SEP | OCT 2016 - International Aquafeed

I N C O R P O R AT I N G F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y

Reliable Rotifers - EXPERT TOPIC - Shrimp - Fish Farming Technology: Sustainability and investment opportunities - The Biomin Aquaculture Days - Aquaculture Europe - Review

September | October 2016

Perendale Publishers Ltd 7 St George’s Terrace St James’ Square, Cheltenham, Glos, GL50 3PT, United Kingdom Tel: +44 1242 267700

CONTENTS: SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2016 VOLUME 19 ISSUE 5

Publisher Roger Gilbert rogerg@perendale.co.uk Editor Prof Simon Davies simond@aquafeed.co.uk Associate Editor Dr Albert Tacon albertt@perendale.co.uk International Editors Dr Kangsen Mai (Chinese edition) mai@perendale.co.uk Prof Antonio Garza (Spanish edition) antoniog@perendale.co.uk Editorial Advisory Panel • Prof Dr Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed • Prof António Gouveia • Prof Charles Bai • Dr Colin Mair • Dr Daniel Merrifield • Dr Dominique Bureau • Dr Elizabeth Sweetman • Dr Kim Jauncey • Dr Eric De Muylder • Dr Pedro Encarnação • Dr Mohammad R Hasan Editorial team Rhiannon White rhiannonw@perendale.co.uk Peter Parker peterp@perendale.co.uk Andrew Wilkinson andreww@perendale.co.uk International Marketing Team Darren Parris darrenp@perendale.co.uk Tom Blacker tomb@perendale.co.uk Latin America Marketing Team Iván Marquetti Tel: +54 2352 427376 ivanm@perendale.co.uk India Marketing Team Ritu Kala rituk@perendale.co.uk

REGULAR ITEMS 4

15 Aquaculture Training

Nigeria Marketing Team Nathan Nwosu nathann@perendale.co.uk

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64 Industry Events

72 The Market Place

74 The Aquafeed Interview

Circulation & Events Manager Tuti Tan tutit@perendale.co.uk

©Copyright 2016 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. More information can be found at www.perendale. com Perendale Publishers Ltd also publish ‘The International Milling Directory’ and ‘The Global Miller’ news service

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46 Expert Topic - Shrimp

Design Manager James Taylor jamest@perendale.co.uk

Development Manager Antoine Tanguy antoinet@perendale.co.uk

Industry News

76

COLUMNS

Industry Faces

4 Antonio Garza de Yta 7

12

5 Allen Wu

Ioannis Zabetakis Clifford Spencer

FEATURES 16 Van Aarsen introduces new feeding device for its GD hammer mill

18 Features from - Biomin Aquaculture Days 26 Progress review on the artificial glass eel production 30 Reliable Rotifers

34 Safe use of cottonseed protein in aquaculture 38 Beans and aquaculture

40 Protein samples’ for fishfeeds

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY 58 Sustainability and investment opportunities

60 Thermolicer: sustainable solution for salmon farms 62 Technology update

Professor Simon Davies

Croeso - welcome

As we enter the final stages of the US election campaign and the party conventions are at an end, I am so reminded of similar jamborees held annually by large corporate companies promoting their products with the same fervor as leading politicians.

Politics and science are rarely separate entities these days and some of these biotech-political events almost mirror religious cults with their standardised format, black suited dress codes, lapel badges and banners and slick video presentations that do cinematic blockbusters to shame.

One of the advantages I have now is that I have much more time to read scientific papers in greater depth. I was intrigued by a recent paper describing the resilience of the gut microbial ecology (gut microbiome) in fish where investigators produce good evidence that in rainbow trout significant changes in the dietary feed composition had no major effect on the core microbiome, indicating strong conservation of important

commensal bacteria residing within the gut interface and more associated with the environment than the feed itself.

Dietary inclusion of potential probiotics may be seen as transitional modulation and only useful when present at high concentrations in feeds. In fact there is a real danger of disturbance of the natural balance of bacteria in the host gut.

Additionally immune-modulation and stimulation may only be useful for acute stress events, prior to any pathological challenge and may even adversely affect the situation leading to longer- term immune fatigue and a reduction in the mucosal interface tolerance of normal bacteria. I think feed manufacturers should be careful what you wish for and where you may invest future funding!

This leads me to other trending matters. Algae gets real attention in the news and this concerns me greatly.

This other wonder single cell food for fish has some limitations for carnivorous fish and especially salmon. Papers I have read limit inclusion to just around 12 percent at best and this is where it will stay unless the high oil varieties such as Schizochytrium sp are extracted to remove their 50 percent oil and DHA content as a means to avoid the indigestible cell wall carbohydrate rich components.

Indeed yeasts and yeast extracts all have their virtues but certainly within a defined context. There are a plethora of publications over the last 30 years stating the obvious and there are no benefits in extending this further. As for insect protein and meal -worms, well please look at the big picture, a flying success maybe for the promotion of sustainability, but unlikely in my opinion to metamorphose into a serious business case to replace fishmeal or provide any additional nutritive and health value unless large scale-up and processing can be achieved.

Anyway now to our current issue, in this edition our guest interview is with BioMar’s CEO Carlos Diaz. We also have two fabulously well-written articles by Dr’s Bai and Laxmappa who have written about glass eels and prawns respectively – amongst the usual blend of relevant and timely pieces.

This edition also boasts a very in depth report from the recent Aquaculture Europe 2016 show held in Edinburgh, Scotland – where it was wonderful to have the opportunity to get reacquainted with so many of you.

Our magazine continues to be at the forefront of the latest trends and technological advances in the aquatic feed industry and appeals increasingly now to managers and fish farmers and a growing student body within colleges of aquaculture and fish farming studies globally.

I am so pleased we are adding to the knowledge base of the next generation of young scientists and that they too often take the opportunity to engage in providing articles on their research and findings. I trust that this will auger well for the future of this magazine and its direction and ‘budding’ editors.

Professor Simon Davies

Rhiannon White joins us as the new Managing Editor of Aquafeed magazine, having recently graduated with a bachelor’s degree in English Language and Literature from the University of Nottingham, England. “I am delighted to be joining the publishing team here at Perendale and am excited to expand upon my knowledge of the ever-innovative, ever-advancing and ever-important industry that is responsible for feeding our world.

Similarly, I am looking forward to getting to know the hard-working and passionate people who continuously strive towards improving all aspects of the industry from technological to marketing to charitable efforts. With a population expected to reach 9.5billion by 2050, now more than ever before, it is crucial to provide a platform for the projects and discussions that are taking place and shaping our industry.

Therefore, I hope to bring our readers in-depth insights into the latest global advancements within the industry and to promote the significance of such work within society at large.”

Meet the team at up-coming international events

The world´s leading trade fair for animal production

www.aquafeed.co.uk Fish & More

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Antonio Garza de Yta

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COFI emphasizes the importance of aquaculture globally … but still comes up short

he Committee of Fisheries (COFI) is a global event organised by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) annually at its Rome headquarters, at which all the member countries that belong to this organisation (197) discuss trends, needs and international policies about Fisheries and Aquaculture.

This year´s event was conducted between July 11-15 with the participation of 108 delegates of member countries, one associate member, 13 observers from member countries and 69 observers of intergovernmental and non-governmental associations, in which the World Aquaculture Society (WAS) is part.

In colloquial terms, it is the ‘Babel of the Fisheries and Aquaculture world’ and an extremely interesting experience for all participants.

Today I will try to summarise the most important topics that were discussed and I will share some of my observations.

Aquaculture and food security During the meeting several countries manifested their consternation about the alarming situation that the fisheries sector is experiencing as the proportion of species that are being overexploited worldwide continues to increase.

The importance of combating illegal fisheries was highlighted.

Several countries expressed the need of increasing the technical abilities of FAO and other institutions’ personnel regarding fisheries and aquaculture topics.

A special remark was made about aquaculture surpassing fisheries for the first time in providing seafood for human consumption globally and the increasing importance of the activity regarding food security worldwide.

The importance of the nutritional value of seafood products and its continuous promotion was mentioned.

A call was made to all nations to keep working on the reduction of post-harvest wastes, which account to 30 percent of the total production and the elaboration of guidelines to avoid it.

One of the most important topics was the report of the Aquaculture Subcommittee that took place last year in Brasilia, in which the good work of the Advisor Committee for Conservation of Aquatic Genetic Resources was recognised.

The need of making aquaculture production units more efficient, improve capacity building programs and generate well paid jobs in the sector that include women and young people was identified.

The relevance of continuing with the development and implementation of guidelines for aquaculture certification was also mentioned.

We listen but do not learn Here is where I will stop my report. Why? Because for someone that listens to this for the first time the Brasilia outcome could seem interesting, for someone that has been in the aquaculture sector for many years its perturbing that we have not advanced much in recent years.

Asia is still contributing with the largest percentage of aquaculture production worldwide, and with the exception of Norway, Chile and Egypt, we are all just staring.

Yes, we talk constantly about aquaculture, but we never include it in our budgets. This is a problem not only of Mexico, my country, but of many others as well.

It is incredible that in the four days of discussion, only around 20 percent of the time was dedicated to the activity that contributes the majority of the seafood that is consumed worldwide and that when aquatic plants are included, it surpasses total fisheries production.

On top of that aquaculture is the future, as it is the animal protein production activity with the smallest environmental footprint.

If we analyse the budget that the Latin American countries dedicate to fisheries and the one they spend in aquaculture we can easily see why aquaculture does not grow as it should in this area of world.

Aquaculture is in every speech possible, but it is never in the mind of the people that plan the budgets.

Not investing in aquaculture is the equivalent to not investing in our childrens' education; it is not thinking of our future. It just shows a very short and narrow perspective of the future, with no goals or plan. It is time that we put our budget where we put our mouths.

Dr Antonio Garza de Yta, International Editor at International Aquafeed magazine and Director at the World Aquaculture Society (WAS)

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WWF-Canada warns that small fish are in big trouble

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WF-Canada is warning that forage fish are in trouble, following their new assessment of Canadian fisheries, released today in their report Food for All. These small fish are vitally important to starving predators such as whales and seabirds, as well as critical to the recovery of commercial fisheries such as northern cod.

Three fisheries are in critical condition in Atlantic Canada: two herring stocks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Atlantic mackerel.

Another fishery of concern is the herring in southwest Nova Scotia/Bay of Fundy.

In 75 per cent of the fisheries assessed, the stock status is unknown, including all capelin fisheries, and all the fisheries in British Columbia. In all cases, fisheries management does not sufficiently account for predator needs. Furthermore, effects of the environment and climate change on forage fish are largely unknown.

Forage fish are small fish such as herring and capelin. They are among the most abundant in the ocean by mass. As such they constitute an important source of food for a range of predators. Some species, such as humpback whales, minke whales, and harbour seals, depend on forage fish for 75 per cent of their food.

However, these small fish are very susceptible to environmental changes and vulnerable to overfishing because they congregate in shoals, which makes them easy to catch even when the stock is declining.

“Populations of large predators like humpback whales, along with seabirds and commercial species such as cod, will never recover if they don’t have enough food to eat.

It’s shocking that many of these fisheries are being managed without adequate information about the stocks,” says David Miller, president and CEO of WWF-Canada.

“WWF Canada’s report demonstrates that there is a lot of work to be done, protecting the forage fish that underpin the health of our ocean ecosystems.”

WWF-Canada is working to secure food for starving predators including beluga and humpback whales, seabirds and northern cod. The organisation is also striving to modernise fisheries management to account for the needs of multiple species, strengthen the eco-certification of forage fish fisheries, find alternatives to using forage fish as bait in commercial fisheries such as lobster fisheries, and protect spawning beaches for commercial and non-commercial forage fish. http://bit.ly/2aNDrgW

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Allen Wu

WAS establishing itself in China

he World Aquaculture Society (WAS) was founded in 1969 as the World Mariculture Society.

Since it’s beginning the membership in WAS has grown to more than 3000 members in about 100 countries representing the global aquaculture community.

In order to meet the expanding international nature of the Society and to address specific needs in various areas of the world, the WAS has created Chapters in the United States, Japan, Korea, Latin American and Caribbean region and the Asian-Pacific region.

The World Aquaculture Society – Asian Pacific Chapter (WAS-APC) aims to strengthen extension and promotion of WAS in China.

“China is the biggest aquaculture producer in the world – 61 percent global production. Also it has the top aquafeed production at 17.3 million tonnes globally.

More and more Chinese are working internationally, particularly in the South East Asia region in recent years. Dr Endhay Kusnendar, the President of WAS-APC, says WAS-APC’s commitment is that we share our knowledge and global experiences with Chinese aquaculture society in scientific and industry fields.

The WAS is associated with other aquaculture associations such as the Aquaculture Association of Canada, Aquaculture Association of South Africa, Aquaculture without Frontiers, Asian Fisheries Society, Brazilian Society of Aquaculture and Aquatic Biology, China Society of Fisheries, Egyptian Aquaculture Society, European Aquaculture Society, Indonesian Aquaculture Society, Korean Aquaculture Society, Malaysian Fisheries Society, Society of Aquaculture Professionals (India) and Spanish Society of Aquaculture.

Through its diverse membership and international networks, the WAS provides leadership for enhanced international communications, collaboration and information exchange.

The World Aquaculture Society is a dynamic organisation capable of responding to change and is recognised for its professional credibility in aquaculture science, technology and education.

WAS is willing to dedicate our ground works like regional seminars, workshops to China with Chinese aquaculture society in the coming years.

Annual Meetings of the World Aquaculture Society are recognised as the premier aquaculture conferences and exhibitions bringing together a wide variety of aquaculturists from the commercial, academic and government sectors.

I strongly encourage Chinese aquaculture expertise to try to participant in WAS conferences which are professional and also the largest aquaculture events of their kind in the world.

The upcoming major events are WA 2017 in Cape Town, South Africa (June 26-30, 2017) and APA 2017 (July 24-27, 2017) in Kuala Lumpa, Malaysia. You can download a registration form below at: http://bit. ly/2dnnGtg and of course early registrations get the best prices. http://bit.ly/2dbFmLE Dr Allen Wu, Board Director, World Aquaculture Society – Asia Pacific and is responsible for WAS activities in China

International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 5

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Less in the net, more in the wallet:

Marine Harvest shows paradoxical growth compared to same period last year

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arine Harvest has reported gross earnings of EUR 147 million in the second quarter of 2016, a figure approaching double that of the same period last year. In Q2 2015, the company’s total Earnings before Interest and Tax (EBIT) were only EUR 84 million.

Paradoxically, the total salmonid harvest in Q2 this year was only a little over four-fifths that of the year before: 87,000 tonnes (gutted weight) compared to 104,000 tonnes.

In more detail, Marine Harvest farms

in Norway produced 64 thousand tonnes in Q2 last year for EBIT of 1.13 Euros per kilo; in the same period this year the Norway farms produced only 54,000 tonnes of fish but making EUR 2.10/kg - nearly double the profits.

Its not all on the up-and-up: compared to last year’s second quarter, Marine Harvest farms in Scotland are not only producing less fish (11,000 tonnes vs 12,000), but are also making less money per kilo (EUR 0.45 vs 0.63).

However, such under-performance in one country was more than made

up for by a surge in profits elsewhere: Despite only producing 11,500 tonnes of farmed fish in Q2 this year (down 500 tonnes on Q2 2015), Marine Harvest Canada’s profits skyrocketed by over 900 percent: 2.35 Euros per kilo compared to EUR 0.25/kg for the same period last year.

Even Marine Harvest Chile’s losses are, well, less than before: EUR -0.25 per kilo, less than half what they were last year (EUR -0.54/kg).

Granted, MH’s salmonid production in this country has pretty much halved since Q2 2015, but globally, this year is shaping up rather nicely for the world’s biggest aquaculture company.

Rio 2016 serves up responsibly sourced seafood

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ttendees of the Olympic and Paralympic Games enjoyed sustainably and responsibly sourced seafood, thanks to an extraordinary effort by the Rio 2016 Olympic Organising Committee and its partners.

More than 70 tonnes, equivalent to more than 350,000 portions, of seafood served to athletes and media at the Games came from fisheries or farms that meet the requirements of the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) or Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC). This represents the most sustainable seafood offering to date of any Olympic or Paralympic Games.

Seafood served with the green ASC or blue MSC label can be traced right back to fisheries and farmers that are independently certified as meeting globally recognised standards for sustainable wild fishing or responsible farming. The fishers and farmers who produce this seafood go to great lengths to reduce their impacts on the environment, preserve oceans and safeguard seafood supplies for the future.

Speaking in advance of the Games, Julie Duffus, Sustainability Manager at the Rio 2016 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games said: “Millions of people attending this year’s Games will be able to enjoy sustainably and responsibly sourced seafood knowing that they are helping to support thriving fishing and farming communities and to protect the environment.

By choosing seafood with the MSC or ASC label they will reward responsible producers from around the world.”

Included on various menus within the Olympic Village, Media Village and media centres were: ASC certified responsibly farmed Brazilian tilapia from Netuno and Chilean salmon from Los Fiordos; and MSC certified wild-caught Icelandic cod from Visir and Canadian chum salmon for Albion. McDonalds Brazil also served 100 percent MSC certified Argentine hoki in its McFish

sandwiches throughout Brazil during the Games.

Delivering its commitment to sustainably and responsibly sourced seafood required the Rio 2016 Olympic Organising Committee and its partners to bring new supplies of certified seafood to Brazil. As a result, numerous farms and fisheries across the region took steps to improve their environmental performance in order to meet the industry leading standards set by the MSC and ASC. Ms Duffus said: “The Olympic and Paralympic Games are unique in their ability to bridge cultural divides, reach a broad audience and generate a sense of fellowship and possibility. We hope that this commitment will have a lasting legacy of sustainable sourcing and seafood consumption in Brazil.”

Rupert Howes, Chief Executive of the MSC said: “The volume of sustainably sourced seafood at this year’s Olympic and Paralympic Games shows what is possible when suppliers, caterers and the public work together to support sustainable choices for people and the planet.

MSC certified fisheries currently catch around one tenth of all wild seafood. We hope to see this proportion grow as recognition of the importance of sustainable seafood increases.”

Chris Ninnes, Chief Executive of the ASC said: “With this landmark commitment by the Games, local suppliers and caterers can showcase the best of Brazilian cuisine to a global audience and create lasting change by emphasising the importance of making the right choice when buying seafood. With more than 1 million tonnes of ASC certified product in the market, the public can join the effort to preserve fish for future generations by buying from producers who share their goals to protect vital ecosystems and care for those who work on the farms and live in surrounding communities.”

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enchmark is pleased to announce that one of its new generation aquaculture vaccines has been released into the market for commercial field trials. The vaccine is the first in a series of Benchmark’s new vaccines targeted at the €300m Mediterranean seabass market and aims to provide producers with an effective control of Nodavirus — a disease that impedes growth and causes high production losses.

There was previously no effective treatment available for this endemic disease.

The trials will see a significant number of leading producers use the new vaccine ‘on-farm’ at commercial scale ahead of market authorisation, a process which typically takes 9 to 12 months.

Full development of the product has been undertaken in-house through exploiting the Group’s R&D expertise, vaccine manufacturing capability and aquaculture trials facilities to ensure a streamlined and secure development process.

Nodavirus also affects several other farmed aquaculture species including Turbot, Barramundi and Grouper, and Benchmark now plans to provide these sectors with a similar solution. The development process for producing this vaccine for seabass can now be readily adapted to bring forward vaccines for these other species.

Malcolm Pye, Benchmark’s CEO commented: “This is another key milestone for Benchmark and is testament to our increased capability, as we continue to invest in our manufacturing capacity and technology, to open up new markets for the company by solving major challenges for our customers. This product represents a significant first for the company, as the full development process including research, design, development and manufacturing, has been delivered entirely inhouse by our specialist teams.”

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Benchmark’s new seabass vaccine commences commercial field trials

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Ioannis Zabetakis

GM crops: The urgent need to map our meals

e are what we eat. Also, our food (either of animal or sea origin) is what it eats. Therefore, it is of vital importance to keep improving the nutritional value of animal and fish feeds. With this in mind, I really enjoyed the interview of Prof Brett Glencross of the University of Stirling as it appeared in “International Aquafeed” in the May/June 2016 issue.

