March | April 10 - International Aquafeed by Perendale Publishers Ltd

Vo l u m e 1 3 I s s u e 2 2 0 1 0

Protein sources - Functionality the key to a role in modern aquafeeds

Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn production Extrusion: - Protein damage/complexation duringÂ extrusion

the international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry Member of the World Aquaculture Society, European Aquaculture Society, American Feed Industry Association and the International Aquafeed Association

Aquaculture UK 2010 19-20 May 2010 at Aviemore

Now an established, major event, Aquaculture UK will be held again in May 2010. With visitors from 18 countries as far afield as Sweden, Chile and the United States, make sure you don’t miss out on this opportunity to connect with buyers and decision makers from the aquaculture industry worldwide.

Here’s what exhibitors said of the 2008 exhibition...

“The show went well for EWOS - our costs were much lower than Glasgow and we got the audience we wanted” Douglas Low - MD Ewos

“Aviemore was a good location and the show had a certain spirit which is always hard to create”.

“Many thanks for delivering a very successful exhibition and return to Aviemore”

Guy Mace - MD Biomar

Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch.

“The feedback regarding Aviemore seems to have been very positive and it had a much better atmosphere than Glasgow” Will Jewison - Skretting

AQUA

FEED

CONTENTS

An international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

Aqua News 3 4 4 5 6 6 8 8 8 9 9 10 11

Protein Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should also show functionality if they are to play a role in modern aquafeeds

Probiotic Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn production

THE AQUAFEED PHOTOSHOOT

Extrusion Protein damage/complexation during extrusion

Vacuum A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food

Aquafeeds Aquafeeds ready to take the plunge

Feed Management Aquafeeds in Tanzania Diets for tilapia brood stock: Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil

Perendale Publishers Ltd

36 38

Book Reviews

CLASSIFIED ADVERTS

IAF WEB LINKS

AQUA EVENTS

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom. All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2010 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

Cover image courtesy of Fusion Marine Limited

A bold step for BIOMIN aquaculture Strategic Cooperation Agreement between CPF and AKVA Perten Instruments appoints managing director in Australia ILDEX Vietnam 2010 the solutions for Vietnam sustainable growth The future of marine aquaculture NOREL announces new web site ... and new corporate image Kiotechagil to show pHorceful presence at VIV ARCHIVE Dishman appoints Chris Oates as chief operating officer New role will oversee Dishman Indian and Chinese Facilities First certification awarded under the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply Industry support strengthens for 2010 OSM Conference!

EDITOR’S DESK

s we leave a very cold dark winter behind us in Northern Europe and the USA we look towards the glimmer of spring and the start a new production cycle in the Northern Hemisphere. Of course, this contrasts with the tropics where demand for fish and shellfish production is expanding and the aquafeed sector must respond accordingly.

Editor Professor Simon Davies Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk

Associate Editor Professor Krishen Rana Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: krishenr@aquafeed.co.uk

Editorial Advisory Panel: • Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt) • Aliro Borquez (Chile) • Chen Shuping (China) • Citas Pascual (Philippines) • Colin Mair (UK) • Daniel Montero (Spain) • Dom Bureau (Canada) • Eric De Muylder (Belgium) • Miguel A. Olvera (Mexico) • Mike Cremer (USA) • Ola Flesland (Norway) • Mohammad R. Hasan (Italy) • Ming DanChen (Thailand)

SE Asia continues to dominate and it is not surprising that International Aquafeed continues to receive invaluable contributions from specialists in this region. I am delighted to overview the contribution of Keith Filer from Alltech Asia –Pacific concerning the development of novel proteins based on single cell sources such as yeasts and algal blends and how this might contribute significantly to diet formulations for many fish species in future. He focuses on some recent scientific appraisals of products from both a production basis and promotion of health This fits in with the overall global sustainability agenda and is further elaborated by Daphne Tan’s feature which takes a more holistic view of the protein and feed ingredient needs in aquaculture and addresses this topic in an interesting approach from Singapore with an expert eye on the market trends and potential for raw material usage. My editorial associate Professor Krishen Rana from Stirling again addresses feed management issues with his sound knowledge of Africa and this time turns his attention to Tanzania and tilapia and in particular follows with a specialised focus on tilapia brood stock diets. Indeed we must in future include a special feature on the nutritional requirements of brood stock fish in general as the aquafeed industry always needs to produce a range of special feeds for shrimp maturation and large, mature fin-fish entering their reproductive stages. As such, feed management is an important aspect of good husbandry and I thank Krishen for his excellent contributions to this section and wide applications to effective feed delivery and efficiency gains. The technical issues relating to feed manufacture are highlighted in an article concerning protein damage and stability in the complex extrusion process. This is a very important concern and is pertinent to our understanding of the delicate nature of many feed ingredient and how their nutritional value can be modulated under various conditions. We also note the importance of post-extrusion vacuum coating technology for specialised feed additives and oil inclusion. Finally, I mention a feature from one of our youngest contributors Tim O’Brine who at 22 is one of my MSc students undertaking his Masters in ‘Sustainable Aquaculture Systems’. His article reviewing the use of probiotics in prawn production is comprehensive and a useful staging post for further consideration on disease and health management of shrimp. I am sure you will enjoy this spring issue, next time I will report directly from the World Aquaculture Society meeting in San Diego and which will no doubt provide many new topics for discussion.

International Marketing Manager Caroline Wearn Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: carolinew@aquafeed.co.uk Subscription & Circulation Manager Tuti Tan Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk Production Manager Nicky Barnes Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: nickyb@aquafeed.co.uk

Subscribe www.aquafeed.co.uk/subscribe.php International Aquafeed is published six times a year, bringing you in-depth features, industry news, events, book reviews and more. Subscribers to International Aquafeed also receive a free copy of the International Aquafeed Directory worth UK£85. For more information please visit our website.

Design & Page Layout James Taylor Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: jamest@aquafeed.co.uk

March-April 2010 2 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2010

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Aqua News Strategic Cooperation Agreement between CPF and AKVA

haroen Phokphand Foods Ltd, the world's leading producer and supplier of far med White Shrimp, and AKVA group ASA, the world's leading supplier of technology for the aquaculture industry, have signed a strategic cooperation agreement for developing a complete new production system for the production of white shrimp utilising AKVA's recirculation technology and CPF's broad knowledge in shrimp farming. CPF is working actively to i m p r ove t h e i r p r o d u c t i o n methods and technology. A natural next step for the shrimp farming industr y is to utilise new technological opportunities to address many of the challenges of the industr y and society today. “This strategic cooperation agreement with AKVA is an important step for us in our strive

towards a transformation of the shrimp farming industry. “By this project we are addressing impor tant issues for the industr y such as; the level of which marine resource and land areas are utilised; the escaping of shrimp from farms to interfere with wild stocks; the control of diseases and efficient battling of parasites; the elimination of, and risks of pollution from shrimp farms and other possible effects on the habitats where the farming is done . Fur ther to this we believe that the technology that this strategic cooperation agreement will produce has the potential also to limit the carbon footprint of the produced shrimp significantly.” says Dr Chingchai Lohanawatanakul, Chairman of the executive Board, of CPF. The first step of the strategic cooperation includes developing a full scale prototype of a 200

tonnes/year intensive facility for white shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei), as an integrated solution. “For AKVA group this is an important step forward in our development in the Asian market and the furthering of our recirculation technology in the global market. “We appreciate the initiatives and eagerness that CPF is showing in this project and are looking forward to the results from this cooperation for both par ties,” says Mr Knut Molaug, CEO of AKVA group. Mo re

in fo rmatio n :

Knut Molaug CEO AKVA group ASA Nordlysveien 4 PO Box 271, N-4349 Bryne Norway Tel: +47 901 39522 Fax +47 51 778501 Email: kmolaug@akvagroup.com

Back from left: Mr Robins P McIntosh (Senior VP, CPF), Mr Jan Erik Svensson (Regional Director, AKVA group S E Asia), Dr Chingchai Lohawatanakul (Chairman of the Executive Board, CPF). Front from left: Mr Knut Molaug (CEO, AKVA group), Dr Sujint Thammasart (Executive VP, CPF)

Perten Instruments appoints managing director in Australia

eff Rogers has been appointed managing director to lead Per ten Instruments of Australia Pty Ltd. He brings over 25 years experience in the scientific instrument equipment marketplace and is well qualified to lead the company in delivering our world class technology and support. “This is a very exciting time for

our company. We are all looking forward to a great 2010 with our customers and suppliers,” says Mr Rogers.

He takes over from Rodney Booth who has retired as managing director and will now take a Business Development role within the l a r g e r Pe r t e n I n s t r u m e n t s Group. Rodney founded Newpor t Scientific and launched the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) in 1985. “I am looking forward to my new focus on strategic projects and research and development of new and applied technologies,” says Mr Booth. Mr Booth also serves on the board of AACC International since September 2009.

As par t of the integration of Newport Scientific i n t o Pe r t e n Instruments, the legal entity Newport Scientific Pty Ltd has changed name and is now Perten Instr uments of Jeff Rogers Australia Pty Ltd. The company will continue to provide sales, applications and service suppor t for the full range of Swedish and Australian made Per ten products. Their focus on local manufacturing and development of analytical equipment such as the RVA and dough LAB remains unchanged.

4 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2010

Rodney Booth Mo re

in fo rmatio n :

Jeff Rogers Managing Director Perten Instruments of Australia Pty Ltd Unit 1, 2 Apollo Street  Warriewood, NSW 2102  Australia Tel: +61 2 99796992 Fax: +61 2 99796993 Email: jrogers@perten.com Website: www.perten.com

Aqua News

ILDEX Vietnam 2010

the solutions for Vietnam sustainable growth

LDEX Vietnam 2010 is ready to offer technology and business solutions for Vietnam’s livestock, dairy, meat-processing, and aquaculture industries according to NEO - the organizer of ILDEX Vietnam 2010 which will take place on March 25-27, 2010 at the New Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. NCC Exhibition Organizer Co Ltd, (NEO) announced the readiness of ILDEX Vietnam 2010, which will take place on March 25-27, 2010 at the New Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. At the Kick-off Launching of ILDEX Vietnam 2010, Ms Ladda Mongkolchaivivat, general m a n a g e r, N C C E x h i b i t i o n Organizer (NEO) told industry representative that “ILDEX Vietnam 2010 will be the largest livestock exhibition in Vietnam. It will be a technology showcase of 125 companies from 22 countries including country pavilion from France, Singapore, Korea, China, Shanghai City and the Netherlands. “A number of international governmental and industrial bodies such as Korean Animal Health Products Association, Canadian Swine Association,

British Pig Association, Vietnam Depar tment of Animal Health, Vietnam Depar tment of Livestock Production and CCPIT Shanghai have confirmed their par ticipation at this industrial event.” With heavy promotion campaign and full government suppor t especially from the Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of Vietnam, NEO believes that ILDEX Vietnam 2010 will attract a lot of traders and buyers from over 46 cities and provinces surrounding Ho Chi Minh City. Free shuttle service will be provided for trade visitors from those areas. ILDEX Vietnam 2010 comes in perfect timing as Vietnam livestock, dair y, meat-processing, and aquaculture industries are searching for new technology and business solutions to move the industry to the next level. Aiming to provide the industry representative with clearer perspective of Vietnam livestock and aquaculture industries, ILDEX invited Professor Hoang Kim Giao, director of depar tment of livestock production, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and Mr Nguyen Van Trong, vice directorgeneral, Aquaculture Research Institute II of Vietnam to give

keynote speeches on “Husbandry in Vietnam – Current Status and Development Goals” and “Over view Aquaculture in Vietnam” respectively. Professor Hoang Kim Giao underlined the impor tant of Vietnam livestock industry. However, he said, “It is time for Vietnam to change the structure of its agriculture and rural development. Priority should be given to development of livestock industry including industrialization of livestock farming and food production management to produce high-quality livestock products that meet international food safety standard and enough to ser ve rising domestic and export demands. Equally important is to protect the natural environment for sustainable development.” Mr Nguyen Van Trong echoed the needs for technology and modern business solutions for Vietnam aquaculture industr y. Although fish and shrimp have been growing rapidly, both have been facing continuous challenges especially rising production costs, lowering prices and disease management. “Our aquaculture industr y might be growing a little too fast especially for catfish farming. “The industr y must ser i-

ously look into sustainable farming management. This time around, the emphasis should be on quality rather than quantity to ensure that growth will continue at sustainable pace . Pangasius for example, we are having market problems so while expanding into new mar kets we need to be cer tain that Vietnam’s products meet safety standards and food hygiene, required by impor ters.” Apar t from technology and business solutions on the exhibition floors, ILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 under the theme ‘the new dimensions for Vietnam Aquaculture Industry’ will be a good education forum for stakeholders along the production chain from pond/ hatchery operators to technical level personnel to managers, feed manufacturers, government officers to grasp the issues facing by the industry and develop suitable policies and aquaculture suppliers supporting the industry. Mo re

in fo rmatio n :

ILDEX Vietnam 2010 and ILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010 Mr Lertwat Chanthatarath Senior Sales Manager Tel: +66 2 20342614 Email: lertwat@Qsncc.com Website: www.ildex.com

The natural choice for

Core vacuum coating 0ptimum penetration of liquid High energy feed March-April 2010 | International AquaFeed | 5

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Aqua News

The future of

marine aquaculture Aquaculture Europe 2010, to be held in Porto, Portugal, from October 5-8, 2010 puts the focus on the future of marine aquaculture in Europe.

E2010 is organised by the European Aquaculture Society and hosted by the Portuguese Marine Sciences Associate Laborator y CIMAR (CIIMAR Por to and CCMAR Faro).

Portugal and Porto Aquaculture production in Por tugal is modest with some 10,000 tonnes of production, of which more than half is shellfish. Marine aquaculture in Portugal is mainly centred on the Algarve coast, but more recently, landbased production of turbot and other marine species has developed on the Atlantic coast. Currently, there is renewed interest in developing aquaculture in Por tugal’s outermost regions, notably in the Azores. The Portuguese remain Europe’s highest consumers of fish and shellfish, with annual per capita consumption of close to 60kg. Por to is Por tugal’s second biggest city and the ‘capital of the nor th’. Its historic centre was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996 and it shared the designation European Culture Capital in 2001.The city has excellent flight connections with flag and low cost carriers and road connections with Galicia

and especially with Vigo, just 90 minutes away. AE2010 will take place at the Centro de Congressos da Alfândega – the old customs house on the quay of the Douro River in the heart of Porto and just opposite the famous por t wine cellars that are synonymous with this lively city. These will form part of the AE2010 social programme.

