Mar | Apr 2016 - International Aquafeed

I N C O R P O R AT I N G F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y

Carbohydrates in fish nutrition

- Phospholipids that make a difference to filet quality and quantity - Improving survival rates in shrimp - Parasite Control in European Farmed Finfish March | April 2016

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CONTENTS: MARCH/APRIL 2016 VOLUME 19 ISSUE 2

Publisher Roger Gilbert rogerg@perendale.co.uk Editor Professor Simon Davies simond@aquafeed.co.uk Associate Editors Dr Albert Tacon albertt@perendale.co.uk Dr Yu Yu yuy@perendale.co.uk Dr Kangsen Mai (Chinese edition) mai@perendale.co.uk Editorial Advisory Panel • Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt) • Professor António Gouveia (Portugal) • Professor Charles Bai (Korea) • Colin Mair (UK) • Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK) • Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada) • Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece) • Dr Kim Jauncey (UK) • Eric De Muylder (Belgium) • Dr Pedro Encarnação (Singapore) • Dr Mohammad R Hasan (Italy) Editorial team Eloise Hillier-Richardson eloisehr@perendale.co.uk Peter Parker peterp@perendale.co.uk Malachi Stone malachis@perendale.co.uk Andrew Wilkinson andreww@perendale.co.uk Roy Palmer (Editor - Asia Pacific) royp@perendale.com International Marketing Team Darren Parris darrenp@perendale.co.uk Tom Blacker tomb@perendale.co.uk Latin America Marketing Team Iván Marquetti Tel: +54 2352 427376 ivanm@perendale.co.uk

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India Marketing Team Ritu Kala rituk@perendale.co.uk Nigeria Marketing Team Nathan Nwosu nathann@perendale.co.uk

14 Aquaculture Training 40

©Copyright 2016 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. More information can be found at www.perendale. com Perendale Publishers Ltd also publish ‘The International Milling Directory’ and ‘The Global Miller’ news service

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Photoshoot

Expert Topic - Common Carp 54

Industry Events

64 The Market Place

Design Manager James Taylor jamest@perendale.co.uk Circulation & Events Manager Tuti Tan tutit@perendale.co.uk

Industry News

66 The Aquafeed Interview 68

COLUMNS

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Industry Faces

FEATURES 16 Brewers’ yeast products - excellent for use in aquafeeds 20 Carbohydrates in fish nutrition

24 Krill oil - phospholipids that make a difference to filet quality and quantity

26 Improving survival rates in shrimp

30 Parasite Control in European Farmed Finfish

36 Potential abounds in Mexico

Ioannis Zabetakis 4

Roy Palmer

7 Dr Alexandros Samartzis

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY 46

Cage culture in Indian reservoirs

50 A Breath of Fresh Air in Fish Farming

Professor Simon Davies

Croeso - welcome

Welcome to this Spring Edition of International Aquafeed for 2016. I have just returned from a 10-day working trip to the USA, where I visited California briefly and Atlanta, Georgia whilst also attending the Aquaculture 2016 event in Las Vegas on behalf of my institution, Harper Adams University in England.

There, I was able to catch up with many friends and associates in academia, industry and many technical areas; with the ever expanding needs of the industry for research, development and commerce. It was great to see so many familiar faces and to meet many new people also engaged in such a wide range of disciplines. The scientific talks were interesting and covering an extensive range of issues and themes.

The trade exhibition was well-presented by key stakeholders and the industry including a number of feed companies, specialists in the fish and shrimp health areas such as the Fish Vet Group and the presence of 5M publishing and Benchmark visible. I had many invaluable meetings and discussions where I learned much. It was good to catch up again with Albert Tacon and my PhD student friend and shrimp farmer Kurt Servin from Mexico and of course

Michael New OBE with so much prior experience of major WAS events and a Past President.

At the Paris Hotel I was interviewed on the future of fish nutrition research and feed technology, although this is a vast subject and difficult to do complete justice to in such a short time frame. This was my second visit to Las Vegas and most enjoyable too. Next time it will be just for the shows and with so many attractions to entice your wallet.

In this issue we have our usual news, technical articles and features with many writers and contributors providing their expert opinions on emerging trends. We obviously focus on the Aquafeed industry but increasingly include the associated feed milling engineering and feed management systems with features also bridging nutrition, health management and disease prevention through better diets.

Our regular fish species focus is a popular section and is helpful in providing regional spotlights on both traditional and novel candidate fish for culture based on various production systems.

In this current issue, we have some very exciting features to get you in the mood for spring. As well as a report from the World Aquaculture Summit in Las Vegas, we also have an article by Dr Laxmappa, who has provided us with a very in depth discussion on Indian cage fish farming. Leiber have also been so kind as to provide us with a very informative piece on the use of brewer’s yeast in aquaculture.

Watch out for our species section too, which this month focuses on breams and carps, with a very interesting article on lobsters included in this section too.

Our fish farming technology section features articles written from the point of view of those who are directly involved with the industry. This includes an article on RAS technology from Rob Davis at AquaBiotech, one on aeration and oxygenation from Linde Gases and a feature focussing on graders (which was a collaboration between IAF and Faivre), all of which are now essential techniques that serve only to strengthen the industry.

This edition also has a very healthy events section where, as well as our coverage and a report of our time in Las Vegas, we have also included previews of both Aquaculture UK and Asian Pacific Aquaculture shows.

Our interview this month is with the newly appointed president of the World Aquacultural Society, Dr Juan Pablo Lazo. In this interview IAF discussed Dr Lazo’s experiences in the aquaculture industry, and his plans and his vision for the WAS. Our magazine now has an excellent track record in its translation into both Chinese and Spanish, the latter covering all of Latin America where aquaculture has such a great potential. We also value our strong Chinese connections and I wish all our Chinese readers a very Happy New Year.

Please enjoy our latest edition and keep providing us with excellent information and world class leading articles for publication.

Professor Simon Davies

Meet the team at up-coming international events

stand no 114

www.aquafeed.co.uk

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The unique qualities enjoyed by Latin American and Caribbean aquaculture First of all, I would like to extend my warmest regards to all the readers of International Aquafeed magazine. For me it is an honour and a privilege to start writing the editorial of the Spanish version on this prestigious magazine. I would like to sincerely thank Roger Gilbert for the invitation and Simon Davies for the warm welcome to the team.

As we all know, formulated feed is one of the key factors for aquaculture development, and the Latin American and Caribbean region has particular qualities that differentiate it from other regions in the globe; particularities that we will discuss in the next issues of this magazine.

Latin America and the Caribbean is, from my viewpoint, the region with the largest aquaculture potential in the world.

Our region has unique conditions that make it the ideal place to perform many kinds of aquaculture; although, it also faces great challenges in topics such as inequality, poverty, infrastructure, governability, insecurity, competitiveness and capacity building.

During my career I have had the opportunity to experiment aquaculture through the producer, government, academic, and service provider perspectives; as well as I have represented the aquaculture sector in several international arenas. I hope that during the next issues of International Aquafeed I could share what I learned and perceived through those years as well as comment the most relevant regional and global events that directly or indirectly impact the aquaculture activity.

Today the Latin American and Caribbean regions represent only a small portion of the global seafood production; also Latin America has an annual consumption per capita below the world average. There are a large percentage of small farms, most of whom are under the production equilibrium threshold and contribute only a small portion of the total production.

There is also a few farms that contribute to almost all of it. In most cases, in the region, we have to reinvent the way that we perform aquaculture.

I think it is important to remark that although we should never forget about the large producers, we also need to focus our efforts in the small ones that can still grow and be competitive in the globalized economy; the potential is enormous. Aquaculture can become one of the best tools to avoid major migrations from the rural areas to the cities as well as it could be a major engine for wealth generation and economic development.

Aquaculture is change, innovation, progress; but most of all it is an activity that involves much, but very much, passion.

I hope I will be able to share some of it with you during the upcoming issues. See you soon.

Antonio Garza de Yta, Ph.D. Director, World Aquaculture Society (WAS)

Dr Antonio Garza de Yta. Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering from the Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey (1997). M.Sc. (2001) and Ph.D. in Aquaculture (2009) from Auburn University. He is also the Director General for Planning, Programming and Evaluation of the National Commission for Aquaculture and Fisheries in Mexico (CONAPESCA).

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Ioannis Zabetakis

Why whole fish is better than oil extracts? here are an increasing number of papers and reports suggesting that the nutritional value of whole fish is higher than the one of fish oil extracts. This is a rather interesting area for aquaculture and pharmaceutical industries, since many neutraceutical and pharmaceutical products, claiming that they are good sources of Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids, are in fact extracts. Are these products really efficient in protecting us against the onset of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)?

Given that “theory guides, experiment decides�, we decided to compare head to head a whole fish to an oil extract. We chose sardines and cod liver oil. So the aim of our study was to compare the biological activities of polar lipids of sardine fillets and cod liver oil against atherogenesis.

The total polar lipids of these two sources were extracted and fractionated by TLC and these fractions were assessed for their ability to inhibit the platelet-activating-factor (PAF)-induced platelet aggregation (PAF-antagonists) or to induce platelet aggregation (PAF-agonists), since PAF plays a crucial role in the initiation and development of atherosclerosis.

We chose to focus on the polar lipids since previous studies have underlined that the antithrombotic properties of foodstuffs are mainly attributed to polar lipid micro-constituents.

We found that sardine fillet polar lipids induced platelet aggregation, while the polar lipids of cod liver oil had a bimodal effect on platelets. Overall, sardine polar lipid fractions showed stronger in vitro antithrombotic activities than the cod liver oil ones. It could be thus suggested that for the prevention of CVDs, the nutritional value of whole sardines is rather higher than the one of cod liver oil.

It should be also highlighted that sardines lipids were found to consist of about 58 percent polar lipids as opposed to cod liver oil that contained only 1 percent of polar lipids. This data suggests that in the manufacturing process of cod liver oil as it is carried out today by leading pharmaceutical manufacturers, the polar lipids of oils are not extracted and this has rather important negative effect on the nutritional value of the final extract in relation to the prevention of CVDs. We would suggest that the extraction and purification industrial processes should be re-evaluated with the view to obtain a final extract richer in polar lipids. ioannis.zabetakis@ul.ie @yanzabet After an Academic career spanning 12 years in the Univ. of Athens, Ioannis joined University of Limerick (UL) as a Lecturer on Food Lipids where the ongoing focus of his work will be towards the cardioprotective properties of food lipids with particular emphasis on dairy and aquaculture products.

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Roy Palmer

Charity Commission of the UK has confirmed that the registration of Aquaculture without Frontiers

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his year has got off with a big bang as far as Aquaculture without Frontiers (AwF) is concerned and generally we could not be happier with its progress; although we will not be resting on our laurels as we still have much to do.

The giant news was that The Charity Commission of the UK has confirmed that the registration of Aquaculture without Frontiers (AwF UK), as a Charitable Incorporated Organisation. AwF (UK) CIO status will see a few changes to AwF (USA-Global) and AwF (Australia) in that it will connect with the milling and grain industry as well as its usual connections with the seafood industry.

This new UK charity will see a unique program created, initially called ‘Loaves and Fishes,’ which will enable it to attract donators, sponsors and supporters to engage in either milling and/or aquaculture programs as they are established.

Roger Gilbert, publisher of this magazine, is the inaugural Chairman and Trustee for AwF (UK) CIO. Rogers company produces Milling and Grain magazine (first published in 1891), the International Milling and Grain Directory as well as this magazine.

“Milling is pivotal to affordable, safe and plentiful food supplies – from flour, cereal and rice-based foodstuffs to animal feed rations, our publications deal in technological advancement throughout the transport, storage and production chain and in nutritional developments that improve the efficiency and safety of food production globally” Mr Gilbert said, adding that “As the industry’s oldest magazine, we are particularly keen to see the continued and timely transfer of that information to make a difference in the poorer countries of the world.”

Establishing the charity

Our first actions will be to establish a strong, skilled Board and to start the process to undertake projects that are consistent with AwF UK’s objectives. Now that we have the approval in place we can start getting our plans moving. The UK will allow us to have that north-south type of arrangement, through which we can utilise

connections that are already in place in the UK with Africa, and then build on these relationships.

Cliff Spencer, CEO of the United Nations-backed Global Biotechnology Transfer Foundation (already has a MoU with AwF) and Goodwill Ambassador for the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) has agreed to join the charity’s new board.

We are also very thankful for the effort of Simon Birks, Director, Sherbornes Solicitors Limited; in being very thorough with the administration involved in setting up a charity will be working with us into the future.

Roger and I discussed the new organisation, following the announcement, in a short video which can be viewed at https://youtu.be/ItVONm_v_EE. We have worked with WAS-APC is providing the opportunity for students and female aquaculture people to attend Asia Pacific Aquaculture 2016, which takes place from the 26th to 29th April 2016.

The awardees are Menaga Meenakshisundaram; Nikoleta Ntalamagka; Arlyn Mandas; Christopher Ongko; Amit Ranjan; Claudia Miglietta; Vaishali Joshi and Renata Melon Barroso. We at AwF are looking forward to seeing them at the event in Surabaya, Indonesia.

At that event the WAS Board also approved the ‘M.C.Nandeesha Award’ which will be held for the first time at APA16. The award will be for the Best Young Scientist Presentation in Aquaculture/Sustainable Small-Scale Aquaculture Programs/ Research and Dissemination/Gender Studies is strongly based on what Nandeesha would have wanted for this award.

Nandeesha was a great champion for AwF.

AwF’s first board meeting

Aquaculture without Frontiers (AwF) held its first board meeting on the east coast USA during the annual Seafood Expo North America (SENA) event in Boston, Mass.

The current board acknowledged the fine efforts of John Forster who was not seeking re-election on the board but had agreed to stay engaged with the organisation by being one of the leaders of the new Technical Advisory Group. Additionally the board thanked John Cooksey

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for his extraordinary efforts in being Treasurer/Secretary since inception and who had resigned due to an increased workload and has been replaced by Dave Conley. We also decided to expand the size of the board and are excited to announce that the three new members approved were Albert G.J. Tacon Ph.D; Ms Polly Legendre and Michael D. Lee Ph.D. All three new board members bring new skills and experience to AwF at an important time. Albert, a well credentialed write for this magazine, is a 40 year well seasoned and travelled aquaculture professional with experience in research and development, with a specialty focus on aquatic feeds and nutrition and a large global following. Albert is well known throughout the global aquaculture industry and is keen to bring his know-how to assist our organisation.

Polly is a Founding Principal of Polished, a specialised marketing group with headquarters in San Francisco and was the first American to graduate from the Ecole Supérieure de Cuisine Française, working/cooking for nine years in some of the top, Michelin-starred kitchens in Paris. Branding strategy and communications are Polly’s strong skills along with her infectious energy.

Michael is Director of International Studies at the California State University (CSU) East Bay campus advising approximately 80 majors and teaching a capstone course on globalisation and international development. He is also Director of Education and Policy for the CSU’s Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Aquaculture Centre. Michael’s current research interests are focused on determining the full life cycle costs of aquaculture production in California.

The new board members will join Mary Larkin, Gorjan Nikolik, Cormac O’Sullivan, Dave Conley and Roy Palmer making a new board of 8 people. Agreement was reached to meet on a quarterly basis so there could be more consistent involvement of the board.

The AwF board learned that through the new arrangements with Florida Atlantic University (FAU) we have been invited to submit a full application proposal for the 2016 Farmer-to-Farmer Small Grants competition following the approval of the concept paper.

The newly-formed partnership between FAU’s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute (HBOI) and Aquaculture without Frontiers (AwF) will see both organisations work jointly on projects which emanate from the US. “Facilitating self-sufficiency and sustainability is critical in helping to alleviate hunger and malnutrition worldwide, and we are very excited to join forces with Aquaculture without Frontiers to address this important need,” said Megan Davis, Ph.D., HBOI interim executive director and a leading aquaculture researcher, adding that “Aquaculture is perhaps our best hope to feed our ever-growing global population. As a good source of protein, fish are much more efficient to raise than other leading sources of protein, which require huge amounts of grain and water to grow big enough to eat.”

HBOI has well-established multi-species aquaculture production, nutrition research, and aquatic animal

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health laboratory infrastructures, and is a world leader in aquaculture research, development, training and education. HBOI recently also entered into a partnership with Zeigler Bros., Inc. to collaborate on the development of high quality and more sustainable shrimp feeds. The work involves applied studies on how diet affects the growth, health and quality of shrimp and fish.

Aquaculture can contribute towards poverty alleviation

“In addition to the health benefits of fish, aquaculture can contribute towards poverty alleviation, food security, and social well-being,” said Marty Riche, Ph.D., HBOI research professor in fish nutrition. “By teaching and training farmers to grow native fish species, to incorporate locally available feed ingredients, to develop and follow bio-security protocols and to reuse fish effluents to irrigate row crops, vegetables, and tree crops, fish farmers can develop truly sustainable farming methods.”

Riche and Paul Wills, Ph.D., HBOI research professor and associate directer for research, along with Antonio Garza De Yta (Mexico & Latin America) and I presented at the AwF Session at Aquaculture 2016 in Las Vegas and held further discussions regarding the collaboration.

Founded in 1971, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic University is a research community of marine scientists, engineers, educaters and other professionals focused on Ocean Science for a Better World. The institute drives innovation in ocean engineering, at-sea operations, drug discovery and biotechnology from the oceans, coastal ecology and conservation, marine mammal research and conservation, aquaculture, ocean observing systems and marine education. For more information, visit www. fau.edu/hboi.

We need to build on our collaborations

I was able to have many meetings in Washington D.C recently establishing contact with many charity and NGO organisations ensuring that we build on collaborations through our arrangements with the Volunteers Economic Growth Alliance.

Finally Dr. Veikila Vuki (Fiji) and Professor Indah Susilowati (Indonesia) were announced as February and March Women of the Month respectively. It is always fascinating to read such fascinating stories about women in aquaculture/fisheries who make such a fabulous contribution to the cause.

If you would like to nominate a woman to be the next Woman of the Month, please check the website for the criteria and nominate on the form provided. @AwFComms Roy Palmer is the Executive Director at Aquaculture without Frontiers, Executive Director at Association of International Seafood Professionals and Chairman at Global Initiative for Life & leadership through Seafood (GILLS)

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Shaping the future of salmon farming through Modern Apprenticeship “Modern Apprenticeship programmes are shaping the next generation of talent.”

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bove are the words of Scott Landsburgh, chief executive of Scottish Salmon Producers’ Organisation as Scotland’s salmon farmers celebrate the success of its Modern Apprenticeships (MAs) during Scottish Modern Apprenticeship Week.

At the close of 2015, salmon farmers reported 88 employees had successfully completed Modern Apprenticeships at levels two and three while a further 74 employees signed up to new MA programmes.

Mr Landsburgh continues: “Thriving businesses need a workforce to help them face the future with confidence.

Recruiting people on Modern Apprenticeships helps farmers fill skill gaps within the workforce, safeguarding business sustainability while arming the younger generation with the specialist knowledge they need to succeed.

“Living and working in remote areas of the Highlands and Islands can make finding long-term and well-paid careers challenging.

However, MAs offer employees formal education, transferable qualifications and career progression opportunities where they live and work and choose to raise their families.

“These opportunities are open to school leavers and to existing staff with a number of experienced staff who have already completed this path to further study and potential career advancement.”

