Jan | Feb 16 - International Aquafeed magazine

I N C O R P O R AT I N G F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y

The future of fish meal replacement:

Cotton Protein - Offshore aquaculture and the future of sustainable seafood - Field-tested health protection for Shrimp feed - Aquaculture feed processing technology January | February 2016

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Perendale Publishers Ltd 7 St George’s Terrace St James’ Square, Cheltenham, Glos, GL50 3PT, United Kingdom Tel: +44 1242 267700

CONTENTS: JANUARY 2016 VOLUME 19 ISSUE 1

Publisher Roger Gilbert rogerg@perendale.co.uk Editor Professor Simon Davies simond@aquafeed.co.uk Associate Editors Dr Albert Tacon albertt@perendale.co.uk Dr Yu Yu yuy@perendale.co.uk Dr Kangsen Mai (Chinese edition) mai@perendale.co.uk Editorial Advisory Panel • Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt) • Professor António Gouveia (Portugal) • Professor Charles Bai (Korea) • Colin Mair (UK) • Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK) • Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada) • Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece) • Dr Kim Jauncey (UK) • Eric De Muylder (Belgium) • Dr Pedro Encarnação (Singapore) • Dr Mohammad R Hasan (Italy) Editorial team Eloise Hillier-Richardson eloisehr@perendale.co.uk Peter Parker peterp@perendale.co.uk Malachi Stone malachis@perendale.co.uk Andrew Wilkinson andreww@perendale.co.uk Roy Palmer (Editor - Asia Pacific) royp@perendale.com International Marketing Team Darren Parris darrenp@perendale.co.uk Tom Blacker tomb@perendale.co.uk Latin America Marketing Team Iván Marquetti Tel: +54 2352 427376 ivanm@perendale.co.uk

REGULAR ITEMS 3

India Marketing Team Ritu Kala rituk@perendale.co.uk Nigeria Marketing Team Nathan Nwosu nathann@perendale.co.uk

14 Aquaculture Training 40

©Copyright 2016 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. More information can be found at www.perendale. com Perendale Publishers Ltd also publish ‘The International Milling Directory’ and ‘The Global Miller’ news service

36

Photoshoot

Expert Topic - Channel Catfih 54

Industry Events

64 The Market Place

Design Manager James Taylor jamest@perendale.co.uk Circulation & Events Manager Tuti Tan tutit@perendale.co.uk

Industry News

66 The Aquafeed Interview 68

COLUMNS

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Industry Faces

16 The future of fish meal replacement: Cotton Protein

20 Gut health in 4 (easy) steps

22 Field-tested health protection for Shrimp feed 24 Infectious diseases and control strategies in shrimp 32 Economics of drying aquafeed

38 Dinnissen celebrates 25 years of the Pegasus® Vacuum Coater

Ioannis Zabetakis 4

Roy Palmer

7 Dr Alexandros Samartzis 8

FEATURES

Johan den Hartog

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY 46

Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting

50 AKVA Group Feed Barges

Professor Simon Davies

Creoso - welcome

Greetings and a Happy New Year!

Welcome to our No one edition of 2016 and wishing all our readers a very happy belated New Year. It will certainly be a most eventful year with the US Presidential election beginning with the primaries and caucuses in various States leading to the election itself in early November.

President Bush signed the Aquaculture Bill to develop the offshore sector in the first decade of this Century and President Obama followed this through. It will be interesting to see what the next President of the United States will make of the US industry and whether it will attract more investment for expansion. The US is still a net importer of seafood products and this position must be addressed in the future.

In the UK we may get a referendum for our EU membership, what will be the significance for trade and export of fish including Scottish salmon and shellfish if we decided to leave I wonder? Also what would be our relationship with the commission or involvement on European grants and other scientific matters following the referendum?

It will be a most complex situation and yet Norway seems to do quite well financially in terms of EU scientific consortium associations and is also a participant in food safety issues, animal feed legislation and aquaculture policy as it affects us all.

With respect to research, I participated in the BBSRC/ NERC UK Research Council meeting held in London on December 8th last year. There were some brief introductions

of the new joint aquaculture research initiative with many UK Universities being represented.

Many provided a series of ‘Flash’ presentations of their current research as well as their interests or aspirations for future work. It was interesting to see so many potential researchers who have never been involved in the subject before seeking to find new associations.

The ‘pot’ of money on offer is actually relatively small and it’s a typical British solution to be ‘seen’ to do the right thing and try to make us British scientists happy with some incentives from the government even in these times of austerity.

Those with ‘omics’ in their bids were typically in abundance and the ‘gut micro-biome’ had a field day with many institutions vying to take this area into new dimensions and make aquaculture that much more ‘sustainable’ with their gut instinct for so many feed additives of probiotic potential. Well we will see how this modest funding stretched over 5 years will make a difference when so much ground work and fundamental research needs to be undertaken in many other important areas of fish nutrition (e.g. bioenergetics, amino acid and trace element revision of requirements etc.) and feed technology especially in the macro-feed ingredient domain and more effective formulations.

The stringent officialdom from the UK legislator authorities covering fish research (even benign nutritional trials, on the whim of your local inspector) if undertaken in British universities present their own additional restrictions and challenges compared to previous times when pragmatic and informed common sense was the order of the day.

That combined with most universities in the UK lacking ‘state of the art’ fish holding facilities designed for realistic aquaculture scenarios does not auger well for the future for us in the UK to compete with the rest of Europe and beyond.

Indeed, as a professor with over 30 years’ experience I am most disappointed in the UK Higher Education platform when it comes to aquaculture research overall and its perception of this very important industry within the agribusiness sector and lack of foresight.

My work is now more directed overseas these days and of course it is in SE Asia where most of this industry is growing anyway and where the research is so badly needed.

In this current issue we have again some exciting features and articles to launch the New Year. Including an update of the global catfish conference, and an article by Cesar Marcial Escobedo Bonilla on shrimp pathogens and their control.

We feature the latest cooling and drying technologies from Buhler and use of feed barges by AKVA as essential mechanisms within the industry.

On the feed commodity area we include a timely report on cottonseed protein as an alternative feed ingredient with its benefits.

Our guest interview is with Dr Mian Riaz. Additionally there are major events for 2016 such as this month’s World Aquaculture Society conference in Las Vegas, Victam Asia and Taiwan seafood events.

We are also delighted to have Dr Alexandros Samartzis join the team as a regular columnist in the magazine - see his fist piece on page 7 of this edition.

This is a good start to a busy year, so enjoy the current issue and please maintain your invaluable contributions.

Professor Simon Davies

Meet the team at up-coming international events

www.aquafeed.co.uk

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recent report from the World Economic Forum and the Ellen McArthur Foundation has reached the rather damning conclusion that come 2050, our oceans will contain more plastic than fish.

The report, titled ‘The New Plastics Economy: Rethinking the Future of Plastics,’ states that the best research available estimates that there is currently “over 150 million tonnes” of plastic waste in the ocean, and without “significant action,” this will “increase drastically,” and at the current rate of pollution, by 2050 the total weight of plastic in the ocean will be more than that of fish.

The report also estimates that each year, approximately “8 million tonnes” of plastics contaminate the ocean, which according to the report, equates to the emptying of “one entire garbage” truck into the ocean every single minute.

In another study, titled ‘Stemming the Tide,’ it is predicted that even if intensive and collaborative efforts were to be made to reduce the levels of plastic pollutants entering the oceans, the volume of plastic contaminants would “not decline,” and would in fact just “stabilise.”

But if nothing is done at all, the World Economic Forum and the Ellen McArthur Foundation (WEF/EMF) report predicts that by 2025 the estimated ratio of plastic to fish in the ocean is expected to be “one to three,” as the plastic mass floating in the world’s oceans grows to “250 million tonnes.”

By analysing the plastic packaging material currently found in our seas, the WEF/EMF report found that “only 14 percent” of plastic packaging is currently gathered for recycling purposes.

When additional value losses in sorting and reprocessing are considered, the report also discovered that as little as five percent of the material value is actually retained for subsequent use.

However, it is not all doom and gloom. True to the title, the report radically rethinks the flow of plastic into our economy. Instead of becoming a waste product, the report proposes that plastics should be re-entered into the economy “as valuable technical or biological nutrients, a vision underpinned by circular economy principles.” bit.ly/20oARNC

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Ioannis Zabetakis

Let’s think outside the omega-3 box!

hen considering the nutritional value of fish, one would be hard pressed to not discuss Omega-3.

However, when doing so, it is crucial that the following factors are also fully considered.

Firstly, the association of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has been revised recently by evaluating all randomised trials on the supplementation of omega-3 PUFAs to adults. The results of 20 studies on 68 680 patients were evaluated and omega-3 PUFAs were not found to be statistically significantly associated with CVDs in various patient populations[1].

Secondly, there is still considerable doubt today if lowering blood cholesterol is a true prerequisite in order to protect ourselves from CVDs. In fact, cholesterol can be correlated with CVDs but without being a causal factor for it. Therefore, people with high levels of High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) face no higher risk for CVDs as the ratio (and not only the absolute levels!) of LDL to HDL is also important in disease prognosis.

Given those facts, it is rather surprising to see that most of the studies in aquaculture are still not addressing the nutritional value of the final produce from the consumer’s point of view. People eat fish because they have been told that “fish is good for you” and this is, still, valid and true. But what is the optimum dose of fish we need to consume every week? I am afraid that there is not strong scientific evidence behind the recommended “two portions per week”.

Do these two portions need to be spread in the week or it does not matter? Is it ok if I eat three portions one week and only one the week after? The answers to these questions are well known but the point I am trying to make in this editorial is that the answers have not been properly communicated by either B2B (business-to-business) or B2C (business-to-consumers).

So, at the beginning of 2016, we are facing some interesting challenges: firstly we must establish why is fish or fish oil (as a whole) as opposed to omega-3 supplements is more beneficial in terms of protecting from the onset of CVDs? Then we must discover how we can make the production of fish more sustainable? In other words, how we can minimise our dependence in aquaculture for fish oil [3]?

There is no doubt that these issues, being on the interface of food security and food functionality, need a multidisciplinary approach and I would like to use this space to make a call to colleagues in our Industry to join forces in addressing them.

All references are available on request. izabet@chem.uoa.gr @yanzabet After an Academic career spanning 12 years in the Univ. of Athens, Ioannis joined University of Limerick (UL) as a Lecturer on Food Lipids where the ongoing focus of his work will be towards the cardioprotective properties of food lipids with particular emphasis on dairy and aquaculture products.

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Roy Palmer

New Year…..New Hopes

n aquaculture, some of us focus on the nutrition of fish and how to increase the specific growth rate of fish, digestibility of the feeds for example.

Some others of us focus on the nutritional value of fish, their content of specific fatty acids, if these acids are saturated, unsaturated or polyunsaturated or whether the fish lipids have antiinflammatory activities.

The paperwork and bureaucracy is a constant when running organisations such as ours. It is very important that as a charity we meet all deadlines and are very transparent in our activities, and we pride ourselves in that regard. The frustration of the requirements is a necessary evil to ensure donors are fully informed.

Recent news suggests that establishing AwF (UK) is now very close as we have heard that the UK’s Charity Commission is happy to register the organisation as a charity, so it is just a question of some finalisation of necessary processes. If people in the UK are interested in working with us then please do not hesitate to make contact.

AwF (Australia) has submitted its first Annual information Statement to the Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission well before the deadline and that is now available for public scrutiny. The organisation had its first Board meeting for 2016 and has scheduled 3 meetings for rest of the year. The Board members have all agreed to take on additional roles to assist and add value to the organisation.

Our collaborations with Deakin University and CERES Global continue. At the end of last year there was a terrific meeting at Deakin Warrnambool Campus with members of the Deakin staff and ourselves. Both parties engaged with a delegation from the Heywood Indigenous community. With those key stakeholders we discussed the development of a staged and reviewable approach to a range of activities for the community around practical aquaculture/aquaponics, training and possible further engagement with Deakin and AwF in Rural and Regional Development.

With CERES Global the first connection was with Timor Leste and its pleasing to note that our volunteer has been able to cement future work in that country with Worldfish, thus keeping us engaged. Other activities are planned with Aquaponics connecting with the local community and in engaging with the other countries that CERES Global has regular contact.

Additionally AwF (Australia) is expecting to be working with the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) during the year on a long-term activity for involvement in assisting the Community with their

aquaculture plan and challenges.

In the US we will be announcing a new ‘Memorandum of Understanding’ very shortly that will see a new horizon for AwF. This will be formerly announced at the AwF Session at Aquaculture America in Las Vegas on 26 February so if you attending that event please come and join us. The US Board will meet at the Boston Convention and Exhibition Centre on 7 March alongside the Seafood Expo North America (aka Boston Seafood Show).

Sadly in Las Vegas we will say ‘au revoir’ to John Cooksey who has been a stalwart for the organisation since inception. John has been a board member, the secretary and treasurer and an incredible volunteer over all the years of AwF. We could never thank people like John enough for the long-standing work done; as he has assisted AwF in so many ways. The official handing over of the books will take place in Las Vegas. We are on the lookout for a capable person in US to handle this activity for us.

Great to see Meryl Williams awarded our Woman of the Month award for January. Meryl was, like John Cooksey, one of the original founders of AwF. Another true “champion person” – thank you Meryl.

Julie Kimber has taken over the reins of the AwF Women’s Network from Virginia Mosk who is pursuing other activities. Julie has been part of our Melbourne volunteers coffee meetings and is keen to contribute so expect some nee activities from that direction.

Finally I just want to mention the trip to India in November/December as I believe it will be the catalyst for activities in that country. Unfortunately it was not possible to get to Chennai because of the floods but the journey through Kerala and trip to Andhra Pradesh hopefully will really see some great activities that will assist the poor.

Our relationship with Organic Life in Kerala has blossomed and the video, organised by Dr. Janine Pierce (Uni SA) recoded all of the issues that need to be addressed. Thanks to Perendale Publishers the Ornamental Workshop was a great success and will see us expand our undertakings in that sector.

Here’s to a great 2016 - Thanks for your continuing support! @AwFComms

Roy Palmer is the Executive Director at Aquaculture without Frontiers, Executive Director at Association of International Seafood Professionals and Chairman at Global Initiative for Life & leadership through Seafood (GILLS)

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Biotech firm plans global supply for fishmeal alternative

U AwF Social media update

TWITTER @AwFVols @AwFComms LinkedIn (2532 members) www.linkedin.com /groups/3950994 FACEBOOK GROUPS AWF Aquaculture (1157 members) www.facebook.com /awf.aquaculture?fref=ts Aquaculture without Frontiers (5600 members – Public group) www.facebook.com /groups/53013352312/ AwF Aquaponics Club (85 members) www.facebook.com /awfaquaponics/ AwF Women's Network (168 members) www.facebook.com /groups/awfwomen Ornamental Aquaculture Club (36 members) www.facebook.com /groups/526444844203976/ YOUTUBE ​The Aquaculture without Frontiers YouTube Channel www.youtube.com /channel/ UC6lJobwBxfIpoCYHSifFRrQ AwF in Vakkom www.youtube.com /watch?v=SPVk9yJNAQY

S biotech company Calysta is planning to build plants around the globe for a fishmeal alternative, after the opening of its first research and development (R&D) and market introduction facility in the UK. Following the startup at the Teesside-based facility, which is expected within this year, Calysta intends to produce FeedKind protein -- a new fish feed ingredient made of single cell protein -- on a global scale, Alan Shaw, CEO of Calysta, told Undercurrent News.

“A ‘world-scale’ plant would involve 100,000 metric tons [...] and we have ambitions to have a number of those plants built within the next five years,” Shaw said.

“The market for this product is huge, it’s millions of tons.

We believe that this product will become gold standard for replacing fishmeal in feed, going forward,” he said.

The world-scale plan would require an investment “of hundreds of millions dollars”, which Calysta is “very seriously committed to make” on the back of its access to capital markets and the company’s ability to raise capital, Shaw said.

The company’s big plans, however, have just started. So far, Calysta’s project to produce FeedKind on a global scale is in its initial phase.

At this stage, R&D facility in the UK will develop the production process for FeedKind protein, providing contemporary samples to the industry for potential clients.

“This product has been positioned as a direct replacement for fishmeal protein and our target market is absolutely salmon farmers within Norway and European aquaculture industry,” Shaw said.

“We are not talking about 100% replacement, we are targeting

International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 5

10% inclusion levels... so if 10% of that fishmeal is being replaced by our product that would be perfect,” he said.

The new feed ingredient is in “very high demand”, Shaw said.

FeedKind protein is a “natural, safe, non-GMO sustainable fish feed ingredient”, according to Calysta.

“This product is a safe replacement for current fishmeal protein, but more importantly it’s non animal and non vegetable based. Every ton of feed kind that we’ll produce and sell into the food industry, we won’t take protein out of the food chain,” Shaw said.

Calysta’s technology uses gas-fed fermentation to produce feed protein with “high nutritional value,” the company’s website states.

The new feed ingredient is created in a stainless steel fermenter using a technique developed a decade ago by a Norwegian firm, has been tested by the feed supplier EWOS and approved for use by European Union safety regulators, Shaw said at last year’s GOAL conference.

FeedKind protein is approved in the EU for use in the human food chain in salmon, as well as in multiple livestock animals including pigs, chickens, and cattle.

The product and manufacturing technology are validated at scale and can be rapidly deployed for commercial production, according to Calysta.

“The global demand for seafood is rapidly outpacing the industry’s capacity. Aquaculture is still highly dependent on fishmeal, which is sourced from commercial fisheries.

The impact of commercial overfishing and rising fishmeal costs is driving the industry and environmental groups to call for new, alternate feeds from sustainable sources,”

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More robust and accurate global figures for feed output in 2015 Aqua feed numbers fall despite global increase in farmed fish production

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sk and you shall receive. As global disposable income increases, consumers have developed a palate for protein, and, over the past five years the feed industry has delivered.

Results from the 2016 Global Feed Survey released in late January by Alltech estimates international feed tonnage now at 995.50 million metric tonnes, a 1.97 percent increase over last year and a 14 percent increase since Alltech first published Global Feed Survey results in 2011 - but still just 4.5 million tonnes short of the one billion tonne mark.

The analysis of five-year trends showed growth predominantly from the pig, and poultry feed sectors and intensification of production in the African, Middle Eastern, Latin American and European regions.

Aquafeed output shows a year-on-year decline according to these latest figures.

Aquafeeds recorded 35.47 million tonnes, down from 41 million tonnes in the figures released for 2014.

China still accounts for over 50 percent of all farmed fish produced and it’s aquafeed output is between 60-70 percent of the total consumed globally.

“Aquafeed numbers don’t reflect the strong growth in this sector. We do not see that in this survey,” admits Aidan Connolly, chief innovation officer of Alltech, who headed up the initiative to conduct the survey when he hosted the news webinar in January.

“The production of farmed fish exceeds what we see in feed production increases,” he acknowledged. He says this could be due to more efficient farming, better feed conversion ratios and/or better statistics gathering.

“Traditionally, there has been a lot of wastage and we see production systems are becoming more efficient,” he added.

Regarding statistics gathering, Mr Connolly said that while it has become increasingly easier to collect data and the figures more comprehensive over the years, there always would be difficulties in achieving accuracy and that some estimates had to be used. In addition, this year’s survey cover 32,341 feedmills in total, up form 31,043 for 2014.

The feed barometer

“The feed industry is an excellent barometer of economic health and, based on our five years of data, predicts economic growth more accurately than many other indices,” says Mr Connolly.

The Global Feed Survey assesses the compound feed production from more than 130 countries through information obtained in partnership with local feed associations and Alltech’s sales team, who visit the 32,341 feed mills annually.

The 2016 survey showed poultry feed has the market share and is growing faster than any other species, with 46 percent of total global feed manufactured specifically for broilers, egg layers, turkeys, duck and other fowl. This year’s survey also confirmed that corn and soybean meal are the standard feed ingredients globally.

The top 10 feed producers in the world remained the same: China, the United States, Brazil, Mexico, India, Spain, Russia, Germany, Japan and France. As a region, Europe saw the most growth, up 13 million tonnes over last year, with the largest contributions coming from Russia, Turkey, Belarus and Poland.

Down two percent from last year, China still holds the title of leading feed producer in Alltech’s annual Feed Survey with 179.93 million tonnes manufactured throughout the country’s 8550 feedmills.

However, this is the third year the world’s leader has reported a consolidation of its feed tonnage production into a smaller number of feedmills.