An extensive conference programme The thematic sessions take place each morning of AE2010 and include plenary presentations by invited speakers. They pave the way for the parallel, technical sessions of contributed presentations in both oral and poster format. A vision for the future status of marine aquaculture in Europe: effects of a changing environment on biodiversity and physiology of farmed species. Changing environment is at the heart of the European concerns: what will be the impacts at short and medium terms? For aquaculture, producing specific species not able to maintain a constant body temperature (ectotherms), various influences are expected, both for species geographical distribution and so adequacy between species and present rearing sites

and impacts on species physiology. The European aquaculture in mainly producing molluscs and fishes, rapidly developed in several countries in taking into account the interdependences between species physiological needs and local conditions in terms of both more or less sheltered areas and environmental factors changes. In a situation of rapid environmental changes, what are the measures we have to take to follow them, maybe to forecast them, and to better prepare the aquaculture of tomorrow? This review proposes to analyse this new situation. Presented by Gilles Boeuf, President of the French National Museum of Natural History. A license to produce? In the light of the new Commission strategy for the development of European aquaculture, what type of governance and regulatory framework is needed? What should be the roles of public authorities and NGO’s in the development of the sector? Presented by Javier Ojeda, Apromar, Spain. Competing claims – joint solutions. How to integrate aquaculture with other coastal activities; how can aquaculture contribute to the maritime strategy, to coastal zone management and to Natura 2000 objectives. Presented by François Simard, IUCN Global Marine Programme.

6 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2010

Consumer demands and consumption trends. What are the demand and consumption trends and what do European consumers prefer? How impor tant to consumers is the origin and certification of aquatic products produced ‘locally’ in Europe or impor ted from third countries. Presented by Philippe Paquotte, DG Mare, European Commission. Sustainable sea farming. How do we develop sustainable sea farming using the ecosystem approach? How is aquaculture linked with natural ecosystem processes and with patrimonial cultivation? Presented by João Gomes Ferreira, New University of Lisbon, Portugal. AE2010 is now calling for abstracts for presentation in parallel and poster sessions. These sessions are organised in several groups, as follows: • Hatcher y production and s p e c i e s d i ve r s i fi c a t i o n , including sessions on: • Finfish hatcher y production, covering all aspects of juvenile production, processes and management. • Shellfish (juvenile) production, including new developments in breeding, hatchery production, natural spat collection, • Management of aquaculture

Aqua News stocks, including reproduction, breeding and genetic improvements • Species diver sification finfish, including the culture of flatfish, tuna and other ‘new’ finfish species for future commercial production • Species diver sification – other species, including the culture of octopus, cuttlefish, abalone, crabs, seaweeds and other ‘new’ species for future commercial production • Production in different environments and production technologies, including sessions on: • Land-based production new production technologies, including large-scale RAS, production in arid regions and other land based activities • Offshore aquaculture of fish and shellfish • Aquaculture on Islands – specificities of production in outlying areas in tropical and temper ate regions, including European outermost regions. Tools for the development of the sector, including sessions on: • The eco-system approach to aquaculture production, including semi intensive/extensive coastal/lagoon aquaculture, nutrient management and IMTA, invasive species, predator control, nature management and patrimonial conservation • Space for aquaculture: Carrying capacity and Spatial Planning • Aquaculture governance and interactions with fisheries, including policy, socioeconomic and economic research and interactions, commonalities and interdependence with fisheries • Health, quality and wellbeing, including sessions on: • Human health, consumer science, and quality, including

aquaculture perception studies, biotoxins, quality assessment and detection, certification • Health management of finfish and shellfish; Sponsored by Inter vet Schering-Plough Animal Health • Novel feeds, ingredients and additives. Sponsored by Biomin • Aquaculture welfare and ethics The conference will also include a special Student Workshop and, naturally, a student reception.

Science meets industry Aquaculture Europe 2010 will also feature a special international trade exhibition, organised by the European Aquaculture Society. Por tuguese, Spanish and International companies will present the latest products and ser vices for aquaculture. A special farmers’ day programme will have an emphasis on aquaculture in Por tugal and in Spain and will focus on topics where the latest research findings can have an impact on the sector. It is hoped that the main Por tuguese and Spanish industr y associations for finfish and shellfish will take advantage of the farmers’ day to bring their members to Por to and to use the event for their own meetings.

large Por tuguese agro-industrial group. Sorgal has produced quality feeds for animal farming for more than 50 years and has always conducted its activities focussing on cost-effectiveness, animal welfare and feed safety as top priorities As par t of its Premier Sponsorship of the European Aquaculture Society, Inter vet Schering Plough Animal Health will have a strong presence and will sponsor the health management session. Feed ingredients and additives specialist Biomin will sponsor the session on Novel feeds, ingredients and additives. Those interested in booking exhibition space and/or sponsorship opportunities should contact Mario Stael at: mario.stael@ scarlet.be

EU to showcase FP6 research The EU Forum – a regular feature of Aquaculture Europe events – is currently being planned and will look to showcase the results of two of the biggest integrated research projects carried out by the Commission in aquaculture, as well as presenting the view of national research funders. The EU Forum will also look forward to the final stages of FP7. Just prior to AE2010, the Larvanet network will meet in Porto. The latest findings of their research will be presented in a special session within the conference. A series of short workshops organised by other EU-funded projects and other relevant initiatives will also take place in the exhibition area and specifically targeted towards exhibitors and trade show visitors.

FOOD CHAIN From Farm to Table

Good local and industry support A E 2 0 1 0 i s fi n a n c i a l ly suppor ted by the Area Metropolitana do Porto. The gold sponsor of AE2010 is Sorgal SA. EAS is proud to announce the AE2010 Gold Sponsorship of Por tuguese a q u a f e e d c o m p a n y, Aquasoja. Aquasoja is the fish feed brand of Sorgal, SA. Sorgal, SA is par t of a

The premier meeting point for the feed and food industry in 2010. Addressing common concerns and identifying opportunities. Join us in Cancun, Mexico!. For more information visit:

www.globalfeed-food.com Hosted jointly by FAO & IFIF

in co-operation with Conafab

March-April 2010 | International AquaFeed | 7 IFIF QP AD.indd 1

19/06/2009 15:34

Aqua News

NOREL announces new web site ... and new corporate image

nimal nutrition company Norel launched a new website , www.norel. es that will provide up-to-date information about its products and the company activities. Founded in 1980 by Mr Enrique Pablos Perez, Norel SA has been steadily growing and developing into a well known brand. The original meaning of Norel was the Spanish phrase ‘NO REconocemos Limites’ liter ally meaning ‘We don’t acknowledge limits’, thus demonstrating Norel’s philosophy: The Sky’s The Limit or, in other words, the possibilities are endless. Norel has become associated with dynamism and innovation (more than five percent of its turnover is invested in Research and Development), and also with quality and performance, thanks to our ISO, GMP and FAMI-QS certifications. An important feature of Norel is its focus, since the beginning, on animal nutrition. Originally, Norel was a supplier of raw materials for animal nutrition, milk replacers, whey products and protein extracts. In 1982, it started the production

of spray fat concentrates as well as organic trace minerals (methionates). Expansion and development followed and in 1988 Norel opened its biotechnology plant in Leon (Spain). “ We t h e n b e c a m e the fir st biotechnology company in Spain specialised in animal nutrition. In 1990, we star ted the production of by-pass fats for ruminants. Today, with our flagship Magnapac, we are one of the major producers worldwide. Our development continued with new factories in Egypt and Mexico, and specialized units in Spain,” says the company in an interview with the press. “An impor tant date in our history is, certainly, 2001, when Norel SA merged its activities with Nature SA a company specialized in the production of flavours and sweeteners, acidifiers, antioxidants and mould inhibitors. “We then became known in the market as ‘Norel & Nature’; at that time, it was impor tant for us to keep the name Nature

because our activities and products were different, but at the same time very complementar y. Today, we are pleased to introduce our new logo, together with the launch of our brand new website: www.norel.es. The new logo of Norel takes into account the histor y by combining the two N’s of Norel and Nature . Together, they resemble the famous Yin Yang symbol and remind us that the two entities now make one. The new logo also represents the infinity symbol, a reference to the or iginal meaning of Norel: continue to

grow and the possibilities are endless. Its new website comes w i t h a n i m p r ove d c o r p o rate identity and many new features and updates. Most impor tantly, it has added a news section that will keep reader s updated on latest developments and activities of Norel worldwide. Mo re

in fo rmatio n :

Norel SA Jesus Aprendiz 19 1 A y B Madrid, NC 28007, Spain Tel: +34 6698 09659 Website: www.norelnature.com

Kiotechagil to show pHorceful presence at VIV

iotechagil, the international supplier of natural high performance feed additives to enhance growth, health and sustainability in agriculture and aquaculture will have a strong presence at VIV in The Netherlands in April 2010.

The company will be highlighting their new acidifier, pHorce, which compliments their range of acid products. pHorce will provide a concentrated acid on a micropearl silica carrier and can be used for decontamination of raw materials, as an alternative to corrosive liquids and in finished feed at one kg/tonne.

In addition, Kiotechagil will be showcasing a new broad spectrum anti-mycotoxin product which will combine the benefits of their highly effective aluminosilicate, Sorbatox, with a primary growth yeast cell wall component high in both beta glucans and mannan oligosaccharides. Mo re

in fo rmatio n :

Kiotechagil VIV Stand No: C066 in Hall 9 Tel: +44 1189 813333 Email: info@kiotechagil.com

8 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2010

ARCHIVE

Have you seen our features archive online? Find past isssues of the full magazine as well as individual features from past issues of IAF - all freely available to view.

www.aquafeed.co.uk

Aqua News

Dishman appoints Chris Oates as chief operating officer New role will oversee Dishman Indian and Chinese Facilities

ishman Group of Ahmedabad, India, a leading products and ser vices provider to the pharmaceutical industr y, has announced the appointment of Chris Oates to the position of chief operating officer. Mr Oates will repor t to Nick Green, president of the Dishman Global Contract Research and Manufactur ing Ser vices (CRAMS) business. Mr Oates will assume responsibility for Indian and Chinese operations within the company. He will be managing the development, operation, and improvement of the systems in the two manufacturing sites in India (Bavla and Naroda) and

the new Shanghai facility, which is due for completion mid2010. In addition to the units in Naroda and China, Mr Oates will be responsible for the nine operating units at Bavla, including a lar ge-scale high potency facility, which will be inaugurated at the end of Januar y. The new state-of-thear t high potency facility will extend Carbogen Amcis’ manufacturing capacity to multitonne scale and will be the first of its kind to be located in Asia. Mr Oates’ experience combines both production and operational roles in the contract manufacturing arena. He will play a pivotal role in

A bold step for

expanding the company’s core CRAMS business. Mr Oates holds a bachelor’s degree in applied chemistr y from the Univer sity of Hudder sfield in the UK. His exper tise is built on more than 20 years working within the pharmaceutical industr y. He most recently ser ved as managing director of Uquifa Mexico. His previous experience includes six year s at Avecia Pharmaceuticals in the UK where he held the position of oper ations manager and as the position of senior production manager for Syngenta (Agrochemicals). “I am looking forward to taking up this new challenge and am very excited by what I

BIOMIN

believe will be a very successful future for the company,” said Mr Oates. “Dishman can provide the full continuum of ser vices, from process R&D to lar ge-scale commercial manufacturing, in multiple locations around the globe. The company is ideally placed to build upon its success to date and become the industr y leading CRAMS par tner.” Mo re

in fo rmatio n

Dishman Europe Limited Suite 4 De Walden Court  85 New Cavendish Street  London, W1W 6XD United Kingdom Tel: +44 2073 230608  Fax: +44 2073 230609 Website: www.dishmangroup.com

aquaculture

Biomin, proud to be session sponsor at the world’s largest aquaculture event

ponsorship of a keynote session at Aquaculture 2010 confirms Biomin’s firm commitment and keen focus on this dynamic growth sector. Biomin embraces the new year with a bold plunge in aquaculture. F o r t h e fi r s t t i m e , t h e company will be par tnering the World Aquaculture Society (WAS) with the sponsorship of the Aquafeeds Session at Aquaculture 2010. To be held in San Diego from March 1-5, 2010, Aquaculture 2010 is the largest event for the global aquaculture industry. Hosted every year by the WAS, the global aquaculture event is expected to draw some 4000 participants from over 80 countr ies, including high profile

attendees who form the core of decision-makers and innovators in the aquatic business. Biomin is proud to be a session sponsor at the world’s largest aquaculture event. Held on March 4, 2010, the session on ‘Aquafeeds’ will see exper t speaker s from commercial practice and academia share their insights on major issues in aquafeeds formulation and alternatives to fishmeal and protein replacement strategies for a variety of aquatic species. Year s of dedicated applied research and investments have strengthened Biomin’s drive and reputation in providing effective natural-based feed solutions for the aquaculture and aquafeed

business throughout the world. A core focus on fundamental applied research forms the basis of Biomin’s portfolio of sciencebased aquaculture product solutions, Biomin® AquaSpecials, which includes nutraceuticals, probiotics, natural growth pro-

moter s, mycotoxin deactivators, and functional feed additives. Dr Pedro Encarnação, Biomin’s aquaculture specialist says “Biomin is a research-focused and  -driven company. “We have translated our long-

March-April 2010 | International AquaFeed | 9

standing competence in animal nutrition for terrestrial species into aquaculture and aquafeed research. Our Aquatic Centre for Applied Animals (AQUACAN) in Thailand actively conducts feeding trials for many aquatic species, from which new findings have been translated into innovative and practical solutions in aquafeeds.” Biomin will also participate as a sponsor at the Austr alasian Aquaculture 2010, another WAS event to be held in Hobar t, Australia in May 2010, and at the Aquaculture Europe that will take place in Por to, Por tugal in October 2010, both of which are key events for aquaculture in the coming year.

