1968 Kanyana by International House

INTERNATIONAL HOUSE STUDENTS' CLUB

TRAVELLING?

VOL. i OCTOBER, 1968 CONTENTS

Pagodas

th e

S o m e w h e re

W hen

Page 2

E ast o f S uez

U n d e r s t a n d in g

T itle W est

th e

A u s tr a lia n s

D iv id e d

A s ia n M e e t A s ia n s

Causew ay

S abah A b r a h a m 's

S a c r if i c e

A u th o r E d ito r ia l

D r.

P e rc y

F e lix

H . F. Ho

P e te r

F e l ix

Z a k ir K e it h

W ic k s Lo R ahm an! A tk in s o n

E c o n o m ic D e v e lo p m e n t a n d C u l t u r a l C h a n g e

N. A. Tuan

The

A c c id e n t

The

Japan

1 96 8

H a r r is

K a n e s in

John

B oyd

P e te r

B ow m an

D r , M a t e jc e k

Andy

T h e H e r it a g e o f K e y s a n d T e h

Jam es

The

Iv o r M .

B lo o d y P u r is t s

G ra n t

Two

Las

S e is

T a rd e

C h i ld r e n W i t h o u t L o v e A nd

1 F o llo w e d

P r o b le m s

th e

L ittle

o f O v e rse a s

P r e s id e n t 's

R a b b it

S tu d e n ts

P oem s

T h e C o lle g e Y e a r ( i n The

W h ite

p h o to g ra p h )

L e tte r

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C o lle g e

M e m b e rs ,

M e e tin g

H e re 1968

T o n ig h t

John

R ic h a r d s

Views expressed in this magazine may not necessarily be that of the Students’ Club. All copyrights for signed articles are reserved by the respective authors.

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KANYANA Edited by PETER BOWMAN OCTOBER, 1968, VO L. II

Published by The Students' Club International House, University of Queensland.

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Editorial : PAGODAS OFcalled THE WEST "typical" Asian attitude and the Australian

Join the gathering. There's a spare spot round the fireplace, so call the footprints yours. You never know what you can learn in a Meeting Place. International House is a college with idealistic aims. Here we have a small community with students from every corner of the world mingling with those from this niche we call Australia. The idea is to get an exchange of ideas, a mingling of cultures, a mesh of friendships and in this manner to perhaps drip another drop into the ocean of International Friendship. This is the ideal. But the college itself consists of people, and it is a common failing of people to have ideas which are not necessarily ideal. As may be imagined with such widespread, well-travelled cross section of humanity. International House has a fair number of ideas, experience and points of view derived from many cultures, countries and motives. So, be they ideas or ideals we have tried to gather all we can in Kanyana, the meeting-place. We have mentioned the ideals. Whether Inter national House succeeds or not in achieving these ideals is a question on which answers have con verged from every point of view on Kanyana. This stage of the College's youth is probably the best time to look thoroughly into this question so Kanyana '68 presents the theme of "The Overseas Student in Australia". Most Australians have their own opinion of the overseas student in Australia but one seldom comes across the opinion of the overseas student about Australia. Kanyana '68 presents a number of view points. Two are by Asians. They are critical not so much of the Australian, but of the Australian attitude, and the apparent lack of interest with which the visitor is met, even within such a place as Internationa! House. An article by Felix Lo states without compromise the difficulties he has encountered in Australia, emphasizing what must be the greatest problem of every visitor— loneliness. Again, Ho Hon Fatt writes of the stereotype ques tions he is asked by people who appear to know nothing of Asia. The Australian may well be blamed for the paucity of true friendships between nationalities, and these articles bring him under heavy fire for it. But to even things up, the view of the other school of thought, the "when in Rome" school, may also to some degree be justified. Jim Hirsch's article is probably more of interest to college members than to other readers of Kanyana, yet his article may be read by all. Unfortunately, the getting half-way is not always as easy as all that. Into the system is woven the greatest factor of them all— personality. What an International House can achieve in the way of ideals rests heavily upon the friendships made between one person and another. With different upbringings in different societies, with scattered interests and attitudes as widely variant as the so-