The number of feedmills in the United States and Brazil, the second and third largest markets, also declined. The US produced 172.73 million metric tonnes from 6012 feedmills (6718 mills in 2014) and Brazil manufactured 68.70 million metric tonnes from 1556 feedmills (1698 mills in 2014).

According to Mr Connolly, the consolidation of feed production into fewer mills is driven by many factors.

“The Chinese, in particular, see a benefit of having fewer feedmills—lower cost, more efficient and easier to control from the perspective of traceability and food safety,” Mr Connolly said.

Other notable regional and species statistics from the 2016 Feed Survey are: Europe’s 5545 feed mills, with Russia’s contributions, augmented their production by 22 percent in 2015 compared to the previous year. The Middle East demonstrated a 17 percent increase with 21.438 million tonnes from the region’s 719 mills. Africa, Asia Pacific and Latin America were up 5, 4 and 3 percent respectively while North America remained flat.

Pig feed production was down 2 percent, with 253.53 million tonnes. Aqua, with 35.47 million metric tonnes, is down 5 percent this year; although outside of China this figure seems to relate to more accurate data collection and not a specific decline, especially given that aqua has been a grower, up 19 percent overall in the past five years. Equine feed, at 8.22 million tonnes, declined 2 percent compared to 2014.

Poultry feed production continues to surge with a 5 percent increase, now at a total 463.69 million metric tonnes. Ruminant feed was also positive with 201.36 million tonnes, a 3 percent increase. Pets are up 4 percent at 22.59 million tonnes.

“Having met with groups such as the United Nations Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO) in Rome and the International Feed Industry Federation (IFIF), Alltech appreciates how difficult it is to collect and collate this data, but also how valuable it is on our journey to feed a planet with more than nine billion people by 2050,” Mr Connolly said.

“With five years of work behind it, this is the most robust and reliable dataset on the sector available today.”

The Global Feed Survey outlines Alltech’s estimate of the world’s feed tonnage and trends and is intended to serve as open information resource for policy and decision makers and industry insiders alike.

A summary of the 2016 Alltech Global Feed Survey findings, including a recording of the webinar with Aidan Connolly, a booklet of the results and an interactive map, is available. bit.ly/alltechfeedsurvey

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Dr Alexandros Samartzis

Crude Protein vs Amino Acids

ince prehistoric times, the aquatic elements have inspired awe in humans. This fear of the unfamiliar and wonder at the extraordinary could give an indication of why aquaculture farming came at such a later time than terrestrial animal farming and agriculture, even though aquaculture is now displaying tremendous capabilities.

The strength of the relatively new aquaculture industry and its great potential is emphasised by its growth rate, which is almost as impressive as the beauty of the environment in which the species live.

This year, for the first time in recent history, aquaculture (average 8.1% annual growth rate, compare to terrestrial livestock production at 2.6% per year) outpaced fisheries, providing more than half of the total seafood produced.

However, this production is now expected to reach 62 percent by 2030, meaning that aquaculture will become the fastest growing agricultural food sector, according to credible sources.

That said, it is worth bearing in mind that this extremely promising industry remains in its infancy when it comes to meeting the nutritional needs of the cultured species, compared to other industries like poultry and swine.

The direct translation of the word protein is 'First among other' or 'protos.' The most characteristic example of this can be seen in the poultry and swine industry since the late 1990s. These industries have made a significant move from crude protein (CP) to ideal amino acid (AA) based formulations, whilst the majority of the aquaculture sector is still formulating on a CP basis.

I am definitely of the opinion that such practice is neither accurate from an analytical perspective, nor optimum from a nutritional approach.

Currently, proximate analysis is the traditionally applied method used to evaluate the CP among crude fiber, crude fat, nitrogen-free extractives, ash and moisture, almost always using the Kjeldahl method. Since the average nitrogen level in proteins is estimated to be 16 percent, the CP levels of ingredients and feeds are obtained by measuring the total nitrogen content in the sample and multiplying it by the empirical factor 6.25 (1/16Ă—100).

This is inaccurate for two main reasons: (i) the actual variation between individual proteins is 12-19 percent, which leads to an error of 15-20 percent and (ii) this method cannot differentiate between protein and non-protein nitrogen (NPN, ie ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, urea, uric acid, melamine, etc) that fish and shrimp have restricted ability to utilise.

It is not only the fact that the CP value is inaccurate and misleading but also that these animals do not have a requirement for protein per se but rather for AAs (the building blocks of protein). To put it in simple terms, a protein is

catabolised (broken down) gradually from a peptide chain to oligopeptides and lastly to individual AA particles.

The next step sees the AA absorbed via the small intestine, then transported via the blood stream to the relevant organs.

Here they are used for protein deposition (growth), tissue maintenance (due to protein turnover) and synthesis of various compounds (ie enzymes and hormones).

As a result all organisms, including fish and shrimp, have a nutritional requirement for AAs. AAs are divided into non-essential AAs (which can be synthesised in the body) and essential AAs (EAAs, which cannot). This fact means that fish and shrimp can either not synthesise at all, or can do so at a rate in proportion with their need for protein deposition (Arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine).

In the early days of aquaculture when nutritional knowledge was lacking and fishmeal (FM) was available in abundance and at a good price, the EAA requirements of the species were met and/or oversupplied by the raw ingredients, or at least the criteria for growth and low FCR were not as important as today.

During the last decade, the price of FM has fluctuated massively and at one point increased almost four-fold, forcing the nutritionist to reduce it in the feeds and replace it with other animal or plant protein sources of lower nutritional value. Advanced analysis of the feed's raw ingredients, and even of different batches, is necessary to have a clear and accurate understanding of the AA profile in order to formulate accordingly.

In almost all cases there is an EAA deficiency, therefore supplementation with crystalline AA is necessary in order to meet and balance the requirements of the species, allowing them to perform to their maximum potential.

The evolution of the aquaculture industry was enabled by the expansion of nutritional knowledge (scientific research on AA requirements), advances in analytics (ie Near InfraRed Spectroscopy, Wet Chemistry) and commercial availability of feed additives (like crystalline AA).

However, it is now possible to formulate feeds targeting specific EAA levels customised to each species' individual requirements.

Therefore, achieving optimum growth by minimising water pollution, due to lower nitrogen excretion, significantly reduces feed costs by replacing an expensive protein source with a more sustainable one, as well as balancing the AA needs of the species with supplemental AA.

Dr. Alexandros Samartzis, is the Aquaculture Technical Sales Manager for Evonik (SEA) Pte. Ltd., based in Singapore. He holds an MRes and PhD in fish nutrition from the University of Plymouth, UK. Also he has an MBA from the Agricultural University of Athens, GR.

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Johan den Hartog How to make the global supply of fishmeal substantially sustainable

F

ishmeal remains an important ingredient for aquafeed, although alternatives are used more and more. The aquaculture industry is committed to providing products that are both safe and produced in a sustainable way.

The Peruvian fishmeal industry provides about one third of the global fishmeal and fish oil supply. Over the past ten years, the Peruvian sector has been modernised and it has improved substantially in terms of sustainability and quality.

when exporting to Europe. An important principle of GMP+ FSA certification is that the whole supply chain of feed ingredients should control risks occurring in the production process.

Most GMP+ FSA certified companies are fishmeal & oil production, storage or transshipment facilities, as well as being fishmeal & oil trading companies. The applicable GMP+ B standard contains requirements regarding risk management based on HACCP principles, but also conditions

Production

The average Peruvian fishmeal production volume from 2008 – 2013 was 1.3 million metric tonnes annually, and about 5 percent of that volume was fish oil. Current volume is about 850,000 metric tonnes due to lower catch quotas.

With this volume, Peru still accounts for one third of global fishmeal production and is the biggest fishmeal producer in the world, followed by Chile and Thailand.

Responsible sourcing

Over the past 20 years the Peruvian fishery sector has changed into a sustainable industry. In the 1960s harvesting of anchovy fish increased to 12 million metric tonnes.

However, this industry collapsed in the early 1970s as a result of El Nino, excessive fishing and increased processing capacity. The fishery was able to recover quickly because the Peruvian government took appropriate measures regarding fishing time and catch limits. Nowadays, there are two fishing seasons: from mid-April until July, and between October and January.

These measures should have a positive impact on the industry, with better programming of fishing activity, longer fishing seasons, and consequently reduced environmental impact.

The fishing quota has now been reduced from 4 – 5 million metric tonnes to currently 3 – 3.5 million metric tonnes due to the appearance of so-called Kelvin waves. These warm water waves, maybe signs of a coming El Nino, result in fewer available anchovy fish in the coastal areas with a ‘natural’ reduction in catch volumes.

Improved processing

During the last decade, the processing of anchovies into fishmeal and fish oil has improved drastically due to a combination of factors: GMP+ Feed Safety Assurance (FSA) certification, tightened regulatory requirements, and scaling-up of production facilities.

The requirement for GMP+ FSA certification was introduced over the course of 2000 – 2002. Currently, almost 50 percent of all Peruvian fishmeal plants are certified. The need for GMP+ FSA certification is particularly strong

for good manufacturing practices (prerequisite program), resulting in increased hygiene status of the facilities - both improving processes and increasing efficiency.

The number of GMP+ FSA certificates has decreased since 2013. This is partly due to a temporary shutdown of processing plants that was caused by a lack of anchovies. It is also partly due to the scaling-up of production facilities. In

8 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

As a result, Peruvian fishmeal is of high quality nowadays.

There are several aspects and reasons for this.

Firstly, the nutritional quality is high. This is due to the quality of the anchovies as well as the currently high levels of efficiency and hygiene when processing it into fishmeal.

Hygienic processing avoids decay and loss of nutritional quality substantially. The final product has low moisture content with a long shelf life and stable quality.

Secondly, the fishmeal and oil are also very safe because of the low levels of contaminants and good microbiological status. Monitoring conducted by the government as well as the companies themselves stands as proof of this.

However, this could also be down to contaminants such as dioxin, PCB’s, heavy metals, pesticides, and biogenic amines. Dioxin level is about 0.20 ng/kg (limit: 1.25 ng/kg).

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High quality fishmeal and oil

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previous years, in a process of up-scaling plants by mergers and deconstruction of older plants, the total number reduced by about 30 percent. The expectation is that the number of fish processing plants will decrease slowly.

As soon as Asian countries like China and Japan also require feed safety assurance, the number of GMP+ FSA certificates is expected to increase. In Asia, there is increasing awareness of the need for food safety and sustainability, with GMP+ FSA certification also becoming well-known across the region.

Moreover, the Peruvian government has now introduced sanitary conditions and regularly carries out sanitary checks by taking samples of fishmeal and oil and analysing them for microbiological condition, heavy metals, etc. Their main goal is to ensure the export of Peruvian fishmeal worldwide.

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Over the course of the last couple of years, there have been two spikes that saw levels hit 0.8 ng/kg; although the cause of this has not yet been fully established.

One cause could be pollution due to metal-mining activities (iron, copper, zinc) in the mountains, but at the same time the analysis method was adjusted. The level of PCB currently stands at about 0.20 ppm (limit: 4.0 ng/kg).

The level of heavy metal contamination is normally below detectable levels, with the exception of cadmium.

The low levels of cadmium that are detected are caused by the pollution of seawater due to the mining of metals in the mountains. Pesticides, HCB and PAH4 are all below detectable levels.

The current low level of contaminants has several speculated causes. The water of the Pacific Ocean is typically clean and also the lifecycle of anchovies is very short (maximum 2.5 years and normally caught at 1 year of age). The relatively short lifetime of the fish does not allow contaminants to accumulate to high concentrations.

In conclusion, a high level of hygiene during processing combined with good quality of seawater and anchovies should enable the Peruvian industry to market premium quality fishmeal with a high nutritional quality and a low level of contaminants.

If this is implemented, then Peruvian fishmeal and oil will become a sustainable ingredient not only for aquafeed, but for other animal species too.

Johan den Hartog is the Managing Director of GMP+ International

International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 9

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True gender champion recognised Aquaculture without Frontiers is delighted to announce Dr Meryl Williams as the first woman of the month for 2016!

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eryl’s extensive and continuing contribution to international research in fisheries and aquaculture, and advocacy of women and gender in aquaculture is an inspiration to women globally.

For the past 40 years, Meryl has worked tirelessly in Australian and international fisheries, aquaculture, aquatic resource conservation, agricultural research and development and published widely on aspects of fish harvesting and fisheries management around the world.

More recently, her work emphasises fish in relation to food security and nutrition and its potential in feeding the world’s anticipated population of 9 billion people. Her contribution to women and gender in aquaculture and fisheries includes the initiation of the website http://genderaquafish.org/ devoted to the exchange of information on gender in aquaculture and fisheries from all parts of the world.

After graduating in 1975 from James Cook University with a science degree, she collected the Dr Palmerston-Rundle Prize for biological sciences. After being elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science, Technology and Engineering in 1993 she was awarded an Australian Centenary Medal in

2003. Last year, Meryl was awarded the prestigious Crawford Fund medal for her contribution to international agricultural research, through the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and the CGIAR system.

Meryl commenced work for the Queensland government in 1977, moving to the Tuna and Billfish programme of the (now) Secretariat for the Pacific Community in 1981, then to the Australian Department of Primary Industries and Energy in the mid-1980s, and later to the Australian Institute of Marine Science.

From 1994 to 2004, she was Director General of the WorldFish Centre where her work focused on reducing environmental pressure and poverty and improving the quality of nutrition.

From 2004 until 2007, she chaired the Board of Management and was President of the Policy Advisory Council of ACIAR. In 1990 she became executive director of the Bureau of Rural Resources and three years later, the Director of Australian Institute of Marine Science.

Meryl’s contribution to international committees includes being the Vice Chair of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the International Seafood Sustainability Foundation and an Honorary Life Member of the Asian Fisheries Society (AFS).

Currently she is leading the AFS AsiaPacific-FishWatch project to develop an online information system for Asia-Pacific fisheries and aquaculture. She has also led a number of key international evaluation teams for the World Bank and United Nations FAO. We are privileged to have Meryl as a member of the board of Aquaculture without Frontiers (Australia) Ltd. We welcome Julie Kimber as our Women’s Network secretariat and thank Virginia Mosk for her efforts in helping us establish the network.

10 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

BioMarine). Other trials have also shown that Qardio can reduce dark spots (melanin), as well as enhancing fillet quality, reducing inflammation and boosting HSMI resistance.

Focusing on dark spots in the fillet

“Significant attention is currently being devoted to the occurrence of dark spots in salmon fillets, both by the industry and by specialist institutions,” says Gunnar Molland, BioMar’s Product Manager for Fish Health.

“The melanin discolourations are assumed to be the product of a permanent inflammation process and we have also found repeated indications that feed components which modulate inflammation help to reduce the development of spots.

In addition to the role played by specific vitamins and minerals we have also seen the effects of the fatty acid balance. As a consequence, it did not come as any great surprise to

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new effect of adding krill to fish feed has recently been discovered. This most recent finding is that krill can reduce dark melanin spots in fish fillets.

In a trial carried out at BioMar’s test unit at Senja, phrases such as “unbelievable results” were used when the trial data were processed.

It has become increasingly apparent that incorporating krill in the feed will enhance the quality of the fish at slaughter. In this trial, the test feed containing krill produced a 19 per cent reduction in dark melanin spots in fillets.

These findings are contained in a brand-new Nofima report in which 200 fish were examined by Turid Mørkøre and her team at Nofima.

The feeding trial was a full-scale trial conducted at BioMar’s trial license off Senja using salmon that were transferred to seawater in the spring of 2014. The test feed used in the trial was Qardio, which contains krill (QRILL produced by Aker

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Reducing dark spots in fillets by incorporating krill in fish feed

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find that Qardio, which was already known to reduce the harmful effects of virus infections on the heart, has now also been shown to reduce the occurrence of dark spots in the fillet.

The discovery that the same virus (PRV) that causes HSMI is found in dark spots in fish fillets suggests that the virus may also play a role in this context.”

Development of new tools for the industry

“Dark spots in fillets are a problem with which many fish farmers will be all too familiar,” continues Molland.

“This development work is being conducted by BioMar R&D and involves joint venture projects with customers and external communities of expertise. BioMar will apply the new knowledge generated in this work in the development of tools for the industry, our aim being to launch a product designed to promote cost-effective prevention of fillet spots early next year. It is also important to note that operational stress appears to be a significant factor in the development of dark spots,” concludes Mr Molland.

Complete Plants and Machines for the Production of Fish Feed

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International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 11

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Travel grants and student travel scholarships available for participation at APA16, Indonesia – 26-29 April 2016

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he World Aquaculture Society’s Asia-Pacific Chapter (WAS-APC) is providing the opportunity for students to attend Asia Pacific Aquaculture 2016 (APA16) in Grand City, Surabaya, Indonesia from 26 to 29 April 2016. Funding for this opportunity is provided

by WAS-APC, and Aquaculture without Frontiers is facilitating the process.

The theme for Asia Pacific Aquaculture in Surabaya is ‘Profitability, Sustainability, and Responsibility for the Future’.

Surabaya is the capital of Jawa Timur (East Java) and the second-largest city in Indonesia located on the northeastern coast of Java along the edge of the Madura Strait. The city is known as Kota Pahlawan - ‘City of Heroes’ - due to the importance of the Battle of Surabaya in galvanising Indonesian and international support for Indonesian independence during the Indonesian National Revolution.

Surabaya was once the largest city in the Dutch East Indies and virtually the centre of trading in the nation, exceeding that of Batavia and competing with the likes of Singapore and Hong Kong.

Travel grants

There are three grants of US$1000 available which are intended to assist with accommodation and travel and WAS-APC will organise and pay registration for the event.

Invest in a growing dynamic and innovative market

Indonesia The ‘EU Desk’ within the Indonesia Investment Coordination Board (BKPM) is dedicated to assisting European companies to better understand the opportunities and process of investing in Indonesia

Two of the grants are expressly for female students and the third is for a mature-age female who works in aquaculture.

Applicants need to complete the application form and will be assessed against the following selection criteria: Knowledge and understanding of the role of women in the Aquaculture industry (20 points) Capacity to contribute to the future development of the Aquaculture industry (30 points) Potential benefits to the individual and the sector that they work in (30 points) Demonstrated skills that will enable you to be an effective member of the WAS-APC information booth. (20 points) Applicants must be willing to serve and assist at the WASAPC booth - rostered as per arrangements - and be prepared to be part of a panel involved in the Women in Aquaculture & Fisheries session at APA16. This panel will discuss experiences of women in the aquaculture/fisheries area.

Travel grant applications must be made on the Official Application Form at https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/ TravGrant16.

Student travel scholarships

There are five scholarships of US$500 available which are intended to assist with accommodation and travel and WAS-APC will organise and pay registration for the event.

Applicants need to complete the application form and will be assessed against the following selection criteria: Your vision of the Global Aquaculture industry for the next 10 years (40 points) Capacity to contribute to the future development of the Global Aquaculture Industry (20 points) Potential benefits to you and the sector that you currently, or propose to, work in (20 points) Ideas on what activities you believe are feasible and useful for Students that WAS-APC can undertake at APA16. (20 points) Applicants must be willing to serve and assist with the WAS-APC Students’ activities and assist Aquaculture without Frontiers (AwF) as necessary. AwF is looking for students who are interested in presenting an abstract at the AwF Session communicating issues about their country.

Student scholarship applications must be made on the Official Application Form at https://www.surveymonkey. com/r/StTravSchol16

In both cases

EUDesk at BKPM

BKPM - Indonesia Investment Coordinating Board Jl. Jed. Gatot Subroto No. 44, Jakarta 12190 Indonesia Tel: +62 21 527 4802 Email: eu.tcf@bkpm.go.id

www.euind-tcf.com

As a result of your experience, after the Event you must prepare within 30 days a report, including photographs, outlining issues that need to be considered by any aquaculture female prior to, during and after the Event to maximise the benefits of participation.

Successful candidates will need to: - have reasonable computer literacy and typing skills - take instructions from the team leader and be able to work independently - Closing date for applications is 5 February 2016. katherinewasapc@gmail.com

12 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

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Is your plant vulnerable to cyber-attacks?

Easy steps to closing the door

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High profile cyber attacks on banks, charities, telecom companies etc have hit the headlines lately, but your plant is just as much at risk! Have you evaluated how secure your plant is?

Modern industrial control systems (ICS) have an unprecedented level of connectedness to each other and to the outside world. This brings numerous benefits now that connected sensors are cheaper and easier to develop and gives the opportunity for much greater level of plant data interrogation.