Aqua News First certification awarded under the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply

ecnológica de Alimentos SA (TASA) of Peru is the first fishmeal and fish oil producer to achieve cer tification under the new IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply. The cer tification has been awarded to the Callao Nor te plant of TASA, the world’s largest fishmeal producer. Earlier this week Jorge Mora, Operations Director of IFFO, presented the

“Since October 2009 when we launched the programme we have had applications from 15 manufacturing companies in four major producing countries, sourcing from 10 fisheries,” says IFFO director general, Jonathan Shepherd. “We anticipate that there will be substantial supplies of IFFOAssured fishmeal and fish oil on the market within months and that up to one third of global production could be certified by the end of 2010”. “With this programme IFFO has put in place the first link in a fully certified supply chain for aquaculture, and for land animals, such as pigs and poultr y. It will help the industry demonstrate its commitment to responsible manufacture of fishmeal and fish oil as well as to the FAO Code of Conduct,” said Dr Shepherd. Applicant factories which can demonstrate that they are, “operating a well managed system that ensures their marine raw materials are responsibly sourced and processed to the IFFO Standard” will be awarded certification. They will be able to offer IFFOAssured fishmeal and fish oil and have the right to display the RS logo. An up-to-date list of currently certified fishmeal plants will be posted on the IFFO web site alongside the full Standard. Characteristics of the IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply (RS) • Standards set by a multi-stakeholder Technical Advisor y

“The first link in a fully certified aquaculture supply chain is in place”

“Supplies of “IFFO-Assured” fishmeal and fish oil will shortly be on the market” IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario Brescia, CEO of TASA, at its headquarters in Lima, Peru. IFFO has been developing its RS Standard since early 2008 with the help of a Technical Advisory Committee, comprising representatives from the whole aquaculture value chain, including fish farmers, feed producers and retailers, and also NGOs. This business-to-business, independently-audited programme will enable IFFO members to demonstrate to their customers that they are offering pure marine ingredients manufactured from responsibly sourced and traceable raw materials. Whole fish used must come from fisheries managed under the key elements of the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries.

•

of all relevant permits and Committee including prolicenses for the production ducers, traders, fish farmers, and sale of fishmeal and fish feed manufacturers, procoil products essors, retailers, standard • This programme is comsetting organisations and patible with ISO 65:1996 environmental NGOs. The (General requirements for Assessment Management bodies operating product and Certification Process are cer tification systems) and contracted to Global Trust with EN45011 A programme independ• R e c o g n i s e s o t h e r c e rently administered by an ISO t i fi c a t i o n p r o g r a m m e s 65:1996 accredited certificawhich have demontion body which is a member of the International Accreditation Forum (IFA) It demonstrates responsible sourcing o f t r a c e a bl e r aw material and responsible production to ensure feed safety A business-to-business tool designed to enable fishmeal and fish oil producers to demonstrate the Jorge Mora (right), Operations integrity of their Director of IFFO, presenting the products and their IFFO-Assured certificate to Mario processes to their cusBrescia (left), CEO of TASA, at its headquarters in Lima, Peru tomers in the valuechain, rather than a consumer eco-label strated equivalency and Whole fish used must come which are accepted within from fisheries that have been the industr y - e.g. Marine independently assessed and Stewardship Council (MSC) meet the key elements of the for the fishery certification U.N. Food and Agriculture element only Organisation (FAO) Code The IFFO programme will of Conduct for Responsible continue to be developed in Fisheries Exclusion of illegal, unre- 2010 addressing further aspects por ted and unregulated of responsible supply. (IUU) fish The factor y must have Mo re in fo rmatio n : attained Cer tification to Andrew Jackson the Inter national Feed Technical Director Ingredients Standard (IFIS) of IFFO, 2 College Yard the International Feed Safety Lower Dagnall Street, St Albans Alliance (IFSA) or equiva- Hertfordshire, AL3 4PA United Kingdom lent, as proof of responsible Tel: +44 7808 783488 manufacturing; and the appli- Email: ajackson@iffo.net cant must be in possession Webiste: www.iffo.net

10 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2010

Aqua News

Industry support strengthens for 2010 OSM Conference!

to be able to networ k with colleagues from across the sector," says Cour tney Hough, general secretary of FEAP and EATiP. As well as promoting the event to their member s and therefore r aising awareness of the event and its prestigious speakers, it also means that member s of any of the a b ove a s s o c i a t i o n s w i l l b e entitled to a 10 percent discount off the delegate r ate . European Aquaculture Society members will also be entitled to the discount as the EAS have continued their suppor t from the previous event held in Alicante in 2008.

Aquaculture Alliance (GAA) and HGK, Grupacija akvakulture , the aquaculture affiliation of the Croatian Chamber of Economy (and member of FEAP) have all pledged their suppor t to the Conference that will be held from the June 16-18, 2010 at the Hilton Imperial Hotel, Dubrovnik, Croatia. The full programme will be released "Both EATiP (European shortly, sessions will include: Aquaculture Technology • Policy, legal framework and key & Innovation Platform) research updates and FEAP (Federation of • Practical offshore farming European Aquaculture operation Producers) are pleased • Spatial planning and monito suppor t the Offshore toring Mariculture Conference • Spotlight on Croatia since events such as • Ecological monitoring and these give fish farmers future technologies the oppor tu• European and International nity to learn case studies from both indust r i a l a n d RT D The European Aquaculture exper ts about relevant Te c h n o l o g y & I n n o v a t i o n technological advances, Platform (EATiP), the Federation t o r e c e i ve i n fo r m e d o f E u r o p e a n A q u a c u l t u r e updates on key research  Producers (FEAP), the Global and policy issues and 

ercator Media, organiser of the Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010, is pleased to announce that the leading industr y associations will be suppor ting the 2010 Conference.

The technical conference will be held on the June 16 and 17 June with a visit to a fish far m on the June 18, 2010. The Conference Networ king Dinner will take place on the evening of Wednesday, June 16, 2010 at the fabulous Revelin For tress which was built in 1462 to provide protection to the Eastern City Gate Place. Over looking the Old City Harbour, the Revelin's terrace offers what are probably the best views of the Old City and its famous Harbour. Mo re

in fo rmatio n :

Offshore Mariculture Tel: +44 1622 820622 Website: www.offshoremariculture.com



Your reliable source of

micro algae

   

1. 2.



IN THE NEWs Your news could feature in our pages Do you have an news item that you would like to see in our pages. Send your press releases to the Production Manager - Nicky Barnes Email: nickyb@aquafeed.co.uk



 5. 1.Nannochloropsis oculata 2.Thalassiosira sp. 3.Isochrysis sp. 4.Tetraselmis suecica 5.Phaeodactylum tricornutum 6.Chaetoceros sp.

 6.



 

 www.sbae-industries.com

March-April 2010 | International AquaFeed | 11

More than promises



F: Protein

Protein sources

Alternative protein sources should also show functionality if they are to play a role in modern aquafeeds

by Keith Filer Ph.D, Research Manager, Asia-Pacific Biosciences Centre, Alltech, Inc.

he aquaculture industry today faces a number of challenges that threaten to restrict its development and profitability. To live in harmony with consumer expectations of the highest possible standards of product quality and to do so in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner necessitates an innovative, coordinated and holistic approach within the aquaculture industry. The requirement for sustainability has focused on the composition of the feed being used as one of the key parameters determining the sustainability of production of a particular species, particularly the fishmeal and fish oil content and how it relates to overall feed conversion ratios.

Further formulation trends are moving towards low fishmeal and oil content in the grower feeds and finishing feeds designed to restore flesh quality parameters such as omega 3 fats, and fillet quality that are considered essential for the promotion of the product and its benefits for human health. This strategy addresses to some extent the limited resources of fishmeal and fish oil.

Expectations of sustainability

The only way to achieve the expectations of sustainability and replace or supplement fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds is to exploit alternative protein and lipid sources. The obvious and traditionally used alternatives are animal and plant protein sources. However, in Europe, and now increasingly in North America, consumers prefer aquaculture products to have been fed without the use of animal by-products due in part to recent health scares in the terrestrial animal sector such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). The search is on, therefore, for not only the simple replacement of protein, but the provision of functional nutrition addressing both the Figure 1: A comparison of typical essential amino acid sustainability and flesh (EAA) requirements for fish and the EAA profile of AquateTM quality requirements of the industry while

12 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2010

meeting the nutritional requirement of the animal being cultured.

Alternative vegetable protein sources Over the last two decades aquaculture research has focused on plant protein sources such as grains, pulses and oilseeds as they are generally widely available. However, the use of soybean meal and other plant based protein sources such as legume seeds, oilseed cakes, leaf meals, leaf protein concentrates and root tuber meals have been limited due to the presence of a wide variety of anti-nutritional substances in these products and their interaction with the physiology of the animal resulting in depressed growth and feed efficiency, mortality and abnormal intestinal morphology and damage. These substances act in different ways: by affecting protein utilisation and digestion (e.g. protease inhibitors, tannins, lectins) by affecting mineral utilisation (e.g. phytate, gossypol pigments, glucosinolates) antivitamins and other miscellaneous substances (e.g. phytoestrogens). The increasing use of plant protein sources is also raising new concerns about possible contamination by mould derived mycotoxins. This risk is enhanced by the global nature and trading of plant protein sources and the as yet little investigated impact of different mycotoxins and their interactions in aquaculture species. In 2008, the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed in

the EU noted that mycotoxins accounted for 56 percent of border rejections when identified by risk. This concern may become increasingly important in aquafeed formulations in the future. A number of production techniques and specific products are used to help reduce the effect of anti-nutritional substances and "The primary defence mechanism of a fish can be considered to be the physical mycotoxins in terrestrial animal barrier (skin, gills and gastrointestinal tract). Both externally and internally, therefore, production, but these are not the mucosal barrier and tissue cellular membrane integrity play a vital role" widely used in the aquaculture sector at this time. Studies using enzymes and mycotoxin adsorbents are being carried out to find alternaare a source of dietary nucleotides, which Fermentation technologies may be used tives to overcome these limitations. have been shown to promote growth and to produce sustainable sources of singleenhance non-specific immune activity. They celled proteins: algae and yeast being two are also low in phosphorous, which can lead examples. Single-celled proteins to less water and environmental contaminaYeast based proteins have been the most Single-celled proteins such as microtion than fishmeal and other plant based thoroughly investigated as protein sources algae, bacteria and yeast are now being alternative protein sources that contain and as a dietary replacement for fishmeal considered as attractive alternatives to high levels of this mineral. because they are a rich source of protein, the more traditional plant protein sources. The processing and extraction techwith a relatively good balance of essential Many of these have been incorporated into nologies of both cell wall material and yeast amino acids. They contain B complex vitaaquafeed with differing degrees of success extract are critical in providing functionmins, pigments, complex carbohydrates and (Oliva-Teles and Goncalves, 2001).

Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s time for us to Brand and Create our own destiny. Exploring opportunities in an industry with a bright future: Aquatic proteins to feed a growing population Primacy of science in aquaculture: Nutritional tools for modulating intestinal microbial ecology, health and performance 2010: The year when aquaculture reaches the volume of capture and becomes the more relevant segment of the industry

26th Annual International Animal Health and Nutrition Symposium MAy 16 - 19 | LexINgtoN, KeNtucKy, uSA For more information, or to request an invitation, contact your local Alltech representative, visit www.alltech.com/symposium or email us at symposium@alltech.com. Delegates who are members of ARPAS and AAVSB will be able to earn CEUs.

210mmx147mm.indd 1

2/19/2010 11:47:51 AM

March-April 2010 | International AquaFeed | 13

ÂŠ Mjunsworth | Dreamstime.com

F: Protein

Figure 2: Mucal production increases with the addition of Bio-Mos® (Torrecillas et al, 2008).

ality and optimising nutritional potential by ensuring a high degree of digestibility. Industrial spray drying techniques have played a significant role in improving these characteristics. Microalgae are rich sources of protein, carbohydrates and lipids. The amino acid profile of almost all algae compares favourably to other food protein sources and the carbohydrate components are highly digestible. However, it is the lipid content that is especially interesting because of the functionality of this component, particularly so in some species rich in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Today, commercial microalgae production is used to produce algal biomass for direct use as feed additives in the food

and feed industry or for the extraction of high-valued components such as vitamins (C & D2), n-fatty acids, pigments and antioxidants (B carotene, astaxanthin, lutein). Through the careful formulation and blending of algal and yeast components Alltech has produced the AquateTM range of products designed to provide nutritional solutions for the aquaculture industry. Aquate is the commercial name for a second generation of sustainable product solutions aimed at enhancing biomass production, feed efficiency and boosting natural defence mechanisms in aquaculture species so encouraging healthier and more robust populations. Aquaculture species, like other animals,

have a requirement for a well-balanced mixture of essential and non-essential amino acids from which to construct their own protein tissues and, therefore, the balance of essential amino acids in the diet is crucial. Aquate is a rich source of highly digestible amino acids with a crude protein content of approximately 47 percent. The amino acid profile of Aquate closely matches the requirement for fish (Figure 1) and contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at approximately 33.8 percent of its fat content. Furthermore, its nucleotide content provides functional nutrients that are present in the yeast extract component. Nucleotides are known to play a major role in almost all biological processes and this includes: storage of energy, components of several coenzymes which are involved in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, mediation in cellular processes, control of several enzymatic reactions and intermediates in biosynthetic reactions. Aquate’s level of nucleotides ranges from five percent to as much as 15 percent in the specialised AquateTM Junior product. Aquate Junior has been designed for juvenile stages of aquaculture species, where a rich source of nucleotides are especially important for immunity and gut health. The Aquate family has been designed to provide functionality in aquafeeds to meet the specific requirements of a particular aquaculture sector or species. AquateTM SPMP also contains the specific yeast cell wall component Bio-Mos®, which has been used to provide an effective feed component in the fight to control sea lice in salmonid culture. Combinations of functional nutrition in this manner has resulted in improvements in gut morphology, nutrient uptake, improved immuno-competence and disease resistance.

Table 1: The number of sea lice found to be present on sampled juvenile salmon.