attitude, and above all the language and idiom barrier, it is surprising that even a tew friendships are made. But as in any community, there are some endowed with the nappy knack of sailing easily over every obstacle to torm the nucleus of a group of friends. It is in the individuals such as mese who can get to know and understand others that ensure the success of International House. Whether the other person is black, white, yellow, Buddist, Catholic or whatever, does not enter into this basic truth— these differences only make it more difficult for the individual. Maybe the way to get International House really rolling would be to screen every member to ensure he is of the type who gets along. But we can't. So it is left to those who are not so talented to put in just that bit of effort required to expand out of the little cliques within which it is so easy to vegetate, and make this college LIVE. Despite the multitude of news and views one hears by these casual channels, round college, it is very difficult to obtain any of them in print. The problem of the student from anywhere in the world but Australia is very real— if he happens to let slip in public some radical idea of his, his stay in Australia is liable to a swift and painful death. But of International interest, are the articles by various authors on the Asia today. From a seminar held at college on the topic "Somewhere East of Suez— Implications of the British Withdrawal" is an article from the paper presented by Dr. Harrison. Other articles include "The Japan of 1968" by the College expert on Japan— John Boyd and "Sabah" by Felix Lo, a native of that country. Views on religion are very seldom heard in public. However, out of a long standing argu ment between Zakir Rahmani of the Islamic faith, and a Catholic and ex-collegian, Keith Atkinson, has arisen an article on "Abraham's Sacrifice". It is two sides of a simple story, which explains where two religions first diverged from a common origin, and makes fascinating reading. And if you think a Malaysian has troubles in Australia— read of the trials and tribulations of a Yank in this looking-glass land in "I followed the Little White Rabbit". Within the yellow pages are to be found the news, reports, and scandal from within the college. From the all-seeing eye of our photographers, we present the highlights of the college year in Pana vision. Unfortunately our finances do not yet run to technicolour. This is but the second issue of Kanyana. The concept of an internationally flavoured magazine, the brainchild of Peter Kedit who produced the first Kanyana is one which we hope to maintain in this issue. There are members of the Three Races of the world gathered in this Kanyana. We like to think that their discussions will be both interesting and enlightening. 3

SOMEWHERE EAST OF SUEZ by Dr. PERCY H A R R IS Senior Lecturer in Economics, University of Qld. ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE BRITISH WITHDRAWAL

On July 1967 the British Government announced a planned withdrawal of service personnel from certain East of Suez bases — Persian Gulf, Singapore, Malaysia — by the mid-1970's, but in January 1968 this planned withdrawal date was brought forward to the end of 1971. This withdrawal was part of Britain's policy measures designed to alleviate its internal and external economic problems. A t the time of the initial announcement there were about 11,500 servicemen in Aden and the Persian Gulf area, and some 40,000 in Malaysia and Singapore. I do not propose to discuss the effects on Aden and Bahrain, mainly because of the small areas and populations concerned. The British withdrawal from Aden, combined with political unrest in the area and the closure of the Suez Canal may well have already destroyed the economy of Aden as it existed in the past. However, in no absolute sense can the probable demise of this area be completely, or, in my opinion, even mostly attributed to the British withdrawal. I believe it is determined by Middle East politics. I shall therefore concentrate on the likely economic effects of the British withdrawal on Singapore and Malaysia. SINGAPORE

In recent years in Singapore, the British have had nearly 30.000 servicemen (including the Gurkha brigade) and British civilians directly employed by the defence forces. These servicemen are located principally at three air fields, the army base, and the naval base and dockyard. About 30,000 to 35.000 local inhabitants are directly employed at the British bases, and, in addition, probably at least as many again are employed either by the 15,000 families of the British servicemen or by firms etc. which mainly depend upon the expenditure of the servicemen. The relative importance of these employment figures for the economy of Singapore as a whole can be seen from the following relationships: (i) From 12% to 15% of Singapore’s work force owe their employment directly or indirectly to the presence of the British forces. (ii) Over 10% of Singapore’s population of 1,865,000 are dependent for their economic and financial support on the British bases and the servicemen. The British bases in Singapore therefore contribute significantly to the level of economic activity in the com munity; in money terms, the defence expenditure by the British Government in recent years has been about $Aust.130 m. per annum, and local expenditure by the servicemen stationed there has been estimated at about another $Aust.55 m. per annum. It is generally claimed that the British bases therefore generate some 20% to 25% of Singapore’s national income. The importance of the British bases as a determinant of the level of Singapore’s economic activity can be further highlighted by noting that its relative contribution is approxi 4

mately of the same magnitude as that attributable to Singa pore’s role as an entrepot (or warehouse) port for South-East Asia. We can therefore examine the main effects of the British withdrawal on the economy of Singapore under three headings: unemployment, income generation, and foreign exchange earnings. (a) Unemployment:

At the present time probably about one-eighth of the work force over half a million are unemployed in Singapore. This proportion of one eighth is also about equal to the percentage of the island’s work force dependent upon the British bases. Thus the withdrawal of the British forces, which means a loss of a very large employer of labour in a country which is already experiencing an unemployment crisis, is a very serious social and economic occurrence. In effect, it means that the burden facing the Singapore Gov ernment in alleviating its unemployment problem could be nearly doubled over the next four to five years. However, not all the local inhabitants now employed directly at the British bases need become unemployed as the British leave. First, it is possible the naval dockyard could be converted to civilian use. (i.e., as an ordinary industry selling its services to shipowners), although foreign assistance and investment may be required to do this. If this were to occur, the 4000 or so skilled worers at the dockyard could well con tinue to be employed there. Secondly, many of the workers concerned are not Singapore citizens (Malaysians, Indians), and these may be forced by the Singapore Government to return to their own countries, rather than to remain as an employment burden on the Singapore economy. This second event, obviously, is not a desirable social occurrence. (b) Income Generation