His views on the genetically modified Atlantic salmon that has been approved in US are of particular interest. I do agree with Prof Glencross that “this is a good piece of science” but I have to disagree though with his statement that “humans have been consuming genetically modified crops for over two decades now”. This phrase may be true for other parts of the world but not for Europe.

In EU, the import of GM food and the use of GM feeds is well monitored and there is still a pan-European ban on GM feeds. Therefore, let’s rest assured that in the EU, we have not been consuming GM crops. However, regardless of the place we live on this planet, let’s have a look at how we can map our meals, so we know if we actually consume GM genes or not.

Your Meal - EYD2015, is a Europe Aid funded project, and as the name suggests, its primary goal is to enable consumers to trace the origins of their food through the usage of a mobile phone application, by scanning the barcode of a product; an action which will in turn bring consumers vitally closer to the production process, and an understanding of the conditions and standards producers work.

It’s a new mobile phone app, with tremendous potential for the consumers but also for teachers and parents on how to communicate to our students and children the concept of food chain and how trace-ability can increase our awareness about our diet.

Through this project, the vast extent of global interdependencies, on a personal, national and international level (i.e. consumer – producer) are highlighted. The project has been crafted to raise awareness about sustainability, equity, global justice and global interdependencies, in young people, youth workers/trainers, community educators, and the general public.

However, the project goes further; it aspires to generate a strong and active coalition of citizens promoting human rights, equity, and sustainable ways of living. Additionally, the quality of lives of farmers, producers and their families will be benefited on a significant level.

More specifically, the project aims, based on a comprehensive smartphone application and accompanying interactive learning materials to explore the origins of our food, their individual components, and the socio-economic and environmental impact of these. It aims to increase young people’s awareness about global interdependencies and injustices, as well as about the need for more sustainable food systems.

Today, the issues of food cost and sustainability are of paramount importance. In the case of GM foods, GM crops have not been shown, up to now, to have the capacity to feed the world at an affordable price contrary to the advocations of leading GM companies.

In fact, GM crops bring a huge burden to farmers; this is shown vividly in the film ‘Bitter Seeds,’ every 30 minutes a farmer in India kills himself in despair. The film is based on the true story in a village at the centre of the suicide epidemic: a farmer and his family struggle to keep his land. ‘Bitter Seeds’ raises questions about the human cost of genetically-modified agriculture and the future of how we grow things.

Related links Map your meal http://www.mapyourmeal.org/ “Bitter seeds” http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2306473/ ioannis.zabetakis@ul.ie @yanzabet After an Academic career spanning 12 years in the Univ. of Athens, Ioannis joined University of Limerick (UL) as a Lecturer on Food Lipids where the ongoing focus of his work will be towards the cardioprotective properties of food lipids with particular emphasis on dairy and aquaculture products.

International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 7

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Aqua-Spark invests in Icelandic arctic char farm Matorka

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qua-Spark, the first investment fund focused exclusively on sustainable aquaculture, today announced its first investments of 2016.

Launched in December 2013, Aqua-Spark’s mission is to make fish farming sustainable by investing in companies, technologies and practices that have the potential to transform this growing sector and, through a systematic approach, make sustainable farming as profitable as traditional industry. Aqua-Spark’s latest investment sets the standard for how a fish farm can and should operate.

Matorka, Aqua-Spark’s newest investee, is an Icelandic Arctic char fish farm charted to be the most sustainable, cost-efficient, land-based salmonid farming operation in the world. (Salmonidae species are some of the world´s most consumed: salmon, trout, chars, freshwater whitefishes, and graylings.)

Aqua-Spark has invested US$2.5 million in Matorka. It was the lead investor of a recent US$5.5 million equity raise.

Matorka’s aim is simple: to produce the healthiest fish possible. They feed their fish a uniquely sustainable diet that’s absent of antibiotics, chemicals and growth hormones. The farm is carbon neutral, and uses clean, sustainable geothermal energy to power its operations.

“We’ve been interested in an Arctic Char investment since we launched, as we want to offer a sustainable alternative to salmon,” said Amy Novogratz, Aqua-Spark co-founder.

“Matorka stood out as the right partner for absolutely every reason: their access to and respect for Iceland’s natural resources, as well as their overall vision for healthy, ecological fish farming.”

Mike Velings, Aqua-Spark co-founder, continued, “The Matorka farm uses no antibiotics or chemicals, is powered by renewable energy, and makes a deliberate effort to protect the surrounding environment – all while producing a coveted fish. They should undoubtedly be seen as a standard-bearer for how to get fish farming right.”

With this investment, Matorka will be able to begin the first phase of construction of a new site in Grindavik, while updating their two current facilities, and bringing production volume to 1500 MT, with an eventual goal of 3200 MT. Arctic char is a member of the salmon family, a fish that is rising in popularity.

Not only a red-fleshed delicacy, it is also an extremely sustainable species with growing demand in an undersupplied market. The Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch recently named it a ‘Best Choice’ species for consumption.

“Our mission has been to build a state of the art farm and raise Arctic Char without harm to the surrounding environment,” said Árni Páll Einarsson, Matorka CEO. “Aqua-Spark goes to great lengths to improve and transform the aquaculture industry, and an investment from them is also a sustainability stamp of approval. We couldn’t be more honoured or excited to grow with them – and set a new standard for fish farming.”

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8 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

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ith growing focus on sustainability and fish welfare, the newest project by the Norwegian Ocean Farming AS will bring salmon farming offshore. The project has been on the way for a long time, as feasibility studies started back in 2012 and various technical solutions have been assessed.

The outcome of the extensive studies has resulted in an offshore farming installation that, as the first in the world, combines marine biology, marine cybernetics and marine engineering with newest data technology.

The facility is highly technological and supported by underwater sensors and other backing systems, taking the monitoring of the feed process to another level. GRAINTEC’s contribution to the project lies in the equipment and systems for the distribution and receiving of fish feed on the facility.

Having a slack-anchored, semisubmersible facility floating on the

water poses new challenges to fish farming technologies. “It has been an exciting challenge to combine the perfect technology within the limited space we have on the facility, while keeping performance, weight and little energy consumption into consideration”, says Martin Olde Heuvel, Project Manager from Graintec.

All operations for handling the fish can be performed directly on board by a crew of three to four people. As a subsidiary of the Salmar Group, Ocean Farming AS has been established for developing offshore salmon farming possibilities. To help fund the concept development phase, Ocean Farming AS received grants from Innovation Norway.

Production start for the offshore facility is scheduled for mid/end 2017.

The use of inshore farming facilities is limited and there is a need for new approaches. By placing facilities offshore, farms are less exposed to tidal currents and the currents are more constant.

Also, the fish are less exposed to possible illnesses. It is expected that offshore farming will grow constantly over the next decades.

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New ways of farming salmon are on the way and at GRAINTEC

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Water-based total fumonisins test kit launched

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water-based total fumonisins test kit, AgraStrip Total FUM Watex has been added to the recently launched AgraStrip Watex product line by Romer Labs.

AgraStrip Watex test kits are available for aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2), deoxynivalenol, zerealenone and fumonisins (B1, B2, B3) and provide a fast, simple and eco-friendly solution for on-site mycotoxin testing.

Tests for ochratoxin A are in the final stages of development.

“The test kits are optimised to extract mycotoxins using distilled water in combination with an extraction buffer. That and the fact that the same extract can actually be used to test for multiple mycotoxins, make AgraStrip Watex the product of choice for simple, fast and ecofriendly mycotoxin detection,” says Dr Kurt Brunner, research and development director at Romer Labs.

International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 9

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Progressus AgriSchools Thailand: A course that delivers for the Asian aquaculture industry

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he second Certificate in Aqua Nutrition AgriSchool, held from September 25-30, 2016 has just been completed at the Kasetsart University’s Kampaengsaen campus in Thailand.

The AgriSchools are developed and organized by Progressus in association with Kasetsart University to provide for much needed information and training that supports the development of the Asian aquafeed industry.

Topics covered during this AgriSchool included: Future trends in aquaculture and aqua feeds Aquaculture Standards and Certification Understanding Nutrient Requirements of Aquatic Animals Aqua Feed Manufacturing Feed Ingredients Functional Feeds and Additives Several lectures on practical aspects of feed formulation as well as lectures with special emphasis on the nutrient requirements of important cultured species in Asia: Tilapia, Asian sea bass, Pangasius and shrimp.

This year’s AgriSchools facilitators included three PhD fish nutritionists: Thomas Wilson, a consultant with 25 years of experience in the commercial aquafeed industry in Thailand; Professor Wing Keong Ng of Universiti Sains Malaysia and Professor Orapint Jintasataporn, Kasetsart University Thailand.

Special guest lectures were presented by Daniel Fegan on ‘Aquafeed certification and standards’ and ‘Keeping the customer satisfied’ and Lukas Manomaitis of the United States Soybean Export Council (USSEC) presented an overview of USSEC’s Asian Fish Feed Formulation Database which has been developed to support the Asian aquafeed industry’s need for up-to-date information to incorporate into feed formulation programs.

Attendees to the Aqua Nutrition Agrischool – over 40 in total - came from 10 countries including India, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, The Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Egypt Spain and Greece and from feed companies,

universities and companies supplying feed ingredients and additives for aquaculture feeds.

Learning techniques During the practical day of the AgriSchool, participants visited a fish farm and a fish processing plant of Kasemchai Farms (KCF), an integrated aquaculture company exporting a variety of cultured fish species to countries in Asia and the Middle East.

The group also visited a tilapia hatchery operated by the Faculty of Fisheries at Kasetsart University, where techniques in collecting fertilized eggs from mouthbrooding tilapia and preparation of feeds for sex-reversal to make all-male populations of tilapia were demonstrated.

AgriSchools are residential, university-based courses that deliver independent, unbiased information in a classroomstyle format that encourages a high level of participantfacilitator interaction and information exchange.

All courses contain practical sessions conducted in commercial production facilities.

Progressus Agrischools will soon be conducting for the second time the Certificate in Aquafeed Milling from November 21-25, 2016.

When asked about the future of AgriSchools, Yiannis Christodoulou, founder of Progressus, says, “Progressus will continue to drive the development and delivery of the AgriSchools.

“With the full commitment from of all parties involved in the composition, updating and delivery of the course and very importantly, the support of the industry through its participation and endorsement, we aim to make AgriSchool the new standard for professional development within our industry.

“Quality, Consistency and Applied Learning are also key to the AgriSchools success,” he adds.

The 2017 AgriSchools calendar will be made available in November 2016. www.progressus.asia

10 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

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Aller Aqua’s new research assistant is best in Northern Germany

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orben Nissen has been working as an apprentice at Aller Aqua Research in connection with his Fish Worker education.

Aller Aqua research assistant Torben Nissen lectures at schools in Hannover and Hildesheim paired with practical work at Aller Aqua Research, which has enabled Torben to graduate the Fish Worker course as the best student in Northern Germany in 2016, 1 year faster than expected.

Starting as an apprentice it was Torben’s aim to graduate with an excellent degree, gain working experience as well as a deep knowledge of the trade. Aller Aqua are happy to report that Torben has excelled in achieving these goals.

Torben has now been employed as a research assistant at Aller Aqua Research, supporting the existing staff in the running and continuous growth of the research centre.

At the same time Aller Aqua have taken on Paul Neumann as their new apprentice, and look forward to working with him for the next 3 years. Just like Torben, Paul will combine theoretical studies with practical experience at the research centre, as well as hands-on training at carp and trout farms in Poland and Germany.

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Clifford Spencer

Tuti Tan, Michael New, Janice Spencer, Clifford Spencer and Roger Gilbert

Aquaculture without Frontiers - Returning to its roots in the UK n 2003 the first seeds of an idea to form a charity to help those most in need began to form in the mind of Michael New, a man whose aquaculture work in developing countries had earned him an OBE four years earlier.

This marked the beginning of Aquaculture without Frontiers (AwF) and a decade followed of putting donations to this charity to good use in supporting schemes to improve the lot of the poor in developing nations by encouraging the production of farmed fish.

Projects tendered to the charity were peer reviewed by volunteering top experts in their field. The administration of the charity was also ably performed by volunteers and the projects themselves were brought to fruition by similarly skilled volunteers working with the local population in whichever country was host to each particular project.

Thus AwF had the enviable reputation of deducting nothing from donations and all monies collected going to build the valuable and life changing projects themselves.

After eight years of work with AwF Michael reached the age of 80 and decided that younger people should take over the charities’ management. At this time he disbanded the original UK charity and transferred the remaining funds to the US based AwF, a separate charity contemporaneously created

by Michael with the UK one, in order to continue the good work: a decision made to ensure continuity.

We now move to last year (2015) and after a discussion of interested parties a decision was made for the UK charity to be reformed.

In February 2016, the Charity Commissioners granted its registration as a Charitable Incorporated Organisation (CIO) and a new starting team was assembled.

It was my privilege to be asked to lead this new team (after the documentation was ably completed by fellow trustee and solicitor Simon Birks) by the new charity’s founding trustees and well-known publishers in the sector, Roger Gilbert and Tuti Tan. All our trustees are UK-based except for Swedenbased Sven-Olof Malmqvist of Yara, who is recognised as a leading developer in the global business of animal nutrition.

Today, there are independent yet connected AwF charities in Australia, USA and now the UK. Others are being formed in Korea and Mexico to name just two. Each charity has its own board, or trustees, and its own objectives.

A grounding in the principles of AwF So with my wife Janice (also a fellow trustee), I found myself travelling to Marlow in Buckinghamshire in the UK in order to meet with a still very young looking and thinking Michael New. I received an excellent grounding in the principles and ethics of AwF and as importantly some excellent contacts, tips and personal support for my new role.

Ideas started to be formed and our first flier was printed and

my first steps into the world of AwF were made at the recent European Aquaculture Society conference in Edinburgh, where I was ably supported by Roger, Tuti and my wife Janice.

To our great pleasure Michael New joined us at the event, provided us with some very attractive AwF lapel badges made by a supporter of the original charity, and introduced us to other aquaculturists.

It was refreshing to meet the wide range of people with differing interests at the Edinburgh-based event, populating this globally, fast-growing form of food production.

My background in land-based agricultural production of farmed animals and crops was put to good use in acquiring further essential knowledge in this new and fascinating world of freshwater and marine food production.

Memories of my youthful days, walking along the UK shoreline, estuaries and rivers and also messing around in inland ponds came rushing back. Having a father with a love of any form of fish and a mother who knew how to turn it into delicious meals has also helped.

From my previous wide-ranging farming activities, followed by the UN and African Union experience working in the global food industry, the hugely important role of fish in providing the essential healthy nutrition to support new life and future generations of humankind was well established.

Also, I was safe in the knowledge that the human race had evolved from collecting wild fruits, nuts, berries, vegetables and grains and hunting wild animals for food to successfully farming all of these things. So promoting aquaculture, the most efficient animal production known to mankind, for the benefit of future generations and those most in need has proved a logical step.

I now look forward to regularly updating readers on our build-up of work in the promotion of the charity, its project offerings and evaluation, and good deeds on the ground.

Next month, with fellow trustees, I travel to Vietnam which is a country where aquaculture is part of farming and a way of life rather than a separate science. I will be speaking at the conference ‘Aquaculture Vietnam 2016’ on October 20 and return to the UK via Ethiopia where assisting food enterprises can be life changing. This experience for our team will better and further equip us to deliver through the charity what aquaculture needs and where it is needed.

We will thus move forward to implement the charity’s aims and objectives in promoting and supporting sustainable aquaculture and the alleviation of poverty by improving livelihoods in developing countries.

Currently Mr Spencer leads the Global Biotechnology Transfer Foundation (GBTF), which is dedicated to promoting the potential for biotechnology to support sustainable, long-term, socio-economic development.

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International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 13

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LESAFFRE ANIMAL CARE

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AQUACULTURE TRAINING The Ohio Centre for Aquaculture Research and Development at Ohio State University is looking for 30 new fish farmers to take part in a yearlong program to learn the ins and outs of aquaculture and aquaponics.

Aquaculture Boot Camp, launched in 2013, offers free handson classes for those selected to participate in the program, which includes homework in addition to monthly eighthour courses.

Students spend some time in the classroom exploring the business side of aquaculture, and the rest of the time in hands-on examinations of the equipment and procedures to farm fish successfully.

There are about 200 fish farmers statewide raising aquatic animals in ponds and indoor tank systems for food, sport, bait and ornamental use.

Ohio State aquaculture research centre seeks recruits for aquaculture bootcamp

Enlistment Guidelines Ohio State aquaculture research centre will enlist up to 30 highly motivated new (less than 10 years of farming

experience) and beginning fish farmers and aquaponic producers from across Ohio and the Midwest. Recruits will be actively involved in aquaculture/aquaponics or seriously dedicated to developing skills for entry into the industry.

To be eligible, you must • Submit a completed written or e-mailed application by November 4th, 2016 • If accepted, sign documentation outlining your commitment to attend seminars and workshops.

• Be responsible for all expenses (i.e. travel) related to getting to and from the training sessions.

Selection Process The following will be considered in selecting recruits: 1. Internet access, land, a pilot aquaculture/aquaponics operation, years in production, years obtaining an Ohio Aquaculture Permit, previous workshops attended, and capital available.

2. Interest and willingness of the recruit to commit the necessary time, energy, and finances to the program.

3. Ability to participate meaningfully in academic seminars, outside reading, written assignments, and through selfexpression.

4.The applicant will support and abide by all policies, rules and regulations of the ABC-2 program. http://bit.ly/2d0Qbxh

International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 15

FEATURE

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Van Aarsen introduces new feeding device for its GD hammer mill

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Innovative ATEX-certified grinding installation to minimise explosion risk in fish feed manufacturing process mployees, production equipment, and buildings are all incredibly valuable assets. By minimising the required maintenance and maximising the service life of expensive grinding installations, it’s also possible to ensure that they are much more cost-effective.

In order to further minimise explosion risk, Van Aarsen has introduced an innovative feeding device with an integrated heavy parts separator (also known as a “stone catcher”) for its GD hammer mill. The GD hammer mill with feeding device from Van Aarsen will be ATEX-certified.

Innovative feeding device with integrated heavy parts separator

When dust comes into contact with an ignition source, such as sparks, in an oxygen rich environment, there is a risk of explosion, and that is exactly what happens when the grinding process for grains and organic materials is started or stopped in a hammer mill.

Van Aarsen develops and manufactures machines for the production of compound feeds and premixes for the animal feed industry. It is also a leader in developing new techniques for minimising explosion risk without compromising the efficiency and quality of the grinding process.

As such, Van Aarsen has now introduced an innovative feeding device with an integrated heavy parts separator for metal objects, stones, and other heavy objects. The heavy parts separator detects such objects and removes them to prevent them from being fed into the hammer mill and causing sparks. Van Aarsen has optimised its heavy parts separator by automating the removal of metal objects and stones and by the combination of this removal with the screen exchange process.

By ensuring that the automated removal of heavy objects and the exchange of the screens take place at the same time, the downtime of the hammer mill is reduced and its capacity is increased. In order to provide a controlled release of pressure in case of an explosion, van Aarsen has also fitted the bin beneath the hammer mill with a pressure relief valve.

Maximising the life of screens and reducing maintenance and downtime

The new feeding device has a compact design and can easily be integrated into the GD hammer mill and the automated screen exchanger. Besides minimising the risk of explosion, Van Aarsen’s new feeding device with integrated heavy parts separator also prevents damage to the screens. This greatly increases the service life of the screens and significantly reduces machine downtime and maintenance.

The GD hammer mill from Van Aarsen will be ATEX-certified and therefore complies with the strict European guidelines for the prevention of explosions. Van Aarsen also offers a range of other options for further minimising the explosion risk associated with the grinding process, including temperature monitoring and spark detection. www.aarsen.com

EuroTier

At the EuroTier show in Hannover, Van Aarsen will be showcasing their new feeding device with integrated heavy parts separator for the GD hammer mill aimed at further minimising the risk of explosion.

Visit them at EuroTier stand 21J13 International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 17

FEATURE

Stories from

Earlier this summer, more than 60 aquaculture industry members from 16 countries attended 2016 BIOMIN Aqua Days in Austria. This year, the typically busy schedule included a series of conference sessions focusing on the key topics effecting today’s aquaculture industry, an overview of the BIOMIN’s R&D activities; as well as on-site tours of the BIOMIN Research Center in Tulln.