Some of the employees already benefitting from MAs include 31-year-old Hayley Eccles from Strathcarron in the Highlands. She has recently finished a Modern Apprenticeship SVQ Level 3 in Aquaculture at Scottish Sea Farms and Inverness College UHI. Hayley works as a Freshwater Technician at the Couldoran Hatchery in Kishorn.

Her devotion to animal welfare is one of her key attributes, which is vital for someone working in a salmon hatchery.

Lisa Askham, aged 24 from Lochcarron, has completed a Modern Apprenticeship SVQ Level 2 in Aquaculture at Inverness College UHI. She works as a Freshwater Operative at Russelburn Hatchery, Kishorn, owned by The Scottish Salmon Company. Lisa is a competent fast learner and understands the importance of fish health, fish husbandry, and the importance of a stable environment to maximise production and ensure the fish are stress free and healthy.

29-year-old Martin Mladenov has completed his Modern Apprenticeship SVQ Level 3 in Aquaculture at Scottish Sea Farms (SSF) and NAFC Marine Centre, part of the University of Highlands and Islands. Martin is working at a Husbandryman for SSF, which involves feeding and monitoring salmon, observing behaviour, taking weekly samples and making sure they remain healthy. His ambition is to become site manager one day.

In recognition for their efforts, Hayley, Lisa and Martin have been nominated as finalists at the prestigious LANTRA Learner of the Year awards this year. Selected from nominations across Scotland, the award recognises and rewards exceptional individuals within the environmental and land-based industries.

The winner will be announced at a prestigious ceremony later this week.

“From an industry perspective, MAs have been key to developing a committed and competent workforce, helping to increase productivity and improving business performance. Investing in skills and training demonstrates we are looking after our businesses to ensure they have every opportunity to realise their full potential in years to come. Scotland’s economy continues to benefit from a highly skilled workforce using the latest technological advancements,” says Mr Landsburgh.

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Dr Alexandros Samartzis

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Raw material variability: Impact on feed formulation ormulating aquaculture feeds may be a very exciting process, but it is equally challenging and demanding. There are a great number of parameters that have to be taken into consideration and an even greater number of restrictions that have to be managed.

Feed quality is mainly driven by three factors; knowledge of nutritional requirements of each target species, the manufacturing processes employed and finally; the raw ingredients used.

The quality and dietary composition of the raw ingredients are influenced by the nutritional value, type, quality, inclusion levels, price, regulatery limitations; among others. The feed quality and cost is a key consideration when selecting the raw ingredients based on actual nutrient contents and monitoring their variation; not only their price and nutrient profile.

The nutrient variation in raw ingredients will ultimately result in increased variation of nutrients in the final feed.

The factors contributing to that mainly include genetics, environmental conditions and current season. The nutrients provided (food or soil fertility respectively for animal and

Argentinian SBM contains higher Met (percentage of CP) level compared with SBM originated from India.

In general the information regarding the nutrient content of raw ingredients can be obtained from various sources.

But it has to be highlighted the importance of consistent and methodical analysis of the raw ingredients and in contrast to book and other sources values that are usually outdated and less accurate.

Wet chemistry analytical laboratories that most feed mills have for proximate analysis are vital for the quality control of the raw ingredients; and the feeds consequently.

However, the accuracy and precision of the procedures should be constantly calibrated.

A significantly more economic, fast and reliable method that is established worldwide is the near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). The whole idea behind NIRS is the different chemical bonds (within the various organic components) will absorb and reflect light to different degrees (i.e. for AA predictions the NIR spectral is between 1,100 and 2,500nm).

The accuracy of the predictions is heavily relied on the accuracy of the calibration equations, which are crated based

plant protein sources) prior to harvest. Equally factors like temperature and pressure during the manufacturing and finally storage and transportation condition and analytical methodologies after the manufacturing process.

In practice, we can observe higher variability in animal compared with plant protein sources. The main two and most commonly used protein sources from each category are fish meal (FM) and soybean meal (SBM).

It is the exceptional nutritional properties of FM that made it the raw ingredient of choice, since the dawn of the industry. In this particular raw ingredient the seasonal differences of production and the species (or type, i.e. seafood waste) used mainly contribute to the variations.

Although, if we plot SBM from two different countries (i.e. India and Argentina) we will observe variations in Met (Percentage of CP) and CP, where for the same CP level the

on the wet chemistry data. The overall benefit of analysing the raw ingredient and understanding the nutritional profile variations, comes down to obtaining precise and indispensable knowledge of the feed components and finally being able to create an aquaculture feed customised to the targeted species by meeting its nutritional requirements on the lowest production cost possible.

Dr. Alexandros Samartzis, is the Aquaculture Technical Sales Manager for Evonik (SEA) Pte. Ltd., based in Singapore. He holds an MRes and PhD in fish nutrition from the University of Plymouth, UK. Also he has an MBA from the Agricultural University of Athens, GR.

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FAU’s Harbour Branch, Aquaculture without Frontiers partner to alleviate poverty and malnutrition

HBOI Aquaculture Facility: Megan Davis, PhD (pictured on the left) and Marty Riche, PhD, overseeing production, nutrition research, and aquatic animal health laboratory infrastructures in HBOI’s well-established multispecies aquaculture facility.

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he old proverbial saying, “Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime,” aptly describes the newlyformed partnership between Florida Atlantic University’s Harbour Branch Oceanographic Institute (HBOI) and Aquaculture without Frontiers (AwF), a global nonprofit organisation. HBOI and AwF will work jointly to support and promote responsible and sustainable aquaculture farming to help enhance food security and alleviate poverty and malnutrition in developing and impoverished countries.

Discussions between HBOI and AwF are under way for the first joint project, which is expected to commence mid-year and will involve a number of countries in Africa.

It is expected that the partnership will concentrate efforts on Africa and Latin America in the early stages. Working together, the organisations will advance aquaculture in these developing countries to provide much-needed protein sources as well as economic stimulus through diversification of livelihoods and sustainability of coral reefs that are vital to maintaining healthy ecosystems.

The farming of aquatic organisms includes fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants.

“Facilitating self-sufficiency and sustainability is critical in helping to alleviate hunger and malnutrition worldwide, and we are very excited to join forces with Aquaculture without Frontiers to address this important need,” said Megan Davis, PhD, HBOI interim executive director and a leading aquaculture researcher.

“Aquaculture is perhaps our best hope to feed our evergrowing global population. As a good source of protein, fish are much more efficient to raise than other leading sources of protein, which require huge amounts of grain and water to grow big enough to eat.”

HBOI has well-established multi-species aquaculture production, nutrition research, and aquatic animal health laboratory infrastructures, and is a world leader in aquaculture research, development, training and education.

“Aquaculture without Frontiers believes that by collaborating and working with like-minded organisations such as Florida Atlantic University, we will be able to make major contributions to the core of our main

Aquaculture Kenya: The ‘Farmer-to-Farmer’ program at work in a small town in Kenya, Africa, teaches small groups how to increase economic development and food security using aquaculture to farm fish.

objectives,” said Roy Palmer, executive director of AwF. “We are very excited about the arrangement and discussions we are having about the future with FAU.” AwF is a member of the Volunteers for Economic Growth Alliance (VEGA), which is a global network of experienced volunteers who are committed to be a catalyst for change as a means to improve the nutrition and health of people and to foster social and economic development through supporting responsible and sustainable aquaculture. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) founded VEGA in 2004 to be a procurement partner. More than 10 years later, VEGA stands on its own as a respected non-governmental organisation with alliances with other member institutions.

AwF believes that aquaculture is critical to underpin the future health of all humans by providing the essential nutrients and vitamins currently missing from many diets, and at an affordable price.

“In addition to the health benefits of fish, aquaculture can contribute to poverty alleviation, food security, and social well-being,” said Marty Riche, PhD, HBOI research professor in fish nutrition.

“By teaching and training farmers to grow native fish species, to incorporate locally available feed ingredients, to develop and follow bio-security protocols and to reuse fish effluents to irrigate row crops, vegetables, and tree crops, fish farmers can develop truly sustainable farming methods.”

Mr Riche and Paul Wills, PhD, HBOI research professor and associate director for research, will be presenting at the AwF Session at Aquaculture America in Las Vegas on Friday, February 26 when further discussions will be held.

According to the Hunger Project, 795 million people, or one in nine people worldwide, do not have enough to eat, and 98 percent of the world’s undernourished people live in developing countries. Seventy-five percent of the world’s poorest people, 1.4 billion women, children and men, live in rural areas and depend on agriculture and related activities for their livelihood. The World Food Programme states that hunger is the No 1 cause of death in the world, killing more than HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis combined.

8 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

Predictable performance

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LE SAF F R E ANIMAL CARE

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PanLogica working with innovative Cobia producer Open Blue

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Tasmanian company who plays a vital role in more than one quarter of the world’s farmed Atlantic salmon production is now helping innovative deep ocean fish farming company Open Blue in Panama.

PanLogica is a Hobart-based company that provides unique and world leading value chain planning software called Neptune.

Neptune takes account of financial, biological and processing considerations for the aquaculture sector and allows decision makers to consider literally millions of potential outcomes to any planning situation and choose the most sustainable and profitable one for the business.

Open Blue is an innovative new company who farm a popular species of fish called Cobia in submerged pens 8 miles off the Panama coast.

The submerged pens in strong ocean currents facilitate water circulation resulting in excellent fish health and improved environmental outcomes.

“Excellence and innovation is at the heart of everything that we do at Open Blue and we see the same attributes in PanLogica. Neptune will enable us to explore the best

plans for Open Blue to deliver the perfect fish to our global customers” said Shayne De Lima, Director of Corporate Development at Open Blue Sea Farms.

“We are thrilled to be working with such an exciting company, especially given their innovative approach to aquaculture and environmental sustainability,” Dr David Wright said.

“Neptune helps our clients produce fish in the most efficient and environmentally sustainable way, and it has huge potential to expand into other aquaculture opportunities such as shellfish and other fish species.”

“We are very lucky to be working with some of the most exciting aquaculture companies in the world, while being based here in Tasmania,” Dr Wright said.

“The relationship with our customers such as Marine Harvest and Huon Aquaculture has been one of the foundations for us to continue to grow and innovate with our product.”

Huon Aquaculture is widely recognised as one of the most innovative aquaculture companies in the world, and Marine Harvest is listed on the New York and Oslo stock exchanges and is the largest producer in the world.

50 percent of shrimp feed produced in Mexico in 2015 contained Calibrin-Z

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ifty percent of shrimp feed produced in Mexico in 2015 contained Calibrin-Z to fight the damaging effects of Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) with positive feedback given by current customers.

The Calibrin-Z market penetration rate was significant as the product was introduced to the Mexican market just months earlier.

Calibrin-Z is a bacterial toxin control product that protects the

hepatopancreas from the damaging effects of EMS in shrimp, which was first reported in Mexico in 2013.

This fairly new disease appears during the first seven to 30 days after planting and is caused by toxins secreted by the bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V.p.).

V .p. is transmitted orally and colonises the shrimps’ gastrointestinal tract, causing tissue destruction and dysfunction of the vital digestive

organ, hepatopancreas.

Calibrin-Z works by adsorbing the V.p. bacterial toxin in the body, thereby increasing the rate of survival in a shrimp crop.

Studies have shown improvements in survivability, up to 84 perecent versus controls, when shrimp challenged with the V.p. toxin were fed Calibrin-Z. EMS is characterised by a high mortality rate, often reaching 100 percent within the first 30 days. The complete studies, which can be found here, were conducted at the University of Arizona. amlan.com

10 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

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ASC appoints four new members to Supervisory Board he Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) is pleased to announce that Aldin Hilbrands, Meghan Jeans, Scott Nichols, and Ling Cao have joined the ASC Supervisory Board.

“I’m excited that Ling, Scott, Aldin and Meghan have joined the board of the ASC,” said Chris Ninnes, CEO of ASC. “We look for talented, exceptional individuals to expand our capacity to provide an effective programme for responsible aquaculture and we are fortunate to have found four outstanding additions to our board.”

“Their expertise will be an enormous advantage in our mission to transform the aquaculture industry. The combination of academic, industry and global business insights they bring will be key to our ongoing efforts to meet the growing demand for responsibly farmed fish, and to communicate the value of our certification programme.”

Aldin Hilbrands

Aldin Hilbrands is the Technical Director of FSSC 22000, an agency created by the Foundation for Food Safety Certification to help businesses effectively manage food safety issues.

He also serves as the Director of Aquaculture with IDH, the Sustainable

Trade Initiative.

Aldin previously worked for Royal Ahold and has served in many different capacities on boards and working groups of leading organisations such as the Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI), British Retail Consortium (BRC), International Featured Standards (IFS), GlobalGAP, Global Social Compliance Program (GSCP), Business Social Compliance Initiative (BSCI), European Animal Welfare Platform (EAWP), Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), Marine Aquarium Council (MAC), and recently co-founded the Global Seafood Sustainability Initiative (GSSI).

Aldin earned a Master’s Degree in Animal Husbandry, Aquaculture & Fisheries from Wageningen University.

Meghan Jeans, JD

Meghan Jeans is the Director of Conservation at the New England Aquarium in Boston, Massachusetts where she oversees work related to seafood sustainability, ocean policy and marine protected area management.

She also serves as an advisor to the Fair Trade USA, the International Sustainable Seafood Foundation (ISSF), and the Marine Stewardship Council

(MSC). Previously, Meghan directed the Fisheries Leadership and Sustainability Forum at Stanford University.

An environmental lawyer, Meghan worked in fisheries and marine wildlife conservation for Ocean Conservancy, the Marine Fish Conservation Network, the Conservation Law Foundation and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). She also served as an attorney and policy advisor in Kauai, Hawaii and the British Virgin Islands.

Meghan attended Colby College where she received a BA in Biology and Environmental Science. She earned a JD and Masters of Studies in Environmental Law from Vermont Law School.

Scott Nichols, PhD

Scott Nichols is the founder of Food’s Future, a consultancy dedicated to providing economically and environmentally sustainable food for an expanding world.

Before founding his own consultancy, Scott worked at DuPont, where he led the project to develop Verlasso, a new brand of farmed salmon produced with a low dependence on forage fisheries, developed in a joint project with AquaChile.

Verlasso became the first ocean-raised farmed salmon to achieve a Seafood Watch ‘good alternative’ ranking.

Previously, he worked extensively on biodiversity projects in Africa and South America.

Scott earned both his BS in Biochemistry and his PhD in Biochemistry and Metabolism from the University of California at Los Angeles, and is a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania Wharton School Advanced Management Program.

Ling Cao, PhD

Ling Cao is a Research Scholar at the Stanford University Woods Institute for the Environment. She is trained as an agronomist and environmental scientist, and has focused on interdisciplinary research at the interface between the sustainability of food and natural systems.

Ling’s dissertation quantitatively assessed the sustainability of emerging shrimp farming systems and technologies, with a focus on applying these results to producers and consumers in China and the US. She is primarily working on issues related to aquaculture, fisheries, and food security in China.

Ling completed her PhD in Natural Resources and the Environment at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Do you want more industry news?

The Aquaculturists blog is part of International Aquafeed magazine. While the bi-monthly magazine covers aquafeed issues in-depth, the Aquaculturists takes a lighter approach. Our columnists have a keen eye for the most interesting, relevant and (let’s face it) bizarre aquaculture stories from across the world.

Each weekday we scour the internet for top-notch news and package it for your perusal in one neat daily digest. We welcomed over 25,000 unique visitors to our blog this past month.

http://theaquaculturists.blogspot.co.uk

International Aquafeed - March | April 2016 | 11

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Outsourcing solutions for manufacturers of functional ingredients and food supplements

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t this year’s Vitafoods, SternMaid will present its wide offer of services.

These range from blending, drying and processing to a complete package that includes purchase of raw materials, co-packing, warehousing and delivery.

The contract manufacturer has facilities for blending and optimising practically any product in the food or life science industry and packaging it as requested.

State-of-the-art fluid bed technology, for example, makes it possible to adjust and standardise the properties of foods, ingredients and food supplements to meet individual requirements.

From instantisation, dust reduction and solubility to microencapsulation of active ingredients – fluid bed technology offers an enormous range of possibilities for optimising lifestyle and health products such as dietetic drinks, protein preparations, dry beverage bases and specialities for athletes. Since the process can be carried out at low temperatures, the products are normally only exposed to moderate heating between 30 and 50°C. This serves to protect heat-sensitive ingredients such as flavourings, vitamins and peptides,

maintaining their nutritional and functional properties.

Besides presenting different processing methods, SternMaid will give an insight into its blending capabilities. The company has a total of eight blending lines to meet all manner of different requirements.

On all the lines, liquid ingredients can be sprayed onto the powder homogeneously through special nozzles. This permits extremely fine distribution of microcomponents such as flavourings, oils or emulsifiers.

For highly sensitive applications like allergen-free foods, SternMaid has a

SternMaid’s state-of-the-art fluid bed technology makes it possible to adjust and standardise the properties of foods, ingredients and food supplements to meet individual requirements

SAIC in new collaboration with leading European institute

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completely separate and independent section of the plant with a countercurrent container blending unit designed to pharmaceutical standards.

In the co-packing sector, too, SternMaid has the latest packaging lines and the necessary know-how for filling both large industrial containers and consumer packs for the retail trade.

Besides filling sacks, fibreboard boxes and FIBCs, the lines can handle cans, tubular bags and folding boxes in sizes from 50 to 5000 grams.

Vitafoods 2016 will take place on 1012 May 2016 in Geneva, Switzerland.

SternMaid will be at Stand E69.

n a move to advance work in its four priority innovation areas (PIAs), the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC) has entered into a new collaboration with Nofima, one of Europe’s leading institutes for applied research into aquaculture, fisheries and food.

The new Strategic Research Collaboration (SRC) will see SAIC and Nofima work together on projects of mutual interest. In particular, those addressing SAIC’s four PIAs: sea lice control, sustainable feeds, rapid detection of pathogens and diseases, and shellfish spat.

A Letter of Intent setting out shared objectives and goals for an initial period of three years was signed during a recent visit to the institute’s head office in Tromso, where representatives from SAIC, the Institute of Aquaculture and the University of Stirling were given a behind-thescenes tour of Nofima’s ground-breaking research facilities and activities.

Commenting on the new collaboration, SAIC CEO Heather Jones said: “This is a must-seize opportunity for SAIC to join forces with one of Europe’s leading names in aquaculture research and deliver real competitive advantage to the industry. The new SRC will enable us to forge a close working relationship with Nofima; access an even broader range of competencies; and explore possible avenues of funding together.”

Added Nofima Aquaculture Director Nils Haga: “Scotland and Norway are two of the most dominant and dynamic forces in aquaculture. Now, thanks to the new SRC, we can bring our collective vision, expertise and resources together to make even more significant advances for challenges common to the fish farming industries in our countries and in Europe.”

Keen to capitalise on the new collaboration as soon as possible, SAIC will be involved in the Nofimachaired ZERO LICE workshop at the North Atlantic Seafood Forum (NASF) meeting, 1-3 March in Bergen, aimed at coordinated industry innovation. In addition, Nofima are invited to participate in SAIC workshops at AquacultureUK 2016, 25 & 26 May in Aviemore.

12 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

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015 has been a very important and significant year for Ferraz in terms of sales and brand consolidation in many countries around the world, especially in Latin America. Companies that were already customers purchased once again new equipment and complete factories projects as well as the development of a number of new customers.