Nowadays, even the most basic control system is invariably connected to a computer. However, this very connectivity that brings such great benefits also opens up a hazard - attacks from unfriendly parties.

There are potentially serious consequences should vulnerabilities to ICS be exploited.

Although there are various ways to attack an ICS environment, the most common methods to achieve practical impact on operations fall into three categories: loss, denial and manipulation. Cyber-attacks on ICS can result in numerous impediments such as: denial of service, unauthorised control of the manufacturing process, loss of integrity, loss of confidentiality and damage to your organisation’s reputation.

Organisations in the processing industry must approach the

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problem of ICS attacks pragmatically; “It is not a matter of if it will happen, but when it will happen!”

The processing community must complete the necessary assessment, engineering and instrumentation tasks to plan for and deal with the potential for attacks on ICS environments on the best terms. ICS can no longer use security through obscurity as a suitable kind of defence against cyber-attacks.

In a bid to help industrialists better prepare for this possible infringement to their ICS network security, experts at the Wolfson Centre for Bulk Solids Handling Technology have devised a one day short course that examines this topic from design through to installation. It will inform attendees of best practice in industry such as strategies, activities, or approaches, which have been shown to be effective through research, evaluation and implementation.

The Chancellor has pledged to increase spending on cyber security to £1.9 billion by 2020, However, just £490 will secure your place on this one-day course on March 9, 2016 at the Centre’s premises in Chatham Maritime, Kent. www.bulksolids.com

International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 13

AQUACULTURE TRAINING In response to the growing demand for Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) certification in China and across Asia, 35 new auditors recently completed a six-day training course in Beijing.

Held from 4th-9th January, certifying body SAI convened a group including other certification bodies SGS, Bureau Veritas, Intertek and a number of independent auditors, as well as staff from WWF and Tesco to undertake training for the ASC shrimp, tilapia and bivalve standards. All ASC training includes a mandatory exam to test the auditor candidate’s understanding of the standards.

A traceability module was also provided by MSC on Chain of Custody Requirements for certification, which are now included in the ASC’s new Certification and Accreditation Requirements.

“This auditor training will allow us to meet the groundswell of demand for ASC certification throughout the Asian region,” said Bas Geerts, Standards Director at ASC.

Thirty-five new auditors trained on ASC standards in China

“The overwhelming majority of farmed fish comes from Asia and ASC is expanding operations so more Chinese farms have the opportunity to become engaged in the ASC certification programme. The recently trained auditors will be able to work with farms across the region as they seek to become certified against the most comprehensive standards for reducing environmental impacts, improving conditions for farm workers and reducing the impact of farming operations on local communities.”

Of the 35 candidate auditors, 26 were trained in all three species standards. On successfully passing the final exam administered by the ASC by appointed trainers, they will be able to conduct independent assessments in China and other countries across the Asia-Pacific region.

Over the last two years, ASC certification has surged in Asia. AEON, the largest retailer in Japan, recently made ASC certified shrimp available across all stores nationwide. In Hong Kong, YATA collaborated with KLG Fine Food to promote a limited-time, exclusive range of ASC offerings. Late last year, Qionghai Zhongpingzi Grobest tilapia farm and Chengmai Xingyuan Development Co Ltd become the first Chinese farms to achieve ASC certification.

14 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

DON’T MISS THE UK’S LARGEST AQUACULTURE EXHIBITION AND CONFERENCE

25 & 26 MAY 2016 AVIEMORE, SCOTLAND An international event with visitors from over 30 countries, meet:

LAST FEW REMAINING STANDS - BOOK NOW Visit www.aquacultureuk.com for more information or contact info@aquacultureuk.com

FEATURE

The future of fish meal replacement:

Cotton Protein This high-protein, palatable feed ingredient comes from the cotton plant – and is available today

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by Tom Wedegaertner, director of agricultural research, Cotton Incorporated

n the 1985 movie Back to the Future, time travelers visit 2015. By pure coincidence, the date they visited coincided with Aquaculture Europe 2015, giving attendees the opportunity to speculate about what aquaculture will look like in another 30 years. An exciting prediction was made: by 2045, more protein from the cotton plant will be used in aquaculture feeds than that from fishmeal.

The good news is we don’t need a tricked-out DeLorean time machine to take us to the future to confirm that prediction, because the future is right in front of us. The industry’s quest for a sustainable, plant-based protein to meet Table 1: Reported tolerance of various aquatic species to gossypol in the total diet

Species

Maximumtolerance, ppm (FG)

Toxic Effects Description

Reference

Channel Catfish

800

No adverse effects for growth or blood

Yildrim-Aksoy et al. (2004b)

Channel Catfish

336

Reduced growth

Barros et al.

(1984)

Tilapia (O. spp.)

520

Reduced growth, increased liver gossypol level

Mbahinzireki et al. (2001)

Juvenile Rainbow Trout

250

Reduced growth, increased liver gossypol level

Roehm et al.

(1967)

Adult Rainbow Trout

495

Normal growth, lower hematocrit & hemoglobin

Dabrowski et al. (2000)

Rainbow Trout

232

Reduced growth and reduced hemoglobin

Dabrowski et al. (2001)

Pacific White Shrimp

1100

Reduced feed intake, reduced growth, high mortality

Lim (1996)

current and future demands takes us to a present-day cotton field.

Worldwide, the annual cotton crop produces about 10 million metric tons of pure protein. This is equivalent to 16 million metric tons of fishmeal, or four times current fishmeal production.

It’s no secret that at current worldwide growth rates, which currently stand at approximately eight percent annually, the aquaculture industry will soon require fishmeal in volumes far

beyond that which the oceans can sustainably provide. The United Nations’ FAO reports that fish populations targeted for fishmeal production could be depleted by 2030.

Cottonseed protein, byproducts of cotton production, are expected to be an excellent and far less costly – financially and environmentally – replacement for fishmeal in aquaculture applications.

Unlocking cottonseed’s protein potential

Although best known for its use in textiles, the cotton plant is increasingly valued for its seed, which is crushed for its oil and sold into the food industry or fed whole as a premium feed ingredient to high-producing dairy cows. In the ginning process, the fluffy white fiber is removed, leaving behind a fuzzy, proteinrich cottonseed.

Proven highly palatable to aquatic animals in feeding trials, cottonseed has great potential but its use has been limited due to a naturally occurring toxin, gossypol, produced by the tiny glands distributed throughout the cotton plant. Gossypol, a defense mechanism designed by nature to discourage predation, is toxic at some level for all animals, insects and microbes – but is tolerated well by ruminants. The primary mechanism of its toxicity involves the binding of gossypol with the iron in red blood cells, severely limiting the blood’s ability to transport oxygen.

Biotechnology now exists to “turn off” the production of gossypol just in the seed, and Cotton Incorporated, a notfor-profit research and marketing company, is taking steps to commercialize this ultra-low gossypol cotton variety. In the meantime, two immediate opportunities exist for aquaculture to tap the proven benefits of cottonseed as a fish meal replacement.

First, all cottonseed available today can be formulated to meet some of the dietary needs of most aquaculture species. Second, a naturally glandless variety of cottonseed discovered in the 1950s is currently being cultivated on an experimental basis on about 150 acres in New Mexico, USA, providing the aquaculture industry with a very limited supply of gossypol-free cotton protein for research and evaluation. Increased demand for this product could easily result in a rapid expansion in glandless cotton acreage in New Mexico where low bug pressure allows it to be successfully grown.

Jumbo-sized plant-based alternative

In the desert of New Mexico, a commercial inland shrimp

16 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

farmer grows out jumbo shrimp on a diet largely made up of highprotein cottonseed flour. New Mexico Shrimp Company has partnered with Cotton Incorporated in a commercial-scale project that demonstrates cottonseed’s usability for aquaculture and highlighting cotton’s contribution to improving the sustainability of local shrimp production.

In this arid pocket of the United States, commercial cotton growers have unlimited potential to grow glandless cotton varieties.

New Mexico Shrimp Company is set up for conducting research and feeding trials with diets containing varying levels of locally grown cottonseed to analyze feed efficiency, water quality and growth rate. The findings are promising.

Complete replacement of fishmeal with cottonseed protein flour has resulted in no negative effects on performance. These results are consistent with the findings of several research projects recently conducted by Texas A&M University.

Recent research conducted by the University of North Carolina concluded that menhaden fishmeal can be 100 percent replaced by cotton protein in the diet of juvenile black sea bass, without affecting performance. The researchers observed that diets

containing cottonseed protein were consumed voraciously by the juvenile sea bass.

Recent studies at Auburn University found similar results with pompano and concluded that glandless cottonseed protein is acceptable for use in feed for Florida pompano.

Protein from the cotton plant is poised to make a significant contribution to the sustainability of aquaculture, by extending the supply of precious and most likely unsustainable fishmeal.

International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 17

FEATURE

The future: ultra-low gossypol cotton

While glandless cotton can be grown in New Mexico, its susceptibility to insect pressure prevents it from being grown on a commercial scale elsewhere. Over the past several decades, chemical, mechanical and microbial processes have been used to remove gossypol but have been deemed too expensive or ineffective for successful commercial application.

The bright spot today is transgenic technology, which silences the expression of the gene only in the seed creates an otherwise normal cotton plant. The transgenic cotton plant produces ultralow gossypol seeds while retaining the gossypol component in the remainder of the plant, keeping its associated defenses against fungi, insects and disease. While the plant technology is promising, it may take years to become commercially available.

In addition to regulatory issues, this technology will need to be inserted into modern, high yielding varieties, a time-consuming process.

LEIBER® BETA-S EXCELLENT FOR FISH

Table 2: Fish Meal and Cottonseed Meal Amino Acid Comparison

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REAL BREWERS‘Viking Pro YEAST in G e r m a n y• M

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Beta-S

rm

M ade i n G e rm y • an a

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Amino Acids

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For strong, immunocompetent fish:

Fish Meal

Cottonseed Meal

CSM as a % of FM

Lysin

8.7

4.9

56%

Threonine

1.6

3.5

76%

Cystine

0.9

1.9

268%

Trytophan

1.3

1.5

115%

Valine

5.5

4.8

87%

Isoleucine

4.7

3.5

75%

Argininine

6.3

12.4

197%

Phenylalanine

4.4

5.9

134%

Tryosine

3.6

3.4

94%

Biertreber Histidine

2.6

Beta-S 3 Plus

115%

Serine

4.4

4.6

104%

Alaninie

6.8

4.2

62%

Aspartic Acid

10

9.6

96%

Glutamic Acid

14.13

20.5

145%

Glycine

6.6

4.4

67%

Proline

4.3

4

93%

Aquaculture’s insatiable demand for protein and its desire to replace fishmeal with a plant-based protein is the cotton industry’s motivation for investing in ultra-low gossypol cotton varieties and ensuring a market for this high-value protein source.

Feed cottonseed today The potential of cottonseed is astounding. Depending on how cottonseed is processed, it can be made into a meal, flour, concentrate or isolate with protein levels ranging from 41-93 percent.

Cottonseed is much more palatable than other plant-based proteins and it is nutritionally very comparable to soybean meal, with the addition of a small amount lysine. Its proven palatability is also evident in cottonseed’s common use for baits, lures, attractants and feeding stimulants.

Aquaculture producers can explore ways to use cottonseed meal today, and even lower the cost of their aquaculture rations, by understanding the levels of gossypol and the limitations of their aquatic species [Table 1].

In aquaculture species, the toxicity of gossypol varies widely, with catfish and shrimp being some of the most tolerant species.

This is presumably due to the lower oxygen requirements of catfish and the absence of iron in the blood of shrimp.

Other species such as trout and tilapia are moderately tolerant

Improvement of the cellular & humoral defence mechanisms Support of immunological competence in larval and juvenile stages Improvement of feed conversion

Leiber GmbH Hafenstraße 24 49565 Bramsche Germany Tel. +49 (0)5461 9303-0 Fax +49 (0)5461 9303-29 www.leibergmbh.de info@leibergmbh.de

18 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

oduktanzeige Beta-S 90 x 270 International Aqua Feed ohne Messehinweis.indd 1

24.08.15 12:07

FEATURE

and have been fed feeds containing low levels of cottonseed meal without a reduction in performance.

Research and documentation exist to guide the formulation of lower cost aquaculture rations using cottonseed meal to replace or be used in combination with other protein sources. The tolerance level to free gossypol of most aquatic animals is well above what would be found in a typical diet containing a properly processed cottonseed meal, even at levels of 25-50 percent (Li & Robinson, 2006). When using cottonseed meal in an aquatic diet a gossypol analysis is essential!

Cottonseed meal is readily available from oil mills. Since many of these mills produce a product that is used to produce cattle feed, it is not well suited for use in aquaculture feeds, except catfish.

It can be used at some level by requesting high-protein cottonseed meal and working with a nutritionist to produce a cost-effective ration that falls safely within the gossypol tolerances of your aquaculture species.

In addition to iron, gossypol will bind with lysine, and will require the addition of lysine and sometimes methionine in the feed mix. Also, the addition of iron salts to the feed mix provides additional safety when it is added at a weight ratio of 1:1 iron to gossypol.

Feeding trials: bring a vision to life

Limited quantities of glandless cottonseed are available to advance the understanding and use of cottonseed protein in aquaculture. Feeding trials with New Mexico Shrimp Company continue; meanwhile, Cotton Incorporated seeks additional commercial partners for feeding trials and demonstration projects.

As we learn more about how this, readily available plantbased protein, can transform the aquaculture industry, and support its continued growth, we realize that the future starts today.

We recall an iconic line from Back to the Future: “Your future is whatever you make of it, so make it a good one.�

For more information on cottonseed as a sustainable protein alternative to fish meal, or to discuss your interest in participating in a feeding trial, contact International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 19

FEATURE

GUT HEALTH

IN 4 (EASY) STEPS

M

uch has been made of gut health recently. By unpacking the concept, we can arrive at a better understanding of the driving factors, influences, indicators and implications of gut health for aquaculture.

1 - Gut health is crucial for aquaculture

One of the first challenges that we face in aquaculture is precisely the environment where fish live, breathe, eat and defecate: the water. In aquaculture, fish and shrimp live in close connection with the surrounding environment. Through the ingestion of water, aquatic farmed animals constantly face pathogens and environmental stress in the gut. If we would compare, for example, the amount of bacteria in air and water, you will be faced with about 1,000,000 bacteria per millilitre of water in coastal areas. In aquaculture systems or special in intensive systems, this number will be considerably higher. Adding to this, most bacteria found in aquatic environments are opportunistic, and therefore have the potential to become pathogenic. Good gut health is important in limiting the risk.

2 - Defining gut health

The term ‘gut health’ is part of a complex animal health definition that relies on a diverse set of gut performance indicators (depicted in lower portion of Figure 1). In aquaculture, the diversity of farmed species makes this even more complex. We would say that the key feature of the gastrointestinal tract comprises its ability to digest feed and make it suitable for absorption and growth under healthy conditions, e.g. in the absence of disease, leading to improved animal performance. At BIOMIN we define gut performance management according to three objectives (Table 1).

3 - Understanding gut health as a whole

Understanding gut health requires the elucidation of the complex interactions between different components that will allow the gut to perform under normal physiological functions and to maintain homeostasis, thereby supporting its ability to withstand infections and non-infectious stressors. Such complex interactions can be grouped in three pillars: animal physiology, nutrition and environment (shown as main categories in Figure 1). These three main factors interact, influencing the gastrointestinal microbiota community, and consequently, gut performance.

Fish physiology

An animal´s physiological status can be characterised by its metabolism, which is set according to; gastrointestinal anatomy/ physiology variations according to each species, feeding habits, diet, nutrition and physiological condition. It is further influenced by health challenges and defense mechanisms. Defence mechanisms will have particularities inherent to each species and some pathogens will also be species-specific.

by Rui Gonçalves, Scientist, Gonçalo Santos, R&D Manager at BIOMIN

Nutrition

The second pillar focuses on nutritional aspects, where raw material quality and origin sources in particular can affect

20 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

Nutrition

Cha lle ng

ity mun o im t es ng lle a Ch

ironment Env

GUT HEALTH

• Anti-inflammatory responses • Gut immunity • Pathogens

Defen ces /p a t h og en s

• Pathogens (bacteria, Virus, etc) • Antigenic stimuli

Host physiology

∆ salinity ∆ temperature ∆ oxygen ∆ pH Rearing densities

Digestability Anti nutritional factors Mycotoxins Oxidation Palatability Performance Impact on the end-product quality Cost efficiency Sustainability (FIFO ratio) • Specie phylogeny • Specie ontogeny dapting mic • Feeding habits /a ro g b • Diet in • Nutrition • Physiological conditions

munity com ta io

• • • • •

• • • • • • • • •

m olis tab Me

Stre ss fac to rs

l quality/s materia ourc es Raw

• Effective digestion and absorption • Stable gut microbial population • Structure and function of the gut barrier • Effective function of the immune system

Gu t pe ors rforma nce indicat

Table 1:

gastrointestinal health. Diet digestibility, anti-nutritional factors, mycotoxin contamination and lipid oxidation can all influence the microbiota community. Nutrition is especially important nowadays due to the pressure to replace fishmeal and fish oil with alternative ingredients.

Environmental influences

The final pillar, environment, takes into account both the richness of the aquatic environment, including pathogens and antigenic stimuli, and the influence of these surroundings on the animal’s homeostasis. Aquatic animals are constantly ingesting the surrounding water, thus pathogens and antigenic stimuli present in water, are also ingested and will challenge or adapt the microbiota community. At the same time, aquaculture species are constantly being exposed to environmental stress, including; variations of salinity, temperature, oxygen, pH and rearing stress. This environmental stress will influence the host homeostasis by directly affecting the microbiota community and indirectly influencing the energy budget spent to recover homeostasis.

4 – Tools for managing gut health

Microbial metabolic activities ensure the uptake of energy and the absorption of nutrients, promote gastric development, and stimulate epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation,

Gut performance management objectives 1) Improve the efficiency of the gut 2) Prevent gastrointestinal disorders and related side effects 3) Re-establish gut integrity after a dysfunction Source: BIOMIN while maintaining mucosal tolerance and providing protective functions against pathogens. As a result, there is great scientific interest in modulation of the intestinal microbiota in favor of beneficial bacteria through the use of novel feed additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, phytogenics, organic acids and mycotoxin risk management tools – sometimes in combination.

Conclusion

The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the health and well-being of aquatic animals. The anatomy and physiology of aquatic animals’ gastrointestinal tracts will have important determinants for the establishment of the quantitative and qualitative aspects of its microbiota. The three pillars of gut health will allow us modulate some aspects to achieve an effective digestive process, a stable gut microbial population, correct structure and function of the gut barrier, and effective immune system function. The use of feed additives and bioremediation tools can in some cases influence the three factors to effectively support gut health and improve animal performance.

International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 21

FEATURE

Field-tested health protection for Shrimp feed

by Tilman Wilke 1, Monika Korzekwa1 and Niti Chuchird2 1 Dr. Eckel GmbH, Niederzissen, Germany 2 Aquaculture Business Research Center, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand

D

r. Eckel – Germany’s pioneer in functional feed additives – is constantly working on new solutions to provide reliable solutions for premium aquaculture feed. Dr. Eckel now releases Anta®Ox Aqua – the all-natural feed additive for intensive Shrimp production.

Shrimp farmers from around the world have the same goal to keep their production system in a balance. Endemic pathogens and epidemic diseases (like EMS/AHPN caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus) constantly put this balance at risk.

In the past it was commonplace to keep farming system in balance by the preventive use of antibiotics. Customers and retailers in Europe, the US and other markets become more and more sensitive to the abundance of antibiotic drugs usage in animal production. Hence, shrimp farmers need alternative tools to keep their animals healthy.

Functional feed additives are alternative way to strengthen the natural defence mechanism of the animals and therefore to keep the production system in balance. The farmer recognizes this by high growth rates, good feed conversion and low mortalities.

Lab results reconfirmed in large-scale field trials

Anta®Ox Aqua can directly decrease the bacterial infection and increase the survival rate of Pacific White Shrimp. This was confirmed in feeding trial in the lab as well as in the pond.

Trials conducted in cooperation with the renowned Kasetsart University in Thailand gave spectacular results under laboratory conditions. The protective and immune-stimulating effects of Anta®Ox Aqua at the cellular level were measured and visualized (Niyamosatha et al. 2015).