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#1

MOVING AWAY FROM FISHMEAL TO INGREDIENT-BASED DIETS

re farmed fish weaker than in the past? - That’s the question Dr Alessio Bonaldo, Associate Professor in the Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences at the University of Bologna, asked delegates attending the 2016 Biomin Aqua Days held in late August in Austria.

His answer was “Yes, for two main reasons.

“First, less fishmeal and fish oil in diets and second the intensification of aquaculture have led to weakened immune systems.

“Part of the solution involves meeting the nutritional requirements of farmed species.

“Functional feeds can be good tools to increase the health and performance of your fish,” he explained.

He also highlighted the benefits of nutritional solutions.

“Used carefully and correctly, in the end it’s better to use functional feeds—even if the cost is higher,” he said.

Nutritional focus

“Shrimp feed formulation is moving from an ingredient- to a nutrient-based approach,” remarked Dr Alberto Nunes, Associate Professor at Labomar, the Institute of Marine Sciences of the Federal University of Ceará in Brazil.

He went on to note the advances in supplementation, formulation and understanding of nutritional requirements made in recent years.

“It is possible to completely replace fishmeal in shrimp feeds, provided that you have correct supplementation,” he added.

And producers have adapted to these developments.

“In many countries, farmers no longer care about the fishmeal content of shrimp feeds,” he stated.

“Rather, farmers want to see performance in the pond.”

Carina Schieder, Product Manager Phytogenics at Biomin says, “Supplementation with phytogenic feed additives has been shown time and again to offer consistent performance improvement in fish and shrimp.”

Pond management

Good quality feeds, though beneficial, are not without some drawbacks.

“Only 30-35 percent of nutrients in feed are retained in animals.

As a result, around 70 percent of those nutrients remain in the pond,” says Anwar Hasan, Technical Manager Aquaculture.

“In combination with excreta and organic matter, undesirable pond conditions can quickly develop. Poor water quality increases stress and susceptibility of shrimp to pathogens,” he added.

Bioremediation strategies can stabilise pond sediment and improve farm profitability.

Pathogen control

The use of Biotronic® Top3, an organic acid-based feed additive, can support animal health.

“When aquafeeds are treated with Biotronic® Top3, animals tend to be more resistant to pathogens—which means lower mortality and higher growth performance,” stated Dr Antonia Tacconi, Product Manager Acidifiers at Biomin.

“These results stem from better feed hygiene and a direct antimicrobial effect that reduces the bacterial load in the gastrointestinal tract,” she explained.

18 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 19

Stories from

#2

MYCOTOXIN LEVELS PUT FARMED SPECIES AT RISK

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by Rui A. Gonçalves, Scientist at BIOMIN

he negative effect of mycotoxins in aquatic species has been highlighted in recent publications.

Mycotoxins can cause adverse effects in several aquatic species and these effects vary greatly depending on a variety of factors including nutritional and health status prior to exposure, dose and duration of exposure, age and species.

Nonetheless, the important question that remains to be answered: which species can the real-life mycotoxin levels in aquafeeds affect? Comparing results of the BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey with known sensitivity levels of farmed fish and shrimp reveals that numerous species are at risk in terms of impaired health or lower performance—undermining the industry’s profitability.

Mycotoxin occurrence

Over a period of one year, 41 samples of finish aquaculture feed, both shrimp and fish, were analysed within the scope of the annual BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey program. The samples were sourced in Asia (31 samples) and Europe (10 samples). In all, 154 individual analyses have been conducted. The samples were tested for aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins and ochratoxin A.

Deoxynivalenol

Directly comparing literature values with contamination levels found in the survey (Figure 1), we can observe that several species can be affected by DON in real aquaculture production scenarios. In European samples, an average value of 165 ppb (parts per billion) and maximum of 282 ppb of DON was detected and in Asian samples an average value of 161 ppb and maximum of 431 ppb of DON was found. These values are within the

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FEATURE

BALANCE IS EVERYTHING!

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sensitivity level of rainbow trout, pacific white shrimp, carp and red tilapia production.

Aflatoxins

Aflatoxins were the most common mycotoxin found in the survey for Asia. Aflatoxins have been considerably investigated in farmed fish and crustaceans’ species due to the toxicity of AFB1. The contamination values of aflatoxins found for Europe were negligible (0.43 ppb); however, the values found for Asia (average = 52 ppb and maximum of 221 ppb) can impact several rearing species (Figure 2). These aflatoxin levels could spell trouble for rainbow trout, European seabass, Nile tilapia, rohu, yellow catfish and white leg and black tiger shrimps, amongst many others. While the aflatoxin contamination appears restricted to Asian samples, the global trade in raw materials and aquaculture feeds could potentially export the occurrence of mycotoxins to other regions.

High bonding power & inactivation of pathogens/toxins in the intestinal lumen Prebiotic effects on the microflora in the intestine

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International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 21 Produktanzeige Biolex 90 x 270 International Aquafeed 06/16.indd 1

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Figure 1. Surveyed mycotoxins values for DON and affected species

Figure 4. Mycotoxins co-occurrence for European samples

BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey - Over a period of one year, 41 samples of finish aquaculture feed, both shrimp and fish, were analysed within the scope of the annual BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey program. The samples were sourced in Asia (31 samples) and Europe (10 samples). In all, 154 individual analyses have been conducted. The samples were tested for aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins and ochratoxin A. Figure 2. Surveyed mycotoxins values for AF and affected species

Figure 3. Surveyed mycotoxins values for FUM and affected species

Figure 5. Mycotoxins co-occurrence for Asian samples

Fumonisins

poor storage conditions or even an unusually high raw material contamination. This highlights the need for regular mycotoxin monitoring of raw materials and finished feeds, as mycotoxins are also produced during storage conditions.

Fumonisin B1 has not been extensively studied in aquaculture species; however the few studies available indicate that shrimp and fish can be sensitive to fumonisins in feed. Comparing literature sensitive levels for aquaculture species and the contamination values found in the survey, we observe that some species can be affected by fumonisins, including white leg shrimp and rainbow trout (Figure 3). The contamination levels reported are again sufficient to harm several aquaculture species, assuming single mycotoxin contamination.

In the case of Europe, the values found are alarmingly dangerous. The prevalence of this mycotoxin in Europe was relatively low (30 percent). However, it was detected at high levels (average value of 3,420 ppb; maximum value of 7,534 ppb). At this level, fumonisins represent a serious risk for aquaculture production in Europe.

Despite the values found in Asia being much lower than in Europe, they are within the sensitive level of one the most important Asian species, the white leg shrimp. Still, regarding the FB1 detected for Europe, we would assume that this extremely high value could be seen as an exception that can be explained by

Compound problems

With such comparisons, we are only considering a single mycotoxin’s effect. It is important to note that there are many different mycotoxins, and in many cases their simultaneous presence in feed is known to amplify the negative effects in animal—referred to as a synergistic effect. This matters because multiple kinds of mycotoxins are generally found together.

According to the BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey data, mycotoxin co-occurrence for Europe was 50 percent and 84 percent for Asia (Figures 4 and 5).

This essentially means that the sensitivity levels cited in this article are probably lower in practice, potentially meaning risk for even greater numbers of species and more harm for already affected species. Farmers would do well to regularly test feed materials for mycotoxins and use a proven mycotoxin risk management solution in order to maintain health and profitability.

22 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

Better digestion for better feed efficiency Add the power of Phytogenics to your diet: • A unique blend of herbs, essential oils and functional flavors • Proven in science and practice • Tailored to the animal’s needs

digestarom.biomin.net Naturally ahead International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 23

Stories from

#3

A FACTORY SUPPORTING GUT HEALTH MANAGEMENT Aquaculture production faces the challenge of having to achieve higher levels of productivity while delivering highquality products that meet world demands.

Digestive functionality correlates with farm profits

The transformation of feed into biomass gain is a process that starts in the digestive system of the animal.

As such, the health status of the animal and its digestive functionality correlate directly with farm profits. The aquatic environment is rich in microorganisms, with both hosts and microorganisms sharing the same ecosystem.

Surrounding bacteria are continuously ingested either with the feed or when the host is drinking, causing a natural interaction

between the microbiota of the ambient environment and the gut environment. If the bacterial challenge exceeds a certain level, the health of the animal is in danger, as the animal alone cannot defend itself sufficiently.

The optimum growth performance in livestock production is constantly endangered by bacteria, which cause high-energy losses and negatively impact the growth of the animal, says Biomin in a recent press breifing.

A sustainable alternative

With antibiotic growth promoters banned due to their hazardous effects on human health and the environment, acidifiers offer a safe, ecologically friendly and sustainable alternative for

24 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

achieving high levels of aquaculture productivity.

BiotronicÂŽ acidifier products target both feed and the gastrointestinal tract.

Organic acids tend to dissociate and release protons, reducing the pH value of the environment and buffer capacity. Reducing the pH value of feed discourages the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria.

In addition, low pH animal feed complements a lower gastric pH, activating pepsin and pancreatic enzymes, and supporting the chelation of minerals.

The bactericidal effect of undissociated organic acids is strengthened as the penetration of the bacterial cell wall disrupts the metabolism of Gram negative bacteria.

There is today a greater understanding of the importance of intestinal microbiota in fish compared with a decade or more ago.

Floral health is a new concept, which underlines the importance of the microbiota to the intestinal health and performance of aquatic species.

As a result, there is increasing evidence that the complex microbial ecology of the intestinal tract provides both nutritional benefits and protection against pathogens, and this is vital in modulating interactions with the environment and the development of beneficial immune responses.

Biomin says its AquaStarÂŽ product line can also support gut health of fish and shrimp, thereby improving gut health and consequently performance and efficiency in production.

International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 25

FEATURE

ANGUILLA JAPONICA Progress review on the artificial glass eel production and the nutritional research for Japanese eel, Anguilla Japonica

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apanese eels, or Anguilla japonica, are members of the Anguillidae family with 19 species of freshwater eel that are all in genus Anguilla.

They are mainly distributed in Taiwan, China, Japan and Korea. Japanese eel are catadromous fish, which means that they have a specific life cycle and don’t spend their whole lives in fresh water. Mature eels migrate thousands of kilometres from inland water bodies to seawaters for breeding purposes.

Within this long migration period they don’t stop, normally don’t eat and sometimes crawl over land at night to get to the ocean. After breeding the parents then sacrifice their lives, the egg hatch at sea and the larvae that are named “leptocephali” are migrated by the currents to more shallow waters. Then the larvae metamorphose into translucent elvers that are also known as glass eel (Figure 1).

Glass eels migrate in schools to the freshwater, estuarine habitats, lakes or rivers. For a long period of their life cycle, from juvenile to the growing stage, these fish stay in fresh water and complete their development. The Japanese eel has an elongated body that is cylindrical with small scales, plaincoloured and neither marbled nor mottled (Figure 2). Being an actual carnivore, it basically feeds on small fish, insects and also crustaceans (Arai, 2016). However, additional research is still required about the biology and life cycle of Japanese eel.

Considering the high price and market demand, the Japanese eel is one of the most valuable fish species in East Asia.

Unfortunately, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), the Japanese eel is classified as “Endangered” and is in the red list

(Jacoby & Gollock 2014).

So what is the main reason for this? One of the causes of this is over exploitation as the glass eel are often caught and traded because of their high price, while predictable seasonal migrations make them easy to catch. In addition, water pollution can negatively impact migration sites, development of elvers and the abundance of food for young eel.

Infectious disease has also been a reason for the current decline of Japanese eel population (van Ginneken & Maes 2005).

Therefore, special attention is required to the conservation and rehabilitation of these species.

Production of Japanese eel

Aquaculture can drastically help the Japanese eel situation by conserving the genetic information, reducing the pressure of fisheries on natural resources and meeting the demand of market.

This is while less success was observed in the artificial breeding of Japanese eel, thus recruiting elvers are intensively captured for use in aquaculture. During the recent decades, the aquaculture of Japanese eel has developed rapidly and has become a vigorous industry in China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia and Taiwan (Figure 3).

Aquaculture is now having the highest share of eel production compared to wild catch. As for Korea, the total value of Japanese eel production rose from US$22 million in 1990s to US$192 million in 2014 (FAO, 2014). But this is still based on capture of glass eels as well as relying on wild populations. For sustainable aquaculture, development of the artificial glass eel production system seems to be vital.

Studies on Artificial reproduction of eel started from 1960s; after a series of failures, Yamamoto and Yamauchi (1974) were the first ones to obtain larvae from eggs using hormone injection of the broodstock. After that, Yamauchi et al. (1976) had the chance to rear newly hatched eels for two weeks. A few years later, in 2000 the Japanese were successful in producing the first glass eel in the world. Nowadays, in Japan, thousands of glass eel are being produced annually. Although, the production cost is well above hundreds of dollars per individual glass eel (Tsukamoto 2014).

In Korea, the National Research Foundation (NRF) approved the first national project on artificial breeding of A. japonica in 2002. This research was carried out by Feeds and Foods Nutrition Research Center (FFNRC) as the prior research institute at

26 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

by Ali Hamidoghli and Sungchul C Bai, Department of Marine Bio-Materials and Aquaculture/Feeds and Foods Nutrition Research Center, Pukyong National University, South Korea and Seunghan Leea, Dae-Jung Kim, Aquaculture Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, South Korea

Nutritional research for Japanese eel

Japanese eel is a carnivorous fish that requires higher amounts of protein than herbivorous and omnivorous fish. It was reported that young Japanese eel require approximately 45 percent dietary protein when using a purified casein-based diet. The protein requirement of Japanese eel is even relatively higher than other carnivorous fish such as rainbow trout. In a deprivation study of essential amino acids for Japanese eels it was shown that this fish requires all ten of them. The requirement as percentage of dry diet for arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine are 1.7, 0.8, 1.5, 2.0, 2.0, 1.2, 2.2, 1.5, 0.4 and 1.5, respectively (NRC 2011).

The amount and type of lipids in the diet are very important for carnivorous fish, because they can poorly utilise carbohydrates as an energy source and mostly rely on lipids.

A mixture of maize oil and cod-liver oil at a 2:1 ratio was considered to be the best mixture for higher growth of juvenile Japanese eel using purified casein-gelatin diets.

It was also reported that the P:E ratio was 24.1 mg protein/

kJ for Japanese eel (Arai et al. 1971). Essential fatty acid requirements of Japanese eel seem to be partly similar to rainbow trout and common carp. Takeuchi et al. (1980), reported that both linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) and α-linoleic acid (18:3n-3) were essential for eel nutrition, based on diets containing methyl esters of fatty acids.

Optimum levels of lipids in the diet can positively influence protein utilisation in fish. The results of a recent study, by FFNRC, indicated that optimum dietary arachidonic acid (ARA)

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Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea. In 2003, FFNRC successfully produced fertilised eggs from artificially matured male and female broodstock Japanese eel. This research continued and resulted in successful hatching of Japanese glass eels in 2012.

The national institute of fisheries science (NIFS) in South Korea, artificially produced 100,000 F2 larvae in 2015 (Myeong et al 2016). Consequently, a few hundred glass eel production may be possible from these larvae by the end of 2016 (personal communication with Kim 2016). As a matter of fact, management of eel reproduction in captivity is complicated. So far the research has shown that A. japonica does not eat in the spawning area while migrating to the Ocean (Chow et al. 2010).

Also in hatcheries, after transferring the broodstock to saltwater before induction of maturation, they stop eating.

Hence, in eel artificial reproduction, all nutritional requirements of broodstock have to be met prior to spawning and the quality and quantity of produced eel embryos and larvae depends largely on how the adult fish were fed (Heinsbroek et al 2013).

This highlights the fact that the nutrition of Japanese eel has a great importance in the successful breeding program.

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Left: Figure 1 - Juvinile Glass eel (Anguilla japonica) Below: Figure 2 - Mature eel (Anguilla japonica)

choline, inositol, ascorbic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid and α-tocopherol.

Insufficient amounts of these vitamins in Japanese eel diet may cause several abnormalities and disease; with vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, AA) is one of the most essential micronutrients required to maintain normal physiological processes of aquatic animals level could be greater than 0.71 percent but less than 0.92 percent in female broodstock eel. Results also suggested that dietary ARA (Dabrowski, 2001).

In the experiment conducted by FFNRC, the optimum dietary could be one of the essential fatty acids for Japanese eel (Shahkar AA was determined between 410.8 and 911.8 mg AA kg-1 diet et al. 2016). for male broodstock Japanese eel by broken-line regression Due to the limited ability of Japanese eel for utilization of analysis (Shahkar et al. 2015). In another research by FFNRC, dietary carbohydrates, not much research has been conducted vitamin E, DL-α-tocopheryl acetate (TA), requirement for male in this area. But reports indicated that gelatinized starch can broodstock Japanese eel was determined between 199.7 and be digested to a high extent (about 78 -98%) in Japanese eel, 212.9 mg TA kg-1 of feed (Shahkar et al, unpublished data). This when they are used 20–60 percent in the diet. This shows the is while the amount of this vitamin for juvenile Japanese eel was importance of extruded feeds for eel, as extruders gelatinise determined between 21.2 mg kg_1 and 21.6 mg kg_1 diet (Bae et starch by applying high temperature and pressure throughout the al. 2012). process.

Mineral supplementation is also required in fish feed, although Vitamins are organic compounds that are required for normal growth, reproduction and health of fish. They are divided into two fish are able to derive some certain minerals from water. main groups including water-soluble and fat-soluble. Japanese eel Skeletal deformities, decreased growth, loss of appetite and high mortalities are the result of mineral deficiencies in fish. Thus, requires 11 water-soluble vitamins including thiamine, riboflavin, mineral supplementation can improve growth and survival rate. pantothenic acid, niacin, biotin, folic acid, cyanocobalamin, The percentage of mineral requirement of Japanese eels was reported to be 0.27 percent, Figure 3: Glass eel production and price (Fish Food Times, 2015) 0.3 percent, 0.04 percent and 170 mg of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and iron per kg of feed, respectively. The phosphorus requirement of Japanese eel is relatively low compared with other fish (Webster and Lim 2002).

There are still many research gaps in artificial breeding and nutritional requirements of Japanese eel that need to be rectified. Production of healthy glass eels with lower price and less mortalities is strictly required for the further development of eel aquaculture industry. To achieve this goal, superior knowledge on nutritional requirements of Japanese eel in different stages of life cycle seems to be indispensable.

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International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 29

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Reliable Rotifers

Rotifers are firmly established as the preferred feed for larvae of many aquacultured fish and crustaceans, because rotifers are the only live zooplankton that can be reliably cultured in mass quantities, thanks to the application of culture protocols developed by the aquaculture industry in recent years.

R

by Eric Henry PhD, Research Scientist, Reed Mariculture Inc.

otifers are a distinct group of small aquatic animals with about 1500 known species, found in fresh or salt water, either planktonic or attached to surfaces. They both swim and feed by the beating of cilia arranged in a “corona” encircling the mouth. The beating pattern of these cilia creates the illusion that the corona rotates like a wheel, inspiring the name of the group.

The rotifers used in aquaculture are almost invariably saltwater strains of the genus Brachionus, most often called B. plicatilis (the larger, “L-type”) or B. rotundiformis (the smaller, “S-type”).

In recent years molecular genetic analyses have revealed that aquacultured Brachionus include an array of genetically distinct isolates, including some that should not be lumped into either of these species.

Nevertheless, it is a useful generalisation that “L-types” are larger (typically a maximum lorica length ca. 250-350 µm) with a temperature optimum of around 26 °C, whereas “S-types” are smaller (typically a maximum lorica length ca. 100-200 µm) with a temperature optimum around 32-35 °C. These Brachionus strains possess certain attributes that make them particularly suitable as live feeds in aquaculture: • They are not truly marine organisms, instead they occur in estuarine and inland saline habitats, and consequently tolerate a wide range of salinities. They can live for several days in fresh water, and remain reproductively active in salinities as low as 5 psu, but can also be easily cultured at seawater salinity, remaining reproductive up to 45 psu. So the same rotifers can be used for freshwater or marine larviculture.