Last year, Ferraz expanded its presence to more than 30 countries around the world, indicating that it is still one of the largest manufacturers of extruder feed of the world and has a strong presence in the global market.

There were installed 06 factories in Africa, Middle East, Latin America and the Caribbean, representing 20 percent more than 2014. Even in 2015, Ferraz participated in important international trade fairs, such as Agrena and AquaMe in the Middle East and Egypt, with the purpose of bringing its own technology to external markets and create new partnerships.

Among its major new projects, Ferraz can highlight a complete production line for laminated feed with a production capacity of 3 tons/hour for Sky Complex Company located in Asuncion, Paraguay. In the same country, specifically in Fram city, Ferraz sold a complete extrusion feed line with a capacity of 6 tons/hour to Trociuk Company.

In Venezuela, Ferraz closed two important sales: for the Total Group, a complete factory with a production capacity

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Ferraz and its presence abroad during 2015

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of 10 tons/hour of feed meal and 6 tons/hour of pelleted feed; for Marco Technology, an entire factory whose machines and equipment are made all in stainless steel and which will produce extruded rice at a rate of about 3 000 kg/hour.

In Guayaquil, Ecuador, Ferraz sold the Agripac company a complete plant for the production of extruded feed, with a production capacity of about 4000 kg/hour. In Peru, Ferraz sold various equipment for their client Rinti S/A, located in Lima: the client’s factory will have a production capacity of approximately 15 tons/hour of extruded feed and most of its equipment is supplied by Ferraz - the new model M-1200 mill and model MH-4000 mixer both making their debuts.

So far, Ferraz have already exported three consignments of equipment in 2016: an E-100 extruder will be installed in Santa Cruz de La Sierra, Bolivia for the CEPAC company, the Forrajes El Palmito company in Jalisco, Mexico has taken receipt of one M-700 mill and one E-200R extruder and the Extrusion-Link company in England has bought a pre-conditioner extruder.

In 2016, Ferraz plans to increase its share of exports in relation to sales as a whole, since in 2015 it reached 20 percent. For that, Ferraz will strengthen their partnerships with local representatives, increasing their sales team and trained technicians in order to meet and offer a better commercial and technical support to the foreign market, investing in participation in more international trade fairs and events, expanding their participation which already includes countries such as Mexico, United States, Holland, Egypt, United Arab Emirates and others.

International Aquafeed - March | April 2016 | 13

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AQUACULTURE TRAINING The Memorial University Fisheries and Marine Institute will inaugurate the new Master of Marine Studies in Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) and Management, the first graduate program of its kind in Canada, in September 2016.

“Marine spatial planning is an emerging and important field that is gaining prominence as global demands on our coastal spaces and oceans increase,” said Carey Bonnell, head of the Marine Institute’s School of Fisheries.

“We want to position our graduates to apply technologysupported knowledge and expertise and provide the best advice to sustain and use our marine resources through

Canadian university launches marine spatial planning program

responsible ocean economic activity.”

The program focuses on governance, policy/ legislative, ecological, socio-economic, cultural, and technological elements of sustainable ocean and coastal zone development, planning and management.

Students will study the mapping and analysis of human activities and environmental features as part of planning environmentally/economically sustainable use of coastal and marine environments. Students will also learn conflict management and facilitation to effectively engage coastal and ocean regulators and stakeholders.

The program has been developed with input from international MSP experts from western Canada, the USA, Ireland, Scotland and the Netherlands, who also serve as key contacts for international internships and research projects. The WOC looks forward to engaging program participants as interns.

More information is available at www.mi.mun.ca/msp or by contacting Krista Sweetland at 709-778-0395 or Krista.Sweetland@mi.mun.ca.

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14 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

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DON’T MISS THE UK’S LARGEST AQUACULTURE EXHIBITION AND CONFERENCE

25 & 26 MAY 2016 AVIEMORE, SCOTLAND An international event with visitors from over 30 countries, meet:

LAST FEW REMAINING STANDS - BOOK NOW Visit www.aquacultureuk.com for more information or contact info@aquacultureuk.com

FEATURE

BREWERS’ YEAST PRODUCTS - excellent for use in aquafeeds

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by Dr. Holger Kühlwein, Leiber GmbH, Germany

Inactivated, unextracted brewer’s yeast

rewers’ yeast and derived products have been successfully used in animal nutrition, including aquafeeds, for several decades now. Leiber GmbH, with two production sites in Germany and further facilities in Poland and Russia, have manufactured brewers’ yeast products for more than 60 years.

The following article will shed more light on production background, well-known properties as well as new insights into by-products of beer production and their efficient use in aquaculture.

Inactivated brewers’ yeast is characterised by a moderate to high protein content of approximately 46 percent. Furthermore, high levels of minerals and trace elements, amino acids, vitamins and enzymes as well as many micro-nutrients are accumulated by the fermentation process. All components are organically bound and therefore highly bioavailable. Brewers’ yeast is especially well-known for its high levels of B vitamins (with the exception of vitamin B12), selenium and chromium.

Table 1 compares B vitamin contents and important trace element levels of Leiber brewers’ yeast, soybean meal and fish meal.

Reinheitsgebot: German Purity Laws

Autolyzed brewers’ yeast

Beer brewing has a centuries-long tradition, and especially the famous Reinheitsgebot, sometimes called the “German Purity Law” of beer brewing. From the year 1516, this regulation has enormously contributed to the great acceptance of beer as a highquality, food-grade product.

In fact, the Reinheitsgebot is a collective name for a series of regulations limiting the ingredients for beer brewing to water, barley (in specific cases wheat), hops and yeast.

Consequently, processing this yeast to a refined quality by Leiber GmbH after the brewing process results in a premium, standardised, quality consistent, guaranteed non-GMO raw material free from other contaminants or additives (e.g. additional flavor components, enzymes or even antibiotics and heavy metals).

The yeast used during beer brewing is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The average cell size ranges between 5 – 13 µm with the yeast cell wall being approximately 200 nm thick (which constitutes 25 – 40 percent of the total dry mass of the cell).

For animal nutrition and dietetic purposes, brewers’ yeast can be used as the whole, inactivated yeast cell (either drum-dried or spray-dried). Furthermore, several products derived from the yeast cell can be produced depending on the production process, e.g. autolysed yeast, yeast cell walls, yeast extracts and highly purified ß-glucans.

Vertebrate as well as invertebrate organisms do not possess the enzymes necessary for the breakdown of the yeast cell wall.

When the whole, inactivated yeast is administered through the diet this can only be achieved through bacterial fermentation by the gut microbiota.

Alternatively, the yeast collected from the breweries however may be subjected to a gentle autolysis process, instead of direct drying to produce inactivated, unextracted yeast.

This action is achieved by the yeast’s own enzymes, which then leads to a break-up or perforation of the yeast cell wall. As a result, the highly valuable cell contents including amino acids, nucleotides and nucleosides, vitamins and trace elements, etc. are released, and are therefore considerably easier and earlier available to the organism during intestinal passage. This is especially beneficial for organisms with a short digestive tract like in shrimp.

Another characteristic of autolysed brewers’ yeasts are high native levels of natural DNA and RNA components, named nucleotides, nucleosides and pyrimidine and purine bases. They are the building blocks for the synthesis of bases and nucleotides for doubling of the DNA (cell division). During periods of high requirements and physiological stress e.g. reproduction, high growth and immunological stress; there is a clearly higher demand for those components.

16 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

The organism can build up DNA and RNA by itself but only with great energy expenditure and over a long period of time.

Thus, nucleotides are considered to be semi-essential; in order to support and accelerate cell division, cell regeneration and cell repair they need to be supplemented in sufficient amounts.

Table 1: Vitamin and trace element levels (mg/kg dry matter; DM) of various aquafeed ingredients.

Vitamins and trace elements (mg/kg DM)

Leiber Brewers’ yeast, unextracted

Soybean meal extracted

Fish meal

B1

133

5

2

B2

48

3

9

B6

48

6

6

Niacin

425

34

59

Biotin

0.9

0.3

0.1

Folic acid

19

1

0,4

Pantothenic acid

106

16

10

Copper

64

20

6

Selenium

1.1

0.3

1.6

Zinc

106

50

90

Brewers’ yeast cell walls

The production process may not stop after autolysis of the yeast cells. High power centrifuges are used in order to separate soluble and insoluble components; such as the yeast cell walls. The soluble cell contents are then predominantly processed into various products for the food industry. The insoluble yeast cell walls are used for dietetic purposes and in animal nutrition. Yeast cell walls are naturally rich in β-glucans and mannanoligosaccharides (MOS), e. g. Leiber’s yeast cell wall product Biolex® MB40 contains approx. 25 – 30 percent ß-glucans and 20 – 25 percent mannans.

Yeast cell wall supplementation leads to various effects in the gastro-intestinal tract of the animal including a prebiotic effect on beneficial gut microbiota, binding and deactivation of certain mycotoxins and agglutination of a range of pathogens and their toxins. Further direct and subsequent effects include the formation of a biofilm on the gut mucosa (additional protective layer against infections), the improvements in immunity as well as increased growth performance and feed conversion.

The overall aim of using yeast cell wall products is the improvement of gut health, which is considered highly important in animal husbandry. The gut is in many cases the main port of entry for pathogens; a breaking of these pathogens through the intestinal barrier often leads to disease outbreaks.

Brewers’ yeast products however have an additional major

(Data for soybean meal and fish meal according to NRC, 1998)

advantage over yeast products sourced from other industries (e.g. yeasts from bioethanol production, baker’s yeast): they contain bioactive hop substances which remain from the beer brewing process. Hops have not only been used in beer brewing for centuries to give the typical bitter taste, but also to preserve the beer. Important hop constituents include humolones (α acids) and lupulones (β acids) plus xanthohumol, as well as significant amounts of polyphenols (> 10 percent).

While xanthohumol is attributed with having cancer-inhibiting properties, alpha and beta acids help defend the hop plant against predation and pathogens.

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If maximum volume is crucial, the Wenger TX-3000 High Capacity Aquafeed Extruder produces the full range of products – at capacities up to 12,000 kg/hour. Complement the TX-3000 with the High Intensity Preconditioner (HIP) and use higher levels of fish oil or slurries.

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International Aquafeed - March | April 2016 | 17

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FEATURE

The bioactive hop components have calming, antioxidative, and most importantly bacteriostatic effects. This bacteriostatic effect has been proven in a range of inhibition tests against a pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus strain with Leiber brewers’ yeast products, and due to the high concentration of hop constituents on the yeast cell wall, Biolex® MB40 showed the strongest inhibiting effect on Staphylococcus aureus and seems to be particularly effective in this respect.

Highly purified ß-glucans

Saccharomyces cerevisiae ß-glucans are considered highly effective immunomodulators. They are located in the middle of the three layers of the yeast cell wall, and their actual function in yeasts is to provide strength and rigidity against environmental influences. By a particularly gentle process, developed by Leiber GmbH, the (1,3)-(1,6)-ß-D-glucan molecules are isolated from the brewers’ yeast cell wall. However, the original structure of the glucan molecules is retained. As a result, their full biological activity is guaranteed and Leiber® Beta-S exerts an active immune-modulating effect during intestinal passage. Due to high levels (> 80 percent) of ß-glucans Leiber® Beta-S is able to effectively support the animals’ metabolism and immune system in a long lasting manner. ß-glucans are administered through feed to prophylactically support and augment the competence of the immune systems of aquatic species. The reason is that under today’s intensive rearing conditions, a variety of stressors including pathogens, high stocking densities, handling and transport and suboptimal/ poor water quality may occur and negatively affect the animal’s immune status. These factors compromise the immune competence of fish, subsequently promoting outbreaks of infectious diseases. Immune modulators like ß-glucans which activate the immune system can contribute to improve immune

status and animal performance.

Leiber® Beta-S was shown to have a significant influence in improving health and immunological status in fish when fed to rainbow trout and carp in a dose-response trial for 4 weeks supplemented to the feed at dosages of 0 g (control), 100 g, 200 g, 500 g and 1000 g per ton of feed. Analysis of various immune parameters in blood serum after 4 weeks of feeding confirmed a significant increase of the immune status.

Subsequently, trout were challenged with Aeromonas salmonicida and carp with Aeromonas hydrophila to determine if the increase in the immune status also translates into a higher disease resistance. Indeed, compared to the control the survival rates were significantly higher in both species with Leiber® Beta-S supplementation after the challenges. It should also be noted however that with the highest supplementation (1000 g/to) the increase was less pronounced emphasising the importance of meeting the optimal dosage.

In conclusion, an optimum dosage of 200 g Leiber® Beta-S per ton of feed is recommended for both species.

Conclusions

Brewers’ yeast is a high quality by-product of the beer brewing industry and offers great opportunities to be refined into a whole set of different products with specific properties in a sustainable way. Depending on the aquaculture industry’s needs these properties range from nutrient-rich and dietetic unextracted brewers’ yeast to very sophisticated, highly purified ß-glucans augmenting the immunocompetence of aquatic species in order to aid in the reduction of disease outbreaks and mortalities.

Future investigations will further explore antimicrobial properties of brewer’s yeast products which enable to formulate feeds with functional benefits to face a new and sustainable future in aquaculture.

18 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

Carbohydrates in fish nutrition

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An overview of what could decide, limit and improve the use of nutritive carbohydrates in fish

by Biju Sam Kamalam and Stephane Panserat

arbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price.

To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org).

Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest.

Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.

On the other hand, though not strictly essential in the biological sense, optimal inclusion of dietary carbohydrates is known to increase the retention of protein and lipid in farmed fishes and reduce nitrogen discharge in farm effluents. These are factors that are relevant to the sustainability of any aquaculture operation.

Moreover, the presence of carbohydrates in the ingredient mixture during the process of cooking extrusion inevitably helps in pellet binding, stability and floatability. These are characteristics that minimize nutrient leaching and feed wastage.

Taken as a whole, carbohydrate is an often underrated but vital cog in the fish feed manufacturing wheel.

In the evolving context of fish feed production, it is important to note that increasing amounts of carbohydrates are inadvertently added when competitively priced plant origin ingredients are used to replace expensive and limited marine ingredients. Among the different forms of carbohydrates that are abundant in plant sources, only starch and sugars (energy reserves) have nutritive value in fish nutrition and therefore they will be the focus of this article. Whereas, structural non-starch polysaccharides (fibre) mostly have negative nutritional value and so will not be

discussed further.

Farmed fishes have the entire biological machinery of digestive and metabolic enzymes, hormones, glucose transporters and glucose sensing components, which are essential to use glucose as a cellular energy currency. Nevertheless, certain divergence in regulatory mechanism makes them less able to use digestible forms of carbohydrates to meet energy requirements, when compared to other livestock.

There are remarkable differences in carbohydrate utilisation between and even within fish species linked to their diverse feeding habits, anatomical features, physiology and rearing habitats. Particularly, farmed carnivorous fishes such as salmon and trout are considered to be less tolerant to carbohydrate rich meals mainly due to slow blood glucose clearance.

Consequently, the dietary inclusion level and appropriate source of carbohydrate is decided based on protein sparing without any adverse effect on growth and physiology of the fish. The maximum recommended levels of dietary carbohydrate inclusion fall within 15-25 percent for salmonids and marine fish, while it can go up to 50 percent for herbivorous and omnivorous species (NRC, 2011).

What could decide carbohydrate utilisation in fish?

A complex array of biological, dietary and environmental factors determines the capacity of a fish to use a carbohydrate rich meal (Fig. 1). Among the biological factors, natural feeding habit and the resultant evolutionary adaptation is considered as the primary determinant. For instance, omnivorous and herbivorous fishes like carp, tilapia and catfish are known to have superior amylase activity, intestinal glucose uptake capacity and control of glycaemia as compared to carnivorous trout, salmon and seabass. At the same time, it is important to note that the optimum inclusion level of carbohydrates varies with the cultured size or age of the fish, irrespective of its feeding habit.

The existence of genotypic differences within species also remains possible in fish, as shown in terms of glucose tolerance and metabolism in two experimental lines of rainbow trout.

Likewise, transgenic salmon with growth hormone gene construct

20 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

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reportedly have an enhanced ability to digest and metabolically utilise dietary levels of carbohydrates well above those known to be used by their non-transgenic counterparts. Interestingly, sustained swimming exercise can possibly be used as a metabolic promoter to abolish the glucose intolerant phenotype of rainbow trout fed carbohydrate rich meals, by augmenting glucose uptake and use in skeletal muscle.

In fish feed, the nutritional and technical value of a starch constituent depends on its characteristics such as starch granule shape, size, distribution and amylose to amylopectin ratio, which in turn are linked to their botanical origin. For example, the surface area available for digestive enzymes to act differs with the starch granule size of wheat (22 µm) and potato (40-100 µm), resulting in significantly different digestibility estimates of 58 and 5 percent in rainbow trout. Similarly, the physical quality of the feed pellet is also influenced by the starch source.

With respect to the degree of polymerisation, the apparent digestibility and intestinal uptake generally decreases with increasing complexity (glucose > starch), whereas the vice versa is mostly true in case of protein sparing and economic viability.

However, the net energy value of simple sugars and complex starch varies in a species-dependent manner. Altering the physical state of starch through the hydrothermal process of gelatinisation substantially improves its digestibility and use by fishes, more significantly in carnivores like trout, seabass and seabream. In technical terms, more addition of process water in the extruder augments the degree of starch gelatinisation and digestibility.

Further, several studies have ascertained that the best use of energy from dietary carbohydrates in fish depends on the macronutrient composition of the diet. High level of dietary lipids Bierhefe was found to reduce starch digestibility, elevate postprandial Beta-S Mannan® W60 glycaemia and prolong blood glucose clearance. In rainbow trout and Senegalese sole, this phenotype was metabolically characterised by an increase in the hepatic activity of the gluconeogenic enzyme glucose 6-phosphatase, concomitant decrease in the activities of glycolytic and lipogenic enzymes, and impaired insulin signalling. Similarly, high level of amino acids can elicit a cellular signalling response that can weaken insulin action and attenuate the insulin mediated down-regulation of gluconeogenesis, indicating that alterations in dietary protein content can impair glucose homeostasis. These findings reinforce the necessity to consider dietary macronutrient interface when optimising carbohydrate usage levels.

Moreover, meal timing was found to have a significant effect on carbohydrate utilization in gilthead seabream, i.e., carbohydrates from a morning meal was used more efficiently than from an afternoon meal, resulting in considerable protein sparing. On a cautionary note, in any case, inclusion of carbohydrates beyond tolerable limits causes decrease in starch digestibility, hepatic dysfunction, impaired growth and even undesirable epigenetic changes.

Being ectotherms, changes in temperature can modify the processing of dietary inputs in fish. Within the optimal range, an increase in the temperature of the rearing water is often known to improve amylase activity and starch digestibility, leading to a differential time course of blood glucose i.e., relatively rapid rise and fall, higher activity of glycolytic enzymes and ultimately better protein sparing regardless of the feeding habit of the fish.

The common understanding of warmwater fish having an edge in carbohydrate utilisation over coldwater fish is also apparently true.

In euryhaline fishes like rainbow trout and salmon, changes in salinity was found to interact with the regulation of glucose metabolism and starch digestibility was lower in seawater

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FEATURE

Figure 1: Illustration of the various factors known to influence carbohydrate utilisation in fish (Source: Kamalam et al., Aquaculture (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.02.007)

than in freshwater, both possibly related to the osmoregulatory adaptation of the fish. Other environmental variables such as photoperiod also have an effect on glucose tolerance and possibly carbohydrate utilisation in fish. For example, Atlantic salmon reared under continuous light showed higher glucose regulation capacity than those fish exposed to simulated winter photoperiod.