In follow-up pond trials conducted under supervision of Kasetsart University of Bangkok these results have now been confirmed under commercial farming conditions in South-East Asia. Anta®Ox Aqua significantly reduced the number of Vibrio

bacteria in the hepatopancreas (Fig. 1). EMS is known to cause necrotic cells in the hepatopancreas of shrimp.

In samples of the control group up to 80 percent of the hepatopancreatic cells were consistently damaged. However, the hepatopancreas of the shrimps with Anta®Ox Aqua appeared to be healthy and normal (Fig. 2). Furthermore, the lower bacterial infection in Anta®Ox Aqua fed shrimps accounted for better mean survival rate (91% vs. 63% in the control group, Fig. 3).

Performance parameters like growth and feed conversion ratio (1.35 vs. 1.55 in the control group) were positively affected by adding Anta®Ox Aqua to the growout feed (Fig. 4). These effects increased total biomass production and profit in the Anta®Ox Aqua group.

In addition to that, lower mortality in the grow out period means less waste in terms of animals and feed and enables farmers to plan annual production volumes more reliably.

The mode of action of Anta®Ox Aqua

Inflammation is a reaction to damage to animal tissues (whether visible or invisible) caused by various stimuli. Those stimuli can be physical (e.g. injuries, heat and radiation) chemical (e.g. acids and toxins) and biological (e.g. bacteria, fungi and viruses). Numerous of these factors can be found in aquaculture production, which means that undetected inflammation is likely to be present almost continuously.

The inflammatory process is controlled and activated by the transcription factor “Nuclear Factor kappa B” (NF-κB).

After stimulation by various inducers, NF-κB activates the expression of genes encoding pro-inflammatory proteins or enzymes involved in the inflammatory process. The inflammatory mediators contribute to the disruption of epithelial barriers and activate other immune cells which enhance the inflammation of the digestive system. Inflammation in the digestive system and adjacent organs costs energy, reduces growth performance and impairs feed utilization of aquaculture species.

The active ingredients in Anta®Ox Aqua act as natural antiphlogistics by down-regulation of the NF-κB factor and

22 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

"Trials gave spectacular results under laboratory conditions. In follow-up pond trials conducted under supervision of Kasetsart University of Bangkok these results have now been confirmed under commercial farming conditions " inhibition of the formation of pro-inflammatory proteins. This reduces negative consequences of inflammation like fever, loss of appetite, cell death, tissue damage and many more (Gessner et al., 2012, 2013; Fiesel et al., 2014).

Indeed, less necrotic cells were found in the hepatopancreas of shrimp when fed with Anta®Ox Aqua, indicating less inflammation in the digestive system. From classic antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) is known that their anti-inflammatory activity is responsible for their growth-promoting effect (Niewold, 2007).

Therefore, we assume that the growth enhancing effects of Anta®Ox Aqua are the result of the anti-inflammatory property of Anta®Ox Aqua. Not only growth but also feed conversion ratio was improved, indicating that the less energy from feed had to be used for inflammation processes.

What is the advantage of Anta®Ox Aqua over existing products?

Anta®Ox Aqua proved its effectiveness in numerous international feeding trials and under commercial farm conditions – demonstrating a breakthrough for the profitability of shrimp farms throughout the world.

Compared with other feed additives for aquaculture feed, Anta®Ox Aqua offers a number of advantages. Anta®Ox Aqua is cost-effective even under highly competitive market conditions in South-East Asia and Latin America. Anta®Ox Aqua is highly concentrated and works at low dosages – leaving enough space in the feed formula for maximum energy and nutrient density.

Anta®Ox Aqua perfectly complements other efforts at farm level to keep fish and shrimp healthy. It does not interfere with medications and water treatments. Anta®Ox Aqua offers a natural solution meeting exactly the demand for a healthy and efficient fish and shrimp production – perfectly in line with today’s consumer perceptions in regard to food safety and animal welfare.

International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 23

FEATURE

INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND CONTROL STRATEGIES IN SHRIMP A brief overview of infectious diseases impacting farmed shrimp and some experimental strategies on disease control

by César Marcial Escobedo-Bonilla, Instituto Politécnico Nacional - Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR) Unidad Sinaloa

M

odern shrimp aquaculture began in 1933 in Japan with the induced spawning and hatching of Marsupenaeus japonicus larvae.

This technology allowed the production of shrimp larvae in hatcheries instead of using larvae from the wild to stock grow-out ponds.

Shrimp farming is an important activity in several low-income countries in Asia, America and Africa as it generates employment and wealth.

Nonetheless, intensification of shrimp culture increased the appearance of infectious diseases due to deviations in environmental and physiological factors.

Infectious diseases caused by viruses or bacteria represent the biggest threat to development of shrimp farming due to high mortalities. Pathogens that have caused severe epizootics and high mortalities to different stages and species of shrimp include Baculoviruses, Parvo-like viruses, Dicistrovirus, Ronivirus, Nimavirus and more recently, a bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Figure 1).

Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV)

Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) or Penaeus stylirostris densovirus (PstDNV), was first reported in 1981 in Hawaii affecting the species Litopenaeus stylirostris and L. vannamei. This pathogen rapidly spread to other countries in America (Mexico, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador and Argentina), Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand) and French Polynesia. Its genome is organised into three open reading frames (ORFs) encoding a non-structural protein, an unknown protein and a capsid protein, respectively.

IHHNV causes infection to several shrimp species. It appears that Penaeus monodon is not affected by IHHNV infection since no clinical signs and no differences in size, weight or fertility was found in IHHNV-positive animals. Clinical signs of IHHNV infection depend on the species age and size, being the early juvenile stages more susceptible to the disease.

In L. stylisrostris, acute IHHNV infection includes reduced feeding and locomotion, erratic swimming and death. In L. vannamei, acute IHHNV infection showed reduced growth rate, marked size differences within a pond and deformity of the rostrum, antennae and/or cuticle which is known as 'runt deformity syndrome' (RDS). Histological lesions are Cowdrytype A inclusion bodies in infected animals. This virus became the main pathogen both in shrimp fisheries and aquaculture in the 1980s in Mexico.

It was estimated that its economical impact was between 0.5 and 1 billion US dollars. This virus is still present in wild and farmed shrimp in Mexico and other countries.

Taura syndrome virus (TSV)

First reported in shrimp farms near Taura river, Ecuador in 1992, TSV soon spread to several countries in South, Central, North America and Hawaii. Since 1999, TSV was also detected in Asia (Taiwan, Thailand and Korea) which imported stocks of L. 24 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

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Figure 1 - (A) IHHNV, (B)TSV, (C) YHV, (D) WSSV and (E) V. parahaemolyticus

vannamei from South America.

Its genome consists of a single, positive-sense RNA strand around 10 kilobases long. It has two ORFs separated by a shorty non-coding intergenic region. ORF 1 encodes a putative nonstructural polyprotein with several domains such as a helicase, a protease and a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; ORF 2 encodes three structural proteins VP2, VP1 and VP3.

In specific pathogen-free L. vannamei, larger animals are more susceptible to infection and mortality than early juveniles. TSV infection has three clinical stages. In the acute stage (three – five days after onset of infection) animals display soft exoskeleton, melanised multifocal necrosis and expanded chromatophores.

Here, animals become weak, have empty gut and often die (75 – 95 percent) during moulting. Cellular lesions include pyknosis, karyorrhexis and necrosis in epithelia of cuticle, digestive tract, gills, antennal gland and haematopoietic tissues.

The transition stage (four - eight days after onset of infection) shows a reduction in cellular lesions and melanisation, indicating the onset of the chronic phase. Here, surviving shrimp (eight days after infection) show wound repair and regeneration of epithelial tissues in affected organs. Mortality ceases and

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International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 25 ET-261A.indd 1

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FEATURE

surviving shrimp molt shedding the necrotised cuticle.

Several shrimp species are susceptible to TSV infection except for shrimp from the genus Farfantepenaeus (F. aztecus and F duorarum) which seem to be resistant to TSV infection upon experimental infection.

The economic impact of TSV during 1992 to 1996 was estimated between 1.2 to 2 billion US dollars.

Bacterial infections are common in shrimp aquaculture. Many diseases caused by Vibrio bacteria may kill wild and farmed shrimp both from hatcheries and grow-out ponds. Worldwide, several Vibrio species exist in the marine environment.

Recently, a novel disease known as early mortality syndrome

Yellow-head virus (YHV)

It appeared in 1992 in Thailand and later it spread to other countries in Asia (Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, China, Philippines, India), Australia and America (USA and probably Mexico).

YHV has up to six different genotypes including the gillassociated virus (GAV) from Australia. Due to its morphology, YHV first was thought to be a granulosis-like virus (Baculoviridae). Later, its genome was found to be a RNA molecule.

The YHV genome is a single linear (positive strand) RNA molecule of 26652 nucleotides. It is organised into four distinct ORFs. ORF1a has a 3C-like protease motif; ORF1b has a “SDD� polymerase metal ion binding domain helicase. ORF2 encodes putative nucleocapsid proteins (g7 and g2) and ORF3 encodes putative surface glycoproteins (p18/20, p33 and g2.1). ORF4 is very small and it has no known product.

Many shrimp species are susceptible to YHV. Clinical signs include pale yellow body colouration, especially in hepatopancreas and gills in P. monodon. Other clinical signs are erratic swimming near pond shores and cumulative mortality up to 100 percent within three - five days after onset of clinical signs.

YHV causes systemic infection and replicates in organs such as gills, foregut, lymphoid organ, connective tissues of nerves, eyestalk, hepatopancreas and muscle. Cellular lesions include pyknosis and kariorrhexis in epithelial cells in gills, connective tissues and hematopoietic tissues.

The estimated losses caused by YHV from 1990 to 2007 are 500 million US dollars.

Figure 2 - Mortality curves from shrimp treated with (a) a diet supplemented with Spirulina platensis, and (b) inoculated with cidofovir. A slight delay in mortality was observed in the Spirulina treatment, whereas a better antiviral effect was shown in the cidofovir-treated shrimp. Nonetheless, either of these treatments prevented WSSV infection or shrimp mortality. From Rahman et al., (2006) Aquaculture 255: 600605.

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV)

The virion is bacilliform, non-occluded, enveloped, with a taillike appendage at one end.

WSSV has one of the largest genomes (292 - 308 Kilobasepairs) recorded for viruses. It contains up to 683 ORFs encoding peptides from 51 to 6077 aminoacids representing 92 percent of the total genome information.

WSSV was first recorded in Taiwan and soon after it spread to several countries in Asia and America. It has a broad host range including several penaeid shrimp, caridean shrimp, lobsters, crayfish, crabs and other decapod crustaceans.

Clinical signs include white spots in the inner surface of cuticle, probably formed by calcium carbonate accumulation due to dysfunction of epithelial cells; reddish discoloration of the body due to expansion of chromatophores; reduced feeding, lethargy and delayed hemolymph clotting.

Cumulative mortality (100%) occurs three- ten days after onset of clinical signs. Histopathology shows hypertrophied nuclei of WSSV-infected tissues with intranuclear amphophilic inclusions and marginated chromatin.

Since it first appeared in 1992 the economic impact of WSSV on shrimp aquaculture is well over eight billion US dollars and still is the most damaging viral pathogen for farmed shrimp worldwide.

Figure 3 - Mortality curves from shrimp treated by hyperthermia. (a) shrimp inoculated with a low dose of WSSV by oral route. (b) shrimp inoculated with a high dose of WSSV by intramuscular route. In both experiments, the effect of hyperthermia greatly reduced mortality in WSSV-infected shrimp. From Rahman et al., (2006) Aquaculture. 261: 842-849.

26 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

Edinburgh International Conference Centre (EICC)

Edinburgh, Scotland 20-23 September, 2016

Organised by the European Aquaculture society with the cooperation and support of Marine Scotland, part of the Scottish Government, and The Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland AE2016 Gold Sponsor

www.easonline.org

FEATURE

system, encapsulation, nodule formation, phagocytosis) defense responses in shrimp.

Experimental animals fed with immunostimulants before or during challenge with bacteria or viruses showed reduced mortality compared to untreated controls.

Antivirals

Low water temperature is also effective to inhibit virus replication in species living in temperate or cold water. In shrimp M. japonicus, water temperature at 15 ºC showed better WSSV inhibition than 33 ºC

(EMS) or acute hepatopancreatic necrosis syndrome (AHPNS), is caused by a singular type of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. This bacterium contains an extrachromosomic plasmid (pVPA31) encoding two toxins (PirA/PirB), related to Photorhabdus luminiscens that are responsible for shrimp mortality.

EMS can produce high mortalities to affected shrimp early after pond stocking (10 - 40 days). Surviving shrimp might undergo stunting. EMS was first reported in 2009 in China and since then, it has caused massive mortalities to farmed shrimp in Asian countries such as Vietnam (2011), Thailand (2012) and Malaysia (2012).

In 2013, EMS was also recorded in Mexico where it caused severe production losses (up to 80 percent of total production in Sinaloa, Sonora and Nayarit).

Several strategies have been developed and tested under experimental conditions to tackle the negative impact of infectious diseases caused by viruses or bacteria. These include:

Substances from plants, algae or even synthetic, have been tested in shrimp with variable results. A diet containing Spirulina platensis showed no antiviral effect but only slightly delayed mortality in WSSV-challenged shrimp. In contrast, an extract from Indian Cynodon dactylon supplemented to feed (2 percent), showed 100 percent protection upon a per os WSSV infection.

An antiviral (bis [2-methylheptyl] phthalate) extracted from the Indian plant Pongamia pinnata fed before and during a per os WSSV challenge showed a dosedependent reduction of mortality (60 to 20 percent). A synthetic antiviral (cidofovir) showed higher efficacy than the Spirulinasupplemented diet to reduce and delay mortality of treated shrimp. Nonetheless, cidofovir did not prevent WSSV infection (figure 2).

Induction of a “quasi-immune” response and virus neutralisation

This strategy is based on the rationale that some shrimp surviving a virus outbreak may become resistant to a subsequent pathogen infection. Therefore it indicates a sort of “memory” in these animals.

Several studies evaluated the protective effect of inactive viral particles or recombinant viral envelope proteins administered to shrimp to prime their innate defense system. Results showed reduced mortality of treated animals. In addition, monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies directed against viral envelope proteins Immunostimulants have been used to inactivate viral particles through virus Substances (peptidoglycans, β-glucans or lipopolysaccharides) neutralisation assays. extracted from cell walls of bacteria (Bacillus sp.), fungi Three concentrations (10-1, 10-2 and 10-3) of a WSSV stock each (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizophyllum commune), algae (Sargassum polycystum) or herbs, which activate humoral mixed with an equal volume of a purified monoclonal antibody (antibacterial activity, agglutinins, cytokine-like factors, against WSSV VP28 showed a dose-dependent neutralisation modulators, clotting factors) and cellular (prophenoloxidase effect. Shrimp inoculated only with WSSV showed 100 percent mortality at seven days post inoculation (dpi).

Shrimp treated with neutralised virus concentrations 10-1 and 10-2 showed a slight delay in time to mortality (100 percent at 11 dpi). Animals treated with the 10-3 neutralised concentration showed 20 percent mortality at 25 dpi.

Recombinant subunit peptides displayed 20 – 40 percent shrimp mortality depending on time of WSSV challenge [3 to 21 days post treatment (dpt), respectively]. Other experiments reported mortalities between 48 percent with VP292 to 30 – 5 percent with VP28 as these recombinant peptides were Figure 4 - Mortality curve from shrimp treated with dsRNA against WSSV administered twice during the experiments. genes vp26 or vp28 using a high WSSV dose. RNAi against WSSV vp28 or vp26 effectively reduced WSSV infection and shrimp mortality compared to an unrelated dsRNA (LacZ) and controls. From Mejía-Ruíz et al., (2011) J Inv. Pathol. 107: 65-68.

DNA vaccines

These tools are plasmids encoding WSSV envelope proteins (VP15, VP28, VP35 and VP281). Shrimp

28 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

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International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 29

FEATURE

P. monodon treated with a vp28 DNA vaccine by intramuscular route showed 10 percent mortality when challenged with WSSV seven days post vaccination (dpv).

Mortality increased to 20, 80 and 95 percent when WSSV challenge was done at 14, 25 and 50 dpv, respectively. A plasmid containing WSSV vp28 gene and injected to WSSV-challenged P. monodon showed 10, 24, 33 and 44 percent mortality at 7, 14, 21 and 30 dpv, respectively.

Oral delivery of a plasmid containing the WSSV gene vp28 expressed in attenuated S. typhimurium adsorbed into commercial feed showed protection against WSSV challenge in crayfish Cambarus clarkii. Crayfish mortality at 7, 15 and 25 dpv was 17, 33 and 43 percent, respectively.

Water temperature

Using high water temperature (hyperthermia) at 32 ºC before, just after or even until 18 hours after WSSV inoculation reduced virus replication and shrimp mortality (0 – 30 percent) compared to controls at 27 ºC (100 percent) (figure 3). The route of WSSV inoculation did not influence hyperthermia efficacy. Using hyperthermia in alternate periods of 18 hours is still effective against WSSV (0 – 40 percent mortality). Although hyperthermia reduced virus replication in shrimp and crayfish, animals remain infected as determined by PCR. Low water temperature is also effective to inhibit virus replication in species living in temperate or cold water. In shrimp M. japonicus, water temperature at 15 ºC showed better WSSV inhibition than 33 ºC. Likewise, crayfish species (Pacifactacus leniusculus Astacus astacus and P. clarkii) maintained at 4, 10 or 12 ºC showed zero percent mortality upon WSSV infection. In contrast, WSSV-infected animals maintained at 22 - 24 ºC had 100 percent mortality.

The mechanism of inhibiting virus replication is still unknown, but it has been suggested that hyperthermia may induce

apoptosis of infected cells. Alternatively, another hypothesis is that hyperthermia may impair the activity of cellular enzymes essential for virus replication, thus inhibiting replication but animals remain infected.

RNA interference (RNAi)

First described in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, RNE interference is also found in fungi, plants and animals. In plants, one biological function of RNAi was antiviral. RNAi can be a useful tool against viral infections in animals.

Several RNAi studies have been done against shrimp viruses.

Sequence-specific RNAi has been used to inhibit replication of TSV, IHHNV, YHV and WSSV. Double-stranded (ds)RNA against a TSV protease strongly inhibited TSV replication (11 percent mortality) whereas controls had 100 percent mortality.

The antiviral effect of RNAi against IHHNV was demonstrated to be both preventative and therapeutic, since dsRNA against ORF1/2 or ORF3 administered either 12 hours before or 24 hours after IHHNV challenge, effectively inhibited IHHNV replication.

RNAi treatment (dsRNA) against YHV protease in vivo showed zero percent mortality at ten days post challenge.

In contrast, controls had greater than 90 percent mortality.

Several RNAi studies have been done against WSSV since this is the most lethal pathogen in shrimp aquaculture. Variable efficacy against WSSV replication (0 – 66 percent mortality) has been reported depending on the genes targeted by dsRNA. The antiviral effect against WSSV lasts up to 10 dpt (Figure 4).

Duration of antiviral effect reduced as time between treatment and WSSV challenge increased. Antiviral effect was extended up to 30 days post challenge through continuous re-infection of treated shrimp. Alternatively, continuous dsRNA administration through feed may also increase the duration of the antiviral effect in cultured shrimp.

Bacterial infections are common in shrimp aquaculture. Many diseases caused by Vibrio bacteria may kill wild and farmed shrimp both from hatcheries and grow-out ponds.

30 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

TECHNOLOGY

ECONOMICS OF DRYING AQUAFEED

A

How you can improve your bottom line profits

by Justin Hamm Applications Engineer, Bühler

s an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.

However, are you aware that your dryer could be costing you 10 times as much in terms of lost production compared to energy costs? You may be sending over 3 percent of your production out through the exhaust stack without even knowing it.

Downtime for dryer cleaning and maintenance may also be costing you more than you know. This article will describe the economics of drying in more detail, and outline three operational

areas that could significantly improve your bottom line.

Energy Consumption

The cost of energy used in operating the dryer is the most obvious cost of drying. One need only look at the larger burners in the dryer, or at the boiler providing steam to the dryer, to realize that money is being spent to remove moisture in the drying operation. This energy is essentially needed to cover four heat loads in the drying operation, these are: • Warming up the product.

• Evaporating water from the product.

• Heating the make-up air.

• Steady-state heat losses.

Since extruded aquafeed leaves the extruder at a high temperature, very little energy is used in warming up the product.