CONTROL CAGES

BIO-MOS CAGES

AVERAGE

Mature females

Preadult

30.75

Chalimus

Caligus

TOTAL

AVERAGE

9.25

0.170

12.5

8.5

0.140

40.5

0.044

59.25

14 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2010

0.5

T-TEST

0.178 0.179

F: Protein by the presence of retained in the fish flesh so indicating more bioactive substances effective treatment. and the epidermal The combined effect of SPMP and migration of inflamimproved operational practises resulted matory cells and in reduced Chalimi resettlement followtheir secretions, may ing treatment, which was attributed to affect the establishincreased mucal production (Figure 5) and a ment and proliferageneral overall lower level of pressure from tion of ectoparasitic all stages of total mobile lice. copepods, ciliates or Marine Harvest concluded that the Loch monogenean (Jones, Sunart trials indicated that Figure 3: Typical skin mucus development on salmon fed 2001). • The SPMP diet produced more epiAquateTM SPMP in Scotland (Wallace et al, 2009). Work at GIFAS dermal mucus than the control diet. monitored sea • The SPMP diets promoted better gut lice development on juvenile salmon and integrity, which allowed better uptake TM showed that after a seven week period of of SLICE® into the flesh of fish. Aquate SPMP and feeding the total sea lice counts showed • Using SPMP to enhance emamectin Atlantic salmon that fish fed with the addition of Bio-Mos uptake was environmentally positive. The primary defence mechanism of a had significantly lower overall numbers of • Using SPMP to encourage epidermal fish, exposed to an infectious or damaging sea lice present compared with the fish mucus curbed Chalimi resettlement in agent, can be considered to be the physical fed the control diet. In addition, the total comparison with control populations. barrier (skin, gills and gastrointestinal tract) number of individual salmon infected by • SPMP can be incorporated into the and their protection mechanisms, at the sea lice (irrespective of species, life stage diet at the initial stage of food producpoint of interaction of the environment and or sex) was significantly reduced by the tion, thus eliminating an additional the physiology of the fish. Both externally Bio-Mos supplementation (Table 1). cost for top coating. and internally, therefore, the mucosal barIn the United Kingdom, the aim of the In Norway, Salmon Group, following rier and tissue cellular membrane integrity National Sea Lice Strategy is to extend the industrial trials using SPMP, concluded that play a vital role in this process. lice free period In sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), mucosal and reduce production increases when Bio-Mos is fed the frequency as indicated by the significant increase of therapeutic (P<0.05) in the number of cells secreting intervention. acid mucin in the posterior gut (Figure 2). M a r i n e The quantity of lysozyme in the mucus was Harvest samalso increased. pled fish muscle In commercial field studies carried out A new generation of omega-3 lipids for emamectin by Marine Harvest in 2008 (Wallace et al, with a broader spectrum of health benzoate 2009) salmon fed on Aquate SPMP showed benefits. (EmB) in fish increased skin mucous secretion (Figure 3). fed Aquate This increased skin mucosa was character- High DHA contents, preferably in SPMP and the ised in the field by noticeably more slimy easily digestible and highly bio control diets fish and was also widely reported by site immediately managers from Salmon Group in Norway. available form for aquaculture use. after the end The role of mucus in anti-parasitic - Numerous benefits on improving of medication mechanisms in fish is not well underthe immune response, better with SLICE®. stood. Buchmann and Bresciani (1998) demonstrated that mucus, as measured Noticeably weight gain and physical by the density of mucous cells, could higher levels of conditions of land animals. play a role in limiting the parasite load the medicinal of monogeans in rainbow trout. Other residue were authors have shown that monogenean found in the and crustacean ectoparasites can modufish fed Aquate late mucus production during attachSPMP (Figure ment by reducing the mucous cells in 4). This is the skin of the host (Wells & Cone 1990, important enviNolan et al 1999). ronmentally as Recent studies, however, have begun to less emamecFiskerihavnsgade 35 Phone +45 79120999 clarify the relative roles of the immune system tin benzoate Fax +45 79120888 P.O. Box 359 in fighting parasitic infections in fish. It has is voided in 6701 Esbjerg E-mail 999@999.dk been suggested that the physico-chemical the faeces Denmark Web www.999.dk characteristics of skin mucus as determined and more is

Marine phospholipids

March-April 2010 | International AquaFeed | 15 999_AD_IAF0904V3.indd 1

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F: Protein

23/05/2008

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canadum), Chou et al, 2004 reported that a 40 percent replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal did not have a negative effect on growth performance, but that at higher replacement rates growth performance decreased. A recent trial at Virginia Cobia Farms in Saltville, Virginia, USA investigated the potenFigure 4: EmB residues in the SPMP study in Loch Sunart tial of Aquate inclusion (Wallace et al, 2009). (30 percent of the dry diet) to replace fishmeal and fish oil for the marine carnivore cobia Racyhycentron canadum. The high level of replacement of fishmeal was designed to capitalise on the DHA content of Aquate and investigate if it could not only satisfy the essential fatty acid requirements of juvenile cobia, but also provide Figure 5: Average Chalimi levels from SPMP fed fish adequate n-3 HUFA in versus controls, Loch Sunart. (Wallace et al, 2009) the final product for human consumers. A commercial diet regularly used for cobia production was used as the control diet and a "Single-celled protein sources have the second experimental diet high in soy product potential to become a renewable source inclusion (>55 percent of functional nutrition providing both of the dry diet) was also included. At the end alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil" of the feeding trial, the fish were harvested and utilized for test marketing purposes in which • 4/5 farms reported better general chefs, distributors and others compared health status in the SPMP fed fish. the cobia fed the experimental diets in • 4/5 farms reported less lice treatterms of taste, texture, physical and visual ments in the trial fish. preferences. • All farms reported that the fish The trial showed that Aquate could be appeared to be very slimy. used as a partial provider of essential n-3 HUFA in marine fish diets and that the inclusion of Aquate Aquate trial with cobia appeared to impart beneficial In omnivores and herbivorous species, taste and texture characteristics such as catfish or tilapia, high replacement to the final product with 83 levels (>40 percent) of fishmeal can be percent of the test panel prefertolerated provided that the amino acid ring the Aquate fed fish to that of requirement of the fish species is met the high soy inclusion diet. This, from other sources. However, in the carcombined with an improved feed nivorous fish species cobia (Racyhycentron 16 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2010

conversion ratio, led Virginia Cobia Farms to consider the inclusion of Aquate in their proprietary cobia grow-out formulations.

Conclusion Single-celled protein sources have the potential to become a renewable source of functional nutrition providing both alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil.

References Buchmann K & Bresciani J (1998). Microenvironment of Gyrodactylus derjavini on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: association between mucous cell density on skin and site selection. Parisitology Research 84, 17-24. Chou RL, Her BY, Su MS, Hwang G, Wu YH & Chen HY (2004). Substituting fishmeal with soybean meal in diets of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum. Aquaculture 229, 325333. Jones SRM (2001). The occurrence and mechanisms of innate immunity against parasites in fish. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25, 841-852. Nolan DT, Reilly P & Wendelaar Bonga SE (1999). Infection with low numbers of sea louse Lepeoptheirus salmonis induces stress-related effects in post smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Can J. Fish Aquatic Sci. 56, 947-959. Oliva-Teles, A. & P. Goncalves. 2001. Partial replacement of fishmeal by brewers yeast (Saccaromyces cerevisiae) in diets for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Aquaculture 202, 269-278. Torrecillas S, Makol A., Caballero M.J, Montero D, Sweetman J & Izquierdo M.S (2008). Enhanced nutrient utilization and bacterial infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides. Poster presented at XIII ISFNF Meeting, Brazil 1-5 June. Wallace C, Waddell R, Cockerill D & Ritchie G (2009). Double mucal effect boosts sea lice control and potentially extends useful life of medications. Fish Farming Xpert, No 1/09, 48-53. Wells PR, & Cone DK (1990). Experimental studies on the effect of Gyrodactylus colemanensis and G. salmonis on density of mucous cells in the epidermis of fry of Oncorhynchus mykiss. J. Fish Biol. 37, 599-603.

Mo re In fo rmatio n : Keith Filer Ph.D Research Manager Asia-Pacific Biosciences Centre Alltech, Inc. Email: kfiler@alltech.com

in the Family Alltech® has developed a range of products to address dietary requirements at different stages of life in aquaculture species. These sustainable product solutions are proven to support profitability in aquaculture operations as well as performance in fish and shrimp. ™

Ideally suited for fish and shrimp in any stage of life to maintain performance and to support independence from traditional aquaculture diet ingredients. ™

Specifically designed for the juvenile stages of life in fish and shrimp to support good health, uniform growth and survival. ™

A natural, affordable product created for salmon in all life stages to maintain good health and defense mechanisms against adverse aquatic elements present in the surrounding environment. Give your fish and shrimp the Alltech Aqua Advantage. Contact your Alltech representative today for more information.

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Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn production by Tim Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Brine, University of Plymouth, United Kingdom

This article focuses on our current knowledge of the benefits of probiotic application, selecting probiotics and their modes of actions in combating microbial diseases in prawn production

lobally, two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$14.4 billion were produced in 2004(1), with large industry growth observed in Asian countries.

Intensification of prawn production has resulted in an increase of bacterial infections which frequently cause mass mortalities of prawn larvae due to the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria. Disease is often the result of stress caused by poor water quality and by reducing stress, less mortality may occur. The single most critical factor governing optimal growth and survival of prawn is water quality. Prawns are delicate creatures and can be stressed by adverse environmental conditions in culture ponds, resulting in reduced appetite, slow growth, as well as being more susceptible to disease (2). Vibrio spp. are normally present in the culture facilities, larval gut flora of prawns

and in the live feed and they usually cause disease under sub-optimal culture conditions. Therefore the successful completion of the larval cycle in prawns requires a healthy microbial balance in the system (3). During the larval stages of prawn production, luminescent vibriosis caused by Vibrio spp. is particularly severe and sporadically causes temporary closure of economic activities in prawn larviculture facilities (3). Vibriosis elicits signs of lethargy, degeneration of the gills, lymphoid organs, digestive glands and detachment of the epithelium lining the mid-gut, all of which lead to eventual or rapid mortality. Application of disinfectants and antimicrobials can complete the larval cycle in prawns but has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens with threat of gene transfer to humans as well as waste antimicrobials ending up in the environment. These negative consequences of antibiotic treatments have led to the development 18 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2010

of probiotics to manipulate the microbial balance (3). Probiotics are organisms that create a favourable environment for the growth and well-being of the host animals by their transience through the gastrointestinal tract or merely by their presence in the water. The selection of probiotics for specific marine aquatic species has to be considered carefully in order to make them species specific (4). Probiotic candidates are most often bacteria with inhibitory activity against a target pathogen or the dominant intestinal bacterial flora in larvae from well performing prawn-rearing groups. For example, Hill et al. (5) identified Bacillus pumilis in the mid gut of P. monodon which had an inhibitory effect against pathogenic bacteria. The dominant bacterial flora is possibly capable of excluding invading bacteria from the adhesion sites of the gut wall thus supporting the endemic bacterial flora of prawn - a more natural approach to protecting prawns from diseases.

F: Probiotic How should probiotics be administered? Probiotics could be used to replace chemicals and antibiotics and have already been shown to increase the immune response, survival and disease resistance in prawns (6). Probiotics could either be incorporated into the feed or administered into the rearing water. Hai et al. (4) found that both feed and water administered application was efficient in the transfer of probiotics to the prawns. However, survival, specific growth rates and total haemocyte counts (THCs) concentrations were higher when probiotics were supplemented through feed (4) . Thus, feed incorporated probiotics are more beneficial than probiotics administered to the rearing water. THCs play important roles in the crustacean immune response as the haemocytes encapsulate bacteria, thus a high haemocyte count clears the bacterial load in the haemolymph.

How do probiotics work? Proposed mode of actions of probiotics includes immunostimulation, inhibition or competition (antagonistic) with potential pathogens or simply maintenance of healthy and diverse intestinal microbiota. Non pathogenic strains of Vibrio, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Alteromonas that are known to have antagonistic properties to pathogenic strains can be used as probiotic strains (8). The inhibitory compounds produced from the antagonistic organisms can control the pathogenic bacteria population in a system without affecting the water quality and therefore could be very beneficial to prawn production. Examples of antagonistic bacteria that secrete inhibitory substances include nisin (antibacterial peptide) of Lactobacillus lactis, pediocin (proteinaceous bacteriocin) of Pediococcus acidlactici, sidephore-like molecules and pyocyanin (antibiotic pigment) of Pseudomonas spp. The primary requirement for the demonstration of antagonistic mode of action of probiotics in aquaculture systems is the assurance of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antagonistic compound in the culture, which is supplemented to the larval rearing tank (3). Antagonistic, gram-positive Bacillus spp. have been used as a probiotic in fish and shellfish (9) and could be used in prawn aquaculture. Bacillus spp. are naturally ingested by prawns and other organisms that feed in

Bacillus spp. to inhibiting the growth of or on the sediments. The spores of Bacillus pathogenic bacteria could be one of the sp. can be easily introduced into dry food enzymes produced by Bacillus, including and are unlikely to use genes for antibiotic protease, amylase, lipase and gelatinase (6). resistance or virulence from the vibrios or related gram-negative bacteria (6) and have The success of Bacillus spp. has been demonstrated by the development and use not been associated with aquatic organism pathologies. For this reason, their use has been ® promoted and widely accepted within the industry. Banerjee et al. (9) observed 90 percent inhibition of pathogenic bacteria by Bacillus subtilis along with competitive exclusion of pathogenic vibrios by Bacillus spp. Moriar ty(6) Improvements in growth and Feed Conversion Ratio reported that, Lower mortality in the ponds when Bacillus Increases biomass production sp. was added Keeps pathogenic bacteria populations under control to pond water Helps maintain optimal health status in penaeid prawn culture, there was a decrease in l luminous Vibrio Natunrautrition densities. NOREL,S.A. • Jesús Aprendiz, 19, 1º A y B • 28007 Madrid (SPAIN) The antagoTel. +34 91 501 40 41 • Fax +34 91 501 46 44 • www.norel.es nistic factor of

ECOBIOL

The probiotic for healthy growth

March-April 2010 | International AquaFeed | 19

F: Probiotic also reported that B. coagulans used as a water additive at a certain concentration could significantly increase the survival rate and some digestive enzyme activities of prawn larvae. In addition, the use of B. subtilis was improved prawn immune responses by increases in phenoloxidase activity, phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus.