• In the domesticated strains used in aquaculture, rotifer cultures normally consist exclusively of females that reproduce by parthenogenesis, whereby females produce young asexually.

Asexual eggs hatch as juvenile females that develop directly into reproductive adults, with no larval stages that slow

development (in contrast to Artemia and copepods). This is one reason why rotifers can double their numbers in less than a day.

• Despite their small size and very simple body plan, rotifers possess a unique chewing organ (the mastax) that enables them to mechanically disrupt food particles such as toughwalled algae cells. Rotifer cultures can therefore be fed effectively with a variety of feeds, including diets that contain “enrichment” components (omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, vitamins, etc.) that are taken up by the rotifers to provide optimal nutrition for fish and shellfish larvae.

• Rotifers can be routinely cultured at very high densities, as high as 5-10 million/L. In part this is made possible by their tolerance of vigorous aeration—contrary to the common misconception that strong aeration can strip the eggs from the females. Even if this could happen, it has been demonstrated many times that eggs removed from the females develop normally.

• *Because they tolerate a wide range of conditions (temperature, pH, salinity, oxygen concentration — they even grow in sewage treatment plants!), Brachionus cultures are robust, and with due care are not subject to unexplained crashes.

Optimised production protocols

Effective and economical rotifer production is now routine practice in many hatcheries, thanks to the development of production protocols designed to provide optimal growth conditions for rotifers while making hatchery operations simpler, easier, and more economical. Such protocols are based on these fundamental factors:

Stability promotes rotifer health and consistently high productivity

All fluctuations in culture conditions (temperature, pH, feed dosing, harvest rate, etc.) should be minimized. To this end, “continuous” culture provides a significant advantage over “batch” culture.

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of culture operations and so minimizing the opportunities for costly mistakes.

• There is no interruption of production while a new culture grows to harvest density.

• Labor inputs are reduced because culture tanks do not require frequent sanitizing and re-inoculation.

Intensive cultures save space and water — “Small is beautiful”

“Intensive,” high-density (3 –10 million rotifers per liter) cultures require smaller culture volumes and so less space in hatcheries. They are more readily enclosed, allowing better control of culture conditions and exclusion of contaminants. They require less water, and more concentrated rotifers are easier to harvest. * High-density cultures are only possible using high-quality, high-density feeds with much higher biomass concentrations than can be provided by live algae cultures. Liquid algae concentrates such as Reed Mariculture’s RotiGrow feeds provide high and consistent feed concentrations and enable precise, automated feed dosing to the culture by metering pump.

Grow-out enrichment vs. supplemental enrichment — No more “Too much, too late”

Batch cultures are grown to a maximum target density and harvested completely. The culture tank is then cleaned, sanitized, and a new culture is started. With “continuous” cultures, once the culture reaches the target density only a fraction (typically 20–50 percent) is harvested, and this harvest can be repeated every day, indefinitely. Continuous culture offers several advantages: • Rotifers are most productive under stable conditions. The consistent feeding and harvest regimes that prevail in continuous culture promote rotifer health, supporting high productivity and nutritional quality.

• The rotifers have a younger age distribution, due to the high daily harvest rate. Younger rotifers feed more actively, are more fecund, and are more vigorous swimmers.

• Once daily harvesting begins, the culture requires the same feeding and harvest every day, simplifying the management

The nutritional value of rotifers depends on what they are fed.

In conventional practice, a batch culture may be grown to harvest density using a low-cost, yeast-based feed of low nutritional value, and then switched to a high lipid content “enrichment” feed a few hours before harvesting.

This “gut loading” strategy fills the digestive tracts of the rotifers with the lipid-rich feed, to be delivered to the larvae when the rotifers are consumed.

However, the extreme lipid content of conventional enrichment feeds is stressful to the rotifers, harming their health and motility.

Lipid emulsions foul rotifers, requiring them to undergo a washing procedure before feeding to larvae. Harvesting on screens, washing procedures, and temperature shocks when enriched rotifers are “cold banked” before feeding to larvae can cause the rotifers to eject their gut contents (and enrichment) before they are fed to larvae.

A more effective enrichment strategy is to grow the rotifer culture on a more moderate enrichment feed, so that the entire

Left: The Mastax. The yellow oval surrounds the mastax of Brachionus plicatilis.

All rotifers possess a mastax, a chewing organ with teeth that are hardened with chitin, enabling them to crush ingested particles such as cells of algae or yeast that have a tough cell wall.

Right: Anatomy of Brachionus plicatilis The Corona of beating cilia creates water currents that allow the rotifer to swim and feed on particles. The Foot is tipped with adhesive glands that enable the rotifer to attach to surfaces, although negligible numbers of rotifers in a dense culture are attached.

The Corona and Foot can be retracted into the Lorica, a semi- rigid integument covering the body. Asexual eggs are carried externally by the female and they become a Developing Embryo, which within a few hours hatches as a juvenile rotifer that immediately begins feeding and growing.

International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 31

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Grow-out feeds with PUFA enrichment - RotiGrow feeds produce rotifers with superior nutritional profiles, and can often support excellent larval growth without additional enrichment steps.

Compact Culture System - Reed Mariculture’s CCS is high-density rotifer culture system with a small footprint. Minimal daily maintenance is required to produce in excess of 15 million rotifers/day.

body of the rotifer is enriched. The rotifers are not stressed, so they show good motility. They require no washing, and can be fed directly into the larval tank, eliminating the labor of harvesting and washing, and avoiding shocks that cause ejection of the gut contents.

Rotifers enriched during grow-out retain their enrichment in the larval tank and can deliver more enrichment to the larvae. If the levels of “grow-out” enrichment are below desired levels, a less extreme (less stressful, less fouling) supplemental enrichment is then sufficient.

Reed Mariculture has developed algae-based RotiGrow® liquid concentrate enrichment feeds for both rotifer grow-out and supplemental enrichment. Intact, whole algal cells ensure that rotifers receive the maximum nutritional benefit from our exceptional feeds, which in turn provides maximum nourishment to larvae. Our feeds also produce clean rotifers that ordinarily do not require washing, so they can be fed directly into the larval tank by automated pumps, avoiding stress to the rotifers, greatly reducing labor inputs, and allowing continuous feeding of larvae.

Cysts remain dormant and do not quickly generate more rotifers, drastically limiting culture productivity.

By contrast, highly-productive domesticated strains suitable for commercial aquaculture reproduce only asexually under normal culture conditions. Asexual eggs hatch while still attached to the swimming female, and additional eggs are often produced before the first egg can hatch. Females may be seen carrying multiple asexual eggs, all of which hatch within a few hours of being produced, ensuring very rapid growth of the culture.

How do I start a rotifers culture, and how many do I need?

It all depends on how patient you are. Because they can reproduce asexually, in principle you can start with a single rotifer! Knowing that they can double every day, you can use one of the online compound interest calculators to predict how long it will take to generate the desired rotifer population from a given starting population. Most hatcheries will want to start with at least a few million rotifers, since their requirements may be as great as billions per day.

Possible sources of rotifer cultures are academic institutions, other hatcheries, or aquaculture feed suppliers. Consideration must be given to the characteristics of the rotifer strain (size, temperature requirements, culture performance) and biosecurity—are the rotifers free of contaminating organisms such as ciliates, and is the production facility free of pathogen vectors? Reed Mariculture Inc. routinely supplies orders of up to two billion rotifers, produced in a biosecure facility free of pathogen vectors.

It is possible to start Brachionus cultures from cysts (resting eggs). But unfortunately, commercially available cysts are derived from strains that are prone to sexual reproduction and consequent cyst formation, displacing production of asexual eggs.

Contaminating organisms

Rotifer cultures easily become invaded by protozoa from their surroundings; most conspicuous are large ciliates such as Euplotes and Vorticella. Fortunately, only very rarely do protozoa appear to cause any harm to rotifers. In healthy, well-managed rotifer cultures the protozoa usually remain at low levels. Their proliferation is generally a sign that the rotifers are under stress, or especially that the feed is not being assimilated efficiently by the rotifers.

Feeds such as yeast and dry particulates that rapidly leach nutrients are easily exploited by protozoa; as well as bacteria that protozoa feed upon. Oil emulsions are prone to stick to surfaces, making them unavailable to rotifers while feeding bacteria and protozoa. Feeding with algae strongly favors rotifers, and Nannochloropsis has even been shown to suppress Euplotes.

Getting started with the Compact Culture System

It is now possible for rotifer culturists to trial new culture protocols at a small scale using Reed Mariculture’s Compact Culture System. The CCS combines a conveniently-sized five-gallon (~20 L) bucket with a custom-made fitting that incorporates an aerator and a particulate waste trap.

Using only hand feeding two times per day with RotiGrow feeds, a rotifer density of one million/L can be achieved, and use of a feed pump to dose feed hourly allows densities in excess of three million/L. At a fill level of 14 L and a conservative harvest rate of 35 percent/day the CCS can provide 15 million rotifers/day.

With the adoption of optimized protocols, mass production of rotifers for larviculture is no longer a daunting prospect. Reed Mariculture has been serving aquaculture customers for over 20 years, providing rotifers, rotifer feeds, and technical support to aquaculture facilities in over 80 countries. www.reedmariculture.com

32 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

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WORLDWIDE CALENDAR 2016 - 2018 VIV ASIA 2017

MARCH 15 - 17, BANGKOK, THAILAND

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FEBRUARY, U. A. E.

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JUNE 20 - 22, UTRECHT, THE NETHERLANDS

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MAY 23-25, MOSCOW, RUSSIA*

*May 23: invitation only

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by Tom Wedegaertner Cotton Incorporated

E

very year, 11 million metric tons (mmt) of protein are produced as a byproduct of worldwide cotton production. This is an equivalent amount of protein to 16 mmt of fish meal. Unfortunately, this massive protein resource is underutilised due to the presence of a toxin which almost totally restricts feeding of cottonseed protein to

ruminant species.

Cotton, like many other plants, has evolved a chemical defense mechanism that greatly reduces predation by a wide variety of animals and insects. Cotton contains the anti-nutritional factor “gossypol,” which is a cumulative toxin that is toxic to most animals, when consumed over an extended period of time.

There is a renewed interest in cottonseed protein due to a recent biotechnology breakthrough that offers promise that gossypol can be genetically eliminated from the seed.

This biotechnology derived “proof of concept” will eventually eliminate gossypol as a concern when using cottonseed protein in animal feeds. It will also allow widespread use of ultra-low gossypol cottonseed (ULGCS) in aquaculture feeds, where it is a highly digestible protein, widely available and cost effective. As a bonus, cottonseed protein appears to contain a feeding stimulant for several aquaculture species.

Highly variable processing conditions

In the meantime, cottonseed products that currently are available to the feed trade can be used in aquaculture feeds as long as strict usage guidelines are followed. The biggest issues when studying the literature on this subject are the highly variable processing conditions and product composition of cottonseed protein products used by the researchers, as well as their failure to not only accurately characterise the cottonseed product used in their research, but also to accurately analyse and report the compositional values for gossypol, iron and lysine.

The single biggest factor limiting the use of cottonseed protein in animal feeds is the presence of gossypol; however, the level of iron and lysine in the diet also has a direct effect on gossypol toxicity and animal performance. These two compounds are two of the favorites of gossypol for irreversible chemical bonding.

The bonding of gossypol to lysine reduces lysine availability.

Gossypol binding to iron reduces toxicity, but also offers astute nutritionists the opportunity to double the usage of cottonseed protein in the diet without experiencing reduced performance.

For example, typical CSM might contain .07 percent gossypol (10 pounds per ton). By adding iron at a 1:1 weight ratio to gossypol, the tolerance for many animal species can be doubled.

An animal that can be safely fed a diet containing 100 ppm gossypol can consume a diet with 200 ppm gossypol when iron is added to the diet. Ferrous sulfate is the preferred form of iron for

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this purpose, but keep in mind that its iron content is variable and it may contain only 20 percent iron. In this case, it will take 50 pounds of this compound to deliver 10 pounds per ton of CSM at a 1:1 ratio of iron to gossypol.

Extreme variability in the toxicity of gossypol

Gossypol is the first concern of aquaculture nutritionists when considering cottonseed products as a protein source. Extreme variability in toxicity to gossypol exists among aquaculture species. Toxicity trials with aquatic species utilizing CSM of known gossypol levels or purified gossypol acetic acid (GAA) have been reported. Based on multiple research trials, one concludes that the major farmed-fish species (catfish, tilapia, trout), especially adults, are moderately tolerant to gossypol.

Shrimp also are very tolerant due to the absence of iron as an oxygen-carrying molecule in shrimp blood. As mentioned previously, the binding of gossypol with hemoglobin iron is the primary mechanism of gossypol toxicity. As gossypol accumulates in the blood of an animal over time the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is diminished and fluid accumulates in the thoracic cavity, making it that much more difficult for the animal to thrive. Additional stress and age exacerbate this toxic process.

Fowler (1980) found that salmon could tolerate between 22 percent and 34 percent of their diets as CSM without adverse effects (gossypol levels not reported). In trout, particularly juveniles, research by Lee et al. (2001) demonstrated that up to 15 percent CSM could be included in the diet without detrimental effects.

CSM is digested relatively well by both fish and crustaceans.

However, CSM is reported to be less digestible by several aquatic

species than is soybean meal (SBM) with a few exceptions. Red Drum and Palmetto “Wiper” Hybrid Bass appear to digest CSM better than SBM. Processing conditions at cottonseed oil mills are highly variable, having a direct impact on product quality.

If extreme heat is applied in an effort to bind gossypol, protein quality also can be damaged. It is very important to have a gossypol analysis conducted by a competent laboratory before using CSM in an aquaculture feed.

Total amino acids apparent availability coefficients typically are lower for CSM than SBM, averaging 74.4 percent versus 82.2 percent for channel catfish (Wilson et al. 1981) and 78.4 percent versus 95.7 percent for Australian Silver Perch (Allan et al. 2000), respectively. Lysine availability is severely deficient in CSM (60.4 percent-84.9 percent) as compared to SBM (85 percent-96.7 percent) based on perch, catfish, rockfish and trout research. Lysine binding to gossypol renders it unavailable to the animal.

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Therefore, synthetic lysine or combinations of animal and vegetable protein sources typically are used to compensate for CSM’s lower lysine availability in aquatic diets. Although methionine availability (72.5 percent-89.9 percent) is higher than lysine availability (60.4 percent-84.9 percent) in CSM, some fish research reports infer that sulfur amino acid deficiency may have been responsible for lower growth performance of CSM diets.

Incorporating CSM into aquatic animal feeds

Amounts of CSM that can be incorporated into aquatic animal feeds (without reducing growth performance) depend on the following factors: * Gossypol and protein content of the cottonseed product * Animal’s tolerance to gossypol (related to species, age and level of stress) * Amino acid composition of the other feed ingredients * Relative cost compared with other protein sources plus the cost of synthetic lysine * Aquatic animal growth performance response due to CSM relative to other protein sources For catfish, growth performance trials indicate that CSM inclusion rates as high as 25 percent total diet basis (50 percent SBM protein replacement) without synthetic lysine addition generally does not compromise catfish growth or feed efficiency.

With the addition of synthetic lysine, up to 50 percent total diet (100 percent of the SBM protein replacement) will not negatively affect performance.

However, typical catfish diets contain only around 15 percent CSM. This is mainly due to the low protein and high fiber levels of the available CSM that is primarily produced for use in cattle feeds. CSM suppliers should be encouraged to produce products better suited for use in aquaculture feeds.

For tilapia, growth performance comparisons were more frequently reported in the literature with CSM versus fishmeal (FM) than CSM versus SBM. As compared to FM, CSM plus synthetic lysine cannot totally replace FM without compromising growth or feed efficiency.

However, several trials reported that up to 50 percent of the FM in the diet could be replaced by CSM plus lysine without compromising growth performance of tilapia. It appears that both catfish and tilapia can tolerate moderately high levels of gossypol without experiencing reduced growth or feed efficiency.

Researchers therefore have concluded that a deficiency of essential amino acids in addition to lysine are the basis for reduced tilapia growth performance when greater than 25 percent CSM is included in tilapia diets. More than likely, methionine and other sulfur amino acids are deficient, especially whenever CSM replaces FM in the diet. Soybean meal is widely available, but is not a perfect protein source for aquatic diets because it can contain trypsin inhibitor, lipoxygenase, urease and possibly other anti-nutritional factors.

Also, some mammals and aquatic species may have allergic reactions to soy proteins and most aquatic species find soy to be less palatable than cottonseed protein products.

Fowler (1980) found that salmon can tolerate between 22 percent and 34 percent of their diets as CSM without adverse effects (gossypol levels not reported). In trout, particularly juveniles, research by Lee et al. (2001) demonstrated that up to 15 percent CSM could be included in the diet without detrimental effects. For shrimp diets, there appears to be a species-specific CSM level for optimal growth performance.

The range of CSM in shrimp diets reported by several researchers appears to fall somewhere between 5 percent and 20 percent (total diet basis).

Table 1: Fish meal and Cottonseed Meal Amino Acid Comparison Amino Acids Lysine

Fish Meal

Cotton Meal

CSM as a % of FM

8.7

4.9

56% 76%

Threonine

4.6

3.5

Methionine

3.1

1.6

52%

Cystine

0.9

1.9

268%

Trythphan

1.3

1.5

115%

Valine

5.5

4.8

87%

Isoleucine

4.7

3.5

75%

Leucine

8.1

6.3

78%

Arginine

6.3

12.4

197%

Phenylalanine

4.4

5.9

134%

Tryosine

3.6

3.4

94%

Histidine

2.6

3

115%

Serine

4.4

4.6

104%

Alanine

6.8

4.2

62%

Aspartic Acid

10

9.6

96%

Glutamic Acid

14.13

20.5

145%

Glycine

6.6

4.4

67%

Proline

4.3

4

93%

Table 2: Gossypol Tolerances - Varous Animals Animals

Maximum Dietary Gossypol (ppm) Safe levels reported in literature

Pigs

100

Chickens

100

Channel Catfish Tilapia Rainbow Trout White Shrimp

600-900 700-1600 250-500 1100

The naturally occurring mutant cotton variety

“Glandless” is a naturally occurring mutant cotton variety that does not contain gossypol. The GMO version of ULGCS is in the R&D pipeline and will become widely available in a few years. There are only a few fish growth performance or toxicity trials where glandless or ULGCS cottonseed products, such as protein flour, protein concentrate, glandless kernels (full-fat) or glandless meal, were compared to regular glanded CSM or to other oilseeds, such as soy or nut meals.

Three feeding trials recently were conducted (Alam et. al. 2016) to evaluate various low-gossypol cottonseed flour products as a replacement for FM in the diet of black sea bass and southern flounder.

The researchers concluded that FM protein can be completely (100 percent) replaced by glandless in the diet of juvenile black sea bass, while 75 percent may be replaced by glandless and GMO cottonseed flour in southern flounder without a reduction of fish performance.

In addition, various low gossypol cottonseed protein products containing gossypol levels in the range of 100 ppm to 200 ppm recently have been evaluated in diets fed to shrimp, pompano, hybrid striped bass, flounder and trout. Almost without exception cottonseed protein has successfully replaced most or all of the FM in the diet.

The replacement of marine proteins with plant proteins, especially a low gossypol cottonseed protein product, produced as a byproduct of cotton production, dramatically improves the sustainability of aquaculture while helping to expand the production of high quality seafood to feed a burgeoning population. www.cottoninc.com/fiber/AgriculturalDisciplines/Cottonseed/

36 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

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DUBAI WORLD TRADE CENTRE

*Source: United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)

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FEATURE

BEANS AND AQUACULTURE a partnership for more sustainable foods systems

I

Dr Pietro Iannetta, Agroecologist do not usually start articles with personal notes.

However, I do like breaking from the constraints of protocol. I do this as I think it may be worthwhile to share what directs and motivates scientists such as I, those who study agricultural ecology which is to examine the relationships between the exploitation of natural (and unnatural) resources for food.

For example, this week I have listened to Sir David Attenborough’s Scars of Evolution (BBC, Radio 4), a fascinating exploration of two conflicting theories of human evolution as being from either that of aquatic ape, as opposed to the earlier savanna based theory.