The pellets cool as they are conveyed to the dryer. Typically,

32 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

TECHNOLOGY

the pellets enter the dryer above 65 °C. Therefore, most of the energy in the drying operation is used to evaporate water. The energy required to change liquid water into vapor (latent heat of vaporization) is about 2,350 kJ per kg of water evaporated (the value varies very slightly with temperature).

This is a thermodynamic constant and you cannot change this value in typical aquafeed dryers, or any other convection dryer for that matter. Only vacuum dryers operating under an extreme vacuum can reduce this value, but these dryers are not practical for extruded aquafeed. However, you may be able to reduce the energy consumed in evaporating water by reducing the amount of water that the dryer must remove.

Table 1 shows the tremendous impact that inlet and outlet pellet moisture can have on the drying load in your dryer. Even a small increase in product inlet moisture from 24 percent to 27 percent on a wet weight basis increases the load on the dryer by 27 percent. Naturally, your inlet moisture must be driven by product quality considerations, but do all of your extruder operators operate the extruder the same way? If one shift runs the extruder “wetter” than the next shift, you are wasting energy by adding excessive water to your product only to spend money in the dryer to remove the water.

The third heat load category, heating the make-up air, is typically the second highest heat load. However, in a poorly operated or designed dryer, this heat load can be the largest. This is the area where you as a dryer operator as well as your dryer supplier can have by far the most impact. Your dryer needs a steady supply of dry make-up air.

Without this influx of air, the process air in the dryer would become saturated with moisture and unable to dry your product.

The trick is in knowing how much air to bring into the dryer.

FEATURE

Excessive make-up air will lead to excessive energy consumption. This is because the make-up air enters the dryer at a relatively low temperature, and after picking up water in the dryer, eventually leaves the dryer at a higher exhaust temperature.

Clearly, energy is consumed in heating the make-up air to the exhaust temperature.

It is important to understand that the exhaust air in your dryer is basically the make-up air leaving the dryer along with the evaporated water. If you want to reduce the amount of make-up air in most dryers, you will typically reduce your exhaust, either by closing the exhaust damper or turning down the exhaust fan.

The temperature of the exhaust and make-up air also affects the energy used to heat the make-up air. If the make-up air is preheated before being introduced into the dryer, the dryer used to heat this air will then use less energy. In an extruded aquafeed line, preheated make-up air can be drawn from your cooling operation. Spent cooling air used to cool the pellets is still relatively dry and can be used as make-up air to the dryer.

Improper dryer operation, such as excessively shallow

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International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 33

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bed depths (shorter retention time in the dryer) or internal air bypasses can lead to high exhaust temperatures, thereby increasing the energy used to heat the make-up air to the exhaust temperature. Figure 1 illustrates the significant impact that heating the make-up air and various operating parameters can have on your dryer’s overall energy consumption.

Unless your dryer is very poorly insulated, losses from the dryer should be low. If, however, you have a dryer design with large areas of un-insulated or poorly insulated surfaces, thermal losses from your dryer could also be costing you.

So, how much does it cost to run an extruded aquafeed dryer?

Typically, aquafeed dryers will use between 3 000 kJ per kg and 4 500 kJ per kg of water evaporated. A very poorly-operated or poorly-designed dryer might even use much more. Based on a typical value of 3 250 kJ per kg of water evaporated, an extruded aquafeed line producing 75 000 tons per year will typically use about 5 x 1010 kJ/year.

If natural gas is used as the heat source in the dryer, and if the cost of natural gas is 5 x 10-6 US$ per kJ, the yearly cost of natural gas to produce this tonnage is US$250 000. Naturally, this cost will change depending on the type and cost of fuel used in the drying operation.

Figure 1 and our experience in evaluating extruded aquafeed dryers show that many dryers in the industry are using over 50 percent more energy than they should due to improper design or operation. This represents a tremendous potential savings for the aquafeed producer. Imagine saving US$100 000 per year, simply by adjusting a few dampers and making minor changes in the way you operate your dryer. Believe it or not, many aquafeed producers have done just that, after learning how to properly run their dryers.

Moisture Uniformity

Most extruded feeds are sold by weight. For this reason, if the product is overdried, it is as if you are sending water at the value of your product – which should have gone to packaging—straight out your exhaust stack. Suppose that your extruded aquafeed cannot contain over 10 percent moisture limit and the product coming out of your dryer has a moisture variation of ± 3 percent moisture on a wet-weight basis.

This means you must dryer your product to 7 percent moisture on average in order to ensure that no product is over the specified 10 percent moisture limit. The result is a 3 percent loss in production compared to drying the product only to 10 percent moisture. If your dryer could be made to dry more uniformly, you could raise your discharge moisture and get more out of the production line with no additional cost or additional dry ingredients.

The value of this lost production due to non-uniform drying can be surprising. Consider the same aquafeed line as in the previous example, producing 75 000 tons per year. A 3 percent loss in production from this line represents a possible 2 250 tons per year of lost production. What is the value of this lost production?

At US$400 per ton, it is US$900 000. At US$600 per ton, it is US$1.35 million. The numbers are staggering.

The bottom line is that you cannot afford to overdry your product. A well-designed, well-adjusted aquafeed dryer should be able to dry your product to within ±0.75 percent or better. When was the last time you checked the moisture uniformity on your dryer?

Maintenance and Sanitation

Many extruded feed producers struggle to keep old, highmaintenance equipment running. The cost of purchasing

replacement parts for the dryer may be well documented, but what about the cost of downtime for cleaning and maintaining the equipment? A dryer producing 10 tons per hour of extruded aquafeed can be producing well over US $100 000 worth of product each day.

If you are spending even three hours a week of unplanned maintenance or cleaning downtime, you have lost 30 tons of final product per week, which equates to US $650 000 per year of lost production using the above parameters. The cost of this downtime must be considered when looking at the economics of your drying operation.

Drying is a critical operation in the production of dried aquafeed. Your drying operation does not only determine the quality of your finished product, but it also significantly affects your cost of operation. Most aquafeed producers are well aware of the energy cost for their drying operation; however, not all producers track the cost of over-drying due to non-uniform drying, or the cost of downtime for maintenance and sanitation.

Many producers will significantly reduce their drying costs and increase their production rates by taking a closer look at their drying operation. If you want to find untapped potential savings in your dryer operation, a field engineer specializing in dryer optimisation can give your dryer a full mechanical and process evaluation.

Bühler Aeroglide has a long history of teaching customers how to identify and implement process improvements. The company’s field engineering group has provided expertise and evaluation services to processors around the world for over 15 years, driven by three guiding principles: educate, evaluate and enhance.

Education is provided by Bühler is through a series of drying theory and dryer maintenance seminars called“Drying Theory Put to Practice.” These seminars explore the basics, including parameters, balancing, evaluating, mechanical inspections and troubleshooting using a dryer simulation.

By learning how to adjust and regulate the process for the desired outcome, participants will be able to find previously undiscovered areas of opportunity. www.buhlergroup.com

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Aquafeed – complete solutions from a single source. Turn to Bühler for one of the most comprehensive lines of aquafeed process technology available anywhere: from raw material handling, cooking and shaping through extrusion to drying and coating of finished products. With an extensive know-how and a passion for quality we ensure not only product uniformity and production efficiency, but also maximum sanitation and safety. Bühler – gentle processing at its best.

More at nutrition@buhlergroup.com

Innovations for a better world.

PHOTOSHOOT THE BIG PICTURE - UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Aquaculture Experimental Research Station at University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff (UAPB) during the harvest of split ponds (October 28, 2015).

In recent years, the catfish industry has been striving to develop technological solutions to improve production, including implementing hybridization programs, and intensifying production with the introduction of new technologies such as the split-pond system and the in-pond raceway system, both of them variations of the partitioned aquaculture system.

These technological solutions also require optimizing feed formulations and feeds, as well improved feed management practices to make the catfish industry economical and environmentally sustainable

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TECHNOLOGY

Dinnissen celebrates 25 years of the Pegasus速 Vacuum Coater

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TECHNOLOGY

FEATURE

t is often thought that vacuum coating was first invented in Norway. The idea might have been Norwegian, but the technology was developed in the Netherlands. It has been 25 years now since Dinnissen, together with aquafeed producer Skretting, invented the first vacuum coater.

The Pegasus® Vacuum Coater is intended for everyone who wishes to manufacture pelleted and extruded products in accordance with most modern production specifications.

It allows you to create a vacuum environment for your production process and to deal effectively with a very wide range of future challenges.

International Aquafeed spoke to Peter Raeven, Account Manager for Dinnissen, about the previous 25 years of the Pegasus® Vacuum Coater as well as any future plans that Dinnissen might have for their now well es tablished brand.

How would you describe the Pegasus Vacuum coater and the function that it performs?

In this industry multiple additions have to be added. The Pegasus vacuum coating system is a batch system, which gives high flexibilities in the process, making it possible to add as much additions as required.

At the moment, hygiene is of major importance, and even though the basics have not changed, all details have been reviewed over the years resulting in the 8th generation of the Pegasus® Vacuum Coater.

How crucial would you say that vacuum coating has been to the feed industry over the past 25 years?

Which features are unique to Pegasus; what is it that makes it better than the other machines that are available that do a similar job?

The Dinnissen Pegasus vacuum coater is a dedicated coating system to add liquids, fats, oils enzymes, etc. emulsions and powders, like attractants or palatants to pellets or extrudates, in the last phase of the production process. In this last phase of the process functional ingredients can be added without damaging their functionality in previous steps of the production process.

Vacuum coating originated from the wish to increase fatpercentages in aqua feed. Until then, a fat percentage of only 20 percent was possible. With our technology, the percentages were raised to an average of 35 percent; sometimes achieving results as high as 42 percent.

This was a breakthrough for the quality of aqua feed. High energy feed could be fed, with other advantages like reduced leaching; thus preventing pollution and loss of functional ingredients.

Later, Dinnissen introduced the Pegasus® Vacuum Coater in the feed industry. One of the main advantages of vacuum coating is that the pellets aren’t greasy on the outside anymore. This increases the flow out of the silo, prevents pollution of the silo and reduces contaminations for the farmers.

Furthermore, it improves the feed efficiency and increases the stability of the feed. This results in huge savings on feed-recall and improves efficiency for both the feed producers as the farmers.

When the Pegasus was first developed, why was there a need for such a machine; which problem was it the inventors were looking to solve?

The development of the Pegasus® Vacuum Coater originated in the question ‘how can we raise the fat-percentage in the core of fish feed-pellets?’ How can leaching be reduced?

The question came from one of our clients, a Norwegian aqua feed producer. As we were, and still are, always looking for ways to create machines that are of additional value to the production of feed, we investigated whether we could find a fitting solution for this particular challenge.

How has the Pegasus® Vacuum Coater developed over the past 25 years, have there been any instances where the machine has had to be adapted to reflect a change in the market?

The Dinnissen Pegasus vacuum coating principle is based on mixing the mix with 2 synchronised paddle shafts. This principle has not changed over the years. In the late 1990s the system was also introduced in the pet food industry.

Dinnissen is a supplier of tailor-made solutions. We built complete processes, integrate our machines into existing processes, or deliver stand-alone machines. Our machines, however, are never standard.

We always look at each specific client and see how we can optimise his or her process. Our Vacuum Coater is a concept, a technical process that offers ample opportunities for (aqua) feed producers to develop products that separate themselves from the competition.

Can you think of any significant changes or challenges that the Pegasus has faced since its inception?

When starting, the goal was to infuse higher percentages of liquid in the core of the pellets. Over the years, optimisations were realised towards product quality. In next year’s hygiene got more and more important. Latest improvements are the possibilities of (C.I.P) cleaning in place and the systems remained hygienic.

Salmonella is a major issue in the pet-food industry. The Dinnissen vacuum coating systems are designed and can be supplied to prevent/reduce these issues.

How do you see the Pegasus developing into the future?

How do you feel the vacuum coating market changing; can you see any current trends that may affect the development of future models?

Hygiene is becoming more and more a highly important factor in the feed business. We are already very experienced in this area, and our Pegasus® Vacuum Coater is built for hygienic production. We will continue to improve and innovate, however, wherever possible.

Why do you think that the Pegasus model has been in production for such a long time?

The advantages of a Pegasus® Vacuum Coater for the production of (aqua) feed speak for themselves. As we have been and continue to continuously improve and innovate on the existing concept, we are able to stay relevant for the market.

International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 39

CHANNEL CATFISH Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a particular species and how its feed is managed.

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Arkansas, USA

he Latin names of some aquatic species can have fascinatingly obscure meanings that provide anyone in need of a hobby with hours of joyful investigation and speculation. The channel catfish is, alas, not one of them: Ictalurus punctatus simply means ‘spotty catfish’, and the briefest glance at one

will tell you why.

Not everything about this species is so obvious, however.

Although the US Fish and Fisheries Commission began collecting this species from its native Mississippi River Valley in the 1870s, it was 1890 before they got it to spawn in captivity, and only then did they realise the eggs were guarded by the male. It would be a further 26 years before farmers discovered the productive gains to be had by providing the fish with a container to use as a nest. And only in 1929 was it understood that the male fish fanned their eggs for a reason, and that perhaps we ought to start doing so too. Commercial aquaculture of this species wasn’t really considered economically viable until the end of the 1950s - over 80 years after collection and stocking first began.

China

Channel catfish have been widely introduced throughout the USA and abroad: mainly Russia, Latin America and China.

Indeed, China now even exports a small amount of this fish back to its native country.

In the US and China, channel catfish are grown in ponds, tanks and raceways. Cages tend not to be used. The water needs to be warm; in some northern climes this is sometimes achieved using geothermal waters or even the heated waters coming from electric power plants. Feed tends to be plantderived proteins, but vitamin supplements may be added, especially in indoor cultivation systems. Harvesting is done with wide-mesh seine nets so only fish of marketable size are taken.

Although currently popular across the US due to its image as a healthy food, the future market for channel catfish is uncertain, owing to competition from imported species.

Source: FAO

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International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 41

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CHANNEL CATFISH

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An overview of nutritional requirements

by Herbert E. Quintero, PhD, Aquaculture/Fisheries Centre, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, USA

he catfish industry is one of the largest and best developed aquaculture segments in the United States.

Commercial production of channel catfish started developing in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and since then feed formulation for catfish started to be tested (Hastings and Dupree, 1969).

The main objective of providing minimal quantities of nutrients has not changed since those earlier studies, but the need for increasing production and optimizing resources has changed.

Initially, channel catfish were raised in ponds at low stocking densities and fed low-cost, incomplete diets. That trend changed by introducing nutritional balanced diets that were developed based on the determination of nutrient requirements of this species starting in the early 1970s (Lovell, 1977).

US catfish production increased rapidly from the early 1980s until 2003 when it reached 662 million pounds of catfish processed representing more than half of total aquaculture production. However that trend shifted and started declining with 300 million pounds of catfish processed in 2012, which represents approximately 55 percent decrease since 2003 (USDA, 2004, Hanson & Sites, 2013).

In recent years, the industry has been striving to develop technological solutions to improve production, including implementing hybridization programs, and intensifying production with the introduction of new technologies such as

the split-pond system and the in-pond raceway system, both of them variations of the partitioned aquaculture system (Brown & Tucker, 2013; Brown et al. 2014).

These technological solutions also require optimizing feed formulations and feeds, as well improved feed management practices to make the catfish industry economical and environmentally sustainable. Li et al. (2012) indicated “because feed is a major cost in catfish production, representing more than 50 percent of total variable costs, optimizing feeding rate and frequency would improve feeding efficiency, reduce feed cost, and improve profit�.

Feed formulation is of paramount importance because aquafeeds are required to provide appropriate nutrient requirements for each stage of fish development (biological, and physiological features), and have strong effects on stress tolerance and health.

Feed formulation has to overcome economical challenges derived from the variability in the cost of feed ingredients, needs to adjust to stringent availability of certain ingredients (especially fishmeal and fish oil), and environmental regulations related to effluents disposal (Boyd et al. 2003, Tacon & Metian, 2008).

A more recent issue that is also affecting fish feed formulation is related to the quality of the final product from the marketing and the consumer perspective (human health), especially in regards to muscle fatty acid composition.

Components in the fish diet include dietary protein and essential amino acids, which are considered the largest and most costly component (Trushenski et al. 2006). Historically, fishmeal has been the main source of protein in compound aquafeeds with

42 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

3274 thousand tonnes used in 2006, representing 68.2 percent of the total reported fishmeal production of that year (Tacon & Metian, 2008).

Hence, fishmeal replacement has been one of the priorities for fish nutrition researchers by using different replacement products such as terrestrial animal by-products meals, by-catch from fishing, fish processing wastes, plant proteins, and more recently

meals from worms, insects, marine invertebrates, algae, and single-cell proteins (NOAA/USDA, 2011).

The use of plant proteins may also represent a challenge from a biological perspective (anti-nutritional effects, nutrient imbalance, palatability, availability), but there are processing techniques, and also incorporation of dietary enzymes that are being used to minimize those potential issues.

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International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 43

Protein levels of 52 percent and 40 percent are required for channel catfish fry and fingerlings weighing 0.02 and 20 g, respectively. When producing fish weighing from 20-200 g 36 percent CP content is recommended. After reaching 200 g and up to 1500 g 32 percent CP is recommended. For fish weighing, higher than 1,500 g 28 percent CP is typically recommended(Robinson et al. 1994; NRC, 2011).

While the data available in the literature is somewhat conflicting regarding performance of stocker to food fish size catfish, over 97.0 percent of the commercial operations for catfish production in US use diets with 28 percent and 32 percent crude protein diets (USDA, 2011). Protein requirements for catfish broodstock in order to optimize reproductive performance in terms of spawning and egg production was not influenced by changing protein level of the broodstock diet from 32 percent to 42 percent, but affected egg size (Quintero et al. 2009).

A second component in fish diets are lipids and fatty acids, which have an active role in many physiological processes, and also serve as an energy source. Fish oil constitutes a major source for lipids, especially for highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs), and similarly to dietary protein represents a challenge in fish nutrition because of limited availability and high cost. The use of alternative vegetable oils affects the fatty acid profile and may influence consumer acceptabilityand the nutritional benefit of the final product.

Dietary lipids are also important in broodstock feeds and can affect fatty acid composition of eggs prior to spawning season and consequently, offspring performance (Quintero et al. 2011).

Lipid content in catfish diets ranges usually from 4-6 percent, and there is a requirement of 0.5-0.75 percent (dry-matter basis) for dietary n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and 1.0-2.0 percent for linolenic acid (18:3n3) (NRC, 2011).

Inclusion of carbohydrates in fish diets allows sparing the use of lipids and protein as sources of energy, maximizing the use of dietary protein for growth, and reducing feed cost.

Catfish are adapted to diets containing as much as 40 percent dietary carbohydrate (Wilson 1991).

Additionally, fiber is an indigestible plant material composed of complex carbohydrates (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and petosan), which has been associated with decreased gastric retention time, increased fecal output, and reduced nutrient utilization. The fiber content in catfish diets is recommended to contain less than 7 percent crude fiber (Robinson et al. 2004).

Dietary vitamins and minerals are critical for the wellbeing of catfish.

Excess or deficiency in one or more of these micronutrients may be detrimental resulting in toxicity, or development of disease problems.

Minerals are essential for all life processes, from maintaining stable internal osmotic concentrations, acid–base equilibrium, ossification, electron transfer, enzyme activators among others (NRC, 2011).

Vitamins are also required in the diet for normal growth, reproduction and health. In some cases vitamins may be synthesized from other precursors if they are in the diet, for example channel catfish may synthesize choline from methionine if available in the diet, and also there are cases where the intestinal flora may be a source of water-soluble vitamins (NRC, 2011).

Finally, there are other ingredients known as “functional foods� which have been promoted as constituents that increase stress tolerance and disease resistance. Probiotics and prebiotics used in aquafeeds may result in better health condition, improved resistance, improved growth performance, reduced malformations, and improved gastrointestinal morphology and microbiota balance.

Inmunostimulants are dietary supplements that are intended to enhance non-specific defense mechanisms to provide resistance to pathogens and reduce antibiotic use in farmed fish, and include among others beta-glucans, chitin, lactoferrin, levamisole and nucleotides derived from bacteria, fungi or yeast (Oliva-Teles, 2012).

The ultimate goal is to formulate a balanced diet that meets all the nutrient requirements of the species, which provides optimal growth, resistance to stress and disease problems, reduces excess nutrient wastes, and offers a final product that is a healthy food choice for the final consumer.

References available upon request.