What could limit carbohydrate utilisation in fish?

Logically, the slow glucose turnover and hyperglycaemic phenotype in fish can be related to low body temperature, oxygen consumption and metabolic rate. But as mentioned earlier, carnivorous fishes have evolutionarily adapted their anatomy, physiology and metabolism according to their natural diet that contains very limited or no nutritive carbohydrates (Fig. 2).

Consequently, they are not able to regulate their intestinal glucose uptake capacity and efficiently clear the glucose influx after a carbohydrate rich meal, resulting in a prolonged high level of glucose in the blood and earning them the ‘glucose intolerant’ tag.

All the fish investigated to date has the ability to hydrolyse and absorb simple and complex carbohydrates in their gastrointestinal tract. However in carnivores, starch digestion and glucose absorption is limited by low activity levels of Îą-amylase and disaccharidases, their inhibition by high level of dietary carbohydrates and low capacity of intestinal glucose uptake due to lower densities of transporters and smaller amounts of

Figure 2: Summary of biological limitations for carbohydrate utilisation in carnivorous fish (Source: Kamalam et al., Aquaculture (2016), http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.02.007)

absorptive tissue. For instance, compared to omnivorous tilapia, the total carbohydrase activity in carnivorous Atlantic salmon, rainbow trout, European seabass and gilthead seabream was 9, 22, 31 and 33 percent, respectively. More importantly, in the wild, carnivores do not switch diets variedly like omnivores, so they lack the phenotypic flexibility to modulate digestive enzymes and glucose transporter levels to match dietary starch levels.

Nevertheless, the utility of carbohydrates as an energy source is not only linked to digestibility.

After digestion and absorption, most of the glucose uptake from the bloodstream into the cells of different tissues occurs passively through the members of the facilitative glucose transporter family. Among the four members of the class 1 subfamily of glucose transporters (GLUT1-4) hitherto cloned and characterised in different fish species, GLUT4 is the only insulin sensitive member that possibly plays an important role in glucose homeostasis. However, trout GLUT4 was found to have relatively lower affinity for glucose and poor sequestration characteristics i.e., insulin stimulated recruitment to cell surface for glucose uptake. Moreover at the transcriptional level, GLUT4 expression in the white muscle of rainbow trout was reportedly inert to a carbohydrate rich meal, consistent with the poor ability of the peripheral tissue to adapt to a high influx of glucose.

Insulin and glucagon are the two major pancreatic endocrine hormones that regulate glycaemia and the underlying metabolism in fish, as in higher vertebrates. Even in carnivorous rainbow trout, the existence of insulin sensitivity, intact functional mechanisms and classic metabolic adjustments has been demonstrated through several studies. Plasma insulin levels in fish can rise as high as 8.6 nM after a carbohydrate rich meal, along with an increase in the number of muscle insulin receptors.

However, it is apparent that secretion and physiological action of insulin may depend on a maze of complex interactions with other hormones. For instance, insulin secretion is inhibited by hypersomatostatinemia even at the transcriptional level. Besides, very low number of insulin receptors is present per microgram of membrane protein in trout muscle, possibly limiting insulin action in peripheral tissue metabolism even when plasma insulin levels are high. As such, the potency of inherent insulin secretion to ameliorate hyperglycaemia remains enigmatic in carnivorous fish. On the other hand, postprandial glucagon levels in rainbow trout were found to be inversely related to the carbohydrate content of the diet. But, this adaptive response was independent of insulin secretion, indicating that the regulation of glucagon and insulin may be dissociated in fish.

In the metabolic context, the net hepatic glucose flux resulting from the simultaneous regulation of glucose-disposal and glucose-producing pathways is a key determinant of blood glucose concentration. Disparity in the regulation of these metabolic pathways is linked to poor carbohydrate utilisation in some fish species. The hypothesis concerning limited glucose phosphorylation was refuted when the existence of an inducible hepatic glucokinase with adaptive response to carbohydrate rich diets was evident in all the examined fishes. However, there is uncertainty over its capacity to regulate glucose homeostasis in an insulin dependent manner. Further the lack of coherent regulation of the rate limiting glycolytic enzymes and sluggish flux may underlie poor glucose use in some fish after a carbohydrate rich meal.

More importantly, the uncontrolled hepatic endogenous glucose production in carnivorous fish through gluconeogenesis, regardless of the dietary carbohydrate content, trigger the glucose intolerant phenotype that eventually leads to poor use of

22 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

carbohydrates for energy. Particularly, the absence of inhibition in the activity/expression of glucose 6-phosphatase was possibly due to functional reorientation of the evolutionarily duplicated genes. Changes in blood glucose levels are also correlated to deposition and mobilisation of hepatic glycogen reserves.

Nevertheless, excessive glycogen deposition that accompanies a carbohydrate rich meal can compromise the overall function of the liver. Carbohydrates consumed in excess of energy needs could be stored as lipid in the liver and adipose tissue through the process of de novo lipogenesis (DNL), a kind of metabolic safety valve or glucose sink. However, the amount of DNL from glucose is apparently limited in carnivorous fish and the regulation of the glucose-fatty acid cycle is yet to be completely understood.

Poor utilisation of glucose in the principal insulin sensitive peripheral sites such as skeletal muscle and adipose tissue could probably be another key limitation for carbohydrate utilisation in carnivorous fish. For instance, the contribution of skeletal muscle disposal of glucose was less than 15 percent of the total glucose turnover in rainbow trout. The underlying reason can be low insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake with possible consequences for the regulation of glucose metabolism. In fact, the activities of enzymes involved in glucose oxidation/disposal are not responsive to the presence or levels of carbohydrates in the diet.

What could improve carbohydrate utilisation in fish?

There are certain promising strategies that are being investigated to overcome the challenges in carbohydrate utilising in farmed carnivorous fishes. The possibility of tailoring metabolic pathways or functions to improve carbohydrate use is being tested applying the concept of nutritional programming.

The hypothesis is that high carbohydrate stimulus exerted at critical developmental stages in early life may imprint an adaptive ability to cope with high carbohydrate diets in later life.

This strategy was found to potentially improve starch digestibility in rainbow trout and glucose oxidation/disposal in gilthead seabream.

However, the success rate depends greatly on choosing the appropriate duration, source and magnitude of the stimulus and the point of application (early developmental stage). It is also equally important to understand the biological mechanisms (e.g. epigenetic changes) that imprint the nutritional event until adulthood. Another relevant prospect is the use of supplementary enzymes, when cost implications are duly considered. The idea is to catalyse the hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates by increasing enzyme accessibility to substrates. But in practice, the exogenous enzyme should withstand the rigours of feed processing, be less susceptible to proteolysis inside the digestive tract of fish and precisely dosed/delivered.

Based on observed genetic variability and phenotypic plasticity in glucose tolerance and metabolism in carnivorous fishes, specific genotypes that can adapt better to carbohydrate rich diets can be selected and propagated. For instance, selection for the ability to adapt to a totally plant based diet has been proven to be successful in rainbow trout. The availability of whole genome sequence can further facilitate the recognition of relevant quantitative trait loci. However, the feasibility and efficacy of non-destructive selection criterions is yet to be explored. Other critical aspects that can improve carbohydrate use is finding a fine balance between dietary macronutrients in evolving feed compositions and acquiring a symbiotic gut microbiome that can functionally contribute to carbohydrate digestion and metabolism.

International Aquafeed - March | April 2016 | 23

FEATURE

KRILL OIL

Phospholipids that make a difference to filet quality and quantity

T

he nutritional quality of larvae diets affects fishes’ fillet quality and quantity.

Studies show that phospholipids increase fish larvae growth and development; so phospholipids are an essential component of the early weaning diet.

During embryo and larval development, yolk sac lipids or wild prey provide young fish with ample amount of phospholipids.

In fish larvae diets, the aim is to provide larvae nutrition and an effective diet that substitutes live prey as early as possible during the larval development.

Scientists have studied the effectiveness of phospholipids including those derived from soybean lecithin and dietary marine phospholipids from krill. Krill phospholipids, rich on docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have a positive effect on larvae performance and development, which makes a difference later to filet quality and quantity.

Phospholipids: a core component to larvae development

Studies have shown that dietary phospholipids improve culture performance, enhance growth and increase the survival of various freshwater and marine species including ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis), carp (Cyprinus carpio), Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceous), knife jaw (Oplegnatus fasciatus) and red seabream (Pagrus major). Phospholipids also reduce incidents of skeletal deformities in larvae and early juveniles, and increases fish resistance to stress.

Phospholipids are the main structural component of cell membranes, tissues and are vital organ development. They especially play a vital role in the development of organs including the digestive system. Dietary phospholipids play a contributing role to the assimilation of dietary lipids; increase the efficiency of transporting dietary fatty acids and lipid from the gut to the rest of the body.

So adding phospholipids to larval diets has unique benefits to the development of larvae, juveniles and fishes later in life.

Efficient and effective krill phospholipids

Phospholipids include a large group of compounds, and the lipid

classes as well as the fatty acid content determine their effectiveness.

Studies show that dietary marine phospholipids, in comparison to soybean lecithin, improve culture performance. Three recent studies indicate the different benefits of this form of phospholipid.

In the first study, scientists compared the effect of krill phospholipid to soybean lecithin in micro diets for gilthead seabream larvae on molecular markers of antioxidative metabolism and bone development. The results from the studies show that marine phospholipids have a higher effectiveness in promoting survival, growth and skeletal mineralization of gilthead seabream larvae in comparison with soybean lecithin, regardless of the dietary phospholipid level (R.Saleh, M.B. Betancor, J.Roo, V. Benitez-Dorta, M. J. Zamorano, J.G. Bell and M. Izquierdo, 2014).

The study was conducted as follows. Scientists fed larvae, from 16 to 44 days post hatching, three levels of phospholipids from marine phospholipid and soybean lecithin (50, 70 and 90 g kg-1).

The increase of up to 70 g kg-1 marine phospholipid was enough to see and improve larval gilthead seabream performance and even the highest level of soybean lecithin (90 g kg-1) was unable to provide similar successful results.

However, larvae that were fed diets without phospholipid supplements, also known as the control diet, showed a very low survival rate. This indicates that phospholipids are an essential competent of the natal diet.

Despite increasing soybean lecithin up to 90 g kg-1 to improve larval survival, stress resistance, growth and skeletal development, the results showed that dietary marine phospholipid was more effective in promoting these parameters. Krill phospholipids’ higher content in PC, LPC, ARA, antioxidants factors such as carotenoids (astaxanthin) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), promotes digestion, transport and deposition of dietary lipids, and contributes to reduce skeletal anomalies.

The study also showed that krill phospholipids affect skeleton malfunction, bone mineralization, biochemical composition, oxidative status and selected genes expression.

Just like the results from other studies, by increasing marine phospholipids in species such as Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and European sea bass (D. labrax), larvae growth increases.

24 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

Marine phospholipids appear to be a superior component to enhancing larvae growth and development, compared to when phospholipids are incorporated in micro diets through soybean lecithin.

In a second study (R. Saleh, M.B. Betancor, J. Roo, T. BenitezSantana, M. J. Zamorano and M. Izquierdo, 2013) phospholipids derived from krill improved larval growth and survival more effectively than soybean phospholipids. Krill phospholipids enhanced n-3 HUFA and incorporated EPA incorporation into larval tissues.

A significant correlation was found between length and final weight, and phospholipids in the diet. Sea bream larvae that were fed diets without phospholipid supplements showed the lowest survival, growth, and stress resistance.

Increasing the dietary phospholipid content improved stress resistance determined as survival after handling, regardless of whether the phospholipid was derived from marine or soybean. Feeding sea bream larvae with krill phospholipids particularly improved total length and body weight.

This is because krill phospholipids contain higher n-3 HUFA and DHA levels than soybean lecithin.

Optimal diet with krill phospholipids

The third study recently conducted on the benefits of krill phospholipids, looked at the the optimum dietary levels of krill phospholipids for Sea bream (Sparus aurata) larvae, its influence on larval development and digestive enzymes activity. All increases of dietary krill phospholipids up to 120 g kg-1 significantly improved larval survival, growth and digestive enzyme activity. Further increase did not improve those parameters.

Krill phospholipids are also attractants

In addition to fish larvae diet being nutritious and including beneficial components to larvae growth and health, the initial diet needs to be attractive. It needs to be the right size to fit into the larvae’s mouth and taste good. Krill phospholipids have shown to be an attractant, not only attracting larvae to the consumption of feed with krill phospholipids but also increasing the amount of food consumed.

Krill phospholipids have nutritional benefits that stand out

from phospholipids derived from other sources. Today krill phospholipids in krill oil are a crucial component of krill meal.

Work is also being conducted to extract this oil and make it into a separate product; given its distinct features and benefits to the larvae, juvenile fish and fish farmer given the improved filet quality and quantity.

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International Aquafeed - March | April 2016 | 25

FEATURE

IMPROVING SURVIVAL RATES IN SHRIMP Two experiments were conducted to illustrate the effects of soy protein in the diet of shrimp over a period of six weeks. In the first experiment, different soybased protein concentrates were screened and compared in an attractability and palatability trial followed by a growth trial. Inclusion of ten percent these HP protein concentrates, replacing fishmeal resulted in a slightly slower growth, but higher survival.

26 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

HOW TO IMPROVE SURVIVAL RATES AND COST-EFFICIENCY USING PROTEIN PRODUCT FOR SHRIMP PRODUCTION

T

by Eric De Muyler, Crevetec.

he quality and digestibility of proteins is one of the most important issues in shrimp nutrition. Marine proteins (mainly fish meal) can only be partially replaced by standard vegetable proteins like soybean meal.

Vegetable proteins show lower digestibility of proteins and phosphorus compared to fishmeal and diets with high soybean meal inclusion are less attractive and palatable for shrimp. Hamlet Protein produces high quality protein concentrates based on soy and other sources, designed for feed palatability, digestibility and health in order to deliver optimal production performance.

However, Hamlet also produces Soybean protein concentrates and blends with other protein sources such as hydrolysates.

Figure 1: Average weight of shrimp in first experiment

Methodology

Two experiments were conducted to illustrate the effects of soy protein in the diet of shrimp over a period of six weeks. In the first experiment, different soy-based protein concentrates were screened and compared in an attractability and palatability trial followed by a growth trial. Inclusion of ten percent these HP protein concentrates, replacing fishmeal resulted in a slightly slower growth, but higher survival.

In the second experiment, a dose-response trial with an optimized HP product , at lower inclusion rates (three, six and nine percent) was executed. The idea of reducing the content of fish meal in shrimp diets is relevant because of the volatility of its price which in recent years reached prohibitive levels. I

Inclusion of HP product at the expense of fishmeal reduces the feed cost

Soy protein concentrates are especially used in diets for young

Figure 2: Average weight of shrimp in second experiment

International Aquafeed - March | April 2016 | 27

FEATURE

Table 1: Composition of experimental diets of first experiment Control 1

Test 1

Test 2

Test 3

Chili fish meal

20

10

10

10

Wheat flour

34

30

30

30

Soybean meal

16

19

19

19 31

Other

30

31

31

PU39

-

10

-

-

HP800

-

-

10

-

HP340

-

-

-

10

Other raw materials include Corn gluten, rice bran, soybean lecithin, fish oil, binders and premix. Diets contained 38 percent protein and 7 percent lipids and were balanced to meet the shrimp nutrient requirements.

Table 2: Protein leaching of diets Control 1

Test 1

Test 2

Test 3

30 minutes

4.94%

9.54%

6.65%

5.65%

60 minutes

5.12%

14.66%

11.74%

12.55%

Table 3: Attractability and palatability of experimental feeds in first trial.

Nr of shrimp on feed tray

Control 1

Test 1

Test 2

Test 3

5 Minutes

18

27

34

28

15 Minutes

34

38

33

51

30 Minutes

49

52

47

51

85.1 %

73.0 %

72.3 %

70.0 %

Feed Consumption

Table 4: Summary of growth results in experiment 1 Control 1

Test 1

Test 2

Test 3

Initial avg weight

2.41a

2.46a

2.41a

2.40a

Final avg weight

9.85a

9.00 b

9.22 b

9.25 b

Weekly growth Survival FCR

1,24a

1.09b

1.14b

1,14b

91.88 %

91.88 %

94.38 %

91.88 %

1,.0 a

1.51 b

1.43a

1.44a

Table 5: Composition of experimental diets of second experiment Control

HP3

HP6

HP9

Corn gluten

10

10.25

10.5

10.75

Danish fish meal LT

20

17.5

15

12.5

Wheat flour

36.05

35.2

34.4

33.55

Fish oil

1.85

1.95

2

2.1

3

6

9

HP Other

32.1

32.1

32.1

32.1

Total

100

100

100

100

Other raw material include Soybean meal, rice bran lecithin, binder, premix, The HP product replaced mainly of Danish fish meal. Corn gluten, wheat flour and fish oil content were adjusted to obtain isonitrogenous and isocaloric feeds; 38 Proteins and 8 percent lipids.

HP 3

HP 6

HP 9 1.22 a

Initial avg weight

1.23 a

1.20 a

1.21 a

Final avg weight

6.51 ab

6.70 a

6.52 a

6.11 b

Weekly growth

0.88 ab

0.92 a

0.88 a

0.81 b

85.0 % ab

90.0 % a

90.0 % a

80.0 % b

1.52 ab

1.41 a

1.44 a

1.62 b

Survival FCR

Testing product parameters

Table 1 includes the composition of experimental diets of first experiment. These diets were submerged in water for 30 minutes and 60 minutes and protein loss was calculated. Table 2 shows the results of this test and from these results we can observe a higher leaching of protein in the diets containing soyprotein concentrates, which might be a problem. However the results also show that soyprotein proteins are much more water soluble than other proteins.

A higher water solubility is also interesting to attract shrimp. An attractability and palatability test was also performed; the results of which can be found in Table 3.

Attractability was measured by counting shrimp consuming feed on each feed tray after 5, 15 and 30 minutes. All diets were put at the same time in a larger tank. After 30 minutes, leftover feed was removed, dried and weighed to count percentage consumption.

The results from this trial indicated that soyprotein concentrates are attracting shrimp more quickly, and that after 30 minutes the control diet had attracted the same number of shrimps. The same four diets were used in a growth trial and gave the results that can be seen in figure 1 and table 4 which show the average weights of the shrimp throughout the test period.

Performance of optimised product and protocol

Basically, the results with soyprotein concentrate are not as good as those of the control diet. But test feeds two and three were preforming better than Test diet one. There is a positive effect on survival in diet two. The probable cause of this was that the inclusion rates were too high for optimal growth, which is why a second experiment was launched, using a HP product designed for shrimps by combining technologies used in diet two and three, but at lower inclusion rates of three, six and nine percent, which can be seen in table 5.

There was a slightly higher average weight of the shrimp on the feeds containing three percent HP compared to the control, as seen in Figure 2. At six and nine percent HP, there is a lower average weight. There is a statistically lower weight for the nine percent inclusion rate compared to HP6 and the control.