Until recently, the savanna hypothesis had largely been accepted with significant ramifications upon the relative importance Western society places on meat as a protein source, as opposed to that obtained from the marine food chain. Yet, the evidence now seems irrefutable that evolution of the humans, or more correctly their defining feature, their brain, was dependent upon essential fatty acids and nutrients that can only be sourced in the marine food chain. And evidence from modern day nutrition studies show that the same essential fatty acids and nutrients still help maintain good human brain function. Yet, just this week a friend, seemingly intelligent argued that “we have evolved to eat meat, not vegetables”. In response, I shared my opinion on his version of reality (results not shown here), and I share this short conversation as just one personal and recent example which highlights the societal challenge: the cultural stereotyping of diet reinforced my popular dogma.

So, we face global food systems which have become preoccupied with intensive meat production, and its associated nutrient use inefficiencies and devastating negative environmental impacts. This preoccupation is underpinned by our dependency on man-made inorganic nitrogenous fertiliser which is exploited to cultivate the feed-crops for intensive meat production (See ‘Livestock’s Long Shadow,’ 2006).

The polarisation of our food production systems seems inextricably linked to the polarisation of diets with additional negative impacts on well-being and the associated costs of impaired health. This cascade of dependencies, upon meat

production plus the nitrogen fertiliser and the non-renewable energy (fossil fuels) required to manufacture that fertiliser, is not sustainable, or sensible. Even if it were possible to manufacture nitrogen fertiliser from renewable energy sources, say wind power, this would still not encourage natural chemical cycling in-field.

Evidence has shown that legume-dependant organic production in rain fed agricultural systems on near-pH neutral soils is only 5 percent less productive than conventional intensive production (Seufert et al., 2012). This success is achieved despite the use of crop varieties bred for high inorganic fertiliser (and pesticide) inputs. Such data has the power to influence a step-change towards more-sustainable legume-based food production systems, which encourage natural chemical cycling.

However, here again I must digress since I have used the work legume, and it has also become clear to me that many members of the public are unaware of legumes. For example, consider that most people have some appreciation that a balanced meal might consist of a plate on which rests three main food types - protein, vegetables and carbohydrates.

However, the source of the nitrogen (fertiliser) to produce all three is rarely considered. Further, it is not taught that this essential nitrogen could be provided naturally via a process called biological nitrogen fixation. This process exists in terrestrial and aquatic systems and is the means by which legumes may convert inert atmospheric nitrogen into biologically accessible forms, ammonia initially and so to proteins.

The use of Faba beans for farmed salmon production

So, with this foundation established I shall return to my original objective which is to share the findings of the £2.6 million Innovate UK-Industry funded project “Beans4feeds”, which ended in early 2016. The project's formal title, “Development of protein-rich and starch-rich fractions from faba beans for salmon and terrestrial animal production,” respectively, disguises its largely commercial aim.

This was to encourage the production of home grown legumes in the form of faba- or field-beans (Vicia faba L.), for farmed salmon production. Faba bean kernels, beans with

38 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

WHOLE FABA BEANS (100%)

Dehulling KERNELLS 80% of whole bean

HULLS 18% of whole bean Milling & Air Classification

Protein Concentrate 20% of whole bean (11:1, protein; starch)

Starch Concentrate 60% of whole bean (1:3, protein; starch)

SALMON

PIGS & POULTRY

RUMINANTS

FIGURE 1: Whole faba bean classsification

their skins removed, may be ground to a meal, which has been used successfully in farmed salmon feeds for more than 20 years. Furthermore, the bean inclusion rate could be doubled were it possible to isolate the kernel protein from its starch component.

Demand is high for farmed salmon feed in the UK with 200,000 tonnes used every year, and as they have been bred to have an excellent feed conversion ratio of 1.25, or 0.8 kg of fish produced for every kg fed. Thus, 160,000 tonnes of fish are produced annually with a fish-farm gate value of £600m and this represents Scotland’s second largest export - since most of the UKs farmed salmon production units are based there.

Air Classification

The beans4feeds approach centred on a technology called Air Classification. Here an air cyclone is use to separate the milled bean kernel flour into lighter protein bodies as an upper fraction from heavier starch granules in the lower fraction. The resultant products are bean protein and starch concentrates, respectively.

The former was trialled for salmon production, and the latter as a pig and poultry feed.

Bean protein concentrate as a fish feed

The project results showed that air classified protein concentrate used salmon feed with inclusion rates of up to 20 percent presented no disease challenges, there were no obvious effects of bean anti-nutritionals, and feeding and growth was equal or faster than fish fed conventionally - and whether fish were raised as juveniles (in freshwater), or mature fish (in salt water).

Fish fed bean protein concentrate also showed normal yields, with good colour and no ‘gaping’, which is separation of the muscle blocks. Fillets from bean concentrate fed fish also appeared 15-20 percent firmer, and this is expected to help extend shelf life.

UsingBean starch concentrate as a fish feed

Results were obtained for the starch concentrate fed to pigs and poultry, and soya could be completely replaced by beans in feeds

for these animals. However, this process was certainly not plain sailing, and key technical and commercial challenges still remain for successful commercialisation of the approach.

Then there is the Lack of UK processing capability. Bean dehullers, millers and air classification facilities are not common, co-localised or co-owned so centralising processing would improve commercial efficiency. Also, a commercial scale air (or wet) protein-starch classification plant for beans remains to be established in the UK. The bean starch concentrate is also too expensive. Generally, animal feeds must be in inexpensive, and the air classified starch concentrate is too expensive at, and estimated as approximately £300/tonne, at current bean qualities and processing efficiency.

This is a serious short-coming as the starch concentrate is the bulk of the by-product, 80 percent of the material or 60 percent of the whole bean. That is, high volume users are required for the co-product.

Possible commercial solutions

Higher protein beans. As the protein content of individual beans increases the minimum costs of the starch concentrate decreases. Therefore, breeding beans for higher protein content increases the commercial efficacy of air classification, and the James Hutton institute has identified key germplasm with protein levels of almost 40 percent protein. These are now being used to develop a high protein specifically for air classification.

Develop higher value products from the bean starch concentrate, and hulls: the use of the air classified starch for making healthy breads, ales and for distilling has been trailed successfully in collaboration with Barney’s Beer (Edinburgh), Prof. Graeme Walker (Abertay University, Dundee), and Arbikie Distillery (Manger, Kirsty Black).

Also, these brewing and distilling approaches are now being extended to the use of whole beans: removing the starch from milled whole beans by fermentation and production of high value beer and neutral spirits is proving successful, with high protein co-products currently being assessed for exploitation as an aquaculture feed.

International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 39

FEATURE

UK PRODUCTION FACILITY TO PRODUCE NEW ‘PROTEIN SAMPLES’ FOR FISHFEEDS

“

FARMED FISH WILL PROVIDE TWO-THIRDS OF THE FISH WE CONSUME BY 2030 – WORLD BANK

C

"

alysta, the company developing and introducing a new protein source based on single-cell organisms - a bacterium called methylococcus – and destined for inclusion in fishfeeds, has built a ‘market introduction facility’ in Teesside, England, with production beginning in this last quarter of 2016.

At an opening ceremony prior to the start of Aquaculture Europe 2016 being held in Edinburgh in the same week in September, the company said this facility will enable it to provide commercially-representative samples to customers for testing from early 2017.

Additionally, Calysta will be pursuing feed trials in warm water aquaculture species and product registration in jurisdictions outside the European Union.

The company also announced earlier this year a partnership with Cargill Corn Milling with an investment estimated at US$30 million, for production of the FeedKind Aqua protein in North America and marketing worldwide. A world scale plant is

expected to open in the United States by 2018.

Cargill’s involvement dramatically accelerates the introduction of commercial production of FeedKind Aqua protein and next generation products are in active development.

FeedKind Aqua protein can be customized to suit customer specifications.

Current modifications being pursued include elevating the levels of individual amino acids, incorporating omega-3 fatty acids and optimizing the amino acid profile for species-specific dietary requirements.

FeedKind Aqua protein has proven gastrointestinal benefits to salmon, including the prevention of soy-induced enteritis. The company is also researching potential anti-viral and anti-parasite effects conferred by this new protein product.

Using methanotrophs as a replacement protein source dates back some 20 years when a Danish company called BioProtein developed a stable production process for singlecell protein production. Statoil, the Norwegian oil and gas giant bought into the product and process and pursued its potential for inclusion in fishfeeds before selling the technology in 2014 to Calysta, which

40 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

FEATURE

“BY 2050 THE GLOBAL POPULATION IS EXPECTED TO RISE FROM 7.4 BILLION TODAY TO 9.6 BILLION AND REQUIRE 70 PERCENT MORE PROTEIN THAN IS CURRENTLY AVAILABLE"

has been further refining it since then.

Critically, both the EU and Norway had approved the use of Methylococcus-based organisms and the process using them in fishfeeds during the product's early development.

However, the USA is still to complete its approval of the product. The company is aiming to have that approval soon and aims to build facilities in the US by 2018.

Dr Alan Shaw is Calysta President and CEO with its global headquarters in Menio Park, California. He says, “The opening of this plant represents the end of a decade of development and heralds a new era in the race to sustainably feed the world’s growing population.

“By 2050 the global population is expected to rise from 7.4

billion today to 9.6 billion and require 70 percent more protein than is currently available.

“Calysta can help meet this need by supplying the aquaculture industry with a naturally produced, sustainable and traceable feed alternative to replace conventional ingredients based on fishmeal and soya. Calysta’s proprietary technology enables retailers and consumers to have increased confidence in the integrity of their food.

“Our first focus is the salmon farming industry and we were very pleased to welcome representatives from a number of key producers. FeedKind protein has been shown to improve growth rates, nitrogen retention and gut health in Atlantic salmon.”

Anna Turley, the UK Member of Parliament for Redcar,

•

VISITANTES

D • S U S TA N

International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 41

FEATURE

officially opened the facility adjacent to the Centre for Process Innovation (CPI). She was joined by Dr Shaw and Nigel Perry, CEO of CPI. The plant is supported by a conditional Exceptional Regional Growth Fund (EGRF) award and represents a total potential investment of UK£30 million. When completed, the facility is expected to provide employment for 35 to 40 people.

“It was an honour to open Calysta’s market introduction facility today,” says Ms Turley MP. “As well as generating investment and employment in Teesside, this facility puts the UK at the forefront of the race to address the world’s growing protein demand with novel technologies. I am really pleased that Calysta have chosen to base their biotech project here and look forward to seeing the facility develop further.”

The official opening at the Wilton Centre was followed by a conference hosted by Calysta to discuss the increasing worldwide demand for fish protein, traceability and sustainability.

Representatives from Marine Harvest, Sainsbury’s and Rabobank took part in a panel discussion at the event.

Based in Menlo Park, California and established in 2011, Calysta brings together experts in biotechnology and product innovation to focus on commercialising disruptive, sustainable technologies.

In February 2016 Calysta announced US$30 million in Series C funding including an investment from Cargill. To date, the company has raised approximately US$50 million.

Calysta, Inc of Menlo Park in California is an innovator in sustainable products. Calysta Nutrition develops and commercialises fish and livestock nutritional products improving food security worldwide.

CEO Shaw says the goal isn’t to replace conventional fish feed but to provide alternative sources of protein to supplement the fast-growing market.

While FeedKind requires no agricultural land, fertilisers or pesticides and little water – and has a ready feedstock of easilycultured methylococcus bacteria - its one drawback is its reliance on methane which has been partly overcome with the recent developments of the fracking industry in the US. The company is, however, aiming to rapidly scale production once a US plant is in operation and estimates production the first year at 15,000 tonnes with a target of 200,000 tonnes by 2020. www.calysta.com Table 1: Histopathology Scoring of Shrimp Treatment

EMS Grading1

Sampling Status

Control (no EMS)

6

G0

Survivors

EMS Control

7

G2

Moribund

EMS + Calibrin-Z

8

G0

Survivors

Grading system based upon severity of EMS from G0 (not detected) to G4 (severe infection). Survivors were assumed to have healthy status - U of Arizona

1

A REPLACEMENT PROTEIN AND ITS CARBON FOOTPRINT FeedKind Aqua protein is a sustainable, cost-competitive alternative to fishmeal.

On the EU catalogue of feed materials, it is a single cell protein approved for use in all aquaculture species.

FeedKind Aqua protein is produced via natural fermentation with non-GM organisms and contains 71 percent crude protein with an amino acid composition superior to vegetal sources. Ten percent crude fat content consisting primarily of short-chain, saturated fatty acids contributes to fish fillets with a firm texture.

Replacing fishmeal with FeedKind Aqua protein improves nitrogen retention and increases growth rates in Atlantic Salmon.

It is a protein source that is traceable

Shrimp Number

from production to the plate, has a shelf life of over one year and is produced to high standards of production – ensuring consistency of composition batch-to-batch and yearto-year.

Additionally, FeedKind Aqua protein has a sustainability profile not found in other ingredients: • No animal-based ingredients or additives • No mercury content • Production is independent of weather, climate variability and fishing regulations • It does not compete with the human food chain • There is no agricultural land use and minimal water is required

Calysta has sponsored an impartial analysis and report by the Carbon Trust ‘Assessment of Environmental Impact of FeedKind Protein' to look at carbon, water and land use of the new process.

It should be noted that FeedKind protein is not currently in commercial production, says the report.

“This product footprint is based on data from a decommissioned facility that had a production capacity of approximately 10,000 tonnes per annum. The location for the new facility is assumed to be Mobile, Alabama, USA for the purposes of this study.

“Commercial production is expected to begin in 2018, with an expected production rate of at least 20,000 tonnes per annum,” it adds.

42 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

Industry Events

International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 43

PHOTOSHOOT THE BIG PICTURE - INDIA

Shrimp culture pond photo with aerators in Mahabubnagar district of Telangana state, India.

Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp culture started very recently in freshwater by acclimating the shrimp seed from low (2ppm) to zero salinity and got good yield.

SHRIMP Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a particular species and how its feed is managed.

46 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

2

3

Germany

4

India

South East Asia

1

Penaeus vannamei The exotic white-leg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei are usually found in tropical marine habitats where water temperatures remain above 20°C throughout the year. Adults live and spawn in the open ocean, while postlarvae migrate inshore to spend their juvenile, adolescent and sub-adult stages in coastal estuaries, lagoons or mangrove areas. Males become mature from 20 g and females from 28 g onwards and can grow to lengths of approximately 22 cm

International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 47

2

SHRIMP FEED

T

AQUA FEEDS

REDUCING MARINE FEEDSTUFF IN AQUACULTURE

by Gaëlle Husser, Product Manager AQUAVI® Met-Met, Evonik Nutrition & Care

he proportion of fishmeal in salmon feed has been drastically reduced over recent years—with a positive impact on wild fish stocks and the environment. Evonik has made a significant contribution to this development with its DL-Methionine for AquacultureTM product, an amino acidbalancing aqua feed supplement. Now this same concept of reducing fishmeal and protein in feed can also be applied to shrimp feed thanks to Met-Met, the dipeptide of DL-methionine.

Shrimp are different

Amino acids dissolve in water. This fact may not sound particularly exciting, yet it has far-reaching consequences. In the past, this precise property was a major feed roadblock. In shrimp aquaculture around the world, it made it difficult to develop innovative feeding concepts—plant-based protein sources supplemented with free amino acids such as DL-methionine or comparable products, why? Because shrimp eat relatively slowly.

As bottom-feeders, they take about half an hour to nibble their way through a two-millimeter-wide feed pellet. For water-soluble feed components such as DL-methionine, that is a very long time.

It means that a portion of the amino acids gets washed out of the pellet along with water-soluble minerals and vitamins; and the shrimp lose out.

Timing is everything

The crustacean’s digestive system is another obstacle to be overcome when it comes to the optimal conversion of supplemented DL-methionine in protein synthesis. The shrimp reabsorb the amino acids quite quickly, while at the same time other amino acids from feed components such as soy meal are not yet available to them.

This is because shrimp, unlike fish, do not possess a stomach containing hydrochloric acid. In fish, hydrochloric acid facilitates digestion by denaturalizing proteins and breaking them down into short-chain protein building blocks and amino acids.

Shrimp, in contrast, produce enzymes in their hepatopancreas, which break up the proteins into short-chain peptides and amino acids—a process which takes time. As a result, amino acid supplements in feed, such as DL-methionine and amino acids from protein sources contained in the feed, are made available for digestion by the shrimp at different points in time. This means the animals cannot efficiently convert their feed, excreting it back out as nitrogen-containing waste products.

This is the fate of all amino acids in all organisms if the amino acid spectrum in the feed is not precisely tailored to the organism’s specific requirements—whether too many amino acids are added or too few are contained in the natural feed components. If one single amino acid is missing, the animal is unable to make use of the existing amino acids for protein synthesis, bringing growth to a standstill.

48 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

Transfer the salmon success story to shrimp Current salmon diet (2014)

Traditional salmon diet (2007)

Future salmon diet (medium term) Fishmeal

Other

Fishmeal

35%

Other

15%

40% 74% 25%

Fishmeal

Other

5%

Fish oil

10%

Fish oil 5% 5%

84%

Amino acids > 1% Omega-3 oil from algae > 5%

Amino acids < 1% Fish oil

The salmon industry will finally become a net fish producer: of methionine: covering amino acids with a suitable coating, Particularly in aquaculture, this sets in motion a downward out < 1 them in a matrix or using chemical derivatisation. spiraling process: The additional nitrogen burden leads fish to in : fishembedding Evonik closely investigated all three options, yet it became clear eutrophication in bodies of water, promotes algal growth and (today: net fish consumer!) that neither coating nor the matrix could withstand the rough offers the perfect breeding ground for germs. These can make mechanical and physical conditions of food pelleting and extrusion. animals sick, thereby decreasing their ability to convert the feed.

With the given framework conditions—acceptable production When feed conversion declines, even more nitrogen compounds costs, low water-solubility and high bioavailability thanks to are emitted into the water. a retarded-release function—more than 30 different chemical methionine derivatives were selected. Chemists synthesized each A burden on marine resources of them and carried out large numbers of in-vitro studies. Using To achieve the desired growth, fish farmers in more enzymes isolated from the hepatopancreas of the Pacific white conventional shrimp aquaculture respond to these issues by shrimp and black tiger shrimp, they tested the effectiveness of the feeding their animals a protein-rich diet. In this type of feeding derivatives as a methionine source for shrimp. concept, one kilogram of shrimp requires around 1.6 kilograms of feed. In such conventional diets for fish and crustaceans, the protein and fat components in the feed are made up of fishmeal AQUAVI®Met-Met for sustainability and fish oil. Today, some three quarters of all the world’s fishmeal Evonik chemists eventually hit the bull’s eye: Met-Met is the production is used for aquaculture. This creates a huge burden on name of the now-patented solution which has been launched on marine resources, even though the original goal of aquaculture the market this summer under the name AQUAVI®Met-Met. The was to relieve them. dipeptide of DL-methionine, Met-Met is just barely water-soluble For this reason, modern feeding concepts aim to cover part and does not get washed out of the feed as quickly. In fact it is of the protein requirement with plant-based ingredients such as eight times less water soluble than DL-methionine. rapeseed or soymeal. But these components have their limits: It consists of four distinct molecules called isomers. The The amino acid profile of plants does not meet the needs of enzymes in the crustacean’s gut are able to cleave all four animals—it is typically lacking in lysine, methionine or threonine. isomers, yet at different speeds, resulting in a sustained release of This amino acid is the first-limiting one for the growth of fish and methionine. crustaceans is species-dependent.