About the author

More information: Herbert E. Quintero, PhD, Aquaculture/ Fisheries Centre, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR 71602 Tel: +1 870 575 8121, Email: quinteroh@uapb.edu

44 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

Exhibition and conferences for feed ingredients, additives and formulation

Exhibition and conferences for feed processing technology

29 – 31 MARCH 2016 . BITEC EXHIBITION HALLS, BANGKOK, THAILAND

Asia’s premier aquafeed event Symposium and Summit • The second ASEAN Feed and Rice Symposium • The second ASEAN Feed Summit

Contact details For visitor, exhibition stand space and conference information please visit: www.fiaap.com or www.victam.com

Specialist conferences The exhibitions will be supported by their own specialist conferences. They will include: • FIAAP Asia Animal Nutrition Conference 2016 • Aquafeed Horizons Asia 2016

Co-located with GRAPAS Asia 2016 www.grapas.eu Supported by The Thailand Convention and Exhibition Bureau

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

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Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting systems for early stage aquaculture Over recent times we have noticed an increasing amount of media coverage and industry chatter regarding the role of light in aquaculture.

Most of this has been in relation to the use of low-energy technology to reduce costs, and in this area almost all the talk is about LED.

ight Emitting Diode (LED) technology has proven itself in almost every environment where artificial lighting is deployed, and the various agricultural sectors involved in intensive food production are no exception.

Fixture longevity and significant reductions in energy consumption have seen LEDs becoming increasingly common. Less widely publicised, however, is the notion that emerging lighting technology may offer the aquaculture industry more than simply a way to reduce operating costs….

Commercial horticulture has long recognised the critical role of light in influencing product quality and yield. Growers and their suppliers moved quickly to adapt LED technology to deliver the precise spectral and intensity values needed to dramatically improve production outcomes, effectively “doubling up” any cost-reduction benefits that the new technology brought.

Now, a UK-based company has developed a lighting system to deliver the same benefits to fish farmers.

Tropical Marine Centre (TMC) is best known in aquaculture circles as “TMC Commercial” for their recirculation filtration systems, which are widely used by hatcheries around the world.

Over the last seven years, they have also been developing LED lighting systems for aquatic applications, and extensive research and multiple trials have led to the launch of a new commercial lighting brand - BioLumen Lighting Solutions.

We spoke to Gyles Westcott, part of the lighting development team at TMC, to get more information about the range.

“Hatchery managers have always known that light is important – indeed, photoperiod and light intensity are part of every production protocol.

“However, light is more than just two basic variables! In fact, for some time now, biologists have understood that the very specific photic conditions of the aquatic environment are active, biological drivers, particularly in the early-stages of development.

“To complicate matters further, these photic drivers are highly variable across different species, across the different life-stages of those different species, and across the diverse range of biotopes that they might occupy as they develop.

“So, the conditions under which salmon eggs incubate are vastly different to the conditions under which, for example, Sea Bass eggs incubate. All of this is quite obvious, yet fish farmers have never had a fully developed system allowing light conditions to track the changing requirements of the chosen culture species.

The reason for this is that previously, there has never been an economically viable technological solution to delivering such a complex photic solution.

46 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY “Of course LED changed all this, and it is now possible to deliver a precise and cost-effective solution to almost any lighting specification. In the case of BioLumen, this has enabled the development of a modular, fully controllable, flexible and easy-to-install, low-energy platform which delivers biologically optimised lighting, according to the specific needs of a culture species, at any stage of development.”

The key question is, of course, can a change in lighting actually have a positive effect under commercial conditions, and if so, is any uplift enough to warrant the cost and effort involved? The general shift towards LED would indicate that businesses that make the change would benefit simply by reducing their energy footprint, but is there more to gain than simply cost savings?

“Many would argue that any gains would be marginal at best” Gyles conceded, “but then marginal gains, especially in a hyper-competitive and high-risk environment such as early-stage aquaculture, can be the difference between a simply viable yield, and an exceptional yield!

“A recent case-study we worked on, for example, cited a 1% uplift in survival across each stage of a single cycle of Sea Bass production, through to harvest, as the benchmark required to justify a lighting re-fit of the trial site. The numbers are clearly different for different species, but in this instance, the resulting uplift in biomass at harvest amounted to more than 30 tons!”

Of course, any industry professional will know just how complex a successful culture protocol can be and many

people will not appreciate the addition of yet another environmental variable that would need to be defined and then actively managed. But in the case of lighting, this may be easier than expected to achieve.

“As previously mentioned, intensity and photoperiod values are already part of every established hatchery protocol. What TMC is providing is a simple interface that allows these variables to be precisely defined, using light that has been spectrally optimised to match what we know about the photic conditions which the culture species requires”.

In terms of benefits, it is still early days, but results from ongoing trials paint a positive picture.

“There is a great deal to be up-beat about”, he continued. “Shorter incubation times; more synchronous hatching, with fewer deformities; faster yolk absorption and earlier metamorphosis; faster growth; dramatic reductions in trauma and mortality associated with “light shock” – these are just a few of the benefits being reported in trials on commercially important species such as Sea Bass, Turbot, Perch, Sea Bream and Senegal Sole”.

He then went on to explain the system in more detail.

“The BioLumen System comprises four distinct elements. The first of these is our range of AquaRay and Ecoxotic light fixtures.

These range in power from around 14watts to the largest Ecoxotic Cannon which is 160watts. More importantly, the spectral profile of each model is precisely defined, and this allows us to combine different elements from the range to precisely match the prevailing spectral characteristics of almost any aquatic zone.

“A key component in several models is our industry-patented “Nature Perfect” diode.

This is effectively a 465nm blue diode which has been “white shifted” to produce a peak at around 540nm, an element of the spectrum that is dominant in a wide range of aquatic nursery zones. These include estuaries, inshore coastal areas and the oceanic surface zone where the eggs of so many pelagic species incubate.

“The second and third elements of the system are a range of addressable digital drivers, in IP66 enclosures, and a flexible system of connectors and mounting accessories that allow either turn-key or phased installation to be done quickly and easily, with very little alteration to new or existing infrastructure”.

“And lastly, the most important element, which is our BioLumen Controller. This is the real brains of the system, providing dramatically enhanced lighting control via a simple, networked user interface”.

This Controller allows users to select from a number of setting profiles, the first of these being “solar.” For this system the user is able to specify the latitude/longitude values of a desired location. The system then matches the photoperiod values for that location, including sunrise, sunset and the seasonal shift in noon intensity, relative to winter and summer solstice.

International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 47

Image: Light Emitting Diode (LED) technology has proven itself in almost every environment where artificial lighting is deployed, and the various agricultural sectors involved in intensive food production are no exception.

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

Image: The Controller allows users to select from a number of setting profile.

The system matches the photoperiod values for a particular location, including sunrise, sunset and the seasonal shift in noon intensity, relative to winter and summer solstice

The next profile that is available is the “Simple” setting. For this profile the user defines a fixed set of values (sunrise, sunset, dim-up duration and maximum output) to apply each day.

The third and final profile that is available is referred to by the name “manual.” For this particular configuration, a constant value is required, a slider allows output to be precisely adjusted and then fixed at a given value.

One unique feature of the system is that daily values can be advanced or delayed by a specific offset, something that has proven useful in cycling different cohorts of brood stock in the same system.

Finally, the system offers four distinct “Programs” that can be defined by any of the three modes, and then “targeted” to different elements of the system. This effectively means that hatchery managers can have different areas of their production cycle running on different, user-defined photoperiods at the same time.

Wherever we look in our industry, it seems new technology is challenging conventional wisdom, and lighting is no exception. So, perhaps the days of slinging a low-output fluorescent bulb over each tank, with a simple timer to turn them on and off are now coming to an end.

“There is still a great deal to learn about how improved lighting can benefit aquaculture outcomes” concludes Gyles, “but for now, it is encouraging to see more and more hatchery managers engage with this technology as more than just a way to reduce their energy bills.”

48 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY #2 Efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming operations - AKVA Group Feed Barges

The main purpose of a feed barge is to provide an efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming operations.

The second purpose is to provide a safe worksite for operators.

A

KVA group is an international company with offices in a proud total of nine countries including their head office in Bryne, Switzerland. AKVA is the leading supplier of feed barges and has an impressive range of steel barges.

The feed barges that they offer are suitable for a wide range of sites and climates; including inshore, offshore, arctic and tropical areas.

There are more than 20 standard barge models in AKVA’s Wavemaster product portfolio, but there is really no such thing as a typical AKVA group barge. Each barge is tailored to the needs of the customer, and the barge team in AKVA group takes great pride in their ability to be flexible and solution

oriented.

According to Andres Lara, Barge Manager “AKVA group are experienced in producing high quality barges, but at the end of the day it is the fish farmers who are out there working day in day out.” Adding that “this is why we work so closely with our customers in the design process, because the customer really does know best what is important to them.”

During the planning phase of development, AKVA investigate the intended location of use thoroughly to ensure that the needs of the customer are met with the barge that they eventually. If the barges are going to be exposed to a harsh environment for example, then the structural requirements and balance will be carefully adjusted accordingly. Although they do their best to cater customer needs, no compromises are made when it comes to calculations and structural design.

All of AKVA’s barges are certified in accordance with the Norwegian standard NS9415 2009.

But even with the strictest certification demands, AKVA group aim to be as flexible as possible within realistic structural and financial limits, this is something that they pride themselves on. “Although we are known to be flexible we always make sure all safety aspects are well taken care of and that all certification criteria’s are met.” Mr Lara added.

All of the latest Wavemaster models are able to provide for the full spectrum of economic efficiency and to a wide range of cage farming operations, with sizes ranging from 96 to 850 metric tons. These barges also include the latest innovations in efficient feed handling, storage, logistics and personnel comforts to ensure a functional and safe farm base for the crew.

The barges are delivered complete, fully self-contained with Akvasmart CCS Feed Systems, generator or generators, control room, living quarters, safety equipment and all other optional equipment installed, such 50 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY as integrated mort silage systems, camera and sensor systems. However, the giant Wavemaster 850 Panorama is in a league of its own.

The Wavemaster AC 850 Panorama is the world’s largest steel feed barge, with a holding capacity of 850 tons salmon feed and up to 12 parallel feeding lines. The advanced feeding system and storage capacity is usually the main reason why customers invest in this kind of feed barge.

However impressive a feeding capacity of 850 tons of feed may seem the barge’s storage can be depleted in as short as one week. At which point a ship is required to refill the silos. Feed accounts for around 70 percent of the

best selling feed system, for both land based and cage operations over the past 30 years.

The latest and fully spec’d 850 Panorama barge to Marine Harvest is a state-of-the-art barge, built upon AC 850 Panorama standard but designed and customised in close cooperation with Marine Harvest to fully match their requirements.

The barge is now in operations in Mid Norway, on a site with a production capacity up to 7 200 tons of salmon with plans to expand. No question the feed system is of vital importance to a site of this size.

Tore Obrestad, Technical Manager at AKVA group confirms that the AC 850 Panorama feed barge has

production cost in salmon farming, so feeding correctly is number one priority.

These barges are truly a testimony of the scale and complexity of modern aquaculture operations.

The 850 Panorama barge has 16 integrated silos with the capacity to store 850 tons of feed. 16 parallel feed lines are used in a ‘4 x Quattro system’ to distribute feed to the cages. Sometimes the feed travels up to 200 m before it is dispensed. This is achieved by using powerful air blowers.

Additionally, the blowers move air through cooling channels to prevent overheating. A cleaning plug injector is used to clean the pipes and make sure operations run smoothly. The Akvasmart CCS has been the world’s

impressive specifications. “This barge has a feeding capacity of well over 150 tons per day and a superior quality feed system to go along with it. This is required for larger sites; like the one in mid Norway”.

High feed storage capacity, advanced on-board control systems for all the machinery and technology are central features for Marine Harvest. However, the feeding system is by far the most important feature for them, operations Manager in Marine Harvest, Torbjørn Skjervøy stated, according to an article released in AKVANEWS, AKVA groups own news magazine.

“A large scale operation like this also require precise process control in all aspect of the production, especially feeding, so this barge is delivered with the latest version

International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 51

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY of AKVA connect to help them maintain full operational control,” he continues.

Operational Control:

Image: All of the latest Wavemaster models are able to provide for the full spectrum of economic efficiency and to a wide range of cage farming operations, with sizes ranging from 96 to 850 metric tons.

AKVAconnect is a process control platform with a system that is designed to give the farm staff with a full overview as well as control of all aspects of the operations through different modules. Whether this is RAS (Recirculating Aquaculture Systems), water treatment for land locked farms, or camera and feeding control at cage farms.

AKVAconnect is fully scalable and therefore suitable for all types of farm facilities, from the smallest local farmers, to the larger multinational aquaculture corporations.

The video cameras on the farm sites continuously monitor and transmit images to the control room. The operators can then monitor the status of all the cages (controlling both underwater and surface cameras) as well as all other important areas of the farms and feed barges. This frees up

resources, increases efficiency and profitability; with the feed remaining the biggest part of production costs.

Water quality parameters such as oxygen, temperature and current are the most important factors that affect the feeding in commercial fish farming. Overfeeding leads to feed waste, possible pollution of the seabed and of course, poor feed conversion rate (FCR). Underfeeding also leads to poor FCR, as well as poor specific growth rate (SGR), and prolonged production time. All of the above are directly linked with overall profitability. With good enough broadband you can actually sit anywhere in the world and feed your fish, explains Obrestad.

So far, the released modules of AKVAconnect are AKVA connect camera, AKVA connect feeding, AKVA connect environment and AKVA connect barge control. “We are continuously working to further develop and improve the software and add more modules and functions.” Tore Obrestad added. AKVA connect Barge Control is the latest release.

This module was released during Aqua Nor 2015 and allows the operator access to online feed levels for each

silo, as well as remote control of the silo hatches; thus allowing feed loading without staff onboard the barge.

It is also possible to have tablets built into the wall, with these tablets connected to the same AKVAconnect system as the control room computers the operators are afforded remote access to much of the same information and controls. This allows those on board to move around the barge without losing control of the operations. With this set up, it would be possible to operate the entire barge with just one highly skilled technician on board.

Centralized Feeding:

The challenge for a larger fish farming company is to attract enough skilled and specialised staff that can feed the fish correctly and consistently at several different sites.

Every day of the year and according to the company’s best practice experience. With this new technology, 4-5 such specialists can feed 20 different sites from one location/control room.

With all the different modules and possibilities within AKVAconnect, and all the technical finesse on the different Wavemaster barges any farm site is well equipped for the future of fish farming whatever scale.

Safety: In order to manually shut of air or diesel flow in case of fire or other emergency the barge is equipped with manual levers and stopcocks. Emergency stop electronics boxes are also installed with fire extinguishers and 360 degree turning cameras located all around each barge. In other words, the Wavemaster barges are well equipped in terms of safety!

Other features: The barges also feature a crane with an optional remote control, ensilage system, veterinary lab, feed selectors, cleaning plug injectors, large garage, insulated machine room, accommodation and a wide range of other optional features.

AKVA group is growing and the barges are frequently growing in size and production. Wide ranges of barge models are available depending on site demands and customer preferences. AKVA group currently manufacture about 24 Wavemaster barges globally per year and they are all different when it comes to features and customizations.

Every single one of the Wavemaster steel feed barges are produced at shipyards in either Tallinn in Estland, Klaipeda in Lithuania or Szczecin and Ustka in Poland.

Typically, it takes about six months to produce a barge like the Wavemaster AC 850 Panorama, with an additional three months if there is not a design already in existence and a lot of tailoring is needed.

52 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

Paris Hotel and Convention Center

AquAculture 2016

Las Vegas, Nevada USA February 22-26, 2016 CO-SPONSORS

ASSOCIATE SPONSORS American Veterinary Medical Association America's Tilapia Alliance Aquacultural Engineering Society Aquaculture Association of Canada Aquaculture Feed Industry Association California Aquaculture Association Catfish Farmers of America Global Aquaculture Alliance

International Association of Aquaculture Economics and Management Latin America & Caribbean Chapter WAS Striped Bass Growers Association US Shrimp Farming Association US Trout Farmers Association World Aquatic Veterinary Medical Association Zebrafish Husbandry Association

In Cooperation with California Aquaculture Association

For More Information Contact:

Conference Manager | P.O. Box 2302 | Valley Center, CA 92082 USA Tel: +1.760.751.5005 | Fax: +1.760.751.5003 | Email: worldaqua@aol.com | www.was.org AQ16 intlaquafeed ad CMYK.indd 1

12/1/15 12:47 PM

International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 53

Industry Events Events listing

The World Aquaculture Society presents the Global Catfish Conference

n 22-26 February 2016 Aquaculture 2016 www.was.org

n 01-02 March 2016

Global Catfish Conference www.was.org

n 13-15 March 2016

AgraME www.agramiddleeast.com

n 15-17 March 2016

Oceanology International www.oceanologyinternational.com

n 29-31 March 2016

FIAAP, VICTAM & GRAPAS ASIA 2016 www.victam.com

n 18-20 April 2016

IFIF 5th Global Feed & Food Congress http://gffc2016.com

n 26-29 April 2016

Asia Pacific Aquaculture 2016 www.was.org

n 25-26 May 2016

Aquaculture UK 2016 http://aquacultureuk.com

n 02-04 June 2016

Middle East Aquaculture Forum www.meaf.ae/meaf16

The World Aquaculture Society is pleased to invite you to the Global Catfish Conference on March 1-2, 2016 in Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico.

Bringing together science and industry, the conference will discuss new trends and improvements that can be implemented in the production of catfish.

For a small fee, conference goers will be treated to talks from some of the leading minds in catfish production. Professors, doctors and leading experts from an array of institutions will provide in depth analysis on a wide range of topics. These speakers include, Michael Masser, Deborah Fracalossi, Bill Daniels, Mike McGee, Gerado Amador Cano, Manuel Parra Bracamonte, Ana Laura Lara Rivera, to name just a few.

The proposed programme considers such matters as the Statistics of Production, Fingerling Production of Ictalurus, Grow out Production, Nutrition, Genetics, Health, Global Markets for Catfish Produciton, as well as covering a selection of other issues surrounding the production of catfish.

The Congress will take place in the Club Maeva Miramar Hotel, which is just in front of the beautiful Miramar beach; it has access from the Coast Boulevard of Madero City, Tamaulipas, and is only 7 km from the General Francisco Javier Mina International Airport Book soon to avoid disappointment. For further booking information and prices, please go to the World Aquaculture Society’s website and follow the links to the Global Catfish Conference.

For more industry event information - visit our events register www.aquafeed.co.uk

n 04-06 June 2016

FutureFish Eurasia 2016 www.future-fish.com

n 20-23 September 2016

Join us for a Short Course in Aquaculture Feed Manufacturing

Aquaculture Europe www.easonline.org

n 24-28 October 2016

The Micronutrient Forum - Mexico www.was.org

n 15-18 November 2016 EuroTier http://eurotier.com

n 28 November 2016

Latin American & Caribbean Aquaculture 2016 www.was.org

OUR CONFERENCES

I N C O R P O R AT I N G F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y

International Aquafeed also organises conferences - we will be working with VIV to host the Aquatic series in 2016

Register for your place on this year’s short course in Aquaculture Manufacturing, to be held on February 14, 2016 at the Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre.

Bought to you by International Aquafeed Magazine and Dr Mian Riaz of The Food Protein R&D Centre, Texas A&M University System, this oneday seminar will cover the specialist areas of manufacturing aqua feeds.

Suitable for both those who are already producing aqua feeds or those who are interested in starting, this course will provide an exciting and extensive overview of an array of aspects which govern the production of aqua feeds.

Beginning at 08:00 with a registration and welcome, the course opens with an introduction to extrusion.

Covering a broad spectrum of topics – such as preconditioning, single and twin-screw extruders, control systems, the differences between fresh and marine feeds and drying and cooling aqua feeds – you will become well acquainted with the process of making top-quality aqua feeds using extrusion technology.

The conference takes place prior to VIV MEA, an exciting new trade show that will be held from February 16-18, 2016 also in Abu Dhabi. VIV have boasted successful events both in India and Europe, and VIV MEA looks to be another prodigious event.

Further announcements with regards to our special guest speakers will be made in due course. Ensure to register early to avoid disappointment!

54 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

Industry Events Aqua BIG 2016 Call for papers - deadline March 31, 2016 Aqua BIG2016 is being held 2-4 September 2016 in Hong Kong.