The loss of a significantly large source of generation of national income (i.e., a source of expenditure within the nation) will have a serious effect on the island’s economy, and to alleviate it there will have to be offsetting increases in expenditure from other sources, internal and/or external. With regard to internal sources, an increased industrializa tion programme offers perhaps the best prospects, although finance for at least some, and maybe a large part, of this programme may have to be obtained from foreign sources. In particular, industries whose products could be exported to other countries would be beneficial for Singapore, and

this would reduce the economy’s dependence on its entrepot trade, which at present accounts for about 90% of its exports (i.e., re-exports dominate Singapore’s external trade pattern). To operate this industrial programme, land now located within the British bases could be used, because these bases cover some one-sixth of Singapore’s area of 218 square miles. The Singapore Government could also assist by obtaining a greater share of the savings of the local community and using it to plan and direct the growth of the economy. The ability of the Government to do this is, however, limited, even though Singapore is rich by Asian standards (e.g., in South-East Asia, Singapore’s GNP per head of $Aust.400 m. is, excluding some small oil-producing countries, second to that of Japan, where is about $Aust. 700 m. for comparative purposes, it can be noted that the comparable figure for Australia is nearly $1600). The main factor which limits the ability of the Government in this regard, and which would act as a brake on any financial stimulus it could inject into the economy, is the large-scale unemployment in the island and its possible future rise, combined with many difficulties in extracting greater revenue from the richer sections of the community. (c) Foreign Exchange Earnings Singapore’s foreign exchange earnings (sterling balances) will also he affected by the loss of income from the British bases, so that the general problem of a decrease in the level of internal effective demand is accentuated because the item of expenditure which is the prime cause of the decrease is foreign expenditure. Thus even if internal sources of ex penditure could offset the decline in foreign expenditure with respect to the level of internal economic activity, this would in no way relieve, but would probably increase, the adverse effect on the economy’s balance of payments. Hence emphasis on new export industries, and perhaps on greater inflows of capital from external sources, are the only ways in which both the internal and external problems could be solved simultaneously. In addition, of course, Singapore could seek greater foreign aid, and Britain has promised to con sider such an increase after the withdrawal, although no indication has been given of the likely size and types of such aid. MALAYSIA The economic effects of the British withdrawal will be much less serious for Malaysia. The British have a jungle training school headquarters base, and an air base in Malaysia, but servicemen stationed there number only about 10,000, or one-third the number in Singapore. Furthermore, only some 6000 local inhabitants (one-sixth the number in Singapore) are employed by the British bases. This relatively better position in Malaysia as compared with Singapore is even clearer when it is noted that Malaysia’s population of 9,400,000 is five times larger than Singapore’s, so that the proportion of the Malaysian economy dependent on the British bases is significantly less than in the case of Singapore. For example, whereas 7% of Singapore’s work force is directly employed by the British, the proportion in Malaysia is only about one-quarter per cent. In addition to this difference between the relative size of the local economy dependent on the British bases, unem ployment is a less serious problem at present in Malaysia

than in Singapore, although with about 10% of lhe urban work force unemployed (largely Chinese) and 5% of the rural work force also unemployed, the Malaysian unemployment problem is much larger than in Australia and other economi cally advanced countries. Thus the relative decline in internal effective demand following the withdrawal will be quite small in Malaysia. However, the changes will impose some strains on the Government’s limited financial resources, not only to offset any decline in income-generating expendi ture and relieve any induced rise in unemployment, but also to meet the costs of any increase in local defence forces. If local defence costs rise, this will divert funds from other social uses which would have improved standards of living and/or have increased the rate of Malaysia’s economic growth. Even now, though local expenditure on defence is relatively low at about 2\% of GNP, it still accounts for some 20% of the Government’s total expenditure. Thus the most serious effect of the withdrawal would appear to be the strain on the Government’s limited resources through the need to build up and maintain a greater local defence force. Internal sources of funds to achieve this greater expenditure are more limited in Malaysia than in Singapore, because Malaysia is, on a per capita basis, less rich, GNP per head being only about $Aust. 230, compared with $400 in Singapore. In addition, there is the adverse effect on Malaysia’s balance of payments because of the reduction of British expenditure in the country. This adverse effect will be both absolutely and relatively smaller than the effect in Singapore, but any decline of this kind is serious for Malaysia because it depends for its foreign exchange earnings on the export of primary products (rubber, tin, palm oil), and recently the world market prices for these products have been falling sharply. At the same time, the Malaysian economy does not appear to offer the same opportunity as Singapore’s, at least in the short-run, for increased industrialization and more diversified exports. SUMMARY In summary, then, it appears to me that the main economic effects of the British withdrawal are likely to be: (i) In the case of Singapore, the adverse effects will be due to the greater unemployment problem, the signifi cant drop in internal effective demand (expenditure), and the loss of foreign exchange earnings. These adverse effects will be increased if Singapore has to increase significantly its own expenditure on defence. (ii) In the case of Malaysia, the only significant effect would appear to be due to the need for the Govern ment to divert more domestic resources into defence, although there will also be some undesirable results for the country’s balance of payments. However, the major problems affecting Malaysia’s balance of payments are not due to the British withdrawal. In both countries, therefore, the economic effects of the British withdrawal will be some setback to their future levels of economic activity and rates of economic growth. Social welfare (standards of living) may therefore decline or increase only slowly, and this may have adverse and unfavourable political repercussions. However, the position is considerably worse for Singapore than for Malaysia.