To produce Met-Met, Evonik had to develop a completely new synthesis process, one which is conducted entirely without solvents in aqueous solutions and in closed loops. The product Added amino acids is manufactured in Antwerp (Belgium) in direct vicinity to their A more sustainable solution involves replacing large amounts existing methionine production facility and then shipped from of fish meal with plant protein sources and complementing the the port of Antwerp to the main markets in Asia and Central and feed with the amino acids methionine, lysine and threonine— South America. Due to its modular design, depending on the species in question. Since the plant is capable to respond quickly to 2005, Evonik has been intensively market demand. focusing on the topic of aquaculture—in Feeding trials carried out in close cooperation with universities and collaboration with universities proved that the world’s top salmon producers in with only about half the active ingredients, Norway. the use of AQUAVI®Met-Met in shrimp Together, they have been investigating achieves the same weight gain in the the pressing questions in the field. Their animal. This results in lower feed bills, and unwavering focus is on the animal: What room is left over in the pellets for further are the animal’s precise needs in each important substances. growth phase and how can its diet be Most importantly, however, the aqua made as sustainable as possible? One farmer can be sure that the methionine thing is clear: The price of fish feed contained in the feed is fully absorbed and cannot go up. In light of the world’s converted by the shrimp. This lowers nitrogen growing population, fish must remain an emissions in the water from washed-out or affordable commodity. unused methionine in shrimp excretions, thereby contributing to the prevention of Towards a solution eutrophication; an important step towards Three methods exist for changing more sustainable aquaculture. the water-solubility and bioavailability June 21, 2016 | R&D Press Briefing | How we turn salmon, shrimp, and other marine animals into vegetarians

International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 49

Page 4

3

STATUS & PROSPECTS

A

SHRIMP AQUACULTURE IN INDIA Dr B. Laxmappa, Ph.D, Department of Fisheries, Telangana, India,

quaculture in India has evolved as a viable commercial farming practice from the level of traditionally backyard activity over the last three decades with considerable diversification in terms of species and systems, and has been showing an impressive annual growth rate of 6-7 percent. India is also an important country that produces fish through aquaculture in the world.

Presently, the country ranks second in the world in total fish production with an annual fish production of about nine million metric tonnes. As the second largest country in aquaculture production, the share of brackish-water sector includes culture of shrimp varieties mainly, the native giant tiger prawn, Penaeus

Table 1: State-wise Tiger Shrimp production in India from 2010-11 to 2014-15 State 2010-11 West Bengal 40725 Orissa 7520 Andhra Pradesh 49030 Tamil Nadu & 4020 Pondicherry Kerala 8075 Karnataka 2090 Goa 320 Maharashtra 1120 Gujarat 5675 Total 118575 Source: MPEDA, Kochi

2011-12 45999 10901 51081

2012-13 52581 14096 25948

2013-14 53049 11075 2883

12097

17220

916

73

8138 609 51 1721 4869 135466

5175 180 48 2010 6045 123303

3360 56 14 1083 4362 76798

3643 498 16 177 2185 73155

monodon and exotic white-leg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei.

Present status Brackish water aquaculture in India is restricted to shrimp farming utilizing semi-intensive culture practices mainly with giant tiger prawn at stocking densities of 0.1–0.3 million/ha. With the provision of a high protein diet, water exchange, aeration and improved health management, production levels of 4–6 tonnes/ha have been demonstrated in a production period of 4–5 months.

However, the presence of white spot syndrome during 1994– 1995 drastically reduced prawn-farming activity in the late 1990s.

The adoption of a more cautious approach including moderate stocking densities and good management practices has helped in the revival of the sector and in sustaining shrimp production of the country. Furthermore, with the recent introduction of P. vannamei, the shrimp culture is again regaining its glory of export earner at large.

2014-15 53526 10075 2962

50 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

Brackish water aquaculture in India is concentrated around the giant tiger prawn (P. monodon) as the single most important species. Recently, the culture of exotic, white-leg shrimp, P. vannamei, however, has attracted the farmers’ attention because of its fast growth, low incidence of native diseases, availability of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) domesticated strains and culture feasibility in wide salinity range.

With the production levels of 10–12 tonnes/ha/crop of 3-4 months duration the production of this species has reached to a level of 353,413 tonnes during 2014–15.

Brackish water aquaculture is mainly concentrated on the coasts of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa and West Bengal in India.

With regards to the market, while the main areas of consumption for freshwater fish are in West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and northeastern India. Cultured brackish water shrimps are destined mainly for export.

Among the coastal states, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh was the largest producer of P. monodon and P. vannamei shrimp

respectively in the country during the year 2014-15. Today P. vannamei is the largest cultured shrimp in terms of production and productivity in India. Andhra Pradesh tops in area under culture and production followed by Tamil Nadu way behind (Table: 1 & 2). The commercial farming of tiger shrimp declined gradually and vennamei shrimp started increasing significantly from the year 2010-11. (Table: 3).

With the development of shrimp culture practice from traditional form to modern intensive culture practice, the complexity of diseases has been equally magnified in India. The frequent outbreaks of diseases such as White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), Black Gill Disease (BGD), Running Mortality Syndrome (RMS), Loose Shell Syndrome (LSS), White Faecal Syndrome (WFS), White Muscle Disease (WMD) and Infectious Hypodermal and Haematopoietic Necrosis (IHHN) in shrimps, causes economic loss to the aquaculture industry.

Farmers are losing 15-25 percent of their investment due to these diseases in every crop in the season. The shrimp

Table 2: State-wise Pacific white Shrimp production in India from 2010-11 to 2014-15 State 2010-11 2011-12 West Bengal Orissa Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu & Pondicherry Kerala Karnataka Goa Maharashtra Gujarat Total

2012-13

2013-14

2014-15

0

0

0

479

395

0 16913 109 0 0 0 508 717 18247

100 75385 2863 0 232 0 941 1195 80717

436 133135 8595 0 484 15 1503 3348 147516

2907 11866 210639 276077 26281 32688 0 11 517 623 67 88 3291 4901 6326 26763 250507 353413 Source: MPEDA, Kochi

Table 3: Total shrimp production in India from 2010-11 to 2014-15 Species

Year-wise production (MT)

Common name Scientific name 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon 118575 135466 123303 76798 73155 Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei 18247 80717 147516 250507 353413 Total 136822 216183 138059 327305 426568 Source: MPEDA, Kochi

International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 51

aquaculture industry has experienced severe setbacks due to devastating viral diseases. L. vannamei is an exotic species and culturing both in freshwater and saline waters in the country. The viral outbreaks are minimal in low saline waters compared to the high saline waters with the best management practices.

Phenomenal increase in production

In India, a number of development schemes were initiated by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Government of India; including setting up of Brackish water Fish Farmers Development Agencies (BFDA) in the maritime states for the development of shrimp farming.

This paved the way for the establishment of a number of shrimp hatcheries and farms in the coastal states in the early nineties.

India witnessed a phenomenal increase in the area under shrimp farming which occurred between 1990â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1994, and the growth rate was phenomenal till 1995. In fact, farmed shrimp production increased from 28,000 tonnes in 1988-89 to 426568 tonnes in 2014-15.

In 2014-15 about 3.53 lakh tonnes of Vannamei shrimp and

73,155 MT of Black Tiger shrimp was produced. Exports of marine products reached an all-time high of USD 5511.12 million. Marine product exports crossed all previous records in quantity, rupee value and USD terms. The overall export of shrimp during 2014-15 was to the tune of 357,505 tonne worth US$ 3,709.76 million. Vannamei shrimp contributed to lead the shrimp exports.

Guided farming

In India, a major shift in Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s policy on shrimp took place with the introduction of an exotic species of shrimp, viz, P. vannamei. The pilot-scale introduction of P. vannamei initiated in 2003 came after a risk analysis study and a large-scale introduction has been permitted in 2009. The introduction of P. vannamei in India occurred under controlled conditions with a clear procedure laid down by the government.

Initially, two companies, Sarat Seafood and BMR Hatcheries, were given permission to import broodstock from approved countries and conduct trials in a restricted environment.

52 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

P. monodon in aqua farms in all maritime states. Marine Produce The Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture and Export Development Authority (MPEDA) is providing price National Bureau for Fish Genetic Resources conducted the risk related market information of Vannamei shrimp and BT shrimp to analysis for the introduction of P. vannamei in India. Following farmers over SMS on a missed call to a predetermined number. the risk analysis studies, the government decided to have a largeOn receipt of the missed call, information on price of Vannamei scale introduction of commercial use of P. vannamei in 2009. P. shrimp and BT shrimp for different grades in major markets like vannamei importation and cultivation guidelines were prepared Japan, USA and EU are provided by SMS (Farmers can dial +91 by the Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries.

8590 100800 for getting price information on Vannamei shrimp and Coastal Aquaculture Authority (CAA), of the Government of call +91 8590 200800 for getting price information on BT shrimp).

India, Chennai is the agency for granting permission to import P. vannamei brood stock and for giving permissions for vannamei culture by farmers.

Prospects To facilitate farmers in getting quality SPF vannamei seed, The developmental support provided by the Indian Government the Government of India set up a quarantine center at Chennai through a network of Brackishwater Fish Farmers’ Development and all vannamei brood stock is allowed to enter India after the Agencies and the research and development programmes of the consignment is cleared at this quarantine center at Chennai.

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) have been the riculture, Inc. | 2016CAA Hatchery Campaign | Theme: All-in-One principal Rotifervehicles Feedsfor Adthis | Design: A | development.

Version: 2 Currently, has givenAd permissions to farmers for farming revolutionary vannamei in 22,715 hectares and allowed 135 hatcheries for In addition, additional support was also provided by various t: International Aquafeed Product Showcase | Size: Half Page | Dimensions: 190mm X 132mm importing vannamei broodstock for production and supply of state governments, host of organizations and agencies like the quality SPF vannamei seed to farmers.

MPEDA, National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB), Shrimp price Information over SMS by a missed call: India financial institutions etc. mainly produces L.vannamei (LV) and Black Tiger (BT) shrimp References available on request.

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International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 53

4

EMS IN SHRIMP

R

AQUA FEEDS

DECREASING THE MORTALITY IN EARLY MORTALITY SYNDROME

by Dr Ron Cravens and Dr San “Chris” Ching, Amlan

esearch shows Calibrin products decrease the effects of biotoxins.

For example biotoxins produced by Clostridium perfringens that are the cause of necrotic enteritis in poultry.

Similarly, Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) in shrimp is caused by biotoxins from Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Therefore, research was conducted to determine if Calibrin products would decrease the effects of this disease. Studies done in Thailand and the University of Arizona in the USA showed Calibrin products reduced mortality of shrimp challenged with V. parahaemolyticus or the toxins it produces.

Rapid move across SE Asia

The devastating disease soon to be known as Early Mortality Syndrome was first seen by Chinese shrimp producers in 2009.

It rapidly moved to Vietnam, Malaysia and Thailand and in 2013 was first reported across the ocean in Mexico.

The name Early Mortality Syndrome is very descriptive as its symptom is a high percentage of dead shrimp before 30 days of age.

In 2013, a team of researchers at the University of Arizona found that the cause of EMS was the bacteria V. parahaemolyticus. Soon researchers in Thailand isolated, and researchers in Taiwan purified, biotoxins from V parahaemolyticus which are responsible for the damage to

the hepatopancreas of the shrimp, causing the high levels of mortality.

Research shows Calibrin products decrease the effects of biotoxins. An example would be biotoxins produced from Clostridium perfringens, the cause of necrotic enteritis in poultry.

Therefore, when it was resolved that EMS in shrimp was caused by biotoxins from V parahaemolyticus it was anticipated that Calibrin products might be able to help decrease the effects of this disease that was devastating the shrimp industry around the world.

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of Calibrin products on challenged shrimp.

In vitro / in vivo Toxin Binding – Thailand

These studies looked at how Calibrin products would interact directly with the V. parahaemolyticus toxins: ToxA and ToxB. Biotoxin binding and toxicity studies were performed by incubating increasing amounts of Calibrin (0, 31.3, 62.5, 250, and Table 1: Histopathology Scoring of Shrimp Treatment Control (no EMS)

Shrimp Number

EMS Grading1

Sampling Status

6

G0

Survivors

EMS Control

7

G2

Moribund

EMS + Calibrin-Z

8

G0

Survivors

1Grading system based upon severity of EMS from G0 (not detected) to G4 (severe infection). Survivors were assumed to have healthy status University of Arizona

54 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

Figure 1. Gel electrophoresis showing the bands of ToxA and ToxB that cause Early Mortality Syndrome in shrimp. Increasing the Calibrin: toxin decreased the toxin in the supernatant, this is shown by the decreased size of the toxin band. The Calibrin: toxin ratio of 500: 1 fully removed both toxins.

Toxin study - Thailand

500 mg) with 1mg of ToxA and ToxB. The biotoxins were taken from a strain of V. parahaemolyticus known to produce EMS. The mixture of toxin and Calibrin was shaken gently for 30 minutes at room temperature. It was then centrifuged and the supernatant, which would contain the toxin that had not been bound by the Calibrin product, was divided into two portions.

If Calibrin bound the toxin it should no longer be in the supernatant, and thus no longer have toxic effects.

Figure 2. Shrimp mortality decreased as Calibrin: toxin increased when shrimp were injected via reverse gavage with supernatant from Vibrio parahaemolyticus toxins incubated with Calibrin. Results are from an average of two trials, each had 10 shrimp per treatment.

The first part of the supernatant was used in gel electrophoresis (see Figure 1).

Gel electrophoresis shows a heavier band at a specific area when there is more of a substance in the sample. In this case the sample contained the biotoxin remaining after the Calibrin product had a chance to remove it.

The bands indicating ToxA and ToxB get smaller as the amount of Calibrin in the mixture increases, this indicates that adding Calibrin removed the toxin from the supernatant.

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International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 55

"FEEDING CALIBRIN PRODUCTS MAY BE A WAY TO IMPROVE GROWTH IN SHRIMP RAISED IN A REGULAR ENVIRONMENT, OR TO HELP DECREASE THE EFFECTS OF EARLY MORTALITY SYNDROME"

If this is true, injecting the supernatant into shrimp should show decreasing toxicity as the Calibrin: toxin ratio increased.

Therefore, the part of the supernatant that had been set aside was injected into shrimp (2-4g) using a reverse gavage method.

The shrimp were observed until almost 100 percent of the shrimp on the control (using no Calibrin) were dead.

In that time shrimp mortality decreased as Calibrin in the original mixture increased (see Figure 2). Only five percent of the shrimp that had 500mg of Calibrin in the mixture died. These experiments showed that Calibrin can bind ToxA and ToxB from V. parahaemolyticus.

In Vivo Feeding Study â&#x20AC;&#x201C; USA

Figure 4: Adding Calibrin to shrimp diets increased gain in the 14 days of feeding prior to Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge

Figure 5: Percent mortality of shrimp fed diets without or with Calibrin after the Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge at day 14

Calibrin products reduce the effects of biotoxins.

Therefore, feeding experiments were planned with shrimp to see the effects on the biotoxin-caused mortality associated with EMS in shrimp.

In experiments conducted at University of Arizona, shrimp were challenged with live V. parahaemolyticus bacteria to induce EMS. Specific pathogen free (SPF) Litopenaeus vannamei (1g to 2g) were fed typical commercial feed pellets.

There were three treatments in the experiment: 1) unchallenged shrimp fed the control diet; 2) challenged shrimp fed the control diet; and 3) challenged shrimp fed the control diet with Calibrin Shrimp were fed for seven days and then they were challenged with V. parahaemolyticus to induce EMS. This was done by feeding pellets that had been contaminated with the bacteria. In the two experiments, 100 percent of the unchallenged shrimp survived; only five percent of the challenged shrimp not fed Calibrin survived, but survival rate reached 84 peercent when Calibrin was fed to challenged shrimp.

The daily accumulated mortality for the two experiments was

56 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

combined and is shown in Figure 3.

Damage from ToxA and ToxB is done to the digestive organ, the hepatopancreas.

Several shrimp from each treatment had their hepatopancreas examined, and unchallenged shrimp or challenged shrimp fed Calibrin had better EMS scores than shrimp on the challenged control (see Table 1).

More trials

Because of the positive results from previous research, researchers in Thailand conducted two further studies.

This time they looked both at weight gain to 14 days-of-age then they challenged with bacteria and determined the effects on mortality.

White shrimp (3-5g) were put on one of two treatments, either a commercial feed or that feed containing Calibrin.

After a 14-day pre-challenge feeding, the shrimp from each treatment (control or Calibrin) were divided into three replications and challenged to induce EMS by immersion of shrimp into water containing a strain of V. parahaemolyticus known to cause EMS. The control or Calibrin diets were continued after the challenge and mortality was recorded. The study was then repeated for a second time. The second time the shrimp used were obtained from a different location so that the researchers could be sure that the outcome was not affected by the source of the shrimp.

Shrimp fed Calibrin were heavier at day 14 (see Figure 4) than those on the control feed and minimal mortality was seen on either treatment to this age. Then the challenge was conducted and, as expected, mortality increased.

Average mortality after the challenge for the Control birds was 88 percent compared to only 24.5 percent for the shrimp fed Calibrin (see Figure 5).

Improved weight gain

Figure 3. Cumulative number of shrimp that died during the experiments. Shrimp on the challenged Control treatment reached 95% compared to those fed Calibrin, which was only 16%. Day 1 on this chart designates the day of the Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge.

Calibrin products bound Vibrio parahaemolyticus biotoxins, reducing their effect when they were injected into shrimp.

Research in the US and Thailand showed that feeding Calibrin products decreased mortality when shrimp were challenged with V. parahaemolyticus.

Calibrin improved weight gain of shrimp prior to the challenge.

Feeding Calibrin products may be a way to improve growth in shrimp raised in a regular environment, or to help decrease the effects of Early Mortality Syndrome.

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International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 57

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FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

I

SUSTAINABILITY AND INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES In a recent study projecting the global supply and demand of fish and fish products to 2030, Kobayashi et al. (2015) reported that aquaculture in the Middle East and North Africa (MNA) is expected to grow by 76 percent from 2010 to 2030.

by Professor Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed, Head of Oceanography, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt

thought it would be interesting to shed some light on aquaculture in the Middle East (ME), with emphasis on geographical challenges and constraints, as well as potential development opportunities.

I believe such information could be a beacon of light for those investors who are willing to pump investment into the aquaculture industry and supporting industries in the region.

This information may also be useful for producers, researchers, decision makers and various other stakeholders.

I have been engaged in aquaculture development in the Middle East and North Africa for more than three decades, therefore writing an article on the status of aquaculture in the region appears timely.

In addition to the private sector, I have also been an aquaculture consultant with a number of international and regional organizations, including WorldFish, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Arab Organization for Agricultural Development (AOAD).

In order to understand whether aquaculture in the ME really has a future, and can attract investment, it is essential to firstly observe the production trends of both capture fisheries and aquaculture over the past three decades.

Annual capture fish production has been relatively stable, rising from 1.7 to 1.9 million tonnes produced during the past 15 years, with a little room for expansion. During the same period, aquaculture production has skyrocketed from about 0.5 million tonnes to over 1.7 million tonnes.

In 2000, out of a total of 2.2 million tonnes of seafood produced in the Middle East, only 22 percent was from aquaculture. By comparison, in 2013, out of a total of 3.6 million tonnes produced, 48 percent was contributed by aquaculture.

These figures demonstrate that aquaculture currently plays a significant role in food security within the region. Whilst the main aquaculture producers in the region in 2013 were Egypt (64%), Iran (18.8%) and Turkey (13.5%), the major farmed species were tilapia, carps, mullets, salmonids, European seabass, seabream and shrimp.

Notably, fish export and import in the Middle East will further expose the potential role of aquaculture in the region. In 2011, the ME imported 1,859,662 tonnes of seafood and exported only 364,389 tonnes. Therefore, overall production in the region is much lower than consumption, and at 34 percent the deficit is huge. Countries like Egypt, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Israel and The United Arab Emirates (UAE) import substantial amounts of seafood. Once again, the evidence suggests that aquaculture is likely to be the main alternative to fill this gap within the ME. Per capita, consumption of seafood for the Middle East has sharply increased over the past few decades. For example, when excluding the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, the average consumption per capita, is about 10kg per year. When taking these countries into consideration, this value increases to about 14kg per year.

With the exception of a few countries however, aquaculture in the ME is faced with several challenges and constraints primarily including consumer preference for wild-caught rather than farmed seafood because public perception is that wild products are, fresher, tastier, healthier and altogether more natural than farmed ones.

Another constraint on the production of aquaculture within many ME

58 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

Centre: Professor Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed, Head of Oceanography, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt

countries is the lack of capital input being invested into them because of the high risk it poses throughout the whole value chain. There is also a dependency upon the importation of feed ingredients in most ME countries.

Moreover, alongside poor quality seed and feed, limited water resources and limited sites, there is often limited know-how, lack of technical skills, poor research support and an absence of support institutions.