Similarly, table 6 includes a summary of growth results from experiment 2. These results show that diets with three and six percent inclusion level of HP result in a lower FCR than the control, but the diet with nine percent HP shows higher FCR. Shrimp fed diets with three and six percent show higher survival rates than shrimp without HP. This is also the reason why a lower FCR was observed in the groups fed these diets.

Conclusion

Table 6: Summary of growth results in experiment 2 Control

animals because of their high digestibility and health benefits, which include a higher survival rate and better growth; much to the delight of shrimp farmers.

The second experiment showed that shrimps fed diets with three and six percent optimized HP showed significant lower FCR and higher survival rate than shrimp without HP in the diet.

The best results are obtained with the diets with three percent HP. Inclusion of nine percent HP is surely too high to obtain good results which confirms earlier findings with the ten percent inclusion rate. Inclusion of three percent HP however, shows a positive effect on growth and survival, resulting in the lowest FCR. It is also worthwhile to mention that the inclusion of three percent HP lowers the cost of the feed by ten percent compared to the control diet.

28 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

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International Aquafeed - March | April 2016 | 29

FEATURE

Parasite control in European farmed finfish ParaFishControl aims to develop advanced tools and research strategies for parasite control in European farmed finfish

30 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

P

Adult female sea lice showing evidence of blood feeding Credit Bron

FEATURE

araFishControl (Advanced Tools and Research Strategies for Parasite Control in European farmed fish) is a â‚Ź8.1 million European Union Horizon 2020-funded research project that aims to increase the sustainability and competitiveness of the European aquaculture industry by improving our understanding of fishparasite interactions and developing innovative solutions and tools to prevent, control and mitigate harmful parasites which affect the main finfish species farmed in Europe (Atlantic salmon, rainbow trout, common carp, turbot, European sea bass, and gilthead sea bream). ParaFishControl addresses the most harmful parasitic species affecting either one or more of these six fish hosts.

Aquaculture is the fastest growing animal food production sector worldwide, currently providing half of all aquatic animals for human consumption. If responsibly developed and practiced, aquaculture can generate lasting benefits for global food security and economic growth.

However, the aquaculture industry faces a number of challenges to its progress including the significant issue of disease outbreaks.

Financial losses due to disease outbreaks are estimated at 20% of total production value, and parasites and related infections are increasingly responsible for such diseases.

Economic losses inflicted by parasites accrue from direct mortalities, morbidity, poor growth performance, low reproduction efficacy, increased susceptibility to other diseases, high cost of treatments and decreased value or marketability of fish products. Exact data on the economic impact of parasites in aquaculture is scarce but it is estimated that the highest economic cost for parasite control in European aquaculture amasses from sea lice infecting Atlantic salmon, the main farmed fish species in Europe.

European nations and associates spend â‚Ź170 million annually to control sea lice, with annual global losses estimated to exceed â‚Ź300 million. Parasites can also affect the end users of aquaculture products and therefore their monitoring and eradication are essential for ensuring the safety of European consumers.

While bacterial and viral diseases of cultured finfish have been extensively studied and have witnessed substantial advances in their control, parasitic diseases have received less attention so far. Currently, there are no commercial vaccines for fish parasites and the available diagnostic tools do not cover the main parasitic diseases or are not harmonised.

In addition, the number of licensed veterinary medicines targeting parasites remains low and many of those employed can have major environmental impacts and show reduced efficacy due to parasite drug resistance. Furthermore, some aquaculture parasites have attracted public attention due to the transfer of parasites between farmed and wild fish populations or because of the environmental impact of treatments used. Such issues negatively affect the public image and performance of European finfish aquaculture.

These challenges are currently being tackled by the ParaFishControl partnership, integrating world-leading, complementary, cross-cutting expertise drawn from academia and industry across Europe.

ParaFishControl seeks to advance the field by contributing to both fundamental scientific knowledge in relation to key fish parasites, and also developing applied technological

International Aquafeed - March | April 2016 | 31

FEATURE

Adult female sea lice feeding on Atlantic salmon.

Credit Conway & Bron

Adult female sea louse with salmon blood in gut.

Credit Bron

and industrial solutions to increase the sustainability and competitiveness of the European aquaculture industry. In addition, at the consumer and societal level, the partnership will work towards reinforcing the confidence of fish processors, traders and consumers in farmed fish products.

ParaFishControl is a ground-breaking project aiming to deliver innovative solutions at all levels. Responding to the identified significant need for the availability of effective, rapid, quantitative and validated tests for endemic and emerging parasitic infections of fish, the partnership is currently working on developing reliable, cost-efficient detection and diagnostic tools.

The commercial offer of fish parasitology services from animal diagnostics professionals is quite limited and this role is currently filled by academic laboratories, more focused on particular diseases, and whose level of proficiency and use of diagnostic tools is variable. Several parasites lack methods beyond

Ceratothoa oestroides Credit Aquark

microscopic and histological observation, leaving substantial room for innovation.

Based on current and newly developed knowledge and tools the project will generate improved and novel sensitive, reliable and cost-effective point-of-care diagnostic tests for parasitic infections.

The project will also focus on the harmonisation and validation of current procedures for the confirmatory diagnosis of parasitic infections at the laboratory level. The partnership expects that availability of diagnostic tests for parasitic diseases harmonised across the European Union and globally will facilitate the growth of national industries and international trade.

The adoption of these procedures will allow a more proficient, accurate and homogeneous diagnosis of parasites at laboratory level, reducing the uncertainty and facilitating accurate monitoring of parasites in fish production, fish trade, and

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FEATURE

epidemiological or environmental studies. The existence of reference methods will facilitate their adoption by veterinary health laboratories and providers, who currently cannot provide these services due to deficient know-how and absence of validated methods and reagents.

In addition, simple to use point-of-care diagnostic tests for some diseases generated in the project can be marketed for quick parasite assessment, taking diagnosis out of centralised laboratories and allowing very rapid on site management decisions and appropriate actions to be made.

Concerning preventative practices, a major issue is that currently there is no commercial vaccine for any fish parasite.

ParaFishControl tackles this challenge by aiming to develop several different candidate vaccines focusing on those parasite infections for which natural immunity seems to prevent reinfection.

The research behind this is very innovative and only affordable with the collaboration and concerted action of all partners in a big collaborative research project such as this, where research and industry are working directly together. Measures that will be developed are vaccination and improvement of fish immune status through use of in-feed immune-stimulants and other additives that will target host immunity.

Other measures, such as innovative water treatments and use of biological controls will target parasites prior to infection.

Coupled with a range of management tools, these measures will be incorporated into effective new integrated pest management strategies (IPMS) for European aquaculture.

In relation to curative practices, the use of available antiparasitic drugs in aquaculture is currently limited by issues such as drug availability, developed parasite resistance, toxicity of chemicals and persistence of chemical residues.

Moreover, many drugs previously widely used in fish farming are now prohibited as environmentally undesirable. There are no licensed anti-parasitic compounds for Mediterranean fish species and common carp and official Minimum Residue Levels currently available are extrapolated mainly from salmonids. Thus, there is a strong need for development of new effective drugs for parasite treatments.

ParaFishControl is working on improving existing treatments and developing novel treatments for both ecto- and endoparasites. The partnership’s approach includes extensive screening of antiparasitic products already available in the pharmaceutical industry for other veterinarian and human uses, as well as searching for prebiotics, probiotics and bioactive compounds from bacteria, plants and other natural sources.

ParaFishControl is also expected to generate new feed formulations against parasitic diseases and will increase the knowledge on the basis for fish immunity improvement that could be used for other future formulations.

Since most of the pathogens causing diseases in fish farms are also found in wild fish, reciprocal movements of pathogens between aquaculture populations and wild fish represent a twosided risk. Farmed fish may pick up infections from wild fish, but can also act as pathogen-amplifiers that disseminate pathogens into the wild. ParaFishControl will implement sensitive and strain-specific diagnostic assays to determine to what extent such transfers of fish parasites take place.

This will enable the development of European policies protecting the health of wild aquatic animal populations, while allowing responsible use of the aquatic environment for aquaculture purposes.

Although it is generally assumed that farmed fish products have a very low or zero prevalence of zoonotic helminths, which are parasitic worms that have the potential to transfer to humans, this assumption has not been demonstrated scientifically for the majority of European fish farmed species.

As recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), ParaFishControl will monitor marine and freshwater fish farms to provide data on presence or absence of zoonotic helminths and effects of different farming practices on their diffusion. An innovative Food Safety Programme with protocols and good practice guidelines will be established to avoid and decrease even more zoonotic risks in farmed fish.

ParaFishControl will directly address the needs of fish producers, veterinary practitioners and other aquaculture professionals by producing booklets and guidelines and organising international training courses on the IPMS on farms.

A ParaFishControl Industry Forum (IF) will be set up in spring 2016 to facilitate engagement between the consortium and industrial companies and fish farmer associations to ensure essential Knowledge Exchange.

ParaFishControl will improve control of the major parasites of European aquaculture by assisting fish farmers to improve survival, decrease feed conversion ratios, reduce economic impact of the diseases and increase the industry’s long term sustainability.

The focus will be on development of effective practical industry solutions that improve fish health and welfare, reduce environmental impact and ensure a safe final product for the consumer.

Some of the parasitic species that are studied in this project have impacts beyond the European borders, not only because their respective hosts are also farmed worldwide, such as Atlantic salmon, rainbow trout or common carp, but also because they have low host specificity and can infect several fish species, including major game fish in international waters. The results from ParaFishControl will therefore have a major positive impact on the global aquaculture industry. www.parafishcontrol.eu

ParaFishControl consortium

The ParaFishControl consortium comprises 29 partners from academic, research and industry, based in 13 European countries, who are considered leaders in their respective domains of expertise.

The ParaFishControl project will run from 2015 to 2020, with a total budget of €8.1 million, of which €7.8 million is funded by the European Union. The project is coordinated by the Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Spain.

Dr Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla, ParaFishControl project coordinator, is the head of the fish pathology group at the Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC).

CSIC is the largest public research institution in Spain and the third largest in Europe. Its main objective is to develop and promote research that will help bring about scientific and technological progress. CSIC covers all fields of knowledge from basic to applied research.

AquaTT (Ireland) is the project dissemination partner.

International Aquafeed - March | April 2016 | 33

PHOTOSHOOT THE BIG PICTURE - FRANCE

Excited trout at feeding time make for turbulent waters at Pisciculture Jorgensen in Abbeville, Picardie, France. The Jorgensen family originally began farming fish in Denmark in 1893 before moving the business to France in the 1930s.

They have also enjoyed a long business relationship with the aquaculture equipment manufacturer Faivre, who supply them with a great many of their tools of the trade - everything from water aerators to fish graders.

Recently International Aquafeed visited three of the family's trout farms in and around Abbeville. You can read about it in the up-coming May/June 2016 edition of International Aquafeed.

FEATURE

MEXICO POTENTIAL ABOUNDS IN

by Roy Palmer

M

exico, with a population of 122 million is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. The country is known for its Pacific and Gulf of Mexico beaches and its diverse landscape of mountains, deserts and jungles. Ancient ruins such as Teotihuacan (Aztec), Chichen Itza (Mayan) and Spanish colonial-era towns are scattered throughout the country.

Infectious Mariachi music, sombreros and vitamin ‘T’ are also some of the great highlights. Vitamin ‘T’ includes Tacos, Tostados, Tamales, Taquitos, Tortas and Tortillas all washed down with Tequila.

Rather cheekily last year, Mexico offered some US based aquaculture businesses the opportunity to raise their fish south of the border where they promised regulaters had a more modern approach to offshore aquaculture than they could experience in their own country.

Mexico has recently become serious about aquaculture

Mexico has in the last few years become a serious aquaculture country and there is a major effort by Mexican offshore fish farmers and government officials to make their country ‘the place’ for raising fish offshore in North America.

Aquaculture is supported in Mexico by the Federation through

the Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA) and CONAPESCA. The head of the National Commission of Aquaculture and Fisheries (CONAPESCA), Mario Aguilar Sánchez has said on many occasions that boosting aquaculture provides “a great opportunity to contribute to the growth of the industry, with products having nutritional and protein quality available to Mexicans,” according to press reports.

Mexico has indeed gone further than most countries in the area of seafood consumption and understanding the need for promotion and marketing and this is assisting the drive/desire for aquaculture.

In 2012 the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) completed a survey and found that Mexican households spent monthly 34 percent of their income in food, out of which 8.5 percent was seafood, Of the 31.5 million households that were surveyed by, on average , only 24.4 percent said that their food basket are included seafood. The indications at that stage showed Mexican seafood consumption at around the 9kgs per person per annum.

Mexico has been mentioned as being in the top three countries in terms of obesity, and Coneval, the government’s social development agency, has advised that the poverty rate is approximately 46.2 percent of Mexico’s population, and equivalent to 55.3 million people. Coneval defines poverty as living on no more than 2,542 pesos ($157.70) a month in cities and 1,615 pesos in rural areas.

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Utilising the survey the Commissioner produced a paper “Fisheries and aquaculture, and its impact on Mexico’s food security,” highlighting that in Mexico the fishing and aquaculture sectors contribute significantly to the development and welfare of large segments of the population, especially in rural and regional areas. At present, approximately 25 percent of Mexico’s population lives rurally.

Following meetings in 2013 and participating in a forum organised by the FAO , ‘Sustainable Food Systems - A comprehensive policy on food and nutrition’ the Commissioner said “Mexico is seeking to increase fish and shellfish consumption per capita in the next decade. The implementation by the Government of the new fisheries/aquaculture policy will enable Mexico to increase per capita consumption of seafood over the next decade.”

It has been well demonstrated that fish and shellfish are an important source of nutrients of animal protein and one of the pillars of the National Crusade Against Hunger, recognised by CONAPESCA. As a result of the policies and strategies for the development of aquaculture and fisheries in Mexico, from 2013 to 2018 there is an emphasis on the promotion of consumption of fishery and aquaculture products.

One of the other important strategies of the SAGARPA/ CONAPESCA is the annual Foro Economico de Pesca y Acuacultura, which enables industry and government to engage, discuss and update. These events are usually held in November in Mexico City and at the last one, which was attended by over 1500

people we learned that consumption has increased to about 13kgs per person per annum.

Currently Mexico’s most important aquaculture activity is based in the north west of the country, is based on Shrimp and in 2015 was 110,000 tonnes. Cultivated shrimp now accounts for almost 70 percent of total national production; with the heart of this transition being the states of Sinaloa and Sonora. The industry with support of the government is fighting their way back from disease issues, which have had an impact in many other countries besides Mexico.

The impact of Early Mortality Syndrome on Mexican fishing

The disease, Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS), ensured that the production of farmed shrimp dropped sharply between 2012 and 2013, but is now in full recovery and expansion. EMS first appeared in 2009 in the southern part of China, and then spread to Vietnam, Malaysia and Thailand. SAGARPA reported that the disease shows up in the first 20 to 30 days of life of the shrimp, and especially affects tiger (Penaeus monodon) and white (Litopenaeus vannamei) shrimp. The disease adversely impacted thousands of producers, with shrimp mortality rates as high as 98 percent.

The strain of EMS found in Mexico is very similar (but not identical) to the Asian strain. It is unclear how it arrived in Mexico and whether or not it was transferred across the Pacific.

CONAPESCA’s figures highlight that Shrimp aquaculture

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FEATURE

items such as power tariffs, accessible electricity and other important infrastructure issues.

Over the past few years some US based aquaculture companies have decided to farm their fish offshore in Mexican waters.

There are good examples in tuna ranching, sea bass, yellowtail, and hybrid striped bass which are now farmed in Mexican waters.

What is clear is that Mexico’s government and private sector are working hand-inhand to build an industry that can be an alternative but time will see if that continues as and when US offshore fish-farming gets off the drawing table.

Regal Springs: A 21st Century Aquaculture Business

has a value of more than all of the fisheries of Shrimp, Tuna and Sardines combined in Mexico. They also point out that the recovery has been mainly because of the process engaged in aquaculture. The ponds utilised are emptied and dried for a whole season, not because of any regulation but because the producers have initiated improved systems and methods. Additionally the producers have an excellent program aiming to select strains of Shrimp more for resistance rather than growth.

The largest potential for aquaculture expansion in Mexico is Tilapia

Dr. Antonio Garza de Yta, has been in the role of Director General de Planeación, Programación y Evaluación at CONAPESCA for the last two years and is very proud of Mexico’s activities in both fisheries and aquaculture.

“The largest potential for aquaculture expansion in Mexico is Tilapia in the South; Catfish in the North; Shrimp along all the coast especially using super intensive systems; Oysters in Tamaulipas and Baja California and Sea Cucumber in Baja California and Yucatan. There have been many local species evaluated for potential growth but no successful culture has been developed at this stage.” Stated Dr. Antonio Garza de Yta, adding that “There is good interest in Yellowtail species and Totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) which is listed on CITES, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, and the Endangered Species Act (ESA) is formerly endemic in the Gulf of California has some potential to be the ‘Mexican Salmon’ through aquaculture – fish growth has been measured at 9 grams per day. Within CONAPESCA our priorities at this stage are to continue to improve our management measures, zoning and policies for Aquaculture.” It would be true to say that Mexico has the potential to produce more than 2 million MTs per annum, however, in order to achieve that it needs a whole of government approach to recognise aquaculture as a priority and to include

Regal Springs’ is what might be termed a 21st century aquaculture business and has a solid background in both sustainable and social areas specialising in eco-balanced Tilapia. One of its newest operations is nestled in the lush, green hills of Chiapas, Mexico. The facilities consist of a hatchery, juvenile fry nursery, floating grow-out cages and a state of the art production facility.

Lake Penitas, on which the tilapia are raised in floating cages, boasts pure, fresh water surrounded by unspoiled natural beauty. Once grown, the fish are processed in a cutting edge production facility.

The facility is able to accommodate 40-50 metric tons of frozen storage capacity in addition to fresh processing and custom cutting. When fully operational, the production facility alone will employ 850 to 1000 local residents.

Regal Springs are noted for adding value to communities with whom they engage and they have stated that they are committed to supporting the Chiapas community, as they have done in Honduras and Indonesia. Regal Springs also have many projects in the pipe-line which include supporting the opening of a new school and pledging support for the Ocote Jungle Biosphere Reserve.

Framed by the Sierra de las Viente Casas (Twenty Houses of Sierra) mountain range, it has almost 50 thousand hectares and was created in 1982 for the preservation of the flora and fauna in the northern region of the state of Chiapas.

Mexico and the need for capacity and capability

The Blue Economy and along with the recent and various Trade Agreements are enormous prospects for Mexico and the need for capacity and capability building is crucial and is a major challenge. Food Safety and Workplace Health and Safety are essential elements amongst the main education needs. Without these important foundations attracting the right investors/ investments will be difficult.

Like with all governments, there is a struggle with changing from the typical evolution of departments of fisheries to employ more aquaculture experts who have a broader training than just capture fisheries but also in aquaculture, in conservation, and in changing ecosystems. There is need for a new paradigm of the roles.

Dr. Garza de Yta is confident that Mexico is on the right pathway but says “There is still much work to be done but the future for Mexico and Aquaculture is very promising.”

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COMMON CARP Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a particular species and how its feed is managed.

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Israel Czech Republic

W 1

No stomach for it:

why carp don’t share our culinary tastes

hen farming animals and fish, there is often a danger that we may assume that their dietary requirements match our own. However, those of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, certainly do not.