Several probiotics versus one probiotic

of SANOLIFE速 MIC, a mixture of strains of Bacillus spp. Decamp et al. (10) reported on the performance of SANOLIFE速 MIC on Asian and Latin-American hatcheries, with P. monodon and L. vannamei and found that SANOLIFE速 MIC performed as well as prophylactic use of antibiotics and was also a cost effective alternative. Pai et al. (3) suggested another mode of action of Bacillus; immunostimulation and enhanced food acceptance which results in improved general health of prawns rather than the antagonistic mode described above. In their study they found that the bacteria that showed the greatest antagonism was the Pseudomonas bacteria. The Pseudomonas bacteria suppressed the vibrio population in a P. monodon larval rearing system by production of pyocyanin giving them a competitive advantage over V. harveyi, mediated by the killing of the pathogen (3). The unusual redox properties of pyocyanin and other phenazine compounds secreted by fluorescent Pseudomonads can enhance the production of hydroxide and

super oxide radicals, resulting in the inhibition of bacteria due to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation. As a result, prawns fed the probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and P. aeruginosa had higher specific growth rates, survival and food conversion ratio compared to prawns not fed probiotics (11). Probiotics stimulated the prawns to produce a higher THC and resulted in the lowest bacterial load in the haemolmpyh, thus improving the health of the prawns (4). Nakayama et al. (12) demonstrated that B. Subtilis could be effective in the inhibition of Vibrio growth, while B. Licheniformis and B. Megaterium could be effective in reducing V. harveyi haemolytic activities, suggesting that compounds produced by Bacillus might be effective against Vibrio growth and toxin production. Balcazar and Rohas-Luna (13)reported that B. subtilis produced antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Vibrio spp. and that prawn mortality was reduced by treatment with B. subtilis. Zhou et al. (14) 20 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2010

Combining probiotics to produce a range of beneficial effects on prawn production has been studied and is often employed in commercial probiotics, as previously mentioned by the use of multiple Bacillus spp. in SANOLIFE速 MIC (10). The combination of two probiotics in Western king prawn production was not found to significantly improve the specific growth rate of prawns compared to single use of a probiotic, but the prawns exposed to the combined probiotics did elicit a lower proportion of hyalinocytes (involved in phagocytosis) as well as having a lower bacterial load in the haemolymph, hence were healthier than those exposed to the individual probiotics (4). Far et al. (15) also compared the use of one probiotic against multiple probiotics through feed incorporation. Treatment groups consisted of prawns fed diet with B. subtilis and prawns fed a diet mixed with B. subtilis and a commercial probiotic (BIO-GOLD, Korea) which consisted of L. acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis and L. plantarum. Interestingly, diets just consisting of B. subtilis had significantly higher survival and yield compared with the diet incorporating both B. subtilis and BIO-GOLD. Thus it appears that B. subtilis alone, out performs BIO-GOLD, but it should also be noted that a diet just containing BIO-GOLD was not different from the diet containing B. Subtilis and BIO-GOLD. Therefore, an inhibitory action between the consortium of probiotics in the BIOGOLD and B. subtilis diet can be ruled out. Overall though, the addition of B. subtilis was found to improve prawn (L. vannamei) survival rate and yield (15).

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F: Probiotic Wang et al. (16) evaluated a consortium of commercial probiotics (Bacillus sp., photosynthetic bacteria, yeast, Saccharomyces cervisiae, Nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrobacter sp.) and found that the feed conversion ratio and population density of beneficial bacterial flora was improved compared with control treatments. They also found that

probiotics led to the market being flooded with commercial probiotics with little or no scientific basing (10). Also, probiotics are only beneficial and cost-effective when they are properly applied together with suitable farm management (10). Other factors should also be investigated to reduce disease outbreaks, such as the use of prebiotics (Bio-Mos and Î˛-1,3-D-glucan) which provide nutrients for selected bacteria to encourage their proliferation in the gut, and have been found to improve survival and specific growth rate of prawns (11). Perhaps more importantly though, as emphasised at the beginning of this article, maintaining the water quality is important, as this factor will dictate the level of stress on the prawns, and good water quality will result in healthier prawns, with no addition of antimicrobials, probiotics or prebiotics needed â&#x20AC;&#x201C; this is how a sustainable production system should attain to be.

"Intensification of prawn production, subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks, and the concept of maintaining, rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing"

the use of probiotics significantly increased dissolved oxygen concentrations and significantly reduced dissolved phosphorus and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations as well as decreasing the chemical oxygen. This study highlights the use of probiotics to improve water quality, which in turn will reduce stress on the prawns, making them less susceptible to disease.

Conclusion Intensification of prawn production, subsequent increases in disease and antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria amplifies the need for alternatives to prevent disease outbreaks, and the concept of maintaining, rather than fighting the microbial community of farms is developing. This article has clearly demonstrated numerous studies that show that probiotics can benefit prawn production. It should also be stressed that the increased demand for

of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye, 1896). Fish & Shellfish Immunology 27(2):100-104. Hill JE, Baiano JCF, and Barnes AC. 2009. Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens. Journal of Fish Diseases 9999(9999): Moriarty DJW. 1998. Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds. Aquaculture 164(1-4):351-358. Hai N, Buller N, and Fotedar R. 2009. Effects of probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P. aeruginosa) on the growth, survival and immune parameters of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye, 1896). Aquaculture Research 40:590-602. Moriatry D. 2003. Probiotics in aquaculture. Microbiology Australia 24:15-17. Banerjee S, Devaraja TN, Shariff M, and Yusoff FM. 2007. Comparison of four antibiotics with indigenous marine Bacillus spp. in controlling pathogenic bacteria from shrimp and artemia. Journal of Fish Diseases 30(7):383-390. Decamp O, Moriarty D, and Lavens P. 2008. Probiotics for shrimp larviculture: review of field data from Asia and Latin America. Aquaculture Research 39(4):334-338. Hai N and Fotedar R. 2009. Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos and -1, 3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P. aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye, 1896). Aquaculture 289(3-4):310-316. Nakayama T, Lu H, and Nomura N. 2009. Inhibitory effects of Bacillus probionts on growth and toxin production of Vibrio harveyi pathogens of shrimp. Letters in Applied Microbiology 9999(999A):

FAO. 2007. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006. Rome.

Balcazar JL and Rojas-Luna T. 2007. Inhibitory activity of probiotic Bacillus subtilis UTM 126 against vibrio species confers protection against vibriosis in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Current Microbiology 55(5):409-412.

Boyd CE. 2001. Soil and water quality considerations in shrimp farming. In Methods for improving shrimp farming in Central America. Managua, Nicaragua: Central American University Press.

Zhou X, Wang Y, and Li W. 2009. Effect of probiotic on larvae shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) based on water quality, survival rate and digestive enzyme activities. Aquaculture 287(34):349-353.

Pai SS, Anas A, Jayaprakash NS, Priyaja P, Sreelakshmi B, Preetha R, Philip R, Mohandas A, and Singh ISB. 2009. Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from <i>Vibrio harveyi</i> infection by pre-emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non-antagonistic bacterial probiotics. Aquaculture Research 9999(9999):

Far HZ, Saad CRB, Daud HM, Harmin SA, and Shakibazadeh S. 2009. Effect of Bacillus subtilis on the growth and survival rate of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). African Journal of Biotechnology 8(14):3369-3376.

References

Hai NV, Buller N, and Fotedar R. 2009. The use of customised probiotics in the cultivation 22 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2010

Wang YB, Xu ZR, and Xia MS. 2005. The effectiveness of commercial probiotics in northern white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ponds. Fisheries Science 71(5):1036-1041.

PROFIL

E: Tech nolo

COMPA

TECHNOLOGY PROFILE

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mm x H= 30mm

Coming soon to International Aquafeed

CONTA CT DETAIL S

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Internat any Ove rview ional Aq uafeed produc posses tion fit ses a pa for the of the ssion fo next de word. r aquafee cade. W Feed ac d e strive counts to be th and an excitem for alm can have e most ent abou os t 70 perc a respecte ent of th Therefo resounding im d provide t the technolo e cost pact on re, gy that r of inf of prod the busin will mak We bring in each issue, ormatio ucing far we look ess of pr e n abou our read m ed t aquafee aquaculture od infis market ucing far depth at ers glo h. As a d in th trends bal news result ge med fis a range e wide and mar h. about te tting fee of tech st sens ket ind nical iss ding fo chnolo e icators rmulatio gical an ues asso and all d resear ns and ciated wi issues th ch deve strategie th aqua at impa lo s right, fee pm d ct the aq ents, fee produc d ingre tio uafeed n an dients an d supply We can chain. d micro- it’s use on far pr m. 2006). Th oduce either ingredie 4 or 8 nts adva ese fea pa tu Feature nces, s can ha res have been ge versions of ve exist an For full ing adve used by our cu y specific fea details tu please contact rts replaced or stomers as po re that has ap int of sa James Ta peared removed Basic Pr le in ylor on +44 12 , and can have materials, prom the magazine 4 page ices 42 2677 (in a ful 06 or Em customised co otional materia cluding back 8 page l colour docu issues up ver ls ail: james m full colo to ur docu ent - 100 copie t@aqua placed onto for shows and the docu ment fee exhibiti d.co.uk 100 co s = UK£294 (p ons etc. ment. Deliver 20 pie 0 lea y ch s = UK wo £489 (p se add UK£1rds For mor arged on a ca 0 lease ad e details se by ca d UK£1 for every addit se basis please 5 for ev io visit: ww ery addit nal 100 copie w.aquafee s) ional 10 d.co.uk/r 0 copie eprints s)

International Aquafeed is introducing a new section to our pages in the near future. Technology profiles will highlight specific equipment used in the production of feeds for the aquaculture sector.

Product

We aim to bring you the latest innovations in the industry and how they can benefit your business.

inform

ation Reprin ts

PRODU

CT INF ORMA TION

For more information about including your products and equipment into this section, please contact Caroline Wearn for more information:

Techni cal Sp ecifi Interna tional Aq cation: uafeed •4-8 magazine Page feature • Exsistin s article g adverti reprint • Full iss sing mate s ue rials re placed • 150sgm cover with yo gloss pa ur own • Deliv pe r ery to an y interna • For us tional ad e as: Po int of sa dress le mate ria For mor 100 wols, exhibition e inform handou rds ation ple Tel: +44 ts etc. ase cont 12 act: Jam Email: jam 42 267706 es Taylo est@aq r uafeed.c o.uk

PRODU

CT IMA m x H= GE

W=80m

www.aquafeed.co.uk

TECHN ICAL SPECIF ICATIO NS

50mm

QUART

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Tech_

Profile

_IAF.in

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1 | INTE

RNATIO

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UAFEED

23/02/

2010

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March-April 2010 | International AquaFeed | 23

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eading aquaculture equipment manufacturers Fusion Marine and Gael Force have teamed up to provide fully integrated fish pen systems. These advanced systems include extra strong polyethylene fish pens from Fusion Marine complete with safety decking, nets, sinker tubes, and bird net supports. Fusion Marine pens are used throughout the world for salmon, trout, sea bream, bass, tuna and many other species, and because of the strength of the pens, are being used increasingly in exposed offshore locations. The two types of barges produced by Gael Force are the Seacap and Seamate feed barges, which range in capacity from 50t - 400t. These are made from high density concrete which gives the barge a design life of 40 years. Accommodation can range from a day office right up to interior designed living quarters for up to four people. Like Fusion Marine, Gael Force have manufactured their product to cope with the most exposed conditions. Gael Force are now designing their next generation of open ocean barges with designs due for release shortly.

F: Extrusion

Protein damage/complexation

duringÂ extrusion by Joseph P Kearns, Wenger Manufacturing, Inc, Sabetha Kansas, USA, Email: jkearns@wenger. com

Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources, carbohydrates, oils, vitamins and minerals. Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated.

he process and ingredient flow through an extrusion system begins with the raw materials being received, stored, cleaned, ground, mixed and conveyed before reaching the extruder. Assume that the prepared mix is homogenously processed up to this point and placed in the dry ingredient feed bin for an extruder. At this point small levels of ingredient changes have occurred already and would generally be associated with the grinding step and are considered to be strictly related to mechanical damage to the ingredients such as fractured starch cells. The extrusion process begins with the metering of the dry formula into a preconditioner which is a device designed to preheat, moisten and mix before the material enters the extruder barrel. Additional ingredients, usually in liquid form, can also be added into the preconditioning device and is slaved to the dry feed rate as a percentage.

Not all preconditioners perform equally and preconditioner designs vary greatly. In general a properly engineered conditioning cylinder will have the volume and design to evenly hydrate and heat the mix over a time period to achieve the desired effect in this unit operation.

Figure 1

26 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2010

What happens to the ingredients in this area of the process? Predominately as long as the particle size is relatively even all of the formula particles absorb the moisture normally injected in the cylinder. The amount of water added is related to the style of aquatic feed being processed as

F: Extrusion

Wenger_RandS_AQ_105x297

8/11/09

5:21 PM

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We could talk all day about our quality and productivity.

But weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d rather talk about yours. For 50 years, innovative Wenger ideas have inspired and created change in the extrusion industry. And we apply that same ingenuity to our full line of horizontal and vertical dryers. Impeccable quality is standard on all Wenger models; but nearly everything else may be customized to your specifications. Controls, configurations, materials, size and many other specs of each Wenger dryer are matched to your particular line for optimum production outcome. Talk to Wenger today, and surround yourself with unrivaled resources for exceeding your processing goals.

well as the ingredients used. As examples, when making a floating feed that is lower in protein the amount of water added is less then when a high protein sinking feed is produced. Steam is also added to heat and do a degree of precooking of the mix prior to the extruder barrel. Added water increases the rate of heat transfer in the mix making the added steam increase the temperature of the mix more efficiently. At this point in the process the ingredients are typically elevated in temperature to somewhere near 90 to 95 degrees C. The moisture levels are elevated to approximately 18 to 32 percent. The starch and protein cells are hydrated with the starch cells being gelatinized to a level somewhere between 15 to 70 percent cook. Approximately 15 percent cook levels are seen in older single cylinder designs or cylinders not engineered for elevating the gelatinization level generally due to low retention times. As a note care should be taken to understand the difference in gelatinisation level tests that can be preformed in labs as the Differential Scanning Colorimetry test method gives

higher cook values than the Enzymatic Gelatinisation test method used by most cereal chemists and the reported cook level difference can be as much as 30 percent. Advanced p re c o n d i t i o n e r s are now available to achieve in the 70 to 80 percent gelatinisation level of the starches prior to the extrusion barrel. At this point it maybe asked why discuss starch when this paper is about changes to the proteins during extrusion. Generally warm water fish can han-

Robert Sunderland, Director of Dryer Technology

Steve Campbell, Manager of Equipment Engineering

Superior Technology. Unparalleled Service. SABETHA, KANSAS USA 785-284-2133 INFO@WENGER.COM WWW.WENGER.COM USA

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March-April 2010 | International AquaFeed | 27

TAIWAN

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CHINA

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F: Extrusion

dle the proteins which are usually lower The extruder barrel is where the final levels and mainly from vegetable sources cooking occurs as well as defining the when compared to cold water fish feeds end product characteristics. There are that usually have higher levels of marine many possibilities in this area to consider protein. regarding the control of the final product In either case the starch is added to hold specifications and are beyond the scope of the other ingredients together to provide the discussion in this paper. the required water stability. All relate to both thermal or mechaniHaving mentioned different protein cal energy inputs and their effect on sources it should be noted that they do the final product. As mentioned above process differently. the need for higher SME inputs for Normally animal and marine proteins formulations high in vegetable proteins require less water and less energy inputs can be accomplished by die open area during extrusion then vegetable based proadjustment, use of mid barrel or back teins. Typically 15 percent vegetable protein pressure valves, configurations changes in requires about 20 percent moisture durthe barrel as well as extruder shaft speed ing extrusion while 30 percent vegetable control all of which can impart mechaniprotein needs in the area of 26 percent cal energy into the feed. moisture or about a 25 percent increase in required water to make a quality feed. This statement ties in with preconditioning being important followed by enough potential specific mechanical energy (SME) input in the extruder barrel to make a full range of Figure 3: Light Microscopy possible formulations.

28 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2010

As an example when reviewing the soy protein level in a feed, if none of the protein is from soy the SME would be around 28kW-hr/tonne. If the level of soy protein increases to 100 percent of the total protein then the SME required nearly doubles to the 60kW-hr/ tonne. The protein and starch melt curves (Figure 2) indicate the relationship of temperature and water for various ingredients. This chart shows that it is easier to achieve a melt transition (flowable state) with proteins as opposed to the starch fraction which in this case is shown as rice. It can be assumed that if you focus on the gelatinisation of the starch the proteins will be denatured or cooked. This chart was developed using a Phase

MADE IN HOLLAND

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Entry forms for the 2010/11 edition were released in December 2009. In order to be included in this essential guide for the global aquafeed industry, please ensure that you complete and return the entry form. Post fax, or email Barbara Williams at b.williams@turretgroup.com before the 7th May 2010.

Published by Turret Group Ltd, 173 High Street, Rickmansworth, Herts, WD3 1AY, United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 1923 692660 • Fax: +44 (0) 1923 692679

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March-April 2010 | International AquaFeed | 29

12/16/09 10:12:17 AM

F: Extrusion

Transition AnalyzerÂŽ which models the extrusion process accurately. Harper reported in 1986 that extrusion is widely used to accomplish the restructuring of protein-based foodstuffs for use in a wide variety of convenience foods containing textured vegetable proteins. When mechanical and thermal energy are applied during the extrusion process,

The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance.

the macromolecules in the proteinaceous ingredients lose their native, organized structure and form a continuous, viscoelastic mass. The extruder barrel, screws and die align the molecules in the direction of flow. This realignment â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;exposes bonding sites that lead to cross-linking and a reformed expandable structureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; that creates a chewy texture in fabricated foods (1). This same

effect does occur in aquatic feeds but at a lower level as normally we are not extruding 100 percent proteins. It can be done as covered in US Patent 4,981,711, Textured Sinking Food for Marine Life where no starch was added in the mix and protein sources only were used. Cross linking did occur and resulted in a meat like product designed to be similar to the natural foods eaten by shrimp and other bottom dwellers. Irreversible, bonded dispersion Extrusion provides a homogeneous, irreversible, bonded dispersion of all micro ingredients throughout a p ro t e i n / s t a rc h matrix. This not only insures uniformity of all ingredients put also provides a means whereby minor ingredients can be intimately associated with potential reaction sites promoting Figure 2 cross linking

30 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2010

or other desirable chemical and physical modifications. Figure 3 shows microphotographs of starch and proteins in a feed. Sample 1 shows intact starch cells. Sample 2 and 3 show samples with a degree of cook and how the protein matrix holds the starch cells together. Sample 4 is a high shear cook and you can see the protein and starch cells have been totally destroyed and blended/melted together in an even matrix. Many studies have indicated that protein

F: Extrusion

and starch can complex with lipids in the recipe during the extrusion process. As much as 30 percent of the lipids present have been shown to form complex compounds which cause the lipid fractions involved in the complexes to not be extractable during the ether extraction step (Soxhlet method of crude fat determination). It is necessary to use an acid hydrolysis treatment as a preliminary step to free lipids from this complex prior to ether extraction to determine crude fat values. IAF09-Drier/Cooler 10.12.2008 10:53 Uhr Studies have also indicated that these

complexes formed during extrusion do not hinder digestion in the gut due to acidic environments which breakdown the complex. The extrusion process is one that can be used to impart a wide variety of energy levels both thermal and mechanical into a feed mix. This variety of processing potential allows for engineering of the final feedstuff. Floating, sinking, slow sinking as well as the length of water stability and other variables can be controlled. Is it desirable toSeite have some intact protein and starch cells 1 which allow for swelling in water or is a

complete even matrix desired for maximum water durability? The different effects from a variety of processing methods will and do have an effect on the feed qualities in water as well as their performance.

Fo r

mo re in fo rmatio n :

Wenger Manufacturing Inc. Tel: +1 7852 842133 Website: www.wenger.com

Fabric Belt Driers/Coolers AMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KG Dieselstrasse 5-9, D-21465 Reinbek / Germany Phone: +49 40 727 71 0, Fax: +49 40 727 71 100 info@amandus-kahl-group.de

www.akahl.de

March-April 2010 | International AquaFeed | 31

F: Vacuum

A vacuum batch coating system especially designed for aquafeed and pet food

For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients. Now Andritz Feed & Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology.

he low energy input of vertical units assures that mixing occurs without shear.

Most importantly, the concept of mixing using a vertical transport screw allows all products to be exposed over time at the top of the mixing vessel. This product exposure provides the ideal medium for the uniform application of liquids or powders. The establishment of a vacuum on the inherently strong conical mixing vessel results is a totally new concept in Vacuum Coating. Andritz Feed & Biofuel provides a new tool for extruded product manufacturers, a tool that:

• Affords simultaneous cost reduction and quality enhancement • Potentially opens the door to the production of wholly new categories of products in the future The aqua feed industry has used vacuum coating for several years but have had problems maintaining performance levels with conventional coaters. The future will require high-energy products based on protein sources having poor liquid absorption properties. This, coupled with micro liquids addition, places stringent demands on tomorrows’ vacuum coating systems. The petfood industry currently utilizes a wide variety of externally applied liquids and powders. Drum coating systems fulfil

the normal requirements, however with vacuum coating several benefits not possible with atmospheric coating can be achieved.

Fo r

mo re in fo rmatio n :

Andritz Feed & Biofuel Glentevej 5-7 Esbjerg, DK – 6705 Denmark Tel.: +45 7216 0300 Fax.: +45 7216 0301 Email: andritz-fb@andritz.com Web: www.andritz.com

Are you a Perendale bookworm? Perendale Publishers Ltd, the publishers of International Aquafeed, has set up an online Amazon-based ‘Book Shop’ that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture. From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from Amazon. Consult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at: www.perendale.com/books

Book store

www.perendale.com/books 32 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2010

From: Tuti Tan <tutit@aquafeed.co.uk> Subject: International Aquafeed newsletter 02.10 Date: 10 February 2010 21:26:28 GMT To: jamest@gfmt.co.uk Reply-To: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk

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A fish farm in the unlikely setting of Chai Wan is bringing cheaper and more eco-friendly seafood to Hong Kong tables Anyone ready to forego a tasty grouper to protect rapidly dwindling fish stocks? For most restaurants and foodies in Hong Kong, the response would be: eat first and let someone else worry about the consequences. Read more

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Protein sources - Alternative protein sources should also show functionality if they are to play a role in modern aquafeeds The aquaculture industry today faces a number of challenges that threaten to restrict its development and profitability.

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Evaluation of probiotic bacteria in prawn production Globally, two million metric tonnes of prawn valued at US$14.4 billion were produced in 2004(1), with large industry growth observed in Asian countries.

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Protein damage/complexation during extrusion Extruded aquatic feeds are a combination of selected ingredients based on their nutrient composition which normally include proteins from animal and plant sources, carbohydrates, oils, vitamins and minerals. Discussions will include what happens to the major ingredients or proteins and carbohydrates when passed through an extrusion cooker as both are interrelated. A vacuum batch coating system - especially designed for aqua feed and pet food For years Vertical mixers provided gentle mixing of feed ingredients. Now Andritz Feed & Biofuel adapts vertical mixing to vacuum coating technology.

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Aquafeeds - ready to take the plunge Alternative - a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeed production. Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmeal's nutritional quality, without compromising on animal performance. Feed Management - Aquafeed in Tanzania Aquaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in both freshwater and marine environments. Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, Mozambique tilapia, O. mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia, Tilapia hornorum) which are cultured by small scale fish farmers, and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss which is cultured commercially. Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stock: Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil The Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming species because it grows and reproduces well under a wide range of environmental conditions and production systems.

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Evaluation of Fishmeal Substitution Gilthead sea bream production in Mediterranean countries increased from 30,000 tons in 1996 to 90,000 tons in 2005,which mean that sale prices dropped considerably, from 6.6€/kg in 1996 to 5€/kg in 2005, with an historic minimum of 4€/kg in ... Read more on docstoc...

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Active ingredients for healthy animals, Rice - the technological ingredient for aquafeed With a production of over 600 million tonnes per year, rice is the most important food-cereal and serves as a basic ingredient for people all over the world. On the other hand only six percent of the total rice production is used in animal nutrition ... Read more on docstoc...

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Upcoming Events 21st - 23rd February 10 GLOBALG.A.P/ WWF Aquaculture Dialogues Recomended websites

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E: meifert@globalgap.org | W: www.globalgap.org -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GLOBALG.A.P will offer an expansion to its programme so aquaculture producers can be certified in one step for implementing practices that help ensure the production of safe food in conjunction with environmentally and socially responsible farming through compliance of both GLOBALG.A.P. Aquaculture Standards and the standards created by the Aquaculture Dialogues. World Wildlife Fund (WWF) coordinates the Dialogue process. For more information, visit us Hall 5 at Stand F-53 -- at the 12th FishInternational Trade Fair in Bremen from 21-23 February 2010. Visit http://www.worldwildlife.org/aquadialogues for more information.

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________________________________________________________ Buhler, global partner for the feed production industry, masters all the process operations required for transforming raw materials into valuable animal feeds. At the Victam/Grapas Asia 2010 Buhler presents solutions for a safe and cost-effective production of highquality feed and aqua feed. The company delivers the complete technology for cleaning, weighing, conveying, grinding, mixing, hygienizing and drying of feed and aqua feed products. Buhler continuously develops the Asian market and operates its own brand new manufacturing sites in China and India in addition to established branches in several Asian countries. Buhler - booth 601 / 701

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16th - 18th June 10 Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010 Hilton Imperial Hotel , Dubrovnik , Croatia Contact: Isobel Roberts Mercator Media , The Old Mill, Lower Quay, Fareham, Hants , PO16 0RA, UK T: +44 1622 820622 E: iroberts@mercatormedia.com | W: www.offshoremariculture.com

5th - 9th July 10: The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish Hotel Sehrs Campus in the UAB Campus at Bellaterra - Barcelona (Spain) Contact: Judith García Mondial & Cititravel Congresos, S.L. C./ Rosselló 303, atc. 1, 08037 Barcelona, Spain T: +34 93 2212955

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8th - 10th July 10 Indo Livestock 2010 Jakarta Convention Center Indonesia Contact: Devi Ardiatne PT Napindo Media Ashatama Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1 Kompleks Billy & Moon - Pondok Kelapa Jakarta, 13450 Indonesia T: +62 21 8644 756

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6th - 8th October 10: Aquaculture Europe 2010

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Porto, Portugal Contact: Mr Mario Stael MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium T: +32 9 2334912

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7th - 8th October 10: GLOBALGAP Summit 2010 HILTON London Metropole Hotel London, UK Contact: Nina Kretschmer c/o GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH Spichernstr.55 D-50672 Cologne Germany T: +49 2215 7993693

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F: Aquafeed

Aquafeeds ready to take the plunge by Daphne Tan, Communicating Agriculture

lternative – a buzzword in popular culture - aptly describes the current situation with regards to ingredients in aquafeed production. Dwindling supplies of fishmeal present one of the foremost challenges for the global aquaculture industry today and the search is on for new sources that can replace fishmeal’s nutritional quality, without compromising on animal performance. Addressing the topic of sustainable solutions for aquafeed, the Asian aquafeed conference, held in conjunction with the Livestock Asia expo in Kuala Lumpur last October, presented insights into optimising aquafeeds, balancing profit and performance in aquaculture and new strategies and alternative ingredients for the industry.