Understanding The Asian The invasion of Australia by the intelligentsia of the "Yellow Peril" is imminent as each year there is a minor population explosion among the Asian students due to the exodus of occidental orientals seeking further education. These Asian students, now numbering more than 12,000 in various Australian universities and educational institutions. Some visiting students are invited to attend club dinners to address meetings and enjoy the warm hospitality in the homes of the Australians; however, there is a difficult adjustment to social life and studies, as time has to be carefully rationed. For an Asian student in Australia the Primrose path of love can be strewn with many thorns since to many Australian girls, generally free from racial prejudice, the Asian students are only “birds of passage anyway”. Consequently, the girls limit their dates with the Asian students, partly according to the wishes of their mothers who think that their friendly association would jeopardize their daughter’s marriage chances to eligible Australian males. More often than not the girl’s attitude and amiable association is superficial in order to guard against the profound involvement of getting too fond of each other beyond the point of no return. The Immigration Laws naturally cause some of the Australian girls to have a nagging suspicion that their Asian friends may be cultivating a friendship for some ulterior motives. The poor Asian students studying here are not computers to be programmed but human beings of emotions and feelings. Away from home, and alone, they yearn for unselfish friends in this selfish world—the whisper of a kind word to one’s ear, the warmth of female companionship as “No man is an Island entire unto himself.” The Asian student, because of his diffidence and natural sensitivity is hurt more when a girl terminates her dating policy as very often he has spent an awful lot of time looking for an understanding friend. Hurt pride and natural sensitivity make him less a person more a thing; reduces the student’s social contact and puts a lid on his loneliness. During his remaining stay, the fortunate soul dwells in lonesome town burying himself in books in an attempt to resolve his loneliness. In this cruel world nothing matters more than his academic achievement and the world is a lonely place when no one cares. A Burmese student has confessed: “I have been here for seven years and still at times I feel very lonely.” The growing tendancy of Asian students towards “groupism” is far from uncommon. These students live in a little world isolated by the Australian’s traditional view on Asians and hedged around by a common racial identity of being non white. Discussions among Australians and Asian students are limited by the ignorance of the host country on Asian people and culture and the Australian’s considera tion that Asia is way down the ladder of modern civilization. Such ill-consideration and unpremeditated statements, such thoughtlessness would freeze any warmth that the Asian students bring with them—defeating the very purpose of the Colombo Plan Scholarship set up to promote mutual under standing between Asians and Australians. Today’s dynamic youthful generation is undergoing an “identity crises”. Modern students of learning are considered by the more elderly people, the oldies, as “alienated” since their rebellious nature has brought the downfall of Victorian morality, induced political changes but ignored the racial frontier of man himself. The greatest challenge we’re now faced with is not solving the origin of the universe, unfolding the complexity of life, but the ever present racial unrest

which the younger generation of today has to subdue to promote international understanding and good will, to abandon the ancient belief that a man’s skin is a social criterion. Many have argued that education is the long term solution to the problem of racial prejudice. The philosophy of de Chardin maintains that: “Education is an integral part of biological hereditary which derives unquestionable verification from the cohe rence which it brings to the whole landscape and relief into which it throws it”. However the invaluable tool of education that now arms the younger set is only a knight in shining armour far from adequate to wage a battle against such a “relic” frontier that now threatens the very existence of man. Education in many ways has moulded some human beings to socially accept their fellow man regardless of colour, but men of such admirable conviction and audacious sincerity are few and far between. The complete apathy adopted by the Australian is not due to the lack of common interests or in the unfamilarity with Asians, but to the racial prejudice some Australians nurture in their hearts. There is not very much feel for Asia as the Australians still maintain:“Distances don’t matter any more and geographical location is less important. Australia is part of the west”. “The Lucky Country” by Donald Horne. It would be most appropriate that children of diverse racial origin should rub shoulders with one another in close association in the classrooms of primary education since their minds are no longer pliable when these students begin their tertiary education. A series of short informative extracurri cular seminars of lectures on Asia delivered by Asians to grade and secondary schools would be another ideal method to introduce to these tender and impressionable minds, the closeness of Asian culture and people. Such “educated” students who later seek tertiary education would then look at the Asian students in the campus with a kinder eye. Among the restless but thoughtful generation let love triumph over national and racial frontiers. Cast aside the fear and unkindly view of the Asian students whose language problem may have created in them a tendancy towards reticence and retirement which often has made the naturally gregarious and amiable Asian appear unfriendly in the eyes of the Australians. Such a synthetic argument is an artifact of the individualism of the Australians who allow the Asian to go on his lonely way. The very ethics of how Asian students treat their Australian girl friends arouse severe criticisms from their fellow Australian friends. Asians are more prone to the thoughtfulness of sending little gifts and flowers to girl friends exercising extreme care for them and never putting alcoholic beverages before them. Among the Asians has evolved the idea “Treat your girl friend like a lady”. When romance paves the path would it not be up to the present generation to consider intermarriages between