For one thing, carp have no stomach. Food passes directly from mouth to intestine, without the acidic conditions of a stomach to quickly break meat down and maximise protein extraction.

As a result, the length of the intestine will actually be partly determined by what they are fed during early life. In other words, what is fed to them as juveniles really will affect what you can or can’t feed them as adults.

Each day, your average common carp needs about 1g protein per kg bodyweight to maintain itself. As much as 12g per kg will

give maximum protein retention, but nitrogen use for growth is actually most efficient at a much lower rate: seven or eight grams per kilo per day. In various eastern European countries and in Israel, crossbreeding programmes are also employed to speed growth.

Extruded feeds are generally more popular for carp than pellets as they float and last longer in the water. However, the extrusion process involves cooking, and this tends to destroy vitamins, so recipes for such feeds tend to have a vitamin level two to five times that actually required by the fish. Not vitamin C though - from the fingerling stage onwards, they make their own from D-glucose.

But the surprises don’t end there. It also appears that a substantial amount of magnesium is obtained by the fish, not from food taken in through the mouth, but rather is absorbed from the surroundings via other parts of the body; this may be an important factor to consider in pond aquaculture.

Source: FAO

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COMMON CARP Myxozoan parasites in common carp – Importance for aquaculture, ongoing research and future perspectives

C

by Astrid Holzer & Ashlie Hartigan, Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic ommon carp, Cyprinus carpio is one of the oldest domesticated species of fish for food production. Carp culture in China dates back to the 5th century BC, while the earliest attempts in Europe were made during the Roman Empire. Considered a delicacy by the Romans, modern carp has lost some of its exquisiteness but has acquired outstanding importance in freshwater aquaculture, with currently about 14 percent of total global production, over 7.1 million tonnes per year.

Asia is the largest producer with China claiming 60 percent of the world’s production while the European market is much smaller. Seven out of the top ten species of farmed fish species are carp and Common carp production continues to increase by an average global rate of over 10 percent per year. Benefits of carp aquaculture include minimal feed requirements, hardy species able to survive a variety of temperatures and water conditions, high cost-benefit ratio as intensive culture year round is not a problem with minimal labor.

In Central Europe, carp ponds are the center of attention at the end of the year, when the season for fallowing the ponds and marketing their meaty carp (Figure 1) arrives so that a favourite Christmas dish lands on the plate in time. But not

every carp makes it to the harvest date. In fact, the largest losses in carp pond cultures occur in juvenile carp in their first summer, when temperatures are high, oxygen levels are low and fingerlings receive a bombardment with a wide range of pathogens in the ponds, while they have not yet developed full immunocompetence. Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) is presently the most serious threat to carp farming in Europe and Asia, Figure 1: Carp Harvest in Trebon, Czech Republic

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Saprolegnia is the major fungal pathogen and a number of parasites are of great importance.

Myxozoans are morphologically extremely reduced cnidarians, with jellyfish (Medusozoa) as their closest free-living relatives (Figure 4). Interestingly, to the present knowledge, myxozoans have their highest diversification rate in cyprinid hosts, with

common carp being host to more than 50 species around the world. Many of these species are only distinguishable by molecular methods as they share morphologically similar spores leading to misconceptions about the number of species found in a host and pathogen identification. This also creates problems for diagnostic and quarantine screening of imported carp stocks for

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International Aquafeed - March | April 2016 | 43

Figure 2: General life cycle of myxozoan parasite

either food/fish oil production or with ornamental koi carp from Asia for the pet trade in Europe.

Myxozoans infect two types of hosts within their life cycle, a vertebrate and an invertebrate; species known from carp use freshwater oligochaetes or bryozoans to complete their development and transmission between hosts occurs via spore stages (Figure 2). Some infections are innocuous, and others have been linked to significant disease in carp; for many of the known Myxozoa from cyprinid species the invertebrate host is unknown. This and the fact that it is close to impossible to eradicate oligochaetes from pond sediments makes disruption of the life cycle almost impossible. Only management strategies are possible, such as fallowing ponds and adjusting stocking dates to periods of low infective spore concentrations in the water column.

The features of carp aquaculture that make it a profitable industry i.e. intensive stocking in non-flowing, organically enriched waters with minimal/low cost feed input, expose carp to a high risk of myxozoan infections and disease. Crowded, lowoxygen conditions create stressed populations which are more susceptible to disease, carp feed on aquatic invertebrates and burrow into the mud where they are easily exposed to infectious spore stages from invertebrate hosts and stagnant ponds also concentrate infectious stages.

Several myxozoans are known to be highly pathogenic to carp species around the globe, and the importance of some species to the aquaculture industry has led to the inclusion of myxozoans in carp into a European Union funded Research and Innovation program (ParaFishControl, www.parafishcontrol. eu), targeting the development of tools to control or prevent diseases in European farms. In this project, we are responsible for the coordination of research on myxozoans in carp, some of the most significant are shown in Figure 3.

An important research target is Thelohanellus kitauei, the agent of Intestinal Giant Cystic Disease in Asian carp. This myxozoan produces tumor-like cysts in the intestinal wall that block the intestinal lumen, leading to starvation of the host, with important mortality rates reported. T. kitauei invasion of European ponds from the East has been predicted, in relation to trade and movement of fish, especially commercially valuable Koi carp. The parasite was recently detected in Hungarian waters, and we are currently determining its spread in European carp production sites by analysis of water samples from a number of sites in Czech Republic, Hungary, Germany and Austria, with quantification of infective stages in the water column.

The second species of major importance is Sphaerospora molnari, the agent of gill and skin sphaerosporosis in carp, which has been reported as an emerging pathogen in Europe, which additionally functions as a co-factor in Swim Bladder Inflammation of carp. We are establishing the first myxozoan in vitro model using proliferative blood stages of S. molnari.

This model can be used in the future e.g. for testing potentially myxoicidal substances for in-feed treatments. Such applied studies are of particular importance as a legalised treatment against myxozoans for fish destined to human consumption does not presently exist.

On the host side, we investigate S. molnari proliferation in carp by quantitative PCR at different temperatures and study the transcriptomic characteristics of the highly proliferative blood stages. According to the International Panel on Climate Change’s Fifth Assessment Report, climate change will have an overall negative impact on the world’s fisheries and aquaculture through increased water temperatures, acidification and oxygen depletion.

Figure 3: Myxozoan parasites important to carp aquaculture

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The European Environmental Agency states that water temperatures in European freshwater habitats have increased by 1-3°C over the last century. At higher temperatures and subsequent lower oxygen levels in stagnant ponds fish may receive a higher dose of infective spores due to increased ventilation volumes passing through the gills, apart from increased proliferation rates in the fish host. Increased severity of myxozoan related diseases at higher temperatures has been shown e.g. in Enteromyxum species causing inflammatory enteritis in pufferfish and Mediterranean sea bream or in Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae causing Proliferative Kidney Disease in salmonids. Furthermore, it is likely that temperature impacts on the density and number of annual cohorts produced by the invertebrate hosts. Overall, emerging or increasing severity of myxozoan diseases can be predicted for the future.

Research on myxozoans has traditionally been of taxonomic focus, resulting in the description of just under 3000 species. The first life cycle was described only in 1984, and at present, invertebrate and vertebrate hosts are known for only about 50 species, an indication for the fact that our knowledge of this parasite group is still marginal. However, for the species of importance to fisheries and aquaculture, research has gone beyond taxonomy and life cycle investigations. For

Figure 4: Myxozoans are morphologically extremely reduced cnidarians, with jellyfish (Medusozoa) as their closest freeliving relatives

example we now have extensive seasonal and flow-related monitoring data for Ceratonova shasta, a species that causes mortality in salmonids in the Klamath river basin (Western USA) through intestinal perforations and cooccurring bacterial infections.

Functional approaches were hindered greatly by the lack of genomic and transcriptomic data which have only very recently become available.

The final breakthrough was the publication of the genome of T. kitauei, the first genome sequenced for myxozoans, which, at the end of 2014, provided us with a basic idea of the molecular and physiological changes that happened in this diverse group of cnidarians that became parasitic to fish. Genomic and transcriptomic data offer incomparable opportunities for research into molecules that are of particular importance for host-parasite interaction, since the proteins active on this interface are likely good future drug targets to disrupt the parasite’s development or the disease process.

Considering that emerging diseases are anticipated as a major limiting factor for future carp aquaculture, support for such targeted anti-myxozoan strategies is now needed now from industry and governments to be ahead of the problems we will face in providing carp in the future and to ensure the production of Christmas carp in Central Europe also in the future.

International Aquafeed - March | April 2016 | 45

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

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Cage culture in Indian reservoirs: Present status and prospects Cage culture is an emerging technology, through which fishes are reared from fry to fingerling, fingerling to marketable size while captive in an enclosed space that maintains the free exchange of water with the surrounding water body. A cage is enclosed on all sides with mesh netting made from synthetic material that can resist decomposition in water for a prolonged period of time.

he growing and production of farmed aquatic organisms in caged enclosures has been a relatively recent aquacultural innovation. The cage aquaculture sector has grown very rapidly during the past two decades and is presently undergoing rapid changes in response to pressures from globalization and growing demand for aquatic products in both developing and developed countries.

Potential for reservoirs

Reservoirs, or man-made lakes are huge water bodies that are created primarily for irrigation, power generation and other water resource development purposes. India has 19, 370 reservoirs spread over 16 states and this is expected to increase due to the execution of various water projects in the country.

The reservoirs of India have a combined surface area of 3.25 million hectares, mostly in the tropical zone, which makes them the country’s most important inland water resource, with huge untapped potential.

Cage culture is an alternative to inland pond culture, whereby existing water resources are used to increase fish production, and the fish are enclosed in a cage allowing the water to pass freely between the fish. The young fish and other aquatic species are kept, fed and grown to marketable size in these cages, which are made of high-density polyethylene.

Now cage fish farming started in the reservoirs of states like Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Odessa, Karnataka, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Assam, Tripura, Manipur, Bihar, Srinagar (J&K), Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, as well as Telangana, to name but a few.

Present status

In India cage culture in inland water bodies was initiated for the first time in air breathing fishes in swamps, for raising major carps in running water in Jamuna and Ganga at Allahabad and for raising carps, snakeheads and tilapia in lentic water bodies of Karnataka. Thereafter, the cages have been used for rearing fry in many reservoirs and floodplain wetlands to produce advanced fingerlings for stocking main water bodies.

The Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, Kolkata has taken lead role in popularising fish rearing in net cages in freshwaters especially in reservoirs as well as wetlands in the country.

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FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY There is an enormous diversity of types, size, shape, and design of this cage; so they have been developed to suit the varying demands of the fish growers in open waters. In India, cages are constructed using locally sourced materials like bamboo poles, GI pipes, iron/plastic drums, synthetic ropes and nets etc. These cages are mostly rectangular and rarely round in shape. But, cages made of revolutionary HDPE Modular Floating Buoys, which are more durable, are now replacing the conventional cages.

These HDPE buoys are cubical in shape and modular in nature that enables easy assembly and dismantling of cages.

Being modular in nature, they can be easily arranged to form a cage frame of any size. The cage net shall be of custom size provided with GI pipe lower frame of 0.5� diameter at the bottom to maintain shape and resist the water current.

Various cage net options are available. Standard netting materials used are welded polymer square mesh of 15 mm, 8 mm and 6 mm and also nylon nettings of various mesh sizes.

Culture practices

Species cultured: The choice of species depends to a large extent on availability of fish seed, feed and market demand. However, the main desirable characteristics of the candidate species for cage culture are potential for fast growth, high survival, capacity to withstand overcrowding, rapid adoption to artificial feeds, high-feed conversion rate, quality flesh and resistance to diseases. At present, cage farming in India predominantly includes the farming of sutchi catfish, Pangasius hypophthalmus and Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus.

Stocking density: The number of fishes that can be stocked in cage is variable and depends on carrying capacity of the water, water exchange, species of fishes and quantity and quality of supplementary feed input. In each cage (6m x 4m x 4m size) 5 000 fingerlings are stoking and allow them to grow for 8 – 10 months period by adopting proper management methods. Depending on the farmer’s choice, some cages allow for tilapia fish culture and some cages allow for pangas catfish to be cultured separately.

Feed & feeding methods: Floating pellet feed is given to the fish that are grown in cages. The feed is in different sizes i.e. starter, grower and finisher with varying crude protein levels. Feeding is done twice a day i.e. morning and evening.

Production level: At the end of the culture period, which ranges from eight to ten months, three to five tonnes of fish are produced just from one cage compartment i.e. 6m x 4m x 4m size. Generally each battery consists of 12 cage International Aquafeed - March | April 2016 | 47

Images: Reservoirs, or man-made lakes are huge water bodies that are created primarily for irrigation, power generation and other water resource development purposes. India has 19, 370 reservoirs spread over 16 states and this is expected to increase due to the execution of various water projects in the country.

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

The National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB) currently supports several initiatives in cage culture in reservoirs

compartments. But it varies from place to place and reservoir to reservoir.

Role of NFDB

About the author

Dr B. Laxmappa, Fisheries Development Officer, Department of Fisheries, Mahabubnagar – 509 001, Telangana, India. E-mail: laxmappaboini@ gmail.com

National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB) currently supports several initiatives in cage culture in reservoirs; first introduced in Jharkhand (Chandil Reservoir), later in Chhattisgarh (Kabirdham) and Assam (Samuguri Beel). Now it is spread to many states of the Indian reservoirs.

Cage culture proved to be highly successful, increasing fish production and productivity from open water bodies on one hand and improving income and livelihoods of local fishers on the other.

NFDB is also providing financial assistance to Fisheries Research and Training Institutes for capacity building to fisher folk and fishery officials on cage fish farming system in reservoirs of the country.

Prospects

The commercial prospects for cage farming are so good in India. Though the many species of fish are suitable for cage culture, picking the fish species that will do well in cages in the particular location is important.

There must be a multidisciplinary approach in the

selection of a species for cage culture and therefore the species introduced have to be selected under economic and biological limitations, such as the existing and potential markets; which should precede the selection of species for cage culture.

Knowledge of the biology and culture requirements of each species is crucial in optimising production from cages. The species chosen for culture is usually based on a number of biological and economical criteria, as well as the prevailing conditions of the culture site.

The success of the adoption of any innovation or new technology lies in its economic performance. The rate of financial return on investment is the economic indicator that guides the investor to choose a particular enterprise or practice.

It is essential of cage culture in inland open water is stocking of reservoirs and culture of economically important fishes for augmenting fish production. Stocking with the right fish species, using seed of appropriate size and introducing it at the right time are essential to optimising fish yield from reservoirs. The success demonstrated at different localities in the country has paved way for thinking of cage culture as one of the investments for enhanced fish production and livelihood in the country.

48 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

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FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY A Breath of Fresh Air in Fish Farming

T

by Stefan Dullstein & Hans Joerg Meissner, Linde

In the past 50 years, the global demand for fish products has doubled, and more than 45 percent of the world’s seafood today now comes not from wild catches, but from either land-based or offshore fish farms. To meet this rising demand for seafood worldwide, more fish have to be raised in fish farms, and aquaculture is an essential link in the agricultural chain.

he Food and Agriculture Organisation, a United Nations agency, has recently stressed the importance of fish farming, noting its place as the most sustainable and fastest growing food sub-sector in the world. The organisation stated that fish provide the world with 17 percent of its animal protein and emphasised the importance of fish farming as a global trade.

However, with increased fish farming comes more responsibility from operators to ensure that their farms are maintaining the best possible fish growing conditions; including appropriate nutrition, prevention of disease and maintaining a healthy water environment.

The importance of healthy water

The most important factor for achieving healthy fish is to have healthy water. Therefore, controlling the concentration of oxygen dissolved in water is crucial in aquaculture. Maintaining the right level of oxygen in water improves utilisation of feed, reduces fish mortality and reduces the need for vaccination and antibiotics.

This is particularly important in sea cages. Though some have sufficient oxygen levels from surrounding seawater, there are instances where this is not the case – particularly in locations experiencing rising water temperatures that contain low levels of oxygen. As there is lower solubility of oxygen at higher water temperatures, this situation becomes more critical during summer months than in winter.

Linde, the world’s largest industrial gases and gases engineering company has a long history of working in the area of food security to give food processors and consumers the reassurance that the food they eat is fresh, authentic and sustainable. The company has been supporting fish farmers through its SOLVOX® 50 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY range of products, which comprises a variety of oxygen dissolution and distribution systems, which offer a comprehensive range of oxygen supply modes.

Late last year, the company introduced the latest in the SOLVOX® family – SOLVOX® DropIn – which was designed specifically to meet the need for oxygenation in sea cages.

DropIn: A New Way of Delivering Oxygen

Representing an innovative and effective new way of improving the delivery of oxygen into fish farming sea cages, the pioneering “DropIn” technology was originally developed for use in improving oxygenation during sea lice treatment. It now also can also be used in sea cages which experience unhealthy water conditions due to poor oxygen levels or where supplementary oxygen is needed, including in harvesting tanks.

The product was designed to be compact and lightweight and highly portable, eliminating the need to drag perforated hoses across cage floors. It comprises an electric pump plus a patented oxygen dissolver and distribution system featuring a venturi nozzle. SOLVOX® DropIn distributes oxygen evenly across a wide radius, delivering it in a pinwheel form, which makes for more homogenous oxygen throughout the cage.

The innovative design represents a break-through in oxygen delivery and is the first of its kind on the market. It provides 50kg of oxygen in the water at 2.2 kilowatts per hour. Typically for the same amount, wastewater treatment will use more than ten kilowatts per hour, which represents a considerable step forward in terms of energy savings.

International Aquafeed - March | April 2016 | 51

Left hand page: The Sovlox DropIn aerator in action Right hand page: The Solvox DropIn aerator

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

lowered to a desired water depth. The oxygenation unit works by sucking water into the lower part of the unit and mixing it with oxygen. The oxygenated water is then distributed throughout the cage through four nozzles situated at the top. The microbubbles created have a low rising velocity so extends the bubble residence time in the water.

Combined with the large surface-to-volume ratio, this increases the efficiency of the oxygen dissolution, even at low pressures. It has also been observed that this much less disruptive method of delivering increased oxygen has resulted in calmer fish behaviour during the delousing treatment.

The technology is supplied in two delivery options, with one option featuring SOLVOX® DropIn as a standalone unit, and the other comprising of not only just the unit itself but in conjunction with a “Twin Kit” with additional operational accessories including starter box, dosing panel, hose and power cable.

The Twin Kit is ideal for short-term oxygenation and de-lousing treatment that requires installation and quick removal, reducing laborious handling, while the standalone unit makes sense for continuous oxygenation where repetitive installation and removal of the unit is not required.

What’s Next for DropIn

Mitigating Sea Lice

Image: The Solvox innovation centre, Norway

Sea lice are parasites well known to the aquaculture industry for posing a significant threat to fish farmers. They can compromise the health of fish, and damage their hosts’ skin through feeding, causing lesions and infections through viruses and bacteria. Though they occur naturally in the marine environment, sea lice can represent a particular issue among farmed fish where a more concentrated population means that infestations can spread quickly.

If a sea lice concentration reaches above a certain threshold, fish farmers need to apply treatments. In sea cages, these can only be applied once the cages have been completely wrapped in foil to maintain the necessary concentration of delousing chemicals within the water.

However, as the foil cuts off new oxygen supply from outside the cage, a supplementary oxygen supply is needed; this has traditionally been done by using a series of perforated hoses, which have to be dragged over the cages and then lowered onto the cage floors.