This is the inaugural event of what will surely become a regular ‘must attend’ activity.

The organisers are requesting abstracts of original papers for the formal Paper Sessions and Poster Sessions of the Conference.

Technology and innovation is the key to expansion. Technology transfer is crucial to assist countries which technology is lacking behind to maximise its harvest. In addition to worldwide food supply, seafood is also crucial to development of other industries such as marine renewable energy, cosmetic, health & pharmacology, environment & clean tech. The Forum & Expo will be held around the globe as a platform for ideas exchange, technological transfer, research and possible solutions to technical issues identified, and for all other related industries to better understand and maximise marine resources available.

The Conference Program will be made up of formal Sessions, Workshop Sessions and a stand-alone Poster Session.

The Poster Session will be a single 3-hour session with no competition from any other Paper or Workshop Session.

Therefore all the delegates will be able to participate in this important aspect of the Conference. Similarly, the Poster presenters will be able to attend all the Sessions.

The theme will canvass (though is not limited to) the topics listed below; particularly topics related to Business, Industry and Government: • Innovation in fishery, aquaculture and coastal management and governance; • New concepts in ocean bioscience, ocean engineering and ocean biotechnology; • Technology including robotics in respect of production and/or harvesting including underwater activities; • Ocean information technology and knowledge; • Issues of fish bioscience and technology; • Food & Nutrition – for humans and fish/seafood; • Cosmetics relating to harvests from the ocean; • Marine Renewable Energy; • Health, Medicines & Pharmacology relating to harvests from the ocean;

SeaWeb Seafood Summit The SeaWeb Seafood Summit held February 1-3, 2016 brings together global representatives from the seafood industry with leaders from the conservation community, academia, government and the media.

The goal of the Summit is to define success and advance solutions in sustainable seafood by fostering dialogue and partnerships that lead to a seafood marketplace that is environmentally, socially and economically sustainable. The conference is brought to you in partnership by SeaWeb and Diversified Communications.

Advancing Solutions in Sustainable Seafood

The 2016 conference program will address The Future of Production, The Supply Chain of the Future and The Future of Consumption.

Topics will focus on the success and innovation in sustainable seafood that will lead us into the future — the challenges, strategies and emerging issues that will shape the marketplace a decade from now.

• Environment & Clean Tech; • New concepts in seafood traceability and seafood safety; • Innovation in seafood marketing from harvester through to consumer; • New concepts relating to ocean research, investment and funding; • Solutions to Oceanic crimes and deviance including piracy, food fraud, Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) seafood and insurance; • Novel Communication into the future; • Fresh packaging concepts to minimise use of plastic with seafood; • Any novel issues relevant to the Blue Economy not listed above.

All abstracts must be in English – the official language of the conference.

Each oral presenter shall be entitled to no more than 12 minutes for a presentation, plus 3 minutes for questions. Authors of studies involving proprietary products or formulations should present this information in workshops or the Expo.

Oral presentations should use Power Point, Prezi, etc. Slides, overhead projectors and video players will not be available or allowed.

All presenters are required to pay their own registration accommodation and travel expenses. Aqua BIG2016 cannot subsidise registration fees, travel, or hotel costs.

A USB Abstract Book will be given to registered attendees.

Aqua BIG2016 encourages the submission of high quality oral and poster presentations and look forward to seeing you in Hong Kong.

You can submit papers online at http://bit.ly/1TXNJGJ or simply via the website at http://www.aquabig.org/ If you are unable to submit your abstract online, contact the Conference Manager, Doris Lam of Momentous Asia Travel and Events on (852) 2369 2062.

Deadline for papers: 31 March 2016 Abstract acceptance notification: 30 April 2016 Early bird registration deadline: 31 May 2016 Aqua BIG Forum: 2-4 September 2016 The conference will feature five plenaries and more than 25 breakout sessions including panel discussions, lightning talks and keynote presentations.

Conference Topics will include; Sustainability across food production, Combatting IUU fishing in the EU: current and future perspectives, Spotlight: securing ethical and sustainable Thai seafood supply chains, Building partnerships to address human rights and labor issues in seafood supply chains, Market awareness and demand in Japan, Does consumer engagement and perception matter in the era of seafood sustainability? and Market-based approaches to by-catch management in tuna fisheries, to name but a few.

The conference itself is held February 1-3, 2016, but before the conference on January 31 and after the conference on February 4, you will have the opportunity to participate in extra, hands on workshops and field trips.

To find out more, and to register for the Seaweb Seafood Summit, then go to the following website: www.seafoodsummit.org

Industry Events Oceanology International 2016 Following a successful introduction to the Oceanology International conference lineup in 2014, aquaculture is firmly on the agenda for the 2016 event.

Reflecting the growing importance of this industry in the marine environment and heralding opportunities for technology transfer, OI16 will be dedicating a full day to the Aquaculture Conference, Wednesday 16th of March 2016, at London’s ExCeL Centre.

The free to attend Aquaculture Conference, chaired by Professor Peter Davies of the Department of Civil Engineering, Dundee University, with interests in fluid mechanics in relation to aquaculture systems, has been developed by a Steering Committee of four technical and scientific industry experts: • Richard Slaski, Secretariat for the Scottish Aquaculture Research Forum (SARF), an aquaculture and fisheries consultant with expertise in international technology transfer, economic modelling, planning & regulations and applied research management • Alex Adrian, Aquaculture Officer for The Crown Estate, reflecting TCE’s aquaculture business interests around the UK in relation to finfish, shellfish and macroalgae • Dr Kenneth Black of the Scottish Association for Marine Science, a researcher in marine science with particular expertise on the environmental impact of aquaculture The programme will consist of a series of 25 minute presentations, covering topics from the technical challenges of offshore aquaculture, the latest techniques for monitoring and management aquaculture systems and the programmes driving innovation in aquaculture from the UK and abroad.

The line-up of international Aquaculture experts and their presentations, include: • Challenges facing offshore aquaculture - Richard Slaski of Scottish Aquaculture Research Forum and Alex Adrian of The Crown Estate • The strategic implications for the potential shortening of the pen-based phase of the salmon on-growing cycle – Keith Jeffery of CEFAS • The requirements for moorings and anchors for future aquaculture developments – Lawrie Stove of AquaMoor • Offshore development of shellfish: deployment & growth -

John Holmyard of Offshore Shellfish Ltd • A ruggedised, deployable and autonomous system for the quantification of faecal indicator bacteria in natural waters for improving biosecurity in shellfisheries – Jonathan McQuillan of the National Oceanography Centre • SFI Exposed: Pioneering exposed aquaculture & innovations to unlock the real blue potential- Arne Fredheim of SINTEF Fisheries & Aquaculture • Surface water quality observation moving to the Internet of Things era: the EcoWatch - Marco Pieterse of BlueLeg Monitor • A novel system for easy access to critical parameters in modern fish farms - Ketil Horn of Nortek AS • Satellite based water quality monitoring for shellfish farms to support management decisions - Peter Miller of Plymouth Marine Laboratory • The Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre: Technology requirements to meet objectives - Heather Jones of Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre • Marine biofuel production technology - Phil Kerrison of The Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS) • Biorefining: Extracting maximum benefit - Michele Stanley of the Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS) Further information on OI16’s Aquaculture Conference schedule and the presenter details, can be found on the OI 2016 website. www.oceanologyinternational.com The Aquaculture Conference is part of Oceanology International 2016’s world-class exhibition and ten track conference programme, providing a platform for organisations to reach buyers from key market regions and sectors worldwide and helps them improve their strategies for measuring, exploiting, protecting and operating in the world’s oceans.

Register to attend Oceanology International for free. www.oceanologyinternational.com

Short course in Aquaculture Feed Manufacturing

Abu Dhabi February 14, 2016

Supported by

Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre (ADNEC)

This one-day seminar will assist you when making top-quality aqua feeds using extrusion technology The course is run by International Aquafeed magazine and The Food Protein R&D Center, Texas A&M University System

bit.ly/aquashortcourse

As part of VIV MEA 2016

56 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

Industry Events Full VIV MEA programme features content-rich seminars VIV MEA 2016 will be rich in valuable business information for animal protein producers when it opens in February in Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates.

The new show takes place 15th-17th February 2016 and is dedicated to serving animal protein providers from the Middle East and Africa to Turkey, Iran and the countries of the Indian sub-continent.

Covering the animal proteins spectrum

Already sure to be the Middle East region’s largest trade fair on modern poultry production and processing, the event will also give significant attention to the dairy milk sector and to aquaculture.

What is more, the schedule features a highly informative programme of seminars and conferences on different animal proteins, prepared in association with media partners and technical leaders.

From health and feed to industry structure

On Sunday 14th February, International Poultry Production/ International Hatchery Practice presents a full-day knowledge session for poultry managers on topics including how to give chicks a healthy start. A parallel presentation on the same day by Perendale’s International Aquafeed will provide a short course on manufacturing aquaculture feeds.

The morning of Monday 15th February brings a Global Milling conference from magazine Milling & Grain alongside a Watt Global Media poultry seminar that covers broiler production and trade issues in the Middle East/Africa region. The afternoon sessions include a seminar sponsored by the Dutch Poultry Centre to look at some egg quality issues and Middle East Agrifood Publishers MEAP teaming up with the World’s Poultry Science Association to discuss commercial and scientific trends in poultry production.

For the morning sessions of the conference programme on Tuesday 16th February there is a Reed Business International focus on poultry health and an International Dairy Topics seminar that asks “Upsizing --- Is it the way forward?”.

Vertical integration in the dairy supply chain is the theme for a Global Dairy Farmers afternoon session while International Meat Topics runs a discussion on how to meet the meat safety challenge.

Top Ten countries for advance booking

“The early indication is that we will have most pre-registrations from Pakistan, the United Arab Emirates, Bangladesh, Nigeria and Saudi Arabia,” says VIV shows manager Ruwan Berculo.

“The other countries in the Top Ten are Egypt, India, Iran, Sudan and Jordan. I think it shows that we have succeeded in promoting the appeal of the inaugural VIV MEA as being for an extended region of the world, so that it is well on course to become the third international hub in our portfolio of business events for the animal protein sectors, alongside VIV Asia and VIV Europe.”

As well as the pre-registered individual participants, Mr Berculo continues, the show is set to receive special VIP delegations from over a dozen countries. Those confirmed so far will travel not only from the Middle East area (UAE, Iran, Turkey), but also from India and Pakistan, from further into Asia (China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand) and from Africa (Egypt, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan).

Preliminary estimates suggest that there will be approximately 4000 visitors over the three days of the trade fair. The organisers expect that the largest number will come from the countries bordering the Persian Gulf along with Iran and Turkey. Another 25 percent or so are likely to be from African countries and around 10 percent from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.

Other events add to visitor appeal

VIV MEA 2016 in Abu Dhabi has the added advantage that it will be co-located at the ADNEC exhibitions complex with a world event that works with organisations including the United Nations and the World Bank in offering a showcase for innovative and sustainable technologies relating to food production. Known as the Global Forum for Innovations in Agriculture or GFIA, in 2016 this returns to Abu Dhabi for the third consecutive year.

Even more notable for all executives in the poultry industry is the opening of a conference on 17th February only a short distance from ADNEC. For the first time, the International Poultry Council is bringing to Abu Dhabi its spring conference of poultry world leaders. The conference is open to VIV MEA visitors who have IPC membership.

Moreover, across at the Dubai World Trade Centre between 21st-25th February there is the opportunity to visit the world’s largest annual show on food and related hospitality products.

Gulfood in its 2016 edition will have more than 110 international pavilions in addition to several hundred stands featuring individual companies, providing valuable insights into food product developments for all Middle East businesses involved in animal protein production and processing.

Registration numbers reflect great interest

Exhibition space for VIV MEA 2016 was fully booked in just eight months, with the leading global suppliers to the animal protein sectors showing their support. In total there will about 270 exhibitors with stands in three halls of the Abu Dhabi national exhibition centre (ADNEC).

The strong worldwide interest in this first-ever VIV MEA has been demonstrated further by the number of people registering in advance to attend the event. A preliminary count at the start of 2016 found individual pre-registrations from 84 countries.

Almost 70 percent of applications had come from countries in the Middle East with Asia and another 9-10 percent were from Africa. The other large segment involved applications from Europe and Russia, but South America, North America and Oceania were also represented.

Regional spread visitors VIV MEA 2016 pre-registration as of 14 January 2016

International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 57

Industry Events

REVIEW

Opening the Show Representatives from a complete cross-section of the Taiwanese fisheries industry supported the first Fisheries and Seafood Show to increase Taiwan’s exposure and raise its status within the international community

A union of fishing interests ‘captured the imagination’ at the first Taiwan Fisheries and Seafood Show Taiwan is making its world leading seafood technology, in both marine and aquaculture fisheries, accessible to all countries

58 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

Industry Events

Taiwan presents the 'complete picture' for seafood under one roof

Taiwan hosted its first ‘Taiwan Fisheries and Seafood Show’ in late November 2015 to widespread international acclaim.

The event was unique in that it drew together the best of the marine and capture fisheries together with the most advanced sections of the country’s aquaculture industry; two fish production systems not often considered comfortable bedfellows.

It was a union of fishing interests that captured the imagination of organisers, exhibitors and visitors alike and resulted in one of the best, albeit small, events in the calendar for fish in 2015.

The event was organised by the non-profit-making, governmentfunded TAITRA, the Taiwan External Trade Development Council, which was set up in 1970 to promote foreign trade and My Exhibition Co Ltd. The show was hosted in Taiwan’s second largest city, Kaohsiung which is situated at the opposite end of the country to the capital Taipei on the country’s southern coastline. Kaoshiung is an important city for capture fisheries in southern Taiwan.

The modern Kaohsiung Exhibition Centre, in the heart of the city, made an ideal venue for this new exhibition, which is scheduled to take place each year from now on. It was supported by 210 exhibitors which saw 412 exhibition booths on show to visitors – in total exhibitors represented companies from over 14 countries.

The show attracted more than 6500 visitors over the three days it was held, with just under 700 visitors coming from outside Taiwan and covered areas as diverse as fishing equipment (from fishing nets and fish finders to weather use instruments) to aquaculture (from feeds to aquatic breeds to water purifying), to processing and seafood itself; a most comprehensive array of products and services including fishing boats, etc.

The last day of the event was open to the public – another innovation for a trade exhibition - with the expressed objective to increase consumer awareness of the benefits and the technology behind one of the world’s most advanced marine and fish farming industries.

A survey conducted of visitors following the show ranked the top 10 buying countries as China, Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, South Korea, Singapore, The Philippines, USA, Vietnam and Thailand.

According to the president of My Exhibition, Ball Chang, this was the first time aquaculture had joined with marine fishing to participate in a joint exhibition.

“The event has achieved outcomes beyond our expectations and the evidence of the potential for growth for all these industries involved in fishing, fish farming and processing is there for everyone to see, he says.

“The government will support this industry event in the future.”

While the diversity of the event provided a host of experts from throughout the industry in one location, International Aquafeed

International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 59

Industry Events was able to distribute its Chinese edition widely and take advantage to interview several exhibitors from feed nutrition through to fishfarming technology.

One story that captured our attention was concerning food safety, which we report here. Other stories from the show will be published in future issues.

Complete traceability

For a small country with just 1/50th of the world’s population, Taiwan is in the top 20 for fishing. Taiwan’s fishing industry produces over 1.4 million tonnes of production each year.

For many years Taiwan relied on imported fish to meet consumer demand, but today everyone who wants to can enjoy locally-produced fish from either the marine sector or from our completely traceable fish farming operations, says Mr Wang Chang Hao who is the CEO of Taiwan’s Aqua Development Association.

“Aquaculture accounts for a large part of our fish consumption today and is a larger share than fish from marine fisheries, which is limited by the environment".

“Now we have rapid growth and we are considered as the top value globally and this has given the organisers and the government agencies the confidence to hold this exhibition,” he says.

Mr Wang Chang Hao says his association’s work covers all farmed fish species covering Threadfish, Milkfish, Grouper and Mullet and working with 14 production and marketing groups. It has some 1000 members and represents all eight provinces under its umbrella.

The major pillars of the organisation in meeting its mission of ensuring food safety for consumers includes testing and certification of its 14 production and marketing groups.

“We are responsible for controlling food safety when it comes to farmed fish,” he adds.

The association has adopted a QR code system that allows consumers to scan and trace and retail product back to the farm and beyond. The QR code is linked to its website and demonstrates the quality of the fish product in details consumers understand.

It relies on a locally-developed ‘TGAP’ program, which stands for Taiwan Good Aquaculture Practice, and is proving successful due to its geographical control that controls safety, culture, quality and enhances the reputation of farmed fish.

‘This certification has been used for more than eight years and is now recognised internationally, and includes information from the hatcheries, whether it was caught or farmed, its packaging date and presents a complete record of each individual fish on the label. It also includes recipes on how to prepare and eat the fish,” he says.

Mr Wang Chang Hao says geography is a critical issue to ensuring the safety of fish for consumers. There are three areas of importance in successfully maintaining food safety in farmed fish: the weather should not get too hot nor too cold during the production process; the environment including land and water quality have to be carefully managed.

“The people of Taiwan are very hard working and they deserve fish of the highest quality in the shops and this view is fully supported by the government through research and development for the industry.

The government of Taiwan is very democratic and this is reflected in our focus on food safety. It forms 99.5 percent of our activities due to the regulations that govern us.

“Our TGAP was formed by government, not by foreign organisations, to meet the needs of international markets. It’s our own certification system that is similar to GlobalGAP for exports particularly to Europe and the USA. “History makes Taiwan very resistant and that all obstacles can be overcome,” he concluded.

Show benefits feed industry

Taiwan’s feed industry has also benefited from the country’s

Roger Gilbert with My Exhibition president Ball Chang and Irene Liu who say the event exceeded all expectations

Mr Wang Chang Hao, CEO of Taiwan’s Aqua Development Association, explains the certification documentation behind a sample retail package of shrimp that consumers can access at any time

Donald Lu of TAITRA discussing the concept behind the Taiwan Fisheries and Seafood Show with Roger Gilbert

Fish breeding and rearing in automated reticulation systems come in all shapes and sizes

60 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

Industry Events promotion in recent years of its products abroad.

For example local Kaohsiung City feed company, Shye Yih Feeding Co Ltd, which produces some 55,000 tonnes of fish feeds annually for the local market, has found confidence to begin exploring export markets, and sees the exhibition as a great benefit for the whole industry.

Mr Kuo En-Chan, from the company’s sales department, says that the success of exports depends largely on the cost of production plus research of markets and tailoring finished feeds for the specific species a customer is growing.

Export markets of importance to the company include Malaysia, India and South Korea.

“We are still developing connections in countries such as The Philippines, but Malaysia is home of our biggest clients. It’s the quality and the standards we are achieving that importers want.

“To delivery high-quality products like this we need the very best raw materials ourselves and imported fishmeal from Peru is one such product, although depending on the fish species being fed we can use the more profitable vegetable proteins available today.”

Mr Kuo En-Chan says there is a good future for Taiwan exporters and exhibiting at the Taiwan Fisheries and Seafood Show reached both foreign buyers and the local market as well.

Mrs Tzu-Wen Tseng deputy secretary general of Kaohsiung city government welcomes industry representatives saying protecting consumers’ rights and giving them the confidence in seafood products was paramount

The next Fisheries & Seafood show will take place on November 10-12, 2016

Mr Tzu-Yaw Tsay, director general of the Fisheries Agency spoke of a ‘complete picture of the seafood chain’ with opportunities for the industry to expand overseas

IndoFisheries-Aquafeed.ai 1 22/01/2016 15:43:58

REG IS NOWTER

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MEET THE WORLD CONNECT WITH 520+ EXHIBITORS & 8,400+ INDUSTRY PROFESSIONALS n Source new products and services from over 520 worldwide suppliers n Build your knowledge via 90+ hours of technical and industry content Experience the latest technological innovations in the dedicated show floor theatre n Learn about near and far market export opportunities hosted by international trade groups n Interact with key industry contacts at the exhibition via free social and networking events n View market leading equipment with our live vessel and dockside demonstration programme

Y

CM

MY

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CMY

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Register to attend for free at: www.oceanologyinternational.com Organised by:

Learned Society Patron:

Endorsing associations:

International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 61

Industry Events

AQUACULTURE AMERICA Technology on display

Every three years, the Triennial is held somewhere in the United States. In 2016, the Triennial returns to the exciting city of Las Vegas, Nevada!

The Triennial is the largest aquaculture conference and tradeshow held in the world with nearly 4000 attendees from over 90 countries.

