture called Venco-Extra Poultry Equipment Co. Ltd. “Our new co-operation officially starts on November 1, 2008,” says Vencomatic’s managing director Cor van de Ven, “The JV will focus on the production of poultry equipment for the local Chinese market.” Sanovo Staalkat introduced a new, egg breaking machine to the Chinese market. Official country pavilions present at VIV China came from France, the Netherlands, Korea, Italy, the

United Kingdom and the United States of America (the States of Illinois and Minnesota). The Canadian Swine presentation featured the countr y’s leading genetics experts: “We made many contacts with Chinese breeders who are improving their herds to obtain a better meat quality and faster growing pigs.”

5th Anniversary

On the special occasion of VIV China’s 5th anniversary, the VIV organisers awarded ‘first time exhibitors’ for their loyalty of participating in all 5 editions, including Stor k Food Systems, Impex Barneveld, Nedap Velos, Schils, Roxell, Weda, Intervet/Schering Plough, Berg+Schmidt, Meyn and Watt Publishing. More

information:

www.viv.net.

INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED ONLINE Have you visited the IAF website recently? PRESS RELEASES - Up to date information from around the industry EVENTS - The shows you need to be at in the coming months ONLINE MAGAZINE - Read a copy of IAF from any computer THE ARCHIVE - A wealth of information from several years worth of IAF magazine

36 | International AquaFeed | January-February 09

AQUA EVENTS 2009

Centre(BITEC) 88 Bangna-Trad Road (Km.1), Bangna, Bangkok 10260, Thailand

27th - 28th January 09: International Fisheries, Aquaculture and Marine Product Exhibition, TehranIran

Contact: Ellen Wonder, VNU Exhibitions Europe P.O. Box 8800 3503 RV Utrecht, the Netherlands Tel: +31 30 295 2852 +31 6 5433 8860 Fax: +31 30-295 2809 Email: ellen.wonder@ vnuexhibitions.com Web: www.viv.net

Contact: Dr. Siamak Goharkhay, Unit 5, No. 208, Shohadaye Jandarmery St. 12th Farvardin St., Enghelab Ave. Tehran-Iran, P. O. Box: 13145-198 Tel: +98 21 66976060 Fax: +98 21 66970742 Email: info@icahmd.com Web: www.icahmd.com

2nd - 4th February 09 8th Practical Short Course Aquaculture Feed Extrusion, Nutrition & Feed Formulation, Ghent, Belgium Contact: Dr. S. Sefa Koseoglu,Filtration and Membrane World LLC 603 Southwest Parkway, Unit 23 College Station, Texas 77840 USA Tel: +1 979 764 8360 Fax: +1 979 694 7031 Email: membrane@membraneworld. com

4th - 5th February 09: Innovation forum AQUALLIANCE - new aspects of sustainable aquaculture, German ocean museum OZEANEUM, Stralsund, Germany Contact: Frank Neudörfer, Poject manager, BioCon Valley GmbH, Schillingallee 68, 18057 Rostock, Germany

MORE INFO

Tel: +49 381 2529513 0 Fax: +49 381 2529513 13 Email: fn@bcv.org Web: www.aqualliance.de

15th - 18th February 09: AQUACULTURE AMERICA 2009, Seattle, Washington, USA Contact: John Cooksey, PO Box 2302, Valley Center, CA 92082 USA Tel: +1 760 751 5005 Fax: +1 760 751 5003 Email: worldaqua@aol.com Web: www.was.org

11th - 13th March 09 VIV ASIA 2009, Bangkok International Trade & Exhibition

25th - 28th March 09: PESCA SUR 2009, Concepción, Chile Contact: María Paz Fernández del Río, Matilde Salamanca 736 Oficina 501 Providencia CP7500657 Santiago Chile Tel: + 562 756 5402 Email: mpfernandez@aqua.cl Web: www.pesca-sur.cl

Trade Promotion Organization) Pragati Maidan New Delhi India Contact: Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd, # 923, Sector 9, U.E. Karnal - 132001 Haryana India Tel: +91 184 4090722 Fax: +91 184 2240050 Email: marketing@ ildexindia.com Web: www.ildexindia. com