Australians and Asians as a partial solution to racial prejudice. Surely such marriages, unlike Conrad’s Jim is no jump “into an everlasting deep hole”. Nevertheless, it is a temporary social turmoil, a leap into better human understanding and internationalism, with the abondonment of the girl’s cherished home, the very closeness of Mum, to live “among new man, strange faces, other minds”. Congratulations to your dear mothers, who having brought up their daughters under loving care and racial harmony, for having journeyed far beyond the racial boundary to achieve the utmost in human values. For those of you who refuse to give your blessing to such a union of man and woman, reconsider, before you cast the first stone of condemnation. This happy bride, though bereft of your blessing is destined to revolutionize the Victorian concept of racial purity. Her children will belong to a new breed of generation when the mother no longer dictates the dating policy of her children on the basis of skin colour. Comfort yourself with the poignant words of King Arthur: “The Old order changeth, yielding place to new.” This is the course we the youth of today will have to take, take it wisely and firmly and hold upon with heroic

resolution and the Alps and Pyreness of racial prejudice will sink before us. This is a journey of a thousand miles towards racial harmony, and let us take the first step. Australians and the Australian girls who understand the Asian students and entrust them with warm affection and friendship are rare as diamonds. And you the heroic few who tried and succeeded in understanding the Asian students we are proud of you for lighting the Promethean torch of goodwill and friendship with indisputable sincerity. These students are forever grateful, as you have made their ephemeral academic sojourn here so memorable a chapter in their lives because you have understood them. We thank those Australians who have always unselfishly extended their warm hospitality towards the Asian students in inviting them home, making them feel that for them, the aliens someone really does care. Understanding can do so much and yet such a great virtue never before found in so few. A man’s reputation may be sacrificed by an ill considered action, but please don’t judge the Asian community of students by the thoughtless few as the Asians are a very heterogeneous cosmopolitan group. With enough time, sin cerity and understanding will perhaps one day make this world a better place in which to live.

When Australians Meet Asians H. F. HO Four years in Australia has given me ample opportunities to travel around and meet many Australians. I have also travelled around Malaysia and have met many people of different races and people from all walks of life. I would not like to say that Australians are the most friendly people I have met. Basically, they are jolly good fellows, with a bit of interest in everything that is foreign to them, but not without suspicion. This reserved attitude is understandable, of course. They have been isolated from the rest of the world for too long, they can not even differentiate a Chinese from a Malay, or a Japanese from a Korean—can we expect them to have any knowledge of that five-thousand-year history behind the Chinese culture? Or the glories behind the Angkor Vat? Every Australian I meet, I can be sure of three questions that will pop up in our conversation. The first one is, “Where do you come from, mate?” After answering the same question again and again, 1 get a bit fed up with it. So, instead of answering the question, I ask my mates to make a guess. You will be amazed at how little they know about Asia. Invariably, they run out of names after two or three guesses, let alone knowing the whereabouts of the various countries. It is about time that the Australians took an interest in their neighbours. Then comes the second question. “How do you find Australia?” “Oh, a lovely country indeed. She is rich, her people are enjoying an easy life, etc.” It is a bit flattering, I know. But again I get sick of flattering people, so I just simply answer, “Not too bad a country”, although I can see the expression of disappointment on their faces.

Finally comes the third touchy question. “Would you like to stay in Australia?” Without hesitation, I give my mate a definite NO. No, why should I desert my “home-sweet-home” and my beloved country to try to assimilate into another strange society. I come from that part of the World in which there has been thousands of years of cultural and social evolutions as well as revolutions. People there are now reaping the fruitful harvests inherited from their ancestors. I cherish, and I am proud of my inheritance. What the countries like Singapore and Malaysia have achieved, and what they are doing now, prove that people of different origin, can and do live peacefully together, provided they are given the same opportunity in the struggle for survival. The ultimate achieve ment in these countries, the creation of a multiracial society, should become the inspiration of the world today: a world of suspicion, intolerance, hatred and war. A comment made by a fellow after a long night’s talk on the Sunlander last May vacation brings home the theme of this article; “Well, I can see that you are proud of what you are. I am proud of being an Australian too. This deep sense of possession cannot be violated and humiliated.” Only with this mutual understanding and mutual respect to each other’s pride can brotherhood prevail. We do hope that one day Australia shall become an active member in the big family of Asian countries.