Growth markets Higher incomes in the developing world, a perception of aquaculture products as premium and dietary changes have fuelled the boom in aquaculture production. The availability of fishmeal and other protein sources has also ignited the growth of the relatively young industry in the animal protein sector. Aquaculture’s share of fishmeal consumption has increased over the years vis-à-vis terrestrial animal species. Accounting for the bulk of the global increase in demand for aquafeeds is Asia. This is driven largely by China and the huge potential in its 20 million tonne freshwater fish segment. India, another rapidly

growing aquaculture market, is also witnessing a significant rise in aquafeed demand as producers shift from single component farmbased feeds to formulated and commercial feeds and species diversification. In Southeast Asia, a wide variety of locally available protein sources such as copra, soy, fishmeal and canola has supported the region’s aquaculture industry. From 2000 to 2007, while world aquaculture production rose 27 percent and Asian production increased 64 percent, Southeast Asia saw growth of 143 percent during that period. Out of 25 million tonnes of aquafeed produced in 2008, it was estimated that four million tonnes came from Southeast Asia. At current rates of aquaculture growth, the potential for aquafeed is vast. In Latin America, the proximity to the North American market and increasing domestic demand are fueling the aquaculture industry, particularly for salmonids. Turkey and Egypt are strong players in the marine fish and tilapia sectors respectively with young and growing populations. While options for alternative raw materials are not readily available in North America and Europe, new technologies that help to increase feed utilisation and reduce antinutritional factors will continue to shape the development of the global aquafeed business. Also, the opening of ‘new markets’ in the West - countries where aquatic products are not featured in the traditional diet – and the receptiveness of ‘new species’ such as tilapia in Europe and North America, are new areas of development for aquaculture producing countries.

34 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2010

Protein alternatives As aquaculture continues to grow, the replacement of fishmeal with alternative protein sources is becoming a pivotal trend for the global industry. Volatile supply and escalating costs of production for fishmeal and fish oil, and falling prices for some aquatic products like P vannamei shrimp, are pushing the search for new ingredients in aquafeed. Sustainable fish production also dictates that no more than one kg of fish is used to produce one kg of fish. The sustainable development of the aquaculture industry would hinge increasingly on the ability to utilise protein replacement sources effectively in terms of costs, availability, and species performance. As the industry weans itself off fishmeal, usage of soybean meal in aquaculture has risen steadily. The rise in seafood consumption and overall growth in meat demand paints a bullish picture for soybeans, with increased production in grower countries and greater applications of the meal in animal and aquatic feed. Although current proportions in aquafeed are still smaller compared to feed for terrestrial animals, it is estimated that vegetable meals and concentrates will constitute about 75 percent of protein requirements in aquafeeds by 2015. It is imperative in aquafeed to use only high quality, well processed soybean or other vegetable meal that is consistent with a good amino acid profile. However, replacing fishmeal with alternatives is a tricky task.

F: Aquafeed Table 1: Percentage of Production by Area (World, Asia, SEA: crustaceans, fishes [fresh, marine, diadromous]) 2000-2007

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

World vs Asia

25%

21%

18%

17%

12%

Asia vs World

75%

79%

82%

83%

88%

91%

94%

97%

World vs SEA

91%

90%

88%

86%

85%

84%

82%

SEA vs World

10%

12%

14%

15%

16%

18%

Asia vs SEA

88%

87%

86%

84%

83%

82%

SEA vs Asia

12%

13%

14%

16%

17%

18%

Source: FAO Fisheries Statistics 2009

Fishmeal is a good source of amino acids and contains highly unsaturated lipid and fatty acids (EPA, DHA), nutrients important to the growth of all fish species. In comparison, vegetable protein sources have more than 15 different anti-nutritional effects and when used in substitution, affect the palatability of aquaculture diets. Fishmeal is still preferred by producers as it is considered the most natural and best feed raw material. While land animal proteins and by-products offer good nutritional value for farmed fish, market acceptance remains a challenge. But in the long term, experts believe that perceptions will change in the face of sciencebased research and solutions. For example, the salmon industry had achieved protein retention levels of 45 percent and above by the year 2000, compared with 22-25 percent in the 1980s, setting a positive precedence for new possibilities in the ingredient composition of aquafeed for all species.

Less protein, better performance Feeding fish is not simply about a specific ingredient like fishmeal but a full pack of nutrients that addresses the species’ growth needs. The current trend of formulating diets based on digestible amino acid levels, rather than on a least cost basis, allows nutritionists to tap on a wider range of ingredients and not depend on any one protein source. Applying the ‘Ideal Protein Concept’ – the level of protein when ingested by the animal that provides all necessary amino acids – leads to an overall reduction in crude protein intake without impairing growth and performance. This also lowers the amount of nitrogen excreted in animal waste. The inclusion of energy sources helps improve protein utilisation in aquafeed. Enzymes that promote digestion or supplements such as probiotics that

than shunning alternative ingredients, the enhance the utilisation of nutrients embrace of new technologies and feeding are also some trends in strategies to strategies would pave the way forward for improve feed utilisation. Palatability the aquafeed industry. issues arising from fishmeal substitution can also affect feeding and growth and could be tackled with the use of pallatants and attractants. About the author: Feeding strategies should also take Daphne Tan is a Singapore-based freeinto consideration the stage of growth lance journalist and analyst for feed of the species. Nutrient requirements for and feed related issues. She can be each species and stage of growth should contacted on the details below: also be thoroughly understood, so as a*scribe – Communicating Agriculture to avoid over- or under-formulation. Email: a.scribe.ag@gmail.com At the same time, reducing feed during the fry stage 1OMC_90x132_12.02.10_Offshore Mariculture 12/02/2010 09:14 Page 1 could result in higher FCR and increased fat deposit. With the development of HILTON IMPERIAL HOTEL feed formulaDUBROVNIK, CROATIA tion strategies 16-17 June 2010: Two day technical conference 18 June 2010: Visit to fish farm based on nutrient availabilities, EAS, EATiP, FEAP, GAA and costs are more HGK support confirmed! closely linked Entitled ‘Exploring the progress and prospects for offshore aquaculture in European and international waters’, the 2010 Offshore Mariculture Conference will be the third in this series of to performance successful events aimed at growing offshore fish farming businesses and is again supported by the European Aquaculture Society. In addition EATiP, FEAP, GAA and HGK, Grupacija akvakulture, of the species the aquaculture affiliation of the Croatian Chamber of Economy (and member of FEAP) have all rather than the pledged their support. The following sessions will be included in the programme: cost of raw • Policy, legal framework and key research updates materials per • Practical offshore farming operation Chairman confirmed: • Spatial planning and monitoring se. Costs can Arne Fredheim from • Spotlight on Croatia CREATE/Sintef be measured in • Ecological monitoring and future technologies • European and International case studies terms of gain • Manufacturers’ updates in FCR or the The Conference will be held at the Hilton Imperial Hotel, Dubrovnik, Croatia and a networking dinner will be held at the fabulous Revelin Fortress overlooking the Old City Harbour on the first evening. composition of For further information the fillet yield www.offshoremariculture.com please visit: – meat gain as Mercator Media Limited, The Old Mill Lower Quay, Fareham, Hants PO16 0RA, UK opposed to fat Tel: +44 (0)1329 825335 Fax: +44 (0)1329 825330 gain. Improved feed extrusion european aquaculture technologies society are also paving the way forward for the aquafeed industry. Rather

OFFSHORE MARICULTURE 2010

Supported by:

Media sponsors:

March-April 2010 | International AquaFeed | 35

HGK, Grupacija akvakulture

Feed Management

Aquafeeds in

Tanzania A

quaculture in Tanzania is still minimal and is practiced in both freshwater and marine environments.

2003); clams, ark clam, Anadara antiquate and giant clam, Tridacna maxima; oysters, pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera and mangrove oysters, Saccostrea cucullata and mud crab, Scylla serrata (Rice et al. 2006). Freshwater species are tilapia (Nile tilapia, The bulk of fish production comes from Oreochromis niloticus, Mozambique tilapia, tilapias which are kept mostly by subsistO. mossambicus and Zanzibar tilapia, Tilapia ence farmers who regard fish farming as hornorum) which are cultured by small scale a secondary activity to provide protein to fish farmers, and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus the household and little surplus for cash mykiss which is cultured commercially. or barter. Marine species include seaweeds of The fish are cultured in extensive the red algal species (Eucheuma denticulato semiâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;intensive earthen ponds with tum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) (Bryceson, sizes varying from 150â&#x20AC;&#x201C;500m2 (Bjoneseth, 2002), prawns, Penaeus monodon (Bryceson, 2002), rabbitfish, Siganus can1992). The ponds are usually fertilised naliculatus (Bwathondi, 1982) and milkfish, with animal droppings or tender leaves as Chanos chanos (Mwangamilo and Jiddawi, compost manure. Supplementary feeds commonly used are rice and maize bran, kitchen Table: Feed ingredients locally available in Tanzania leftovers and garden Feed resource Biochemical composition in DM (%) remains. The use of DM Ash CP CL CF formulated aquafeeds is Green forages almost non-existent. Gliricidia NA 11.7 20.0 3.8 16.7 Fish are partially or totally harvested Leucaena 92.6 9.4 24.6 3.4 17.1 after six to 12 months Sesbania NA 9.3 22.1 3.3 17.3 with an average yield Cassava 83.0 17 21.7 4.7 11.9 of 2089kg ha-1 yearMulbery Morus alba 89.0 14.5 19.6 2.2 12.9 1 (Wetengere et al. 1998; Kaliba et al. Cereal grains & by-products 2006). The yield is Maize meal 89.9 1.55 10.6 3.5 2.5 low compared to the Maize bran 89.5 2.8 10.5 10.6 7.1 10,000kg ha-1 year-1 Maize hominy 90.5 5.2 13.6 12.7 7.6 which can be achieved Rice polishing 91.8 13.7 11.0 5.2 11.3 if properly formulated supplementary Rice bran 91.1 15.8 9.3 4.3 27.9 aquafeeds were used Wheat bran 89.9 5.43 18.6 2.5 10.5 (Jauncey, 1998). Wheat pollard 89.4 3.26 17.9 4.1 5.7 There are several NA: not available | Source: Laswai et al. (2002) potential feedstuffs that

36 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2010

can be incorporated in fish diets as shown in the table below. A few studies have been conducted to a evaluate suitability of some of the locally available ingredients in tilapia diets. Cotton seed cake and soybean meal were shown to be suitable as a main source of protein sources (Shoko, 2002). Pigeon peas processed by either sprouting or roasting could replace up 40 percent of fishmeal without causing a significant reduction in growth performance (Mnembuka, 2003). Moringa and cassava leaf meals could provide less than 15 percent of dietary protein while their composite could provide up to 20 percent (Madalla, 2009). Cassava root meal could replace up 75 percent of the wheat meal without significantly reducing performance (Madalla, 2009). Adoption of these findings by farmers has been poor mostly due to the subsistence nature of fish farming which does not encourage investment in formulated feeds. Feed formulation has a cost implication in terms of ingredients as well as the feed formulation knowledge. Even if such knowledge is availed, it will still be difficult to put it into practice due to the relatively high cost of ingredients relative to the returns due to the subsistence nature of aquaculture.

References Bjoneseth, R. (1992) A survey of freshwater fish farming in Tanzania, Unpublished M.Sc Thesis, Agricultural University of Norway. Bryceson, I. (2002) Coastal aquaculture developments in Tanzania: sustainable and nonsustainable experience. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1 (1):1-10. Bwathondi, P.O.J. (1982) Preliminary investigations

Feed Management Table: Feed ingredients locally available in Tanzania

Feed resource

Biochemical composition in DM (%) DM

Ash

Oil Seed Cake and Legumes Cotton seed meal (Undecorticated)

92.6

13.2

38.1

7.4

20.3

Cotton seed meal (Decorticated)

90.8

5.6

33.8

7.0

15.2

Sunflower seed meal (Decorticated)

94.4

5.5

32.9

17.7

32.7

Sunflower seed meal (Undecorticated)

94.3

4.9

25.8

12.3

43.2

Copra cake

86.9

6.1

22.3

8.4

12.0

Soybean (Boiled)

95.5

6.2

41.5

9.9

5.9

Soybean (Toasted)

88.9

7.0

48.7

3.1

7.2

Pigeon peas

92.6

4.5

20.9

1.8

1.0

Sardine â&#x20AC;&#x153;dagaaâ&#x20AC;? fishmeal

92.4

22.09

60.6

4.15

2.5

Nile Perch Body Frame Meal

93.5

36.7

41.5

7.7

Animal Products

Fish Waste

90.6

33.6

42.5

Blood meals

97.3

9.1

85.1

Bone meals

91.3

69.1

26.9

87.4

5.7

2.8

NA 0.9 NA

10.5 8.6 NA 2.17

Tubers Cassava

2.5

3.6

NA: not available | Source: Laswai et al. (2002) on rabbitfish, Siganus canalicullatus, cultivation in Tanzania. Aquaculture 27(3):205-210. Jauncey, K. (1998) Tilapia feeds and feeding. Scotland: Pisces Press Limited. Kaliba, A.R., Osewe, K.O., Senkondo, E.M., Mnembuka, B.V. and Quagrainie, K.K. (2006) Economic Analysis of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Production in Tanzania. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 37 (4):464-473. Laswai, G.H., Mutayoba, S. K., Temu, A. A. and Kusolwa P. M (2002) Feed Table: Chemical composition of poultry feedstuffs in Tanzania. Sokoine University of Agriculture and ASARECA/ FOODNET project Madalla, N. (2009) Novel feed ingredients for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Stirling, United Kingdom. Mnembuka, B. V. (2003) Studies on the use of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan) as a protein supplement for Nile tilapia. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Dar es salaam, Tanzania. Mwangamilo, J.J. and Jiddawi, N.S. (2003) Nutritional studies and development of a practical feed for milkfish (Chanos chanos) culture in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 2 (2):137-146.

Rice, M.A., Mmochi, A.J., Zuberi, L. and Savoie, R.M. (2006) Aquaculture in Tanzania. World Aquaculture 37 (4):50-57 Shoko, A. P. (2002) The effects of different diets and stocking density on the growth performance of Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger, 1906) under aquaculture conditions. Unpublished M.sc Thesis, University of Dar es salaam, Tanzania. Wetengere, K., Osewe, K. and Herwaarden, H. (1998) Development of semi-intensive fish farming in Morogoro region, Tanzania . ALCOM working paper no. 22. FAO/ SIDA. March-April 2010 | International AquaFeed | 37

Feed Management

Diets for tilapia brood stock: Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil by Krishen Rana and Ali Hajizadeh

he Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces well under a wide range of environmental conditions and production systems.

factors for sustainable aquaculture, parperformance. Much of this recent attention ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other however has been on marine species. species. It is therefore timely to explore One potential replacement of FO for substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure tilapia brood stock diets could be palm the future of tilapia farming by reducing oil (PO) which is currently the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil Table 1: Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr

So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world, cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions. According to FAO global tilapia production reached 2.4 million tonnes in 2006, around five percent of total aquaculture production. The sustainability of this production, however, will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production. One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets. Moreover, the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital

Can we substitute for fish oil?