Featuring the annual meetings of the World Aquaculture Society, National Shell Fisheries Association, American Fisheries Society (Fish Culture Section), and the National Aquaculture Association, here’s what else is happening at Aquaculture 2016!

• Aquaculture America - Annual Meeting of the US Chapter of World Aquaculture Society, the National Aquaculture Association, and the US Aquaculture Suppliers Association.

• Annual Meeting of the American Tilapia Association • Annual Meeting of the Striped Bass Growers Association • Annual Meeting of the US Trout Farmers Association • Special sessions organised by Aquacultural Engineering • Society and International Association of Aquaculture Many other meetings of working groups, government agencies and related aquaculture activities International Aquafeed takes a look at some of the technology and products that will be on display at the event.

Alltech Solutions for the Aquaculture Industry Alltech provides natural nutritional solutions to overcome challenges faced by aquaculture species throughout the production process - from first feeding to harvest. Alltech’s solutions are tailored to provide customers with a competitive advantage and address issues ranging from daily stressors and environmental threats to nutritional challenges including the increasing use of plant proteins, contaminants in raw materials and nutrient availability.

AQUATE™ is Alltech’s solution platform for aquaculture, providing a combination of natural technologies based on proprietary processes. AQUATE technologies create solutions that maintain a protective balance between your aquaculture species, its nutrition and its environment. This optimises animal performance and maintains healthy populations.

Alltech is firmly focused on delivering solutions built by research and practical application - promoting robust stock, improved performance, flesh quality and health status; thereby adding value and profitability to aquaculture products.

Flow meter installed into pipe

Pre-programmed Variable Frequency Drive

Flow meter wired into drive

Discharge/Effluent

Pump wired into drive Suction/Influent

Verus Pump

Verus Pump with Constant Flow Technology. (Flanges available as optional accessories. PVC pipe not included.)

Verus 850 Premium Efficiency Pump with Constant flow Technology We know that Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) programming can be challenging, time-consuming and error-prone... That’s why we’ve removed the guesswork; enabling customers to easily upgrade to a proven solution for off-the-shelf control using Constant Flow Technology. Verus with Constant Flow Technology is available in a range of configurations to suit the needs of various applications. Verus with Constant Flow Technology is offered as a plug-and-play kit consisting of a robust, aquaculture-duty Verus pump; paired with a heavyduty outdoor-rated (IP55) variable frequency drive, and a flow meter.

The pump and drive are delivered to you pre-programmed providing easy installation with minimal setup time.

Unlike conventional pumps that require manual valve adjustments, Verus with Constant Flow Technology is an integrated system that self adjusts to deliver the user’s established flow rate, even as system conditions change.

Includes: • Verus 850 Premium Efficiency Pump • Saltwater rated, all-plastic construction • 3 Phase TEFC motor • Closed-coupled for quiet, stable flow operation • Lightweight for easy installation • 6” suction port and 4” discharge port • Optional strainer pot and flanges are available • Outdoor-rated (IP55) pre-programmed variable frequency drive • Industrial-grade flow meter pentairaes.com

62 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

Industry Events RotiGrow® OneStep Reed Mariculture’s new, breakthrough feed ensures consistent hatchery production results— with one easy step. RotiGrow OneStep is a liquid, high-yield microalgal blend rotifer feed that contains all of the nutritional components needed to produce the most healthy and vigorous rotifers and larvae in one easy step.

• Cleanest, easiest to use, most reliable nutrition for rotifers and larvae on the market.

• Nutrition is in the tissue of the rotifers as well as in the gut.

• High in the DHA, ARA, and carotenoids that are required by fish such as Cobia, Seriola, and Red Snapper.

RotiGrow OneStep is an Instant Algae® product, “Algae When You Need It”™. Over 500 hatcheries, ornamental growers, universities and research organizations in 90 countries rely on Reed Mariculture’s Instant Algae products. Order RotiGrow OneStep and ensure repeatable hatchery success. reedmariculture.com/product_rotigrow_onestep.php

YSI Monitoring and Control Platform Designed for aquaculture and aquatic life support systems, the YSI Monitoring and Control (M&C) platform integrates water quality monitoring, process control, automated feeding, alarming, and data management into one instrument or network of instruments depending on your facility’s size and needs – making the system completely scalable.

YSI’s M&C instruments can also help you manage your operation’s feeding cycle via our FeedSmart™ software. The FeedSmart™ software manages feed delivery based on userselectable inputs for the number of daily feedings, daily feed weights, total biomass, and feed conversion ratios (FCRs) along with parameter control based on water quality values which reduces, or stops feed as water quality deteriorates.

The YSI monitors and expansion modules can be mixed and matched, allowing you to set up an effective monitoring and control network to help run your facility and automate many processes that may have been accomplished manually in the past allowing for increased efficiency and lower operational costs.

This system is designed to be an easy-to-use, scalable solution that can grow with your facility. With the ability to measure many parameters using a variety of probes at multiple locations, we can help you design a total facility solution.

YSI.com/aquaculture

Insta-pro International – Extrusion Technology Insta-Pro International is a world leader in extrusion technology for food & feed processing with customers in over 100 countries. Our technology is used to process a wide range of crops into nutritious food & feed products.

Application examples: oilseed processing, soybean/grain processing, emergency relief food, animal food and byproduct processing.

Insta-Pro International works closely with processers to examine challenges and develop chemical free processing solutions for producing protein that can be used in livestock feed, vegetable oils, soy food ingredients, pet food and fish feed.

The Insta-Pro Intl method uses an exclusive process with advantages in the following: • Nutritional quality • Digestibility • Improved flavour • Longer shelf life Additional Support includes: • Quick response to customer needs • Nutritional advice • Engineering advice • Connectivity to raw ingredient suppliers, business partners and consumer As a result, Insta-Pro Intl’s leadership in mechanical reliability and nutritional excellence has earned us a top reputation in the industry. www.insta-pro.com

International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 63

Elevator buckets Alapala +90 212 465 60 40 www.alapala.com Tapco Inc +1 314 739 9191 www.tapcoinc.com

Welcome to the market place, where you will find suppliers of products and services to the industry - with help from our friends at The International Aquafeed Directory (published by Turret Group) Additives

Symaga +34 91 726 43 04 www.symaga.com

Chemoforma +41 61 8113355 www.chemoforma.com Evonik +49 618 1596785 www.evonik.com Liptosa +34 902 157711 www.liptosa.com

Elevator & Conveyor Components

Westeel +1 204 233 7133 www.westeel.com

4B Braime +44 113 246 1800 www.go4b.com

Enzymes Ab Vista +44 1672 517 650 www.abvista.com

GMP+ International +31703074120 www.gmpplus.org

Analysis Laboratorio Avi-Mex S.A. de C.V +55 54450460 Ext. 1105 www.avimex.com.mx R-Biopharm +44 141 945 2924 www.r-biopharm.com

Conveyors Vigan Enginnering +32 67 89 50 41 www.vigan.com

JEFO +1 450 799 2000 www.jefo.com

Equipment for sale

Colour sorters

Romer Labs +43 2272 6153310 www.romerlabs.com

B端hler AG +41 71 955 11 11 www.buhlergroup.com

Amino acids

ExtruTech Inc +1 785 284 2153 www.extru-techinc.com

Event organisers VIV +31 30 295 2772 www.viv.net

Satake +81 82 420 8560 www.satake-group.com

Evonik +49 618 1596785 www.evonik.com

Computer software

Animal Health & Nutrition

Extruders

Adifo NV +32 50 303 211 www.adifo.com

Cenzone +1 760 736 9901 www.cenzone.com

Format International Ltd +44 1483 726081 www.formatinternational.com

Bags Mondi Group +43 1 79013 4917 www.mondigroup.com

Almex +31 575 572666 www.almex.nl Amandus Kahl +49 40 727 710 www.akahl.de

Colour sorters SEA S.r.l. +39 054 2361423 www.seasort.com

Bin dischargers Denis +33 2 37 97 66 11 www.denis.fr

Coolers & driers

Bulk storage

Consergra s.l +34 938 772207 www.consergra.com

Bentall Rowlands +44 1724 282828 www.bentallrowlands.com

FrigorTec GmbH +49 7520 91482-0 www.frigortec.com

Chief Industries UK Ltd +44 1621 868944 www.chief.co.uk Croston Engineering +44 1829 741119 www.croston-engineering.co.uk

Silos Cordoba +34 957 325 165 www.siloscordoba.com

VAV +31 71 4023701 www.vav.nl

TSC Silos +31 543 473979 www.tsc-silos.com

Certification

Sonac +31 499 364800 www.sonac.biz

Silo Construction Engineers +32 51723128 www.sce.be

STIF +33 2 41 72 16 80 www.stifnet.com

Geelen Counterflow +31 475 592315 www.geelencounterflow.com Muyang Group +86 514 87848880 www.muyang.com Wenger Manufacturing +1 785-284-2133 www.wenger.com

Andritz +45 72 160300 www.andritz.com Brabender +49 203 7788 0 www.brabender.com Buhler AG +41 71 955 11 11 www.buhlergroup.com Dinnissen BV +31 77 467 3555 www.dinnissen.nl Ferraz Maquinas e Engenharia +55 16 3615 0055 www.ferrazmaquinas.com.br Insta-Pro International +1 515 254 1260 www.insta-pro.com Ottevanger +31 79 593 22 21 www.ottevanger.com

64 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

Ugur Makina +90 (364) 235 00 26 www.ugurmakina.com

Wenger Manufacturing +1 785-284-2133 www.wenger.com

Palletisers

Zheng Chang +86 21 64188282 www.zhengchang.com

PAYPER, S.A. +34 973 21 60 40 www.payper.com

Aller Aqua +45 70 22 19 10 www.aller-aqua.com

Muyang +86 514 87848880 www.muyang.com

Pellet binders Symaga +34 91 726 43 04 www.symaga.com

Akzo Nobel +46 303 850 00 www.bredol.com

Jefo

Borregaard LignoTech +47 69 11 80 00 www.lignotechfeed.com

SPAROS Tel.: +351 249 435 145 Website: www.sparos.pt

PellTech +47 69 11 80 00 www.pelltech.org

Wynveen International B.V. +31 26 47 90 699 www.wynveen.com

Tornum AB +46 512 29100 www.tornum.com

Sensors Aqualabo +33 2 97 89 25 30 www.aqualabo.fr

Pest control Rentokil Pest Control +44 0800 917 1987 www.rentokil.co.uk

Hatchery products Reed Mariculture +1 877 732 3276 www.reed-mariculture.com

Agromatic +41 55 2562100 www.agromatic.com

Pipe systems Jacob Sohne +49 571 9580 www.jacob-pipesystems.eu

Laboratory equipment

Dol Sensors +45 721 755 55 www.dol-sensors.com

Used around

Bastak +90 312 395 67 87 www.bastak.com.tr

all industrial Plants sectors.

Shrimp feed additives

Andritz +45 72 160300 Visit us! www.pipe-systems.eu www.andritz.com

Fr. Jacob Sรถhne GmbH & Co. KG, Germany Tel. + 49 (0) 571 95580 | www. jacob-pipesystems.eu

Level measurement

Buhler AG +41 71 955 11 11 www.buhlergroup.com

BinMaster Level Controls +1 402 434 9102 www.binmaster.com

FAMSUN +86 514 87848880 www.muyang.com

FineTek Co., Ltd +886 2226 96789 www.fine-tek.com

Dishman +31 318 545 754 www.dishman-netherlands.com

Training Aqua TT +353 1 644 9008 www.aquatt.ie/aquatt-services

Vaccines

Probiotics

Vega +44 1444 870055 www.vega.com/uk

Biomin +43 2782 803 0 www.biomin.net Lallemand + 33 562 745 555 www.lallemandanimalnutrition. com

Moisture analyzers CHOPIN Technologies +33 14 1475045 www.chopin.fr

Rolls Leonhard Breitenbach +49 271 3758 0 www.breitenbach.de

Doescher & Doescher GmbH +49 4087976770 www.doescher.com

OJ Hojtryk +45 7514 2255 www.oj-hojtryk.dk

Ridgeway Biologicals +44 1635 579516 www.ridgewaybiologicals.co.uk

Vacuum Wynveen International B.V. +31 26 47 90 699 www.wynveen.com

Weighing equipment Parkerfarm Weighing Systems +44 1246 456729 www.parkerfarm.com

Yeast products

Safety equipment Rembe +49 2961 740 50 www.rembe.com

Seedburo +1 312 738 3700 www.seedburo.com

NIR systems

MYSILO +90 382 266 2245 www.mysilo.com

Ehcolo A/S +45 75 398411 www.ehcolo.com

Feed

Hydronix +44 1483 468900 www.hydronix.com

Obial +90 382 2662120 www.obial.com.tr

Second hand equipment Sanderson Weatherall +44 161 259 7054 www.sw.co.uk

NIR-Online +49 6227 732668 www.nir-online.de

Silos

Packaging CB Packaging +44 7805 092067 www.cbpackaging.com

Kepler Weber Group +55 11 4873-0300 www.kepler.com.br

Mondi Group +43 1 79013 4917 www.mondigroup.com

International Aquafeed - January | February 2016 | 65

ICC, Adding Value to Nutrition +55 11 3093 0753 www.iccbrazil.com Lallemand + 33 562 745 555 www.lallemandanimalnutrition.com Leiber GmbH +49 5461 93030 www.leibergmbh.de Phileo (Lesaffre animal care) +33 3 20 81 61 00 www.lesaffre.fr

To include your company in the International Aquafeed market place in print, and a company page on our website contact Tom Blacker. +44 1242 267700 โ ข tomb@perendale.co.uk

the interview Dr Mian Riaz Mian Riaz Ph.D, is the director of the Food Protein R&D Center and head of the Extrusion Program and Graduate Faculty in the Food Science and Technology Program at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.

Dr Riaz has given more than 235 talks in 50 different countries. He currently offers four short courses in the area of extrusion annually, two courses are in feed extrusion and two courses are in food extrusion. He has more than 22 years of research experience in his field.

Dr. Riaz is also an active member of the Institute of Food Technologists, American Association of Cereal Chemists, American Oil Chemists’ Society, Pakistan Society of Food Scientists and Technologists and the Association for the Advancement of Industrial Crops.

This February, International Aquafeed Magazine and Dr Mian Riaz are presenting a one-day Short Course in Aquaculture Feed Manufacturing.

Speakers from industry and academia will give lectures on the latest technology in aquafeed extrusion and related equipment on February 14, 2016 at the Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre.

This one-day seminar will cover the specialist areas of manufacturing aquafeeds.

IAF recently spoke to Mian Riaz to discuss both the one-day course in Abu Dhabi and to collect his thoughts on the extrusion industry of today.

You are speaking at the forthcoming extrusion course in Dubai, which topics will you be discussing?

At the event in Abu Dhabi, I will be talking in general about introduction to extrusion. Since several people have no idea about the basics of extrusion, its principles, function and types of extruders which are available in the market. I will also provide some general rules of thumb and basic guidelines for when someone needs to purchase a new extruder.

Can you provide our readers some information about your duties and responsibilities as director of the Food Protein R&D Center and head of the Extrusion Program and Graduate Faculty in the Food Science and Technology Program at Texas A&M University?

As head of the extrusion program, I oversee all the activities in the area of extrusion, which includes research, industry work, short course and special training in the area of extrusion.

What do you consider to be the key developments in extrusion since you became involved in the industry?

Has the extrusion industry encountered any major challenges since you have been involved with the extrusion process?

Extrusion manufacturers are very progressive and listen to the industry so they are able to tailor their equipment to meet the needs of their customers. This industry faced a major challenge for food and feed safety. Extruder manufacturers overcame this challenge by improving their hardware and processing parameters accordingly.

Are you looking forward to seeing any of the other speakers or exhibitors at this year’s show, if so, which ones are you most interested?

There will be three other speakers at this course and I will be looking forward to meeting all of them. They are, Mr. Joe Kern vice president for Aqua feed Division, and Dr. Ramesh G. from Wenger and Dr. Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed, professor - Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt

There are several new developments in the last 20 years.

We used to have volumetric feeder, and now we have loss measurement in feed systems that is much more accurate.

There are several improvements in pre-conditioners, from single shaft to double shaft to differential diameter shafts to high intensity pre-conditioners. All of these improvement help to better mix, cook and hydrate the raw material for cooking.

Now we have conical screw and very unique dies.

There is such a vast array of events coming up over the next 12 months, but which are the events are you most looking forward to?

Was 2015 a particularly busy year for you, and what were your highlights of the past 12 months?

There are several pieces of add-on equipment that have been made available by the extruder manufacturers. But in my opinion Back Pressure Valve (BPV) is one of the most vital pieces of equipment currently available to those, like myself, who are involved in the extrusion industry.

Yes, we conducted four courses in the area of extrusion and have has a record number of participants attend our courses.

We saw a major jump in the number of participants enrolling on aqua feed extrusion short courses.

Most of the events are related to general livestock feed, however, I am looking forward to Middle East VIV, Victam and ILDEX.

In your opinion, what is the most vital piece of equipment available to the modern extruder?

66 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

PEOPLE

THE INDUSTRY FACES

Eloise Hillier-Richardson joins International Aquafeed Magazine as the new Managing Editor

W

e are pleased to welcome Eloise Hillier-Richardson into the fold as the new Managing Editor of International Aquafeed Magazine. Eloise joins us with a Bachelors degree in English Literature from Queen Mary, University of London and a Masters degree in Comparative Literature from University College London.

Eloise HillierRichardson

“I am very excited to embark upon my role here at International Aquafeed Magazine, and continue in our efforts to take the publication from strength to strength. I am looking forward to getting to know more about the industry as well as the people within it. I hope to ultimately help convey the importance of the industry within our society, and continue to be at the vanguard of innovative developments, bringing our readers the latest advancements in the industry from around the globe.”

International Aquafeed Magazine is pleased to announce new Asia-Pacific Representative

P

eter Parker joins our team from New Zealand after doing a three-month residential internship in the UK at the end of 2015. Peter has a Bachelor Degree in Social Sciences from Waikato University, graduating in 2014. He has worked as a behavioural therapist in New Zealand primary schools.

Peter Parker

During his training he displayed a keen interest in aquaculture and fish feeding and represented International Aquafeed on field and industry events including Europe’s AquaNor in Norway and the European Aquaculture Society’s event in Rotterdam.

He joins us as our Asia-Pacific Representative and will provide us with both an editorial input and a sales role with regard to our developing Fish Farming Technology section within International Aquafeed.

Andrew Wilkinson joins International Aquafeed as Editorial Journalist

A

nother recent addition to our ever- expanding editorial team is Andrew Wilkinson.

Andrew joins us with a wealth of journalistic experience, having previously worked for a number of prestigious establishments including the BBC.

Andrew graduated from the University of Gloucestershire with a BA in journalism in 2014, having previously been employed in the food service industry at management level.

Andrew Wilkinson

Andrew’s journalistic experience as well as his in depth knowledge of the food industry, makes him a key addition to the team. Andrew is relishing the opportunity of working in such a vastly expanding industry and is looking forward to working with each and every one of you.

Yannis Zabetakis has recently moved to the University of Limerick

Y

annis Zabetakis, after 12 years in the University of Athens, has recently moved to the University of Limerick (UL) in Ireland where he will be continuing his academic career in the area of food lipids in the Department of Life Sciences.

Yannis Zabetakis

He plans to expand his previous work with Nireus SA, a leading Greek aquaculture company, on the production of novel functional feeds and thus farmed fish. Yannis’ focus in UL is on how to render more sustainable the production of aquafeeds and also to identify novel functional lipids in aquafeeds and farmed fish with anti-inflammatory activities.

By-products of other industries (e.g. dairy and brewing) will be assessed for their potential as functional feed ingredients. The overall aim is, in close collaboration with Industry, to develop novel and sustainable aquafeeds that would enrich the cardio-protective properties of farmed fish.

These applied research efforts should give the aquaculture industry a further competitive edge based on the functional properties of fish against cardiovascular diseases.

68 | January | February 2016 - International Aquafeed

Shrimp feed formulation, just smarter.

You can count on AMINOShrimp® to give you the best recommendation for shrimp feed.

• AMINOShrimp® is an interactive and easy to use software calculating amino acid recommendations for whiteleg shrimp.

• The amino acid recommendations are provided according to species-specific requirements and can be adjusted by the user to different production scenarios. animal-nutrition@evonik.com www.evonik.com/animal-nutrition