“I am a citizen not of Athens or Greece, but of the world.” —SOCRATES.

A DIVIDED CAUSEWAY The Separation of Malaysia and Singapore by Peter Wicks. Britain's decision in 1962 to sponsor the merger of her former colonial territories Sarawak and Sabah with Malaya and Singapore into the Federation of Malaysia represented a convenient and promising act of decolonisation in the Malay archipelago. By this move, the British hoped they would satisfy local nation alist aspirations and ensure a measure of stability in the area. The new Malaysian Government's expressed desire to remain in the Commonwealth and to retain British forces in a protective capacity would also help preserve the remaining British economic and strategic interests in South East Asia. Lee Kuan Yew Malaysia involved the joining together of many peoples of diverse race, culture, tradition and activity; the main unifying factor being a common heritage of British rule. It was a state which contained deep strains and stresses and which required imaginative statesmanship and the develop ment of common values and concerns in order to succeed. In fact, the young federation was to last in its original form only two years, for by August, 1965, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore had decided on separation. This break-up arose from a number of factors. It could be interpreted in terms of the personal clash between the Federation’s Prime Minister (Tunku Abdul Rahman) and Singapore’s Prime Minister (Lee Kuan Yew), supported by their respective political machines, the United Malays National Organization (U.M.N.O.) and the Singapore People’s Action Party (P.A.P.) Lee, the cool, racial party machine leader and a brilliant, ambitious lawyer, was never close to the Tunku, a genial, warm, but often indiscreet patrician. Nevertheless, it appears that this personal clash was in dicative of something more basic; that is, the communal tone of Malaysian politics and society. Despite official statements, Malyasia is not so much a multi-racial society as a communal society. Several large ethnic groups dominate the social scene—the Malays, Chinese, Indians and indigenous peoples of North Borneo. Each is proud of its particular culture and traditions but each has made little effort to submerge these into a genuine Malaysian culture. Any attempts by Tunku Rahman’s Alliance Government to introduce common cultural elements such as the Malay language and the Moslem religion have met with crises of Malay-isation from sensitive Chinese. Differences in social position complicate the issue. The majority of Malays tend to be rural, conservative and relatively impoverished. In contrast, the Chinese are largely urban, progressive and commercial successful. To counter Chinese economic dominance, the Malayan Federal Constitution granted Malays certain privileges, most importantly sanctioning Malayan domination of civil service posts. In nine of the eleven Malayan states, there were hereditary sultans, the traditional embodiment of Malay political authority, serving as ceremonial leaders. These and other Malay privileges, such as ownership of arable land and a relatively greater access to educational scholarship, were continued in the new and larger Malaysia.

Tunku Abdul Rahman

The importance of communalism has been reflected in the composition of the major political force in Malaya, the Alliance, which included the United Malays National Organi zation, the Malayan Chinese Association, (M.C.A.) and the Malayan Indian Congress (M.I.C.) The Alliance Party’s success rested upon a mutually beneficial accommodation between the Malay political leaders of U.M.N.O. and the conservative Chinese leaders of M.C.A. Backed by most Chinese business men, the M.C.A. has been convinced that the best way to maintain a strong position for the Chinese in the country’s economic life lay in their acquiescence to the Malays con tinuing both their political ascendancy and privileges. However, there were signs after 1963 that some Chinese were increasingly reluctant to accept what was termed “second class citizenship”, esecially those who had no vested economic interest in the alliance with the Tunku. It was the island State of Singapore with its dynamic, radical P.A.P. leader ship which provided a focus for Chinese political aspirations. The P.A.P. called for a democratic socialist non-communal Malaysia, “a Malaysian Malaysia”, and charged Kuala Lumpur with being conservative, feudal and pro-Malay. After Malaysia Day in 1963, the ambitious P.A.P. leaders decided to move outside the Singapore political arena. The Malaysian federal constitution provided for a House of Rep resentatives (Dewan Ra’ayat) of 159 elected members, includ ing 104 from the States of Malaya, 16 from Sabah, 24 from Sarawak and 15 from Singapore. In the Federal Parliament, the governing Alliance tightly controlled its party organization to mainland Malaya and entered nine candidates for the coming general elections in urban constituencies with large Chinese populations. The bid failed, for the Alliance won a large majority of seats, and only one of the P.A.P. candidates was successful. Despite this failure, the U.M.N.O. saw the P.A.P.’s moves as an attempt to make Lee Kuan Yew the first Chinese Prime Minister of Malaysia, and add Chinese political domination to their existing control over the Malaysian economy. Ex tremist Malays in U.M.N.O. determined to move against Lee, and communal tension within the Federation heightened. Not all the U.M.N.O. were against the Singapore leaders. At the May, 1965, annual general assembly of U.M.N.O. Tunku Abdul Rahman, a veteran protagonist of racial harmony, urged his party to “play down” its acrimonious dispute with