Substantial efforts ought to be made in order to tackle these problems.

Indeed, several initiatives GLOBALG.A.P. have already been launched by AQUACULTURE several ME governments seeking STANDARD aquaculture promotion. Countries VERSION 5 like Saudi Arabia, Oman and UAE NOW ONLINE have recently started injecting huge investments into aquaculture projects, whilst in other countries where financial resources are limited, the door is widely open for investors.

Increasing production, farming technology, generating feed, farming new species, marketing and processing and value addition, are the likely areas for investors to start with.

Governments, on the other hand, need to provide the incentives for such investors by supporting with logistics and implementing research and development legislation that is currently inadequate.

GLOBALG.A.P. COMPOUND FEED The overall conclusion of this MANUFACTURING STANDARD short overview is that, despite facing a number of difficulties, aquaculture in the Middle East Safe Feed - Safe Food would make for a highly sustainable and highly profitable business Check out our website for events happening near you! investment. www.globalgap.org/events

International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 59

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY #2

T

THERMOLICER: SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION FOR SALMON FARMS Scotland’s first Thermolicer will deliver sustainable solution for salmon farms Scottish Sea Farms has invested over UK£4 million in purchasing Scotland’s first innovative Thermolicer machine. This is part of Scottish Sea Farms’ ongoing initiative to deliver a natural solution to control sea lice.

he Thermolicer has arrived in Scotland and trials have been underway in Shetland.

Scottish Sea Farms (SSF) will cooperate with other farmers in Scotland sharing the use and knowledge of using the Thermolicer with them. There is a clear aspiration to reduce the need for medicinal treatments in the fight against the naturally occurring parasite and SSF continue to make investments to achieve this.

Ralph Bickerdike, Scottish Sea Farms Head of Fish Health, commented: “Sea lice is a challenge for all fish farmers in most salmon producing areas. At Scottish Sea Farms we intend to be part of the solution to this challenge. Our work with SAIC and other industry partners in this area has already reaped huge benefits through our work with wrasse and lumpfish – varieties of cleaner fish.

“The Thermolicer is the latest step in developing alternative tools to maintain a sustainable solution to fish health management.”

Heather Jones, CEO of SAIC said: “We are delighted to see this level of innovation and collaboration happening in Scotland. The industry is tackling the biological issues it faces with energy and initiative, and with a strong commitment to sustainable practices. Scottish Sea Farms is leading the way, allowing the learning from deploying this new equipment being trialled to be shared with other operators in Shetland.”

Scott Landsburgh, chief executive of Scottish Salmon Producers’ Organisation said: “Scotland’s salmon farmers have always been at the forefront of new inventions creating technological solutions as needs have evolved. Collaboration and sharing knowledge and skills have been paramount in enhancing fish welfare. It also reinforces our commitment to environmental and industry sustainability - crucial in driving our industry forward. We look forward to hearing the results and seeing how it can integrate with established health management strategies to the benefit of the whole industry.”

The Thermolicer is a machine that uses zero chemicals in the treatment of sea lice. The lice have a low tolerance for changes in temperature and the new machine uses this fact to use water temperatures to eradicate the parasite. It is a simple and environmentally friendly method that goes beyond the traditional treatments.

This is the first Thermolicer to be used in Scotland and is part of Scottish Sea Farms’ continued investment in its infrastructure and development.

60 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

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International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 61

TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

BLUELEG MONITOR WISP-3, ECOWATCH AND SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY BlueLeg Monitor is a world leader in providing products and services in the field of water quality monitoring. The WISP-3 is a hand held instrument for taking measurements in the field. The device gives an instant result and is easy to operate. A measurement captures the optical reflectance of the water. This requires no direct contact with the water.

The EcoWatch is an autonomous monitoring station on a fixed position providing reflectance measurements continuously.

The measurements are transmitted wirelessly and the station is powered by a solar panel and battery.

The final instrument uses satellite imagery to monitor large surface areas. Not only can it identify the total biomass of algae in the water, it can also identify species of algae. The images are acquired from ESA and NASA and are processed in near real-time. www.bluelegmonitor.com

SMITH-ROOTâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S HUMANE FISH HARVESTER The new and innovative Humane Fish Harvester kills commonly farmed fish of all size ranges, while complying with animal welfare requirements and can work in fresh and saltwater (two versions).

Farmed fish are pumped through its series of plastic tubes for instant electrosedation and slaughter.

Based on trials at Scottish trout farms, it sedates and slaughters 6000-10,000 blemish-free fish per hour while meeting the highest standards for humaneness and animal welfare.

In portion-sized fish applications, the system renders fish senseless in less than 1 second and then maintains a stronger field for about 90 seconds, resulting in death. For larger farmed salmonids, a smaller, single treatment protocol is used. Fish are available for exsanguination immediately after stunning and do not recover during bleed-out.

The Humane Fish Harvester has the potential to enhance processing efficiencies, improve fillet quality and prolong shelf life by minimizing pre-slaughter stress on fish. www.smith-root.com

62 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

NWP’S LICESKIRT ‘EXTRA STRONG' Having accumulated more than 30 years of experience in deliveries to the fish farming industry, Norwegian Weather Protection AS currently has the most modern and efficient production apparatus in Scandinavia.

The unique qualities of the new NWP Liceskirt ‘Extra Strong’ result in less downtime and lice penetration. Its features include new pockets for single or double floating foam, a double sling in both ends and stronger fastening slings per 60cm, providing great flexibility and efficient assembly.

The PVC area offers the best durability and tear resistance, with 900g of German fabric that meets the EU’s REACH environmental standard. Its new steel ring per 6m provides easier, safer and quicker mounting alongside environmental drainage in flotation pockets. www.nwphavbruk.com

MARINE MOORING TETHERS Tfl Marine Tethers protects devices and ensures survivability, by reducing peak mooring forces and eliminating shock load damage. This reduced wear and tear enables longer life and reduced lifetime costs. They can also reduce watch circles and reduce seabedscouring damage.

Scalable for data buoys, fish cages, feed barges and floating platforms, Tfl Marine tethers are currently deployed in Galway Bay, on Ireland’s Atlantic coast managing 50kN mooring loads.

Tailored to suit requirements, Orcaflex coupled with Tfl Marine’s modelling tools are used to evaluate requirements for both typical operating environments and extreme survival sea conditions. This evaluation considers site conditions and device attributes which enables the ideal response and best product to be selected. www.tfimarine.com

MICROPHYKOS 150 Microphykos is a leading company developing algae and aquaculture projects. Microphykos 150 is a flat-panel photobioreactor of 150 L capacity able for large culture applications in modular manner. Every Microphykos consists of a flat-panel body made of high quality polymerised methacrylate (PMMA, Plexiglas), highly resistant to direct sun exposure and highly transparent to solar irradiance available for photosynthesis (>92%).

The temperature control of the photobioreactors is done by utilizing the existing air conditioning system of the phytoplankton hall. The PBR may be placed easily on existing sites for culturing phytoplankton using the existing lighting/aeration installation.

It is also possible for each probioreactor to include individually pH-controlled CO2 supply system (MP-C). In standard form it includes electronic controller, high-resistance sensor and solenoid valves. www.microphykos.com

International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 63

Industry Events VietStock 2016: Vietnam’s aquaculture takes the spotlight at Aquaculture 2016

Events listing n 20-23 September 2016 Aquaculture Europe www.easonline.org

n 27-28 September 2016 Humber Seafood Summit www.seafish.org

n 27-28 September 2016 Seagriculture 2016 www.seagriculture.eu

n 27-28 September 2016

Summit 2016 – The Future of Farm Certification www.summit2016.org

n 19-20 October 2016 FIGAP 2016 www.figap.com

n 19-21 October 2016

Vietstock 2016 Expo and Forum www.vietstock.org

n 19-21 October 2016 AquaSG 2016 www.aquasg.com

n 19-21 October 2016

11th Food Proteins Course 2016 www.bridge2food.com

n 08-10 November 2016

The Micronutrient Forum - Mexico www.was.org

n 09-11 November 2016

Taiwan International Fisheries and Seafood Show www.taiwanfishery.com

n 15-18 November 2016 EuroTier http://eurotier.com

n 28 November 2016

Latin American & Caribbean Aquaculture 2016 www.was.org

n 13-15 December 2016 Algae Europe 2016 www.dlg-benelux.com

n 19-22 February 2017

Aquaculture America 2017 www.was.org

n 24-26 May 2017

Livestock Philippines 2017 www.livestockphilippines.com

n 26-30 June 2017

World Aquaculture 2017 www.marevent.com

n 15-18 August 2017 Aqua Nor 2017 www.aqua-nor.no

UBM Asia formally announces the launch of Aquaculture Vietnam 2016 Conference, an international aquaculture conference which will be held in conjunction with VIETSTOCK 2016 Expo & Forum.

With the theme “Sustainable Aquaculture in Practice”, AquacultureVietnam 2016 Conference is hosted by Directorate of Fisheries of Vietnam (DFish), supported by, Vietnam Fisheries Society (VINAFIS), International, Collaborating Centre for Aquaculture and Fisheries Sustainability (ICAFIS), and the UK-based Aquaculture without Frontiers.

Aquaculture Vietnam 2016 is slated on October 20, 2016 at the Conference Hall Level 2 of Saigon Exhibition Convention Centre (SECC) where a series of pertinent and timely discussions will be led by top industry individuals such as Mr Cliff Spencer, chairman of Aquaculture without Frontiers, VINAFIS president Dr Nguyen Viet Thang and Roger Gilbert, chairman of International Aquafeed.

Vietnam ranks fourth in global aquaculture production and among the powerhouse in Asia where the region raked 88.91 percent of the world aquaculture output in 2014.

According to Vietnam Association of Seafood Exporters and Producers, the country’s annual aquaculture exports are valued at US$7 billion to US$8 billion.

But diseases, lack of technology and other issues have somewhat weakened Vietnam’s competitive edge in the global aquaculture trade. Thus, the broad scope of Aquaculture Vietnam 2016 is expected to address this challenge, says Ms Rungphech (Rose) Chitanuwat, Business Director of UBM Asia Manager, adding that “If we look at Vietnam’s long coast and good river systems, Vietnam can achieve more in aquaculture if we know how to take advantage of that strength and to do that, we should update our production technologies as well as our knowledge and Aquaculture Vietnam 2016 conference should be able to provide all of that.”

The economic significance of Vietnam’s aquaculture industry plus its merging with VIETSTOCK 2016 Expo & Forum, which will take place on October 19-21, 2016 at SECC makes Aquaculture Vietnam 2016 Conference truly a worthwhile event.

The conference and exhibition are free of charge for all livestock members. www.vietstock.org

For more industry event information - visit our events register www.aquafeed.co.uk

Post harvest Granos SAC 2016 success in Argentina The event Granos SAC 2016, an international exhibition on post harvest for aquaculture, took place at the Ariston Hotel, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina on September 14-15, 2016.

The organisers report that the two-day event was completed successfully with more than 200 attendees and 10 companies exhibiting their latest technologies in the aquaculture sector.

“We take this opportunity to inform you that on October 19, 2016 we will hold ’A Day of Upgrade in Post-Harvest’ at the Asoción Agro Pecuaria de Dolores in Dolores, Soriano, Uruguay,” Domingo Yanucci, director of Consulgran in Argentina.

64 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

AquaSG’16 Singapore The world´s leading trade fair for animal production

The Asian Aquaculture Network (AAN), with support from the Institute of Aquaculture Singapore and Temasek Polytechnic is pleased to welcome you to this international aquaculture event with the theme: ‘Innovation and Investment in Aquaculture,’ at the School of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore on 19-21 October 2016.

There will also be a two-day pre-conference workshop on October 17-18, 2016.

The event will be an exceptional platform for researchers, investors, farmers, feed manufacturers, nutritionists and environmental agencies from around the world to present their cutting-edge equipment and products, as well as to network and discuss their latest research and new thinking on the advances in aquaculture.

Think Proteins: Think Innovations: Think Bridge2Food Discover Protein Innovation Opportunities at Unique Event: 11th Food Proteins Course 2016: 8-10 November 2016, Amsterdam.

This specialist course: Food Proteins: Properties, Functionalities & Applications will give participants a theoretical and practical overview of 10 vegetable and animal proteins currently available for food applications and provide hands-on information about their properties and functionalities.

Organised by Bridge2Food, it is the only course of its kind in Europe. The combination of theoretical lectures by leading industry professionals from Unilever, Innova, Avebe, Cosucra, DSM, Beneo, Bouwhuis Enthoven, Rousselot, TNO, NIZO and Bridge2Food with practical hands-on experience is unique.

In the Theoretical sessions, learn about protein properties and functionality and the relative importance of proteins in food applications, processing and legislative context.

Understand more about the nutritional and health benefits as well as denaturation, agglomeration, stabilization, emulsification and modification. Focus will be on both animal and vegetable proteins including egg albumin, whey, milk, collagen and gelatin as well as soy, pea, potato, rice, canola, and casein.

The Practical sessions will focus on functional properties and applications. Various protein gels and foods will be combined with different proteins to evaluate and learn about thermodynamic properties, gel colour, strength, flavour and elasticity.

This course is designed for all who are active in the food industry and who want to learn more about the properties, functionalities and applications of a broad range of plantbased and animal-based proteins, and who want to obtain hands-on know-how and know-why.

An excellent protein industry networking opportunity, the 11th Food Proteins Course 2016 will be held at Planetarium Amsterdam conveniently located a short train journey from Schiphol airport and central Amsterdam.

Places are strictly limited so for more information and to register: visit www.bridge2food.com

Fish & More Marketplace for Aquaculture 15 – 18 November 2016 Hanover, Germany Innovations for modern fish farming and water treatment New practical approaches for practical applications at Forum Aquaculture Answers to your questions at the Aquaculture Advisory Centre Get-together for the industry Showcase “Growth in Water” www.eurotier.com/aquaculture Hotline: +49 69 24788-265 E-Mail: expo@DLG.org Organizer

including

Decentral www.DLG.org

Edinburgh International Conference Centre (EICC)

Industry Events

Edinburgh, Scotland 20-23 September, 2016

Aquaculture Europe

Aquaculture Europe 2016 provides plenty of ‘Food for Thought’

Organised by the European Aquaculture society with the cooperation and support of Marine Scotland, part of the Scottish Government, and The Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland AE2016 Gold Sponsor

by Andrew Wilkinson, International Aquafeed Magazine

www.easonline.org

The great and the good of the Aquaculture world descended on the Scottish capital from 20th - 23rd September as the European Aquaculture Society celebrated its 40th birthday.

Attended by 1700 participants from 65 countries, all with a vested interest in the aquaculture industry, the biggest Aquaculture Europe to date was held this year at the Edinburgh International Conference Centre (EICC), Scotland.

The mantra of this year’s conference, “Food for thought” was designed to give those in attendance, “something to think about, something to be seriously considered and something that provides mental stimulation and nourishment.”

It goes without saying that very few in attendance would disagree that the organisers had far exceeded this objective.

Aquaculture Europe 2016, was organised by the European Aquaculture Society with the cooperation and support of Marine Scotland, part of the Scottish Government, and The Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland.

Brought to the Aquaculture world with the very able assistance of ‘Gold Sponsor” Biomar, Aquaculture Europe 2016 presented the latest science to support further development; with industry panels also discussing key opportunities and areas where further sustainable growth in aquaculture should be encouraged.

In recent years, aquacultural production in Europe has plateaued, resulting in overall output remaining more or less constant in volume since 2000. So with

Fernando de Oliveira Roberti Filho from Biorigin

Holger Kühlwein from Leiber Excellent Yeast for Fish

Roger Gilbert from IAF next to Holger Kühlwein of Leiber and Mark Rawling of Plymouth University and Darren Parris of International AquaFeed Shane Hunter with team working hard at EAS in Edinburgh

66 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

Dr Marina Schlieper from MItsui (left) with Ingrid Lupatsch (right) and Darren Parris from International AquaFeed

David Calitri and Ingrid Loiseaux from Calitri Technology

Catharina Nieuwenhuizen from Noba (centre) with Rhiannon White (left) and Andrew Wilkinson (right) from International AquaFeed

Katrine Evans and Hans Erik Bylling the CEO and President of Aller Aqua

this in mind, it is now more important than ever for our industry to get together and share one of the most crucial collective tool that they have at their disposal their collective pool of knowledge.

And share they did. Set in some of the EICC’s purpose built conference rooms and split into 60 sessions, almost six hundred academics and industry professionals delivered a proud total of 674 papers in what was an incredibly well orchestrated and elaborate network of conferences that covered almost every aspect of aquaculture.

Meanwhile, down in the main conference room an impressive assortment of 75 companies and organisations plied their trade, forming new friendships and business relationships in the process.

As well as the exhibitions and conferences, each day began with a plenary session; with each presenting a very unique insight into the aquaculture industry.

Following the conclusion of the plenary sessions, a short coffee break was then swiftly followed by the commencement of an impressive array of “Parallel Sessions.”

One very minor issue was that the scheduling of the parallel sessions often saw a clash of two fantastic lectures; which presented one with a dilemma as to which talk to attend! However, such was the quality

Cliona Ni Cheallachain and Claudia Junge from AquaTT

Darren Hanson, David Goldsmith and Robert Adam from Xylem Aubert Faivre centre with two French fish farmers Paio Juantorena left and Phillippe Jorgensen right

Olga Tarakanova from IMV TECH Jamie McDevitt-Irwin and Shawn Glover from Industrial Plankton

International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 67

Aquaculture Europe

and the fact that the show was limited to three days, I’m sure that the organisers can be forgiven for this.

Day 1: Disease prevention and preparing for an uncertain future Opening the conference on the Wednesday morning, a group of school children took to the stage to take part in a seafood cooking challenge.

The key aim of the talk was to raise awareness about the ‘Seafood in Schools’ project that is helping educate children in Scotland about the importance of fish, how to cook it, open their eyes to new species and also how farms operate.

So continuing with the theme set by the children, the first day was focused on ‘Cleaner Fish: Biology, Production and Management’ which focused on the importance of keeping fish stocks lice and disease free; as well as looking at how susceptible different species of fish are to becoming infected.

The first day of conferences also looked at such subjects as “advanced research initiatives for nutrition and aquaculture” which examined key subjects such the effects of diets on maturation rates and the use of ingredients in diets such as linseed on performance and flesh quality.

Many of the afternoon sessions focused on the many facets of aquaculture in the European Union, with one session in particular focusing on Organic Aquaculture and how much of the debate surrounding organic aquaculture in the EU has

Darren Parris from International Aquafeed, Sachi Kaushik EAS President and Katrine Evans from Aller Aqua

Herman Claassen from Evonik (centre) with Rhiannon White (left) and Tuti Tan (right) from International AquaFeed

Alistair Lane from EAS

Tom Wedegaertner from Cotton Inc

Jamie Young and Craig Graham from Gael Force

Axee Azzuti and Pedro M.Gomez Rodriguez from Eloxiras David Märkl-Bilger and Alexander Rose from Water Proved

68 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

arisen due to the confusion surrounding quite how to define it.

Nela Prolic and Lucas Richardson from XpertSea Henrietta Fennely from Norwegian Lice Skirts

Day 2: Diversification, sustainability and the promotion of fish welfare The second day of the conference began very much like the first had finished, by looking at the consumer experience and on Thursday, Sainsbury’s Aquaculture and Fisheries Manager, Ally Dingwall, opened the sessions with his talk on Sainsbury’s commitment to sourcing only sustainably certified seafood and how more research and development will be needed in order for aquaculture to fulfill its important role in food security.

The second day’s conferences began with a thorough examination of ‘Diversification in Finfish Prioduction.’

Amongst the topics discussed in this seminar were the effects of stocking density on Amberjack, the use of alternative protein sources and the different types of descaling methods.

Whilst the Diversification on Finfish conference was taking place, a Biomar sponsored conference was taking place that focused on a whole raft of topics under the umbrella of ‘Nutritional Requirements in Marine Organisms,’ with further conferences taking place that focused on ‘Disease treatment and Management’. The day’s proceedings ended with a very thorough examination of the work of hatcheries and another on ‘Fish Behaviour and Welfare.’