Although this is a labour-intensive and time-consuming process, it does not always deliver optimum distribution of oxygen. SOLVOX® DropIn was designed to overcome the operational and effectiveness issues involved with more traditional methods of de-lousing.

Application

The most outstanding aspect of the technology is its method of application; as it was specifically designed to deliver ease of operation when supplementing oxygen to sea cages.

Using a small crane, SOLVOX® DropIn can be easily

Since its launch in autumn 2015, SOLVOX® DropIn has been very well received by the fish farming market and is currently in operation in fish farms in Australia and Norway.

During trials, customers provided feedback that SOLVOX® DropIn operated at high levels of efficiency and they experienced up to 40 percent less oxygen usage as compared to existing oxygenation systems utilised. The technology has also recently won a coveted innovation award at the Industriens Motemesse show in Norway.

It is expected that the technology will be rolled out to other key fish farming geographies including New Zealand, Scotland, Chile and Canada this year. Opening market potential and providing the world with more protein, aquaculture will be a growing trend, and SOLVOX® DropIn is designed to enable this going into the future.

As with many other areas of industrial gases development, innovation involving digitalisation and data analysis will be key. Linde is already well set on course to developing more intelligent, ‘smart’ technologies in the area of aquaculture which will serve significantly beneficial to fish farming operations in terms of productivity.

Linde Innovation Centre for Aquaculture

Linde undertakes the research and development of all its aquaculture technology at its pioneering Innovation Centre in Ålesund, Norway. With its highly equipped laboratories demonstration tanks, the Centre allows aquaculture technologists to observe how the latest oxygenation technologies impact farmed fish development.

Since its opening in 2012 Linde has introduced the capability to run warm water trials to understand and assess the performance of its technology in high temperature water environments inhabited by more tropical species. Additionally, they have recently installed an external floating dock where technology trials – including SOLVOX® DropIn - can be performed in the surrounding fjord.

52 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

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International Aquafeed - March | April 2016 | 53

Industry Events Profitability, Sustainability and Responsibility for future will be the theme for Asian-Pacific Aquaculture 2016

Events listing n 01-02 March 2016

Global Catfish Conference www.was.org

n 13-15 March 2016

AgraME www.agramiddleeast.com

n 15-17 March 2016

Oceanology International www.oceanologyinternational.com

n 29-31 March 2016

FIAAP, VICTAM & GRAPAS ASIA 2016 www.victam.com

n 18-20 April 2016

IFIF 5th Global Feed & Food Congress http://gffc2016.com

n 26-29 April 2016

Asia Pacific Aquaculture 2016 www.was.org

n 25-26 May 2016

Aquaculture UK 2016 http://aquacultureuk.com

n 02-04 June 2016

Middle East Aquaculture Forum www.meaf.ae/meaf16

n 04-06 June 2016

FutureFish Eurasia 2016 www.future-fish.com

n 20-23 September 2016 Aquaculture Europe www.easonline.org

n 27-28 September 2016 Humber Seafood Summit www.seafish.org

n 24-28 October 2016

The Micronutrient Forum - Mexico www.was.org

For more industry event information - visit our events register www.aquafeed.co.uk

n 15-18 November 2016 EuroTier http://eurotier.com

n 28 November 2016

Latin American & Caribbean Aquaculture 2016 www.was.org

Algae: A brave new industry

OUR CONFERENCES

I N C O R P O R AT I N G F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y

International Aquafeed also organises conferences - we will be working with VIV to host the Aquatic series in 2016

The Asian-Pacific Aquaculture 2016 or APA 2016 is a major podium where the giants of world aquaculture gather as a region. Aquaculture in the Asia pacific region is a rapidly expanding business venture providing employment in rural and coastal areas of many Asian countries and contributing towards the growth on their respective economies.

Profitability, Sustainability and Responsibility for future will be the theme for APA 2016. As the highest producers in the world aquaculture, long term profitability cannot be acquired without being responsible for the environment or caring about the sustainability. Almost all the Asian uprising economies will gather to discuss about the latest developments, newest technologies in a period where recent climate changes have become a challenge for the industry.

Hosted by Ministry of Marine Affairs & Fisheries (MMAF), APA 2016 will be held on 26th to 29th of April 2016 at Grand City, Surabaya, Indonesia.

With more than 17,000 islands and with an achievement of around 50 percent production increase by utilizing only a 20 percent area increase for the last 5 years, Indonesia is undoubtedly the prominent location for the world to gather and share the latest developments on aquaculture. Apart from that, being an interesting tourist destination will attract more scientist and business holders from all over the world.

APA 2016, will also include Asia Pacific Aquaculture 2016, IndoAqua 2016, FITA 2016 and International Symposium on Tilapia (ISTA) 2016. A special industry session consisting the up-to-date applied technologies for Indonesian aquaculture producers and technical sessions covering on all the aspects of Indonesian and South Asian aquaculture will be parts of the Asia Pacific Aquaculture 2016. Parallel sessions that cover the full scope of Asia pacific aquaculture, submitted oral and poster presentations with student sessions and plenary sessions will also be a portion of APA 2016.

The APA 2016 will be an exceptional prospect for academics as well as aquaculture experts to enhance and share the knowledge, have peer engagements, widen the network, to expand the vision. It’ll also be a perfect international platform for industry to meet with potential business partners and acquire new markets while taking pleasure in a comforting and memorable time in Indonesia.

During AlgaEurope you could feel the vibrant atmosphere where this industry is in. With over 220 participants (+24% compared to 2014), 10 table tops, 65 speakers and 60 poster presentations this conference is becoming the reference conference on algae in Europe.

Well-known contributors and scientists from 28 countries worldwide were present at AlgaEurope. Presentations given by leading scientists, CEO’s, and authorities from all over the world together with poster presentations gave a clear insight into the latest technological innovations, the economic outlook and the international developments in the algae industry.

The conference is organised by the European Algae Biomass Association (EABA) and the Directorates General for Energy of the European Commission in collaboration with DLG Benelux (German Agricultural Society).

The next AlgaEurope is scheduled to take place from 6-8 December 2016 in UK. www.algaecongress.com

54 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

Industry Events Nutriad supports Aquaculture India Aqua India 2016, a bi-annual event organised by the Indian Society of Aquaculture Professionals (SAP), was held this year in Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh - January 29-30. Nutriad showed its’ commitment to the Indian Aquaculture Industry through a Gold Sponsorship for the event. The conference focused on the theme of ‘Indian Aquaculture: Assuming Responsibilities & Adapting to Changes.’

“Seafood exports from India have increased fivefold in the last 15 years reaching 6.5 billion USD, converting India into the fourth global seafood exporter, “said Ms Leena Nair, chairman of Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA).

67 percent of the export value is shrimp of which 77 percent is farmed. Increased production costs and diseases are likely to slow Indian’s shrimp production in 2016.

“A more than 10 percent production decline due to flooding

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PROTECT YOURSELF FROM THE ELEMENTS PRODUCT CONSISTENCY PROCESS FLEXIBILTY VALIDATED KILL-STEP Dr Peter Coutteau receiving the gold sponsor award for Nutriad at Aqua India 2016 from Dr P Ravachandran, Member Secretary of the Coastal Aquaculture Authority

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and disease outbreaks was already seen in 2015. A recovery is likely to be marginal due to lower returns from farming,” stated S Muthukaruppan, president of SAP. “White spot virus (WSSV) continues to be the predominant threat to farmed shrimp in India, but new diseases are increasingly important too,” according to Dr Shankar Alavandi, principal scientist at CIBA. Surveillance programs have revealed new diseases such as the running mortality syndrome (RMS), white faeces syndrome, and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei, a microsporidian causing slow growth and bad feed conversions. India still has an enormous potential to expand production of Penaeus vannamei into new farming areas in the states of West Bengal, Odisha and Gujarat.

During the interactive sessions at Aqua India, participants expressed the need for increasing capacity of quarantine and broodstock multiplication centers, enhanced bio-security measures to avoid spreading new diseases, genetic programs, and new technologies to control microbial development in pond systems including probiotics and specific functional feeds.

Upon receiving the gold sponsorship award Dr Peter Coutteau, Nutriad BU Manager Aquaculture stated: “Nutriad has been working alongside producers in India for many years. Together with them we develop concept that address the current and future challenges of the industry.”

Nutriad delivers products and services to over 80 countries through a network of own sales offices and distributors.

Supported by four application laboratories and five manufacturing facilities on three continents.

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Industry Events

As the aquaculture sector continues to grow globally, with this growth come new challenges that call for innovative research and technology solutions. The innovation thread ran through the 2016 programme and it is exemplified by presentations on the industry-led Innovation Centres that have been established recently in Norway and Scotland to facilitate collaborations with academic researchers.

Questions of fish health, containment, environmental security, marine biofuel development and spatial planning all featured strongly in the industry’s strategic considerations and these themes were addressed throughout the programme.

At Oceanology International 2016, a selection of hand picked representatives from throughout the aquaculture industry, addressed an audience that at its peak contained an impressive tally of sixty delegates, on a variety of issues that their organisations are currently striving to resolve.

Richard Slaski, SARF The day’s first speaker was Richard Slaski, who is currently working with Marine Scotland on the new European Maritime and Fisheries Fund, as well as administering the Scottish Aquaculture Research Forum. Therefore, Mr Slaski was able to provide a very detailed insight into the current state of international and UK aquaculture.

He spoke of how “the FAO are not looking at Europe for growth: instead India and Asia at large are highlighted for further growth.”

Mr Slaski also suggested that Europe’s biggest aquaculture species is mussels, which currently constitute 26 percent of the industry.

Mr Slaski noted that “the trend in Europe is for more and more offshore aquaculture, typically 1-6 miles offshore in the N-E Atlantic, increasingly using sub-surface equipment.”

He also discussed the economics of seeded and self-seeding large seaweed farms for algae.

Alex Adrian, Crown Estate Mr Slaski was followed by Alex Adrian, who is Aquaculture Operations Manager for The Crown Estate, responsible for the organisation’s finfish, shellfish and seaweed cultivation business activities throughout the UK. Mr Adrian’s key argument was that aquaculture access is a very important issue and should be accepted as an “integral part of the seafood sector” and should be recognised for its net benefit by all sea users accordingly. Mr Adrian also argued that salmon is now “the shining star of offshore aquaculture” that is currently “driving the innovation, technological advances and social licenses needed”; however, he also added that it needs investment, research and stewardship from the top.

Mr Adrian concluded his address by stating that the fishermenaquaculture ‘shared seas’ initiative deserves to “gain more equal status.”

Keith Jeffrey, Aquaculture Development Officer, CEFAS Following the very comprehensive address by Mr Adrian, the next speaker to address those in attendance was Keith Jeffrey, Aquaculture Development Officer, CEFAS. Keith Jeffrey has worked at CEFAS in Weymouth, UK for the last 14 years, spending much of this time carrying out statutory inspection duties on aquaculture businesses in England and Wales. Recently, Keith has changed his role, with greater involvement in promoting the future development of aquaculture.

The key topic examined during Mr Jeffrey’s address was Scottish salmon. Scotland is currently the third most prominent producer of salmon in the world after Norway and Chile, according to Mr Jeffrey, and in terms of Scotland’s exports it is second only to whisky.

Scotland could increase their productivity further by addressing the problem of location, according to Mr Jeffrey: “Locations are often in rural areas as the only industries in that area, employing RAS systems for smolts on-land first.” Obtaining isolated new sites was also described as being “the biggest challenge to expansion, with only “16 new sites [created] over the last 10 years.”

Mr Jeffrey gave his audience an example of a model in which SARF/CEFAS used an intermediate land based system for a Scottish government project. He outlined the development of a bio-economic model with Scottish industry visits and checks, employing RAS and PAS (pump ashore) systems and with FCR ratios and daily growth rates (DGR) all based around Skretting feed tables. Then, according to Mr Jeffrey, the SARF/CEFAS collaboration then left the industry to “take forward the economic data relevant to them” from the findings.

The next step saw a best-working example created for 1kg smolts.

However, UK electricity costs were double the costs of electricity in the USA. But as with most things, there are always many pros and cons, and according to Mr Jeffrey, all of the pros “move towards removing short term constraints to growth, and better management of risks of offshore sites.”

However, according to Mr Jeffrey, in this particular case the cons are “financial start up costs, infrastructure disjointments, the costs of post-smolt 1kg being more than net-pen 1kg fish, with increased production and environmental costs, including specially designed smaller net sizes for cleaner fish.”

Mr Jeffrey concluded his address by stating that, according to his ideal model, one would need two harvests in one area but allowing for a fallowing area, meaning that a total of three sites would be operational in rotation at any one time. As a minimum, Mr Jeffrey suggested that investment of UK£40-70m is needed, for sites in a minimum of 6m depth of water and which can be serviced by high tension (HT) electricity lines.

In Cefas’ models, cost per 1kg post-smolt delivered to cage side is estimated to be UK£3.34; additional cage production estimates are £55 million per annum net.

56 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

Industry Events Lawrie Stove, Founder, AquaMoor Following this very comprehensive address from Mr Jeffrey, the next speaker to take the stand was Lawrie Stove. Mr Stove, who is the founder of AquaMoor Limited, a company focused on developing innovative mooring technologies for niche applications, discussed catenary chain moorings.

He spoke in most detail about chain moorings in more exposed situations, such as those in more aggressive wave climates, or a once-in-ten-years storm event, and their effects on salmon cages and floating fish farms.

Mr Stove made his point by describing a product model that presents an ideal solution. His model would be able to withstand peak loads of between roughly 60kN and 95kN of waves and currents.

Waves can often make for a good site as, according to Mr Stove, “water quality improves with currents, ie, the mix of water is better.” However, the flipside of the better water quality is that these conditions cause increased rates of “abrasion, wear and tear, as well as damage to the seabed, possibly to the anchor and its touchdown point, due to drag from high waves with unmanaged loads,” adding that “the correct chains can take up to 75 percent of the load in AquaMoor’s own models.”

In conclusion, Mr Stove stated that “Shock movements of storms and their waves can cause damage and breakages in the chains of feed barges and pens.” He also imparted that one solution presented

by AquaMoor is the addition of extra elastomers, which provide better management of loads and so reduce the mooring footprint and the risk of damage and breakages.

“Shock absorbers are also needed more,” according to Mr Stove, and industry specific anchor designs and tailored technology also need to be developed for short-scope moorings. The track record of AquaMoor’s products in increasing safety on working platforms, as well as in reducing the need to evacuate feed barges prematurely, are the two key commercial considerations that Mr Stove concluded his address with.

Dr Arne Fredheim, Research Director, Department of Aquaculture Technology, SINTEF Shortly after Mr Stove’s address, the next speaker to share his knowledge with the assembled audience was Dr Arne Fredheim, who is the current Research Director for the Department of Aquaculture Technology at SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture and the Adjunct Professor at the Centre for Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems, Department of Marine Technology at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).

Dr Fredheim’s first point in his discussion was, ‘Agriculture: Volume worldwide is plants, value is in finfish and molluscs.’

Whilst discussing this topic, he described how valuable types of finfish production are conducted by SINTEF both in Scotland and in Norway and he listed their volumes in descending order from large to small: Atlantic salmon, rainbow trout, Japanese amberjack, silver salmon, gilthead seabream, European seabass and then Japanese seabass.

The next generation of offshore fish farms was Dr Fredheim’s next key point for discussion. He listed the three biggest problems that face the current and next generations of ocean farmers as: sealice, sealice and sealice. He cited the examples of SalMar -who currently invest UK£50-60m per site - and Nordlaks, both of whom have recently implemented anti-sealice skirts on their rectangular structured pens.

Like Mr Stove previously, Dr Fredheim discussed the hazards

of so-called ‘good’ sites. The main issue is that once the sites have been chosen, the ‘good’ waves and currents can make installation and maintenance even more challenging. At present, two wave buoys - one at a Marine Harvest site and the other at a SalMar site are on exposed sites gathering data. Dr Fredheim also stressed that “Sites also need good oxygen and water quality, with in some cases 200,000 fish in 10 cages all eating concurrently, which means that a lot of oxygen is needed.

“The further farming is conducted offshore, the more the operations will be like ordinary maritime operations” but as aquaculture is with live animals at all times, fish behaviour and welfare is one of the paramount areas of importance.”

Dr Fredheim concluded by stating that he believes that “large capital investments are needed in the blue economy and in seafood production,” adding that there was great interest and potential in cross-blue sector collaboration, what with currently low oil prices.

Jason Cleaversmith, Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC) The next speaker to address the audience at Oceanology International 2016 was Jason Cleaversmith. Following the beginning of his association with the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC) in April 2015, Mr Cleaversmith was given a mandate to help transform the relationship between industry and academia, whilst concurrently facilitating economic growth for the aquaculture sector.

Mr Cleaversmith’s key point of discussion was an overview of the projects that the SAIC are currently undertaking. At only 18 months old, the SAIC currently have nine active projects worth UK£9.35m, having currently invested around UK£2.4m, whilst also investing UK£1.3m capital equipment investment in the Higher Education Institute (HEI) network. Twenty SAIC scholars and joint PhD students have to date been invested in.

The next topic that Mr Cleaversmith discussed was how SAIC are looking for projects/bolt-on projects as well as currently being open to open knowledge transfers, with avenues currently open with Norwegian, Chilean and Faroe Islands salmon farming. He also described how SAIC plan to invest a further UK£11million over the next five years and will continue to do their utmost to help remove “industry-identified bottlenecks.”

Mr Cleaversmith concluded his address by stressing that SAIC will continue to support research into EPA/DHA and other protein sources and sustainable feeds. They then plan to utilise this research to make the manufacturing process more efficient with less raw material input and possibly lower costs, with more efficient FCR rates.

International Aquafeed - March | April 2016 | 57

Jeff, Cody and Samantha from DeepTrekker

Industry Events

AQUACULTURE AMERICA

s a g e V Las REVIEW

What happens in Vegas ... ... stays in Vegas!

This proverb of the twentieth century undoubtedly cannot be applied to Aquaculture 2016. Organised by WAS in Las Vegas from 22nd- 26th February at the Paris Hotel and Convention Centre, Las Vegas, US, in this instsance at least, what really happened in Las Vegas, in terms of aquaculture, will certainly have an international impact.

The event, as always, was very well organised by the WAS team, and they had everything ready from the day before the show was even due to start when the International Aquafeed team arrived at the Expo Centre of the wonderful Paris Hotel. We got to the Paris Hotel, from Bally Hotel , where Roger Gilbert, Tuti Tan and Darren Paris and I stayed, that was located very close and joined by a large corridor full of shops, machines and gaming tables.

The opening ceremony took place at night, with a reception held in a ballroom of the Paris Hotel and attended by most exhibitors, lecturers, experts and students from different universities in the US. This was a great opportunity to meet many friends of the industry and old friends and establish new networks within the industry. The next day the exhibition hall blew up! There were more than one hundred visitors eager to know all about business, who asked many questions and of course, some companies closed important business 58 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

Industry Events

and established representations in the USA. The Stand of International Aquafeed was not the exception, and we had the pleasure of welcoming many people, from professionals, CEOs of companies to university students searching for the No 14 stamp, which gave them the possibility of a free trip to the next event to be held next year.