Proximate analysis

Diet 1 (PO)

Diet 2 (P&CO)

Diet 3 (control)

Dry mater 14.3 14.2 8.0 One key requireCrude protein 41.01 40.8 40.6 ment of tilapia seed production is a high Crude lipid 9.8 9.7 7.1 proportion of fertilised Carbohydrate 22.2 23.1 24.3 eggs that result in larvae Ash 5.3 5.1 10.0 with acceptable survival Crude fibre 7.3 7.3 7.8 and growth. It is widely recognised that brood Gross energy (KJg-1) 20.4 20.3 23.9 stock nutrition affects most important oil crop accounting reproductive performance, and egg and for 25 percent of total vegetable oil larval quality in fish and there is now a subproduction. stantial body of literature highlighting the Many scientific papers have shown that immense importance of lipids and essential a significant part of fish oil can be subfatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and

38 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2010

SUMMIT2010 7th - 8th October

The 10th GLOBALG.A.P Conference

Good Agricultural Practice

London, UK

Farming for Consumers Everything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice certification in one place Come and join us for the best networking, discussion and debates at the world‘s favourite conference event for Good Agricultural Practice! Top International speakers from the private and public sector will provide key insights into Good Agricultural Practice developments around the globe. Join our retailer and supplier members as they share with you how they are implementing GLOBALG.A.P into their global supply chains. 7th - 8th October 2010 HILTON London Metropole Hotel London, UK You want to know more about our event? Then please visit www.summit2010.org.

HOT TOPICS  Learn about the New Version of the GLOBALG.A.P Standard  Responsible Management of Resources  Residue Monitoring  Smallholder Programmes  Certification Integrity  Social Practices in Primary Production  Aquaculture and Livestock Trends  Linkages to Consumer Labels

Feed Management "Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production Table 2: Spawning performance of Nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources C

Treatments

Palm oil diet Parameters

(Diet 1)

P&CL oil diet (9:1) (Diet 2)

Control (Diet 3)

Fecundity and egg size

These studies indicated that PO had no negative effect egg diameter, Total fecundity 752.6±32.01b 823.3±46.59a 662.9±36.10b egg volume, egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although Relative fecundity (no. of egg /BWg) 5.5±0.23a 5.5±0.38a 3.6±0.31b some differences were observed Egg diameter (mm) 2.2±0.03a 2.2±0.03a 2.2±0.03a with relative fecundity with sub5.2±0.22a 5.4±0.22a 5.6±0.24a Egg volume (mm3) stitute diets performing better. 4385.7±267.11a 3654.6±237.07a Total egg volume (mm3) 3902.7±236.45a Similarity, the substitute diets did Egg dry weigh (mg) 2.6±0.05a 2.5±0.09a 2.7±0.09a not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some Egg wet weight (mg) 6.1±0.1a 6.1±0.16a 6.6±0.21a differences were observed with EW: BW 1.4±0.06a 1.3±0.08a 0.9±0.08b relative fecundity with substitute Fertilisation rate (%) 76.3±1.40a 78.5±1.82a 75.9±2.2a diets performing better. Similarity, Hatchability (%) 59.5±1.04a 60.1±1.75a 61.4±1.35a the substitute diets did not negaISI (day) 14±0.71a 19±1.52b 24±2.74c tively effect larval length and weight. In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differFish were fed three times daily at stituted with without negatively affecting ent (P < 0.05). three percent of body weight. Fish were fish growth, feed utilization and survival The inter spawning interval is an manually stripped under anaesthesia and but comparatively little is known if they important factor for understanding eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm be substituted in brood stock diets. breeding performance. In these studies from males maintained under the same Such a study was recently conducted ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diet regime and total fecundity (number at the Institute of Aquaculture to test diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1), an of eggs per female), relative fecundity the effect of palm oil on egg and larval added benefit. (no. of eggs per female weight), fertilisaquality over consecutive spawnings in These studies suggest that under contion (%) and hatching rate (%), interbrood stock Nile tilapia, that were reared trolled conditions palm oil performed spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight for their entire life cycle on their respecas well with commercial control diets as percentage of body weight (EW:BW) tive diet regimes. The three diets tested containing FO and could be used sucmonitored. In addition hatchlings from shown in Table 1 include 100 percent cessfully for brood stock diets whilst each individual fish were weighed substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1), 90 also increasing the profitability of seed and their length measured at 10 days percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout production. post-fertilisation. diet (Diet 3). 40 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2010

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42 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2010 21/12/2009 11:55

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From january 2010 all IAF Classified Advertisements will now appear on the websites our TWO online distribution channels: DocStoc and Scribd. Both these high traffic channels specialise in the targeted positioning of industry, government and academic documents and information. Each document is accompanied by independent, unsolicited reader statistics

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March-April 2010 | International AquaFeed | 43

In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories & topics within each specific issue. If you would like information on how your company can get involved, please contact our Marketing Manager, Caroline Wearn. Email: carolinew@aquafeed.co.uk |Tel +44 1242 267706

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AKVA group ASA - www.akvagroup.com Alltech Inc - www.alltech.com Amandus Kahl GmbH & Co - www.amandus-kahl-group.de Andritz Feed & Biofuel - www.andritz.com Biomin GmbH - www.biomin.net Buhler AG - www.buhlergroup.com Dishman Netherlands B.V - www.dishman-netherlands.com Extru-Tech Inc - www.extru-techinc.com Forberg International AS - www.forberg.no Geelen Counterflow - www.geelencounterflow.com IFFO Limited - www.iffo.net Jiangsu Muyang Group Co Ltd - www.muyang.com Marevent - www.marevent.com Mercator Media Ltd - www.offshoremariculture.com NOREL&NATURE - www.norelynature.com nv SCE - www.sce.be Ottevanger Milling Engineers B.V. - www.ottevanger.com Palm View Trade - www.palmviewtrade.com Perten Instruments AB - www.perten.com SPF (activite Aquativ) - www.aquativ-diana.com SpotMark - www.sptmrk.com University of Stirling - www.aqua.stir.ac.uk Wenger Manufacturing Inc. - www.wenger.com Wynveen International B.V. - www.wynveen.com

44 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2010

Join us in Porto The European Aquaculture Society is pleased to welcome you to its AE2010 event,

“SEAFARMING TOMORROW”

To be held from October 5-8, 2010 in Porto, Portugal. Hosted by CIMAR (CIIMAR and CCMAR)

AE2010 comprises: • International Conference • Aquaculture Trade Exhibition • Farmers’ (industry) day • Student Forum • EU Forum • Satellite Workshops & Meetings

www.easonline.org Aquaculture Europe - the annual meeting of the European Aquaculture Society

EVENTS 1st - 5th March

AQUACULTURE 2010, San Diego, USA Contact: Mr Mario Stael, MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent, Belgium Tel: +32 9233 4912 Fax: +32 923 34912 Email: mario.stael@scarlet.be Web: www.marevent.com

2nd - 4th March ACUI 2010, International Aquaculture Exhibition of Galicia, Spain Contact: David Barreiro Tel: +34 9864 88875 Fax: +34 9815 52718 Email: info@acui.es Web: www.acui.es

3rd - 5th March

Victam Asia 2010, Bangkok, Thailand Contact: Andy West, PO Box 411 Redhill, RH1 6WE, United Kingdom Tel: +44 1737 763501 Fax: + 44 1737 762996 Email: andrew.west733@ntlworld.com Web: www.victam.com

26th - 26th March ILDEX Vietnam Aquaculture Conference 2010, Vietnam Contact: Sirapat Kettarn, 120/59 M 5 Bangduer, Muang, Patumthani, 12000, Thailand Tel: +66 2978 2519 Fax: +66 2978 4548 Email: sk@sptmrk.com Web: www.sptmrk.com

Events Key: * = See our magazine at this show • = More information available

19th

20th

May

AQUACULTURE UK 2010 Aviemore, Scotland Contact: David Mack, ASCOMBER Rosebank, Ankerville Street, Tain, Ross & Cromarty IV19 1BH, Scotland Tel: +44 1862 892188 Email: info@aquacultureuk.com Web: www.aquacultureuk.com

23rd - 26th May Australasian Aquaculture 2010 International Conference and Trade Show, Tasmania, Australia, Contact: Sarah-Jane Day, PO Box 370 Nelson Bay NSW 2317 Australia Tel: +61 4371 52234, Fax: +61 2491 91044 Email: sarah-jane.day@ aquaculture.org.au Web: www. australian-aquacultureportal.com

Offshore Mariculture Conference 2010, Dubrovnik, Croatia, Contact: Isobel Roberts, Mercator Media, The Old Mill, Lower Quay, Fareham, Hants, PO16 0RA, United Kingdom Tel: +44 1622 820622 Email: iroberts@mercatormedia.com Web: www.offshoremariculture.com

20th - 23rd April

GLOBAL GAP Press Conference Brussels, Belgium Contact: Claudia Meifert, GLOBALGAP c/o FoodPLUS GmbH, Spichernstr. 55, 50672 Koeln, Germany, , Tel: +49 2215 799325 Fax: +49 2215 799389 Email: meifert@globalgap.org Web: www.globalgap.org

Alltech’s 26th International Animal Health & Nutrition Symposium, Kentucky USA Contact: Lauren Ashley Pope, 3031 Catnip Hill Pike USA Tel: +1 8598 812213 Fax: +1 8598 873256 Email: symposium@alltech.com Web: www.alltech.com

16th - 18th June

Global Feed & Food Congress, Cancun, Mexico Contact: Mr Roger Gilbert, 7 St George's Terrace St James' Square Cheltenham GL50 3PT United Kingdom Tel: +44 1242 267702 Fax: +44 1242 267701 Email: roger.gilbert@ifif.org Web: www.globalfeed-food.com

28th - 28th April

16th - 19th May

5th - 9th July

The 9th International Congress of the Biology of Fish, Barcelona Spain Contact: Judith García, Mondial & Cititravel Congresos, SL C/ Rosselló 303, atc 1, 08037 Barcelona, Spain Tel: +34 9322 12955, Fax: +34 9345 92059 Email: garcia@mondial-congress.com Web: http://sidciencies.uab es/9FishBiologyCongress

8th - 10th July Indo Livestock 2010, Jakarta, Indonesia Contact: Devi Ardiatne, PT Napindo Media Ashatama, Jl Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No 1, Kompleks Billy & Moon - Pondok Kelapa, Jakarta, 13450, Indonesia Tel: +62 2186 44756, Fax: +62 2186 50963 Email: devi@napindo.com Web: www.indoaquaculture.com

6th - 8th October

AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2010, Porto, Portugal Contact: Mr Mario Stael, MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium, Tel: +32 9233 4912 Fax: +32 9233 4912 Email: ae2010@aquaculture.cc Web: www.marevent.com

7th - 8th October GLOBALGAP Summit 2010, London, United Kingdom Contact: Nina Kretschmer, c/o GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH, Spichernstr.55, D-50672 Cologne, Germany Tel: +49 2215 7993693 Fax: +49 2215 799389 Email: kretschmer@globalgap.org Web: www.summit2010.org,

EVENTS 2011 28th February - 3rd March

AQUACULTURE AMERICA 2011, New Orleans, USA Contact: Mario Stael, MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium, Tel: +32 9233 4912 Fax: +32 9233 4912 Email: mario.stael@scarlet.be Web: www.marevent.com

26th - 29th May Aquarama 2011, Singapore Contact: Doris Woo / Linda Tan, No.3 Pickering Street, ♯02-48, China Square Central, Singapore 048660 Tel: +65 65920889 Fax: +65 64389060 Email: aquarama-sg@ubm.com Web: www.aquarama.com.sg

6th - 10th June

WORLD AQUACULTURE 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011, Natal, Brazil Contact: Mr Mario Stael, MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium, Tel: +32 9233 4912 Fax: +32 9233 4912 Email: mario.stael@scarlet.be Web: www.marevent.com

Is there an event that our readers need to know about! Events listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and online. To add your event to our listing, contact Tuti Tan tutit@aquafeed.co.uk

46 | International AquaFeed | March-April 2010

Aquaculture UK 2010

quaculture UK 2008 was a sell-out and a great success. By general consensus the location and venue were welcomed by exhibitors and visitors. "Many thanks for delivering a ver y successful exhibition and return to Aviemore” said Alan Stewart - Director Landcatch after the event. As predicted Aquaculture UK 2008 was a tr uly International event and has established itself as the UK's premier aquaculture exhibition. It attracted over 1000 visitors from 15 countries, who came to see the latest products and innovations in the industry. Alongside the exhibition, Aquaculture UK 2008 ran a well attended conference which will be repeated in 2010. Already the majority of exhibitors have indicated that they will be returning in 2010. So space will be at a premium Aquaculture UK 2010 offers exhibitors a valuable opportunity to launch new products, meet the real buying decision makers and display and promote their products and services. For visitors it’s an oppor tunity catch up on the latest technology and techniques, meet old friends and make new ones in an accessible, compact and pleasant setting. Great networking and social opportunities, are all part of the Aquaculture UK 2010 experience, whether in the exhibition halls, seminar rooms or relaxing afterwards in the resort restaurants and bars.

Leading technology – local solutions. Whether for fish or crustaceans, whether sinking or floating feeds – for every product Buhler offers the perfect solution from raw material processing, mixing and extruding to drying. Process expertise combined with technology solutions made in Asia guarantees the production of high-quality animal feeds. But there is even more to it: Buhler know-how also enables customers to create the most cost- and energy-efficient process solution from stand-alone machines to complete plants.

Bühler AG, Feed & Biomass, CH-9240 Uzwil, Switzerland, T: +41 71 955 11 11, F: +41 71 955 28 96 fu.buz@buhlergroup.com, www.buhlergroup.com

The solution behind the solution.