Bonus show circulation 21st - 22nd April 09: Scottish Aquaculture - A Sustainable Future, The Edinburgh Conference Centre HeriotWatt University Contact: Dr Mark James, FRM Ltd 7 Atholl Gardens Dunkeld Perthshire PH8 0AY Scotland Tel: +44 1350 727484 Fax: +44 1350 727484 Email: majames@frmltd.com Web: //www.sarf.org.uk/ symposium.htm

25th - 29th May 09: WORLD AQUACULTURE 2009, Veracruz, Mexico Contact: John Cooksey, PO Box 2302, Valley Center, CA 92082 USA Tel: +1 760 751 5005 Fax: +1 760 751 5003 Email: worldaqua@aol. com Web: www.was.org

2nd - 4th July 09: ILDEX India 2009, ITPO (International

38 | International AquaFeed | January-February 09

MORE INFO

Aquaculture America 2009 The U.S. Aquaculture Society (formerly U.S. Chapter of WAS joins with National Aquaculture Association and the U.S. Aquaculture Suppliers Association to produce the annual Aquaculture America meetings. These sponsors are joined by the annual meetings of Aquacultural Engineering Society, American Tilapia Association, Striped Bass Growers Association, US Trout Farmers Association, US Shrimp Farming Association and many more associations to make Aquaculture AQUACULTURE AMERICA 2009 will have the largest aquaculture trade show in the Western Hemisphere and one of the largest anywhere in the world with nearly 200 booths.

a blue revolution to feed the world

February 15-18, 2009

M AY 2 5 - 2 9 , 2 0 0 9 WO R L D T R A D E C E N T E R V E R AC R U Z , M E X I C O

Washington State Convention Center

THE ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXPOSITION OF WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY

Seattle, Washington

THE ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXPOSITION OF LATIN AMERICAN & CARIBBEAN CHAPTER, WAS

THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXPOSITION OF

Associate Sponsors American Tilapia Association American Veterinary Medical Association Aquacultural Engineering Society Aquaculture Association of Canada Caribbean Aquaculture Association Catfish Farmers of America Global Aquaculture Alliance

International Association of Aquaculture Economics and Management Latin American Chapter WAS National Aquaculture Council Striped Bass Growers Association US Shrimp Farming Association US Trout Farmers Association

ASSOCIATE SPONSORS AQUABIO • Aquaculture Engineering Society • Colegio De Posgraduados. Campus Veracruz Instiituto Veracruzano Para El Desarrollo Rural (INVEDER) International Association of Aquaculture Economics & Management Secretaria De Desarrollo Rural,Pesca Y Acuacultura (SEDARPA) • Secretaria De Economia Del Estado De Veracruz Comision Veracruzano De La Comercializacion Agropecuaria (COVECA) Consejo De Desarrollo Del Papaloapan (CODEPA) Fundacion Produce Veracruz (FUNPROVER) • Sistema Producto Tilapia Veracruz National Aquaculture Association of Guyana Asociacion Nacional De Proveedores De Larvas De Camaron (ANPLAC) Fundação Instituto de Pesca do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FIPERJ) Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR) Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) • Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN) Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) • Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR) Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS) • Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT) Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) • Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP) Asociación Nacional de Productores de Postlarvas de Camarón (ANPLAC) Comité de Sanidad Acuícola del Estado de Sonora (COSAES) Comité Estatal de Sanidad Acuícola de Sinaloa (CESASIN)

For More Information Contact: Conference Manager • P.O. Box 2302 • Valley Center, CA 92082 USA Tel: +1.760.751.5005 • Fax: +1.760.751.5003 Email: worldaqua@aol.com • www.was.org

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classified section go to: www.aquafeed.co.uk OTHER SERVICES

EQUIPMENT FOR SALE 7/2/08 11:43:04 Reynolds Engineering & Equipment, Inc. P.O. Box 707 • Muscatine, Iowa 52761-0012 • USA Tel: (563) 263-5549 Fax: (563) 264-8420 website: www.ReynoldsEng.com e-mail: info@ReynoldsEng.com Manufacturer of Air Swept Pulverisers for the fine grinding of many aquafeed products

Moisture measurement

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Microwave moisture measurement for grain and feed processing

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40 | International AquaFeed | January-February 09

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