The hotel’s conference rooms were then completely ‘invaded’ by industry professionals. James Anderson, director of a new Institute for Sustainable Food Systems and Professor of Food and Resource Economics at the University of Florida, who spoke about ‘The Future of Aquaculture and its Role in the Global Food System’, conducted the plenary session.

The presentations and conferences lasted the three days, and covered the most diverse issues from algae, recirculation systems, to climate change and its influence on the culture of different fish species. During the three days, the halls were overcrowded and the students, as well as professional taking notes about the various new trends and developments in all sectors within the aqua industry.

Back in our booth, the team started to work on covering the impact of each of our customers and potential customers through video interviews and small commercial meetings, who explained the purpouse of their presence in Las Vegas, new products and future plans. The videos can be seen in the online platform of our magazine International Aquafeed for Latin America and the blog The Aquaculturist.

During the second day of the event, a very important International Aquafeed - March | April 2016 | 59

Industry Events

announcement took place in our stand for the Global Aquaculture Industry.

It was that the establishment of Aquaculture Without Frontiers UK had taken place. In Charge of the announcement was Roy Palmer, director of AWF and Roger Gilbert, director of International Aquafeed magazine. With no doubt it was a step forward to the development of Aquaculture within the United Kingdom, as this organisation will be focused on the main aspects affecting the Aquaculture and its challenges in that important market.

As the event closed, a big party took place in a nearby disco, with a great dinner, drinks and music that fitted the moment perfectly. The place and atmosphere were amazing and helped us all to relax a little and look forward to the future of aquaculture in the US and the next edition of Aquaculture America.

Autor: Ivรกn Marquetti, Director Regional de International Aquafeed in LATAM

60 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

Industry Events

International Aquafeed - March | April 2016 | 61

Industry Events

A great success - A statement from the organiser Aquaculture 2016, the very successful triennial meeting of the World Aquaculture Society, National Shellfisheries Association and Fish Culture Section, AFS was held at the Paris Hotel & Convention Centre in Las Vegas, Nevada February 22 – 26, with the theme, ‘All in for Aquaculture.’

The United States Aquaculture Society (chapter of the World Aquaculture Society, USAS/WAS), the National Aquaculture Association (NAA) and the Aquaculture Suppliers Association (ASA) hosted Aquaculture 2016.

"Aquaculture 2016 conference included over 2700 participants from 88 countries. The conference offered 14 concurrent sessions over 4 days with 87 sessions, both technical and industry oriented, with 800+ oral presentations and 200 posters. The trade show featured 207 booths with many companies new to aquaculture. " In 2017, Aquaculture America 2017 will be hosted in San Antonio, Texas, February 19-22, 2017. www.was.org

62 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

Edinburgh International Conference Centre (EICC)

Edinburgh, Scotland 20-23 September, 2016

Organised by the European Aquaculture society with the cooperation and support of Marine Scotland, part of the Scottish Government, and The Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland AE2016 Gold Sponsor

www.easonline.org

Elevator buckets Alapala +90 212 465 60 40 www.alapala.com Tapco Inc +1 314 739 9191 www.tapcoinc.com

Welcome to the market place, where you will find suppliers of products and services to the industry - with help from our friends at The International Aquafeed Directory (published by Turret Group) Additives

Symaga +34 91 726 43 04 www.symaga.com

Chemoforma +41 61 8113355 www.chemoforma.com Evonik +49 618 1596785 www.evonik.com Liptosa +34 902 157711 www.liptosa.com Sonac +31 499 364800 www.sonac.biz

R-Biopharm +44 141 945 2924 www.r-biopharm.com Romer Labs +43 2272 6153310 www.romerlabs.com

Elevator & Conveyor Components

Westeel +1 204 233 7133 www.westeel.com

4B Braime +44 113 246 1800 www.go4b.com

Animal Health & Nutrition Cenzone +1 760 736 9901 www.cenzone.com

Bags Mondi Group +43 1 79013 4917 www.mondigroup.com

Bin dischargers Denis +33 2 37 97 66 11 www.denis.fr

Bulk storage Bentall Rowlands +44 1724 282828 www.bentallrowlands.com Chief Industries UK Ltd +44 1621 868944 www.chief.co.uk Croston Engineering +44 1829 741119 www.croston-engineering.co.uk Silo Construction Engineers +32 51723128 www.sce.be Silos Cordoba +34 957 325 165 www.siloscordoba.com

Enzymes Ab Vista +44 1672 517 650 www.abvista.com

GMP+ International +31703074120 www.gmpplus.org

Conveyors Vigan Enginnering +32 67 89 50 41 www.vigan.com

JEFO +1 450 799 2000 www.jefo.com

Equipment for sale

Colour sorters B端hler AG +41 71 955 11 11 www.buhlergroup.com

Amino acids Evonik +49 618 1596785 www.evonik.com

VAV +31 71 4023701 www.vav.nl

TSC Silos +31 543 473979 www.tsc-silos.com

Certification

Analysis Laboratorio Avi-Mex S.A. de C.V +55 54450460 Ext. 1105 www.avimex.com.mx

STIF +33 2 41 72 16 80 www.stifnet.com

ExtruTech Inc +1 785 284 2153 www.extru-techinc.com

Event organisers VIV +31 30 295 2772 www.viv.net

Satake +81 82 420 8560 www.satake-group.com

Computer software Adifo NV +32 50 303 211 www.adifo.com Format International Ltd +44 1483 726081 www.formatinternational.com

Extruders Almex +31 575 572666 www.almex.nl Amandus Kahl +49 40 727 710 www.akahl.de

Colour sorters SEA S.r.l. +39 054 2361423 www.seasort.com

Coolers & driers Consergra s.l +34 938 772207 www.consergra.com FrigorTec GmbH +49 7520 91482-0 www.frigortec.com Geelen Counterflow +31 475 592315 www.geelencounterflow.com Muyang Group +86 514 87848880 www.muyang.com Wenger Manufacturing +1 785-284-2133 www.wenger.com

Andritz +45 72 160300 www.andritz.com Brabender +49 203 7788 0 www.brabender.com Buhler AG +41 71 955 11 11 www.buhlergroup.com Dinnissen BV +31 77 467 3555 www.dinnissen.nl Ferraz Maquinas e Engenharia +55 16 3615 0055 www.ferrazmaquinas.com.br Insta-Pro International +1 515 254 1260 www.insta-pro.com Ottevanger +31 79 593 22 21 www.ottevanger.com

64 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

Ugur Makina +90 (364) 235 00 26 www.ugurmakina.com

Wenger Manufacturing +1 785-284-2133 www.wenger.com Zheng Chang +86 21 64188282 www.zhengchang.com

Palletisers

PAYPER, S.A. +34 973 21 60 40 www.payper.com

Borregaard LignoTech +47 69 11 80 00 www.lignotechfeed.com PellTech +47 69 11 80 00 www.pelltech.org

Buhler AG +41 71 955 11 11 www.buhlergroup.com FAMSUN +86 514 87848880 www.muyang.com

Biomin +43 2782 803 0 www.biomin.net Lallemand + 33 562 745 555 www.lallemandanimalnutrition. com

Rolls Leonhard Breitenbach +49 271 3758 0 www.breitenbach.de OJ Hojtryk +45 7514 2255 www.oj-hojtryk.dk

Safety equipment Rembe +49 2961 740 50 www.rembe.com

Second hand equipment Sanderson Weatherall +44 161 259 7054 www.sw.co.uk

NIR-Online +49 6227 732668 www.nir-online.de

Silos CB Packaging +44 7805 092067 www.cbpackaging.com

Dishman +31 318 545 754 www.dishman-netherlands.com

Training Aqua TT +353 1 644 9008 www.aquatt.ie/aquatt-services

Vaccines

Probiotics

Seedburo +1 312 738 3700 www.seedburo.com

Packaging

Shrimp feed additives

Andritz +45 72 160300 Visit us! www.pipe-systems.eu www.andritz.com

Fr. Jacob Sรถhne GmbH & Co. KG, Germany Tel. + 49 (0) 571 95580 | www. jacob-pipesystems.eu

Doescher & Doescher GmbH +49 4087976770 www.doescher.com

NIR systems

Dol Sensors +45 721 755 55 www.dol-sensors.com

Used around

all industrial Plants sectors.

Moisture analyzers

Hydronix +44 1483 468900 www.hydronix.com

Agromatic +41 55 2562100 www.agromatic.com

Jacob Sohne +49 571 9580 www.jacob-pipesystems.eu

Vega +44 1444 870055 www.vega.com/uk

CHOPIN Technologies +33 14 1475045 www.chopin.fr

Aqualabo +33 2 97 89 25 30 www.aqualabo.fr

Pipe systems

BinMaster Level Controls +1 402 434 9102 www.binmaster.com FineTek Co., Ltd +886 2226 96789 www.fine-tek.com

Sensors

Rentokil Pest Control +44 0800 917 1987 www.rentokil.co.uk

Laboratory equipment

Level measurement

Tornum AB +46 512 29100 www.tornum.com

Pest control

Hatchery products

Bastak +90 312 395 67 87 www.bastak.com.tr

Symaga +34 91 726 43 04 www.symaga.com

Akzo Nobel +46 303 850 00 www.bredol.com

SPAROS Tel.: +351 249 435 145 Website: www.sparos.pt

Reed Mariculture +1 877 732 3276 www.reed-mariculture.com

Muyang +86 514 87848880 www.muyang.com

Pellet binders

Jefo

Wynveen International B.V. +31 26 47 90 699 www.wynveen.com

MYSILO +90 382 266 2245 www.mysilo.com

Ehcolo A/S +45 75 398411 www.ehcolo.com

Feed Aller Aqua +45 70 22 19 10 www.aller-aqua.com

Obial +90 382 2662120 www.obial.com.tr

Kepler Weber Group +55 11 4873-0300 www.kepler.com.br

Mondi Group +43 1 79013 4917 www.mondigroup.com

International Aquafeed - March | April 2016 | 65

Ridgeway Biologicals +44 1635 579516 www.ridgewaybiologicals.co.uk

Vacuum Wynveen International B.V. +31 26 47 90 699 www.wynveen.com

Weighing equipment Parkerfarm Weighing Systems +44 1246 456729 www.parkerfarm.com

Yeast products ICC, Adding Value to Nutrition +55 11 3093 0753 www.iccbrazil.com Lallemand + 33 562 745 555 www.lallemandanimalnutrition.com Leiber GmbH +49 5461 93030 www.leibergmbh.de Phileo (Lesaffre animal care) +33 3 20 81 61 00 www.lesaffre.fr

To include your company in the International Aquafeed market place in print, and a company page on our website contact Tom Blacker. +44 1242 267700 โ ข tomb@perendale.co.uk

the interview Dr Juan Pablo Lazo The World Aquaculture Society (WAS) was created in 1969 and currently has nearly 3,000 members in about 100 countries.

The international character of the society and the need to address specific the specific issues in various regions of the world, they currently have local chapters in the United States, Japan, Korea, the Asia-Pacific region and in Latin America and the Caribbean. Its annual meeting was held in Las Vegas, Nevada, from 22nd to 26th February this year.

At their most recent gathering, the society’s new president, Dr. Juan Pablo Lazo shared some of the strategies that he intends to implement to achieve the society’s objectives.

What does being elected president of The World Aquaculture Society (WAS) meant to you?

It is an honor and a privilege for me to take charge of the World Aquaculture Society for the next presidential term.

I am committed to promoting our Society in continuing its position as the leader in Science, Technology and Education Information exchange throughout the world.

Prior to becoming WAS president, what was your role in the organisation and what issues were you dealing with?

I have been a member of the society since the early 90’s and have been involved in organising several international symposiums on Aquaculture Nutrition as well as other WAS sponsored meetings. I served as the President of the Latin American and Caribbean Chapter of WAS from 2009 to 2011, and my role focused on encouraging greater integration between research, educational institutions and businesses, whilst promoting aquaculture development within the chapter. I then served on the board from 2011 to 2014 as a Director. As Chair of the Affiliations Committee, I focused on promoting and enhancing alliances with aquaculture organizations through the world.

Would you tell us about your background and how that experience will help the WAS and it’s membership?

I obtained my BS in Biochemical Engineering at the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM). I then pursued a MS degree at LSU in Fisheries and Aquaculture and a PhD in Marine Science at the UT Austin, with a specialty in marine fish nutrition. I returned to my home country (Mexico) in 2000 to work as professor and research scientist in the Department of Aquaculture at the Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada (CICESE), a federal research centre dedicated to basic and applied research. I perform basic and applied research to support the development of marine fish farming in Mexico and Latin America. One of my research goals is to identify and evaluate ingredients that could potentially replace fishmeal and fish oil in formulated diets.

I have taught undergraduate, masters and doctoral courses at several universities in Latin American and has served as a thesis advisor for several masters and doctoral students in the US and Latin America. I have participated in several collaborative projects and consultancies aimed at the development of sustainable culture protocols of marine fish in the Latin American region.

What is your key objective(s) for your team as President? Where do you see the organisation benefiting most from your direction?

I believe that through adequate leadership and collaboration the society can significantly contribute to the sustainable development and integration of the aquaculture industry across the world. The quality of services provided to our members must be improved to focus more specifically on their particular needs closely coupled with our quickly changing trends and to increase global representation within the society

of underrepresented groups particularly from Africa, Latin America and some Asian regions. I would also like to make WAS more visible and recognised in the global aquaculture community, and to increase our member involvement with our affiliates and vice-versa.

Social media plays a crucial role in the exchange of information and WAS must embrace technological venues as a means of communication and will be given a high priority if elected. During my term, There is an urgent need to improve the quality of our scientific journal, JWAS. A new Editor in Chief and new strategies have been put in place to attract the submission of higher quality papers and improve the impact of our scientific journal.

How do you draw together the various sides of the industry - aquaculture scientists, policymakers and industry suppliers - to provide a cohesive organization?

WAS serves as primary facilitator of information exchange, technology transfer, policy development and communication between all sectors engaged in aquaculture. I believe that by making WAS more visible and recognised in the global aquaculture community and by increasing our member involvement with our partners we can draw all key-players around the world together in developing the aquaculture industry in a sustainable way. We are now implementing new industry AWARDS to recognize industry leaders that have a strong impact on aquaculture around the world and should help in providing a more cohesive organization.

Since 2013 the supply of farmed seafood has overtaken wild caught seafood in terms of consumer demand.

What is the position of WAS in supporting this growth in a sustainable and responsible way?

We need to be aware of the Challenges presented to us for meeting consumer demands for aquaculture products in the next 10-15 years. Although we produce nearly 50 percent of the fisheries products, we have a daunting task to double our current production by 2030, but this needs to be done in a sustainable manner using the Best Practices Guidelines around the world and this is where our Society plays an important role.

We need to be concerned with what we leave to our future generations and the environment.

What is your vision for the future in terms of the organisation and the role of aquaculture in food supply?

I see WAS as becoming the leading, high-profile and most important aquaculture society in the world, committed to promoting the development of sustainable aquaculture across the five continents by assisting in the exchange of the latest scientific and technological information between the academic, private, government and non-profit sectors.

WAS must also further develop its capacity for identifying the challenges faced by the aquaculture industry, and providing solutions in a timely, efficient and scientifically sound manner.

I also envision WAS as a leading promoter of best-practice guidelines for the aquaculture industry, a key component of sustainable development

66 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

PEOPLE

THE INDUSTRY FACES

GMV board welcomes Rene Smulders

L

ast November, GMV had to say goodbye to two very involved board members. Paul den Ouden and Sander Schwartz made room for two new board members. One of these new board members is Mr René Smulders, CCO at KSE Process Technology.

“Result-oriented and a strategic approach are qualities of René on what we can count on within GMV in the coming years”, said Jacqueline van Oosten - FME.

Rene Smulders

“Within the feed sector, René is surely not unknown. As in the entire agrifood sector, there are many developments and there is plenty of work to do. René likes to contribute to rejuvenate GMV and bringing it a step further”.

René is responsible for the sections ‘Biobased’ and ‘Meat & Feed’ within the GMV board.

“It is important to look further into the agrifood chain than just our own link in the chain”, said René Smulders.

“By looking along the entire chain we can efficiently and effectively deal and solve the challenges in the sector. This should ultimately result in a better cooperating chain and an optimised process from seed to meat.

Alltech appoints new general manager for the UK

A

lltech is pleased to announce the appointment of Fergal McAdam to general manager for the UK. Mr McAdam has worked for Alltech for the past nine years, managing key accounts in Ireland and as sales manager for Northern Ireland.

Alric Blake, Alltech CEO, commented, “We are delighted to have Fergal leading the team here in the UK. Fergal possesses huge market knowledge and has a long track record in the agricultural arena. I have every confidence Fergal will lead our sales team in providing outstanding service to our customers across the UK and Northern Ireland.”

Fergal McAdam

Coming from a strong dairy farming background, Mr McAdam received a degree in agribusiness from Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology and is currently studying for a master’s at the UCD Michael Smurfit Graduate Business School. As general manager for the UK, Mr McAdam will manage the UK team, liaising closely with feed compounders and farmers throughout the market. Prior to joining Alltech, McAdam worked for Lakeland Dairies, a major Irish dairy processing co-operative.

“I look forward to working with the team in delivering superior value to our customers,” said Mr McAdam. “We have a very diligent and dedicated team, and I aim to further develop this market for the benefit of our customers.”

Thomas Palm appointed new CFO of Cermaq Group AS

T

homas Palm (33) has been appointed new CFO of Cermaq Group AS. Over the last five years, he has held several key positions in Cermaq including business development analyst, Finance Director of Cermaq Chile and Finance Director of Cermaq Norway.

Thomas Palm holds a master’s degree from the Norwegian School of Economics in Bergen and a CEMS Master in International Management. He worked with SEB Enskilda and with Statkraft before he joined Cermaq.

Thomas Palm

Cermaq is one of the world’s leading companies in the farming of salmon and trout, with operations in Norway, Chile and Canada. Cermaq is a fully owned subsidiary of Mitsubishi Corporation with head office in Oslo, Norway.

Aller Aqua appoints Commercial Director - Africa

L

ately Aller Aqua has increased its activities on the African continent significantly. As a result they have restructured their organisation to further support this: Niels Lundgaard, formerly International Relationship Manager, has now been appointed Commercial Director - Africa.

Aller Aqua is a family owned company, with roots tracing back more than a thousand years, producing fish feed for freshwater and saltwater aquaculture.

Niels Lundgaard

They have produced fish feed for more than 50 years, and this makes them one of the worlds most experienced fish feed producers, delivering innovative products to their customers. Today Aller Aqua has factories in Denmark, Poland, Germany and Egypt, and export their products to more than 70 countries worldwide.

68 | March | April 2016 - International Aquafeed

Exhibition and conferences for feed ingredients, additives and formulation

Exhibition and conferences for feed processing technology

29 – 31 MARCH 2016 . BITEC EXHIBITION HALLS, BANGKOK, THAILAND

Asia’s premier aquafeed event Symposium and Summit • The second ASEAN Feed and Rice Symposium • The second ASEAN Feed Summit

Contact details For visitor, exhibition stand space and conference information please visit: www.fiaap.com or www.victam.com

Specialist conferences The exhibitions will be supported by their own specialist conferences. They will include: • FIAAP Asia Animal Nutrition Conference 2016 • Aquafeed Horizons Asia 2016

Co-located with GRAPAS Asia 2016 www.grapas.eu Supported by The Thailand Convention and Exhibition Bureau