Day 3: Omega 3, nutrition and aquacultural development On the Friday, the third and final day of Aquaculture Europe 2016 began in the usual fashion with a plenary session.

For this edition, Anna MacColl of The Scottish Salmon Producers Organisation presented the argument for why it is

“Innovative Aquaculture under Environmental Challenges”

Sheraton Convention Centre Lima, Peru November 28 - December 1, 2016

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Organised by the Latin American & Caribbean Chapter of WAS

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Roger Gilbert from International AquaFeed and Irmgard Lorenzen from Biomar Having fun on the EWOS stand

For More Information Contact: For More Information Contact:

Conference Manager Conference Manager P.O. Box 2302 | Valley Center, CA 92082 USA P.O. Box 2302 | Valley Center, CA 92082 USA Tel: +1.760.751.5005 Fax: +1.760.751.5003 Tel: +1.760.751.5005 | Fax: |+1.760.751.5003 worldaqua@aol.com | www.was.org Email: Email: worldaqua@aol.com | www.was.org Lacqua16 A4 ad.indd 1

International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 69

5/7/16 6:10 AM

that Scottish salmon is so globally successful.

After this topic had been thoroughly examined, the day’s other conferences took place with the main highlights being the first session on the agenda which was ‘Nutrition: New Sources of Omega 3 Fatty Acids,’ which featured some very interesting approaches to the topic including two very insightful addresses from Walter Rakitsky from TerraVia and Ingrid Lupatsch of AB Agri.

Another highlight of the final day was a conference, sponsored by Calysta and hosted by Professors Brett Glencross and Josh Silverman that looked at feed alternatives under the headline of ‘Nutrition: New Sources of Protein.’ The highlight of the afternoon’s conferences featured a very in depth look at ‘Sealice Control,’ which took a very thorough look at how “The effectiveness of sealice barrier technology increase with depth’ amongst many other sea-lice related topics.

The two other afternoon sessions of ‘Food for Thought 3 ‘ and ‘Food for thought 4’ provided a perfect book-end for what was certainly three days of, “ something to think about, something to be seriously considered and something that provides mental stimulation and nourishment.”

Held next year, Aquaculture Europe 2017 will take place in the Croatian capital Zagreb - see you all there!

IAF Editor Professor Simon Davies of Harper Adams University with ex-students (right) Daniel Leeming of BioMar UK and Dmitry Pyanvov from Russia

Dr Lourens Heres PhD. DVM from Sonac

Nick Kotsios from FITCO with Nick Vergopoulos and Greg Floro from the Hellenic Copper Development Institute Simon Emmesson and Antonio Gomes from Bio Lumen

Helen Groves from Ridgeway Biologicals

David Stoddart-Scott from Sustainable Marine Energy Ltd. with Aquamoor

Holger Suhrenbrock and Franz-Peter Rebafka from GePro Katrin Poser, John Icely, Carolina Sa, Marnix Laanen (coordinator), Marieke Eleveld, Bruno Fragoso from BlueLeg Monitor

70 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

The team from BioMar with Walter Carlos Rodriguez-Villa Förster and Tamara Rakitsky from TerraVia Morcillo from Algaenergy

Jeffrey Phillips from the Minnesota Department of Agriculture Rodrigo Roubach Brazilian Secretary of Agriculture and Fisheries, Eric Routledge Head of R&D for Brazilian Agriculture and Prof. Wagner Valenti, future editor of International Aquafeed Portuguese edition!

Robin Mckimm and Martin O'Farrell from Smith Root Antonia Tacconi, Mr Goncalves and Benedict Standen from Biomin stood between Roger Gilbert, Darren Parris and Andrew Wilkinson from International AquaFeed

Selina Stead receives EAS Distinguished Service Award At the opening session of its Aquaculture Europe 2016 event the European Aquaculture Society (EAS) gave its Distinguished Service Award to Selina Stead, Professor of Marine Governance and Environmental Science at Newcastle University for her long-term commitment and contributions to the objectives and activities of the Society. AE2016 was attended by 1700 participants from 65 countries, making it the biggest Aquaculture Europe event to date.

EAS has an award for Distinguished Services that is destined for individuals that have devoted very significant effort and time to the development of EAS and its objectives. The Award for Distinguished Services has only been presented three times in the 40-year history of EAS. The first time was to Prof. Guido Persoone, who was one of the “founding fathers” of EAS, its President from 1980 to 1982 and its Treasurer for 6 years. The second awardee was Prof. Niels de Pauw, EAS secretary for 4 years and the award was made recently to Yves Harache, who played a major role in the governance of EAS with a total of 16 years on its Board of Directors and as its President from 2010 to 2012.

International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 71

Elevator buckets Alapala +90 212 465 60 40 www.alapala.com Tapco Inc +1 314 739 9191 www.tapcoinc.com

Welcome to the market place, where you will find suppliers of products and services to the industry - with help from our friends at The International Aquafeed Directory (published by Turret Group) Additives

Symaga +34 91 726 43 04 www.symaga.com

Chemoforma +41 61 8113355 www.chemoforma.com Evonik +49 618 1596785 www.evonik.com Liptosa +34 902 157711 www.liptosa.com

Elevator & Conveyor Components

Westeel +1 204 233 7133 www.westeel.com

4B Braime +44 113 246 1800 www.go4b.com

Enzymes Ab Vista +44 1672 517 650 www.abvista.com

GMP+ International +31703074120 www.gmpplus.org

Analysis Laboratorio Avi-Mex S.A. de C.V +55 54450460 Ext. 1105 www.avimex.com.mx R-Biopharm +44 141 945 2924 www.r-biopharm.com

Conveyors Vigan Enginnering +32 67 89 50 41 www.vigan.com

JEFO +1 450 799 2000 www.jefo.com

Equipment for sale

Colour sorters

Romer Labs +43 2272 6153310 www.romerlabs.com

BĂźhler AG +41 71 955 11 11 www.buhlergroup.com

Amino acids

ExtruTech Inc +1 785 284 2153 www.extru-techinc.com

Event organisers VIV +31 30 295 2772 www.viv.net

Satake +81 82 420 8560 www.satake-group.com

Evonik +49 618 1596785 www.evonik.com

Computer software

Animal Health & Nutrition

Extruders

Adifo NV +32 50 303 211 www.adifo.com

Cenzone +1 760 736 9901 www.cenzone.com

Format International Ltd +44 1483 726081 www.formatinternational.com

Bags Mondi Group +43 1 79013 4917 www.mondigroup.com

Almex +31 575 572666 www.almex.nl Amandus Kahl +49 40 727 710 www.akahl.de

Colour sorters SEA S.r.l. +39 054 2361423 www.seasort.com

Bin dischargers Denis +33 2 37 97 66 11 www.denis.fr

Coolers & driers

Bulk storage

Consergra s.l +34 938 772207 www.consergra.com

Bentall Rowlands +44 1724 282828 www.bentallrowlands.com

FrigorTec GmbH +49 7520 91482-0 www.frigortec.com

Chief Industries UK Ltd +44 1621 868944 www.chief.co.uk Croston Engineering +44 1829 741119 www.croston-engineering.co.uk

Silos Cordoba +34 957 325 165 www.siloscordoba.com

VAV +31 71 4023701 www.vav.nl

TSC Silos +31 543 473979 www.tsc-silos.com

Certification

Sonac +31 499 364800 www.sonac.biz

Silo Construction Engineers +32 51723128 www.sce.be

STIF +33 2 41 72 16 80 www.stifnet.com

Geelen Counterflow +31 475 592315 www.geelencounterflow.com Muyang Group +86 514 87848880 www.muyang.com Wenger Manufacturing +1 785-284-2133 www.wenger.com

Andritz +45 72 160300 www.andritz.com Brabender +49 203 7788 0 www.brabender.com Buhler AG +41 71 955 11 11 www.buhlergroup.com Dinnissen BV +31 77 467 3555 www.dinnissen.nl Ferraz Maquinas e Engenharia +55 16 3615 0055 www.ferrazmaquinas.com.br Insta-Pro International +1 515 254 1260 www.insta-pro.com Ottevanger +31 79 593 22 21 www.ottevanger.com

72 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

Ugur Makina +90 (364) 235 00 26 www.ugurmakina.com

Wenger Manufacturing +1 785-284-2133 www.wenger.com

Palletisers

Zheng Chang +86 21 64188282 www.zhengchang.com

PAYPER, S.A. +34 973 21 60 40 www.payper.com

Aller Aqua +45 70 22 19 10 www.aller-aqua.com

Muyang +86 514 87848880 www.muyang.com

Pellet binders Symaga +34 91 726 43 04 www.symaga.com

Akzo Nobel +46 303 850 00 www.bredol.com

Jefo

Borregaard LignoTech +47 69 11 80 00 www.lignotechfeed.com

SPAROS Tel.: +351 249 435 145 Website: www.sparos.pt Wynveen International B.V. +31 26 47 90 699 www.wynveen.com

PellTech +47 69 11 80 00 www.pelltech.org

Reed Mariculture +1 877 732 3276 www.reed-mariculture.com

Tornum AB +46 512 29100 www.tornum.com

Sensors Aqualabo +33 2 97 89 25 30 www.aqualabo.fr

Pest control Rentokil Pest Control +44 0800 917 1987 www.rentokil.co.uk

Hatchery products

Agromatic +41 55 2562100 www.agromatic.com

Pipe systems Jacob Sohne +49 571 9580 www.jacob-pipesystems.eu

Laboratory equipment

Dol Sensors +45 721 755 55 www.dol-sensors.com

Used around

Bastak +90 312 395 67 87 www.bastak.com.tr

all industrial Plants sectors.

Shrimp feed additives

Andritz +45 72 160300 Visit us! www.pipe-systems.eu www.andritz.com

Fr. Jacob Sรถhne GmbH & Co. KG, Germany Tel. + 49 (0) 571 95580 | www. jacob-pipesystems.eu

Level measurement

Buhler AG +41 71 955 11 11 www.buhlergroup.com

BinMaster Level Controls +1 402 434 9102 www.binmaster.com

FAMSUN +86 514 87848880 www.muyang.com

FineTek Co., Ltd +886 2226 96789 www.fine-tek.com

Dishman +31 318 545 754 www.dishman-netherlands.com

Training Aqua TT +353 1 644 9008 www.aquatt.ie/aquatt-services

Vaccines

Probiotics

Vega +44 1444 870055 www.vega.com/uk

Biomin +43 2782 803 0 www.biomin.net Lallemand + 33 562 745 555 www.lallemandanimalnutrition. com

Moisture analyzers CHOPIN Technologies +33 14 1475045 www.chopin.fr

Rolls Leonhard Breitenbach +49 271 3758 0 www.breitenbach.de

Doescher & Doescher GmbH +49 4087976770 www.doescher.com

OJ Hojtryk +45 7514 2255 www.oj-hojtryk.dk

Ridgeway Biologicals +44 1635 579516 www.ridgewaybiologicals.co.uk

Vacuum Wynveen International B.V. +31 26 47 90 699 www.wynveen.com

Weighing equipment Parkerfarm Weighing Systems +44 1246 456729 www.parkerfarm.com

Yeast products

Safety equipment

ICC, Adding Value to Nutrition +55 11 3093 0753 www.iccbrazil.com

Rembe +49 2961 740 50 www.rembe.com

Seedburo +1 312 738 3700 www.seedburo.com

NIR systems

MYSILO +90 382 266 2245 www.mysilo.com

Ehcolo A/S +45 75 398411 www.ehcolo.com

Feed

Hydronix +44 1483 468900 www.hydronix.com

Obial +90 382 2662120 www.obial.com.tr

Lallemand + 33 562 745 555 www.lallemandanimalnutrition.com

Second hand equipment

Leiber GmbH +49 5461 93030 www.leibergmbh.de

Sanderson Weatherall +44 161 259 7054 www.sw.co.uk

NIR-Online +49 6227 732668 www.nir-online.de

Phileo (Lesaffre animal care) +33 3 20 81 61 00 www.lesaffre.fr

Silos

Packaging CB Packaging +44 7805 092067 www.cbpackaging.com Mondi Group +43 1 79013 4917 www.mondigroup.com

Kepler Weber Group +55 11 4873-0300 www.kepler.com.br

To include your company in the International Aquafeed market place in print, and a company page on our website contact Tom Blacker. +44 1242 267700 โ ข tomb@perendale.co.uk

International Aquafeed - September | October 2016 | 73

the interview Carlos Diaz, CEO, BioMar With a career that began in the aquaculture industry back in 1995, first fish farming and then feed production, Carlos Diaz is a veterinarian with an MBA and several post studies in pharmaceuticals, management, marketing and finance.

Throughout all of these years, Mr Diaz has witnessed the development of our industry; having occupied several positions in various locations around the world, before being appointed as BioMar’s CEO in 2014.

According to Mr Diaz, who joined the company in 2000, “BioMar has developed a lot in all these years,” adding that, “We have a great company, a fantastic brand, committed people and owners.”

In your time employed within our industry, have you witnessed any significant changes and how do you feel that BioMar has reacted to these changes?

Definitely, in mature markets like the salmon market, consolidation is a trend. The commercial and technical skills to deal with this trend and with bigger and more demanding customers have, of course, been on our agenda for a long time.

In the less developed markets, we see the same trend as in salmon; customers get more demanding, food safety and sustainability get more important and there is a growing demand for high quality feed based on the total economic performance of the feed rather than just on the price per kg.

Overall, farmers are becoming more and more competent and have an understanding of the importance that this industry will play in the future and of the importance of feed in the value chain. This means that we need to be not only a supplier to the farmers, but also a partner.

Moreover, sustainability and social responsibility are a must, and also a trend, so as a feed supplier BioMar needs to adapt and hopefully continue being in the driving seat all of the time.

The same goes for innovation, research and development, where we need to create new feeds, concepts and solutions every day and deal with the increasing complexity of raw materials at volatile prices, getting scarce and more expensive.

Sustainability has become a very important phrase throughout the aquaculture industry in recent years.

But why do you think that this is the case, and why should companies such as BioMar care about the world that we live in?

Sustainability definitely has become an important concern throughout aquaculture. BioMar has taken this into account when we redefined the BioMar Purpose last year, looking at who we are and who we want to be, more than a strategy only. In this purpose we identified four guiding principles that we strive for: Innovation, Cooperation, Performance and Sustainability.

Our purpose is: “We are Innovators dedicated to an efficient and sustainable global aquaculture”. This is more than just caring about fish feed. For us, sustainability is a very serious concern, both in our operations and our way of doing business.

Sustainability also is a tool for working with our customers and for differentiation, for telling the story and for developing even more attractive products.

We have created very sophisticated tools that take sustainability into account, like the BioSustain concept and our Eco-Efficiency Manager. Having these tools we can really work together with customers and retailers in order to create value and be proactive towards consumers and other stakeholders.

With the opening of the fish food factory in Turkey in conjunction with Sagun, is that a region that BioMar is looking to focused on?

Turkey has been on our radar for a long time, for obvious reasons, we are leaders in high performing feeds for trout, sea bass and sea bream in Europe, and Turkey is a big market for these species. Using our feed factory in Turkey as a base we also expect to go further east, where we also see some interesting opportunities.

With BioMar opening a new factory in China next year, how significant do you see this as a move for BioMar in consolidating their position as a global leader in the aquaculture industry for years to come?

China has also been on our radar for a long time. As China is the biggest aquaculture market in the world it is essential for any global company in this industry to contribute to its development. We have been analysing different ways of entering into this market, also looking at what other companies have done. And by considering our business model, our cooperation spirit, and our size we concluded that setting up a joint venture with a giant like our Chinese partner Tongwei was the best.

It is a perfect match and definitely we expect to take a leadership position in the market segment that will be addressed with this joint venture, since Tongwei already has a leadership position in other segments.

On November 19th 2014 you stated that, “The new BioMar Management Team will focus on delivering a strong global value proposition tailored to our customer’s needs in all the different environments where they are operating.” How well do you feel that you have delivered on this pledge in the time that you have been CEO?

I definitely think we have succeeded in delivering a strong global value proposition tailored to our customer’s needs.

We have very nice examples of establishing collaborations, concepts, products, etc. with customers all around the world and in different fields. I really believe we make a difference.

We have two main competitors, which are involved in other businesses, compound feed, premix, raw materials, etc.

During our strategy process with AT Kearney earlier this year we analyzed different routes to go and we decided to stay focused on aquaculture. We want to be an agile and focused aquaculture feed producer, to be faster, more flexible and locally agile. We want to use our global strength to be competitive and we want to have sufficient critical mass to dedicate important resources to research and development and to innovation in general.

When developing our purpose statement we decided to invite the market and stakeholders, by saying: “Let´s Innovate Aquaculture”. Furthermore, the name of our new strategy is “Shaping the future”, and that is exactly what we are doing every day. So in the future you will see an even bigger BioMar, always keeping our agility and closeness to the different markets.

74 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

PEOPLE

THE INDUSTRY FACES

ASC appoints first representative in Australia

D Duncan Leadbitter

uncan Leadbitter has been appointed to lead commercial outreach and strategic growth in Australia and New Zealand and to support and promote engagement in the broader region for the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC). Duncan is the first ASC representative to be based in Australia.

The ASC has expanded its focus in Australia and New Zealand in response to demand from the retail sector, government and aquaculture producers. The organisation has entered into a partnership agreement with Duncan through Fish Matter, his Australia-based fisheries and natural resource consulting company, to support ASC’s global plan and lead the regional strategy to promote the availability of ASC certified seafood for consumers in Australia and beyond.

“We are excited to welcome Duncan to the ASC,” said Chris Ninnes, CEO of ASC. “We are privileged to work with some of the most dedicated experts in the field of seafood sustainability. Duncan is among the most knowledgeable professionals in the industry and his work in Australia and Asia with local communities, various government agencies, NGO’s, scientists, academics and the industry is representative of the collaborative, multi-stakeholder approach which the ASC believes will be key to the transformation of the aquaculture industry.“

Nutriad strengthens Mexican organization

M

ultinational feed additive producer Nutriad appointed Dr. Jorge Enrique Cruz as Technical/Commercial Manager. Dr. Cruz will be responsible for sales- and technical support to Nutriad’s commercial and distributor network in Mexico & Central America. From its base in Irapuato (Guanajato) the company has been servicing customers for more than 50 years and established a deep understanding of the Mexican market.

Dr. Jorge Enrique Cruz

Jorge Cruz graduated as veterinarian from Antonio Narro Autonomous Agricultural University, obtained his MC degree on Animal Reproduction from the same university and completed his Phd in Animal Nutrition at the University of Chihuahua. With a track record of in field support as an independent consultant, as well as a technical manager in the feed additives industry, Dr. Cruz is well positioned to support customers in the region.

Leading seafood expert joins Acoura as Strategic Adviser

L

eading seafood expert and former Director of Young’s Seafood Limited Mike Mitchell has joined Edinburgh based Acoura. The global leaders in aquaculture and fisheries risk and compliance services, Acoura welcomes Mr Mitchell as a Strategic Adviser to the board.

He will use his decades of experience in promoting good stewardship of the seas, food integrity and social accountability in the commercial fishing and processing industry to further enhance Acoura’s worldwide market-leading credentials in the sector.

Mike Mitchell

David Gregory, Chairman of Acoura said: “Mike brings a wealth of experience to the business and we’re delighted to welcome someone of his reputation and track record to the team. In addition to holding a Board role at the UK’s largest seafood processor, he’s been integral to a number of retailer Own Label and branded seafood sustainability initiatives and is the architect of some award-winning programmes.

Marine Stewardship Council appoints new U.S. Program Director

T

he Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) has appointed Eric Critchlow as the new U.S. Program Director. Eric will be based in the MSC US headquarters in Seattle. He is a former vice president of Lusamerica Foods and has over 35 years experience in the seafood industry.

Eric will be leading the MSC’s U.S program, including its commercial, fisheries and communications teams. Eric will also work closely with partners in the seafood industry, continuing to deepen MSC’s relationship with key partners in the US.

Eric Critchlow

Brian Perkins, Regional Director Americas, said: “I am delighted to welcome Eric to the MSC as U.S. Program Director. Eric has a unique blend of skills and experience that will enable him to bring all stakeholders together towards a common goal of preserving our fishery resources for the future.”

76 | September | October 2016 - International Aquafeed

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