the P.A.P. and asserted that "every right-thinking person and every business-man feels that Singapore’s place is with Malaysia.” However, tensions continued to mount. In the Federal Parliament, Lee Kuan Yew moved to censure the Alliance government for failing to include a firm commitment to a Malaysian Malaysia in the Royal Address. He warned that supporters of a truly non-communal nation might be forced to consider “alternative arrangements” in the face of intran sigent Malay hostility. There was also an argument about financial relations between Singapore and Kuala Lumpur. Speaking at a Press Conference, the Tunku deplored as “unwise” the P.A.P. statements about the “racial composition” of the Malaysian population, and its deprecatory statements about “feudal” Malay sultans.2 On June 4th 1965, the Minister for Information and Broadcasting, Enche Senu Bin Abdul Rahman warned Parliament that Mr. Lee and his P.A.P. were determined to “destroy” Malaysia because Lee had failed to obtain voice in running the Malaysian Government. As far as the leader of M.C.A., Tan Siew Sin, was concerned, “As long as Lee is Prime Minister of Singapore, there is no hope that the central Government will co-operate with it”.3 From then on, the Federal Government proceeded with moves against Singapore, and eventually the Tunku decided to separate Singapore from the Federation. In a surprise move, the separation agreement was signed on August 17th, and the Alliance-controlled parliament was quick to approve a constitutional amendment providing for Singapore’s with drawal. Tunku Abdul Rahman charged that “the position of the Central Government, not only at home, but worse still abroad, has been mocked on many occasions”. “There can be only one Prime Minister for the Nation”, said the Tunku, “and so the best course we can take is to allow Lee Kuan Yew to be the Prime Minister of an Independent Singapore”. With the Tunku’s dream “shattered”, the co-sponsors of Malaysia had “come now to the parting of the ways”.4 Lee Kuan Yew was deeply affected by the separation. It was a bitter blow for a man who had played so vital a role in Malaysia’s formation. Lee was criticized for over playing his hand politically. But perhaps the differences were irreconcilable. The Malays argued that troup solidarity should be strengthened to ensure the success of ultimate integration. Lee claimed that gradualism would surely prevent integration; instead decisive, impartial, and rapid measures were required. In his view, the whole rationale of the Malaysian concept had been “sacrificed to preserve the orchid from within” (that is, the traditional Malay social order).5. In contrast, the Federal leaders viewed Lee’s atribition and radical ideas with suspicion and hostility. After separation, certain important links remained between

the two states, particularly on defence matters. For example both continued under British military protection. Nevertheless, differences soon appeared in the realm of foreign policy. Singapore, conscious of Afro-Asian opinion, opted for nonalignment in contrast to Malaysia’s pro-western anti-Communism. Singapore’s Foreign Minister Rajarathnam announ ced that Singapore would “not automatically side with one of the Power blocs against the other” and would carefully assess each international issue in terms of Singapore’s national interest.6 Despite their initial pledges of economic co-opera tion, Malaysia and Sinapore introduced competitive tariff policies, which resulted in something of a commercial war. Rather ominously, disaffection with the Federal Government was expressed in the North Borneo states. Several years ago, Professor Tregonning of the University of Singapore wrote that “Malaysia presents a picture of racial tolerance and co-operation that is the envy of SouthEast Asia”. However, he also stressed that “should one race become arrogant and endeavour to impose its own will, the scene will change rapidly. With internal racial strife, as in Ceylon or elsewhere, all could be lost”.7 The break-up of the Malaysian Federation only two years after its birth indicated the validity of this analysis. The scene did change rapidly. Though Sukarno might posture and threaten, the main threat to Malaysia came from within. The dissolution of Malaysia can be viewed in terms of a refusal to com promise conflicting interests, ambitions and groups. The basis of this refusal was the stark fact of communalism and racial difference. Singapore, once a vital element in the Malaysian concept was now an independent sovereign state. Would Singapore and Malaysia ever be reconciled? Apparently not in the near future, for Lee sadly observed that he did not expect a “healing of the breach” in his lifetime. However, sofhe future common external threat, a change of leadership, or the recognition of important common interests may restore the links which many people on both sides of the Singapore Causeway so ardently desire. But this is a matter of speculation. Footnotes: 1. Bradley, C. P. Rapture in Malaysia, Current History February, 1966. p. 100. 2. ibid, p. 101. 3. The Australian, Friday, June 4, 1965, p. 6. 4. Boyce, P. J. Malaysia and Singapore in International Diplomacy, Sydney University Press, 1968, p. 29. 5. Bradley, op cit, p. 102. 6. ibid, p. 104. 7. Tregonning, K. G. Malaysia, Melbourne, Cheshire, 1964, p. 12.

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SABAH Cabah is a land of perpetual summer with luxuriant vegetation covering from ^ the valley to the crests of many a sun soaked hill. The state, only the size of Cape York Peninsula contains several mountain ranges from four to five thousand feet rising sharply from the coastal ranges. About three quarters of the local population of half a million people live near or within easy reach of the coastal plain. Most of the interior is covered with dense forest where mosses and epiphytic orchids hang languidly from the enormous tree trunks rising upward for a hundred feet or more. Occasionally a ray of light dazzles down through the canopy of green foliage, otherwise the jungle is just immersed in twilight where no breeze stirs and the air is heavy with dampness and decay with the occasional intoxication fragrance of exotic fruits and wild flowers. As the night settles as gently and cringingly as pollen the jungle is shrouded in a mysterious darkness when insects, frogs, and monkeys play a noctunal caco phony like a modern orchestra finally adjusting their instruments before an important recital to some eminent music critics. When the dark skin of night has peeled off there would be another day of tranquility, a timelessness about it so that you wish it will never end, a warm day, glossy and colourful as a child's transfer and with a tinge of unreality. Shimmering like a water picture in a heat haze, the sun drenched isles dotted along the coast live in the limpid and transparent sea are so enchanting and captivating that they make Green Island a second grade tourist attraction. Seas and bays are often butterfly blue and contain a complex maze of sea weeds, shaggy reefs growing just beneath the surface of the water. The gentle tides forever sigh at the sandy shore. The thickest congregation of life is found on the coral reefs: indignant faces of rainbow coloured fishes of casurainas and palm trees that sway gently in the breezes. Some clams are stuck upright, their mouths gaping pointing their horny lips towards the blue sky while the narrow ponds of green and black ribbon sea grow close and tangled like a strange woodland. Beneath the water the multicoloured, silent world of ever moving tapestry of life unfolds. Along the shore are sandy beaches white as tusks among the totter ing cities of red and white rocks; guarded by shady sentinals of casurains and palm trees sway gently in the breezes. Unmolested by advertising maniacs the austere beauty of the coast line will ever remain a pride of Sabah. Sabah with the noise and confusion of a fast developing country, has a true multiracial society, a true microcosm of Asian races consisting of the Malays, Chinese, Indians, Europeans, Eurasians and numerous native tribes whose racial origin has baffled many an anthropologist. A national identity is hard to create out of such a multilingual and multireligious mob. Each native tribe abounds in traditional customs and folklore which are delicately woven into the tapestry of life. The tropical sunshine has created a complacent population of carefree indigenous people dominated by taboos, and to these people tomorrow will take care of itself. Some of these people are of rudimentary culture, extremely reticient and taciturn about their religious rites but their warm hospitality and friendliness know no class colour or creed. It is still a primitive society where the village woman has no legal status and the husband treats her as he wishes. The intrinsic value of women lie in their ability to do domestic work, weed the rice field and handle the sickle as adaptly as their menfolk, but the position of woman is still intellectually and

spiritually inferior to that of man. The medicine man and high priestesses who have cultivated a psychic faculty which manifests itself in trances, witch crafts, and vision, healing by suggestion, combined with the powesr of divination are imperceptibly fading out of the primitive society as Christian ity is slowing getting a foothold. Without government and Christian intervenation in tribal customs the sin quo non of manhood among the natives—the taking of human heads would have survived. The coastal plains once a landscape of green are now broken up by modern bungalows, hotels and multistoried commercial buddings. Modern hotels boast of the intimate and elegant atmosphere, exquisite service and the bars are comfortably relaxing and perfect mood setters for later. Housewives are often heard to furiously argue with the Chinese shopkeepers. The Chinese invariably own and manage the majority of the shops in any town you care to name. Traffic congestion is the most exasperating evidence of growth. Cars of all makes and sizes jam the streets during peak hour traffic in Kota Kinabalu. Fashion does not lag far behind in Sabah. Miniskirts, the ideal wear for the hot sun soaked tropics catch even the most tired eyes. With the Chinese holding the reins of the country’s economy and the majority of the indigenous people living in the land what sort of agriculture are we expected to encounter. Top grade timber which constitutes the major export can one day be no longer extracted from the dense tropical jungles as reafforesation is non-existent. Lofty mountain ranges and the scarcity of roads with communica tions and transport difficulty subsequently restrict agriculture to a small percentage of the land. In this modern age when interplanetary travels begin to crystallize, buffaloes are the only animated “tractors” drawing the primitive, single shear, home-made ploughs in all wet rice cultivation. Meanwhile, these animals still play an important role in the economy of the state in providing meat and export to nearby Brueni and the Island city of Singapore. Some medium tractors, a scientific curiosity to the villages are now used on estates and agriculture stations largely for transport but are very little used in small holdings. The water buffaloes and cattle cer-

tainly look forward to the day when these scientific mon strosities would make them forget the mud splashed farmers and relieve them from the burden of ploughing under the burning sun of the tropics. Unmolested by foot and mouth disease, epizootics, the cattle and water buffaloes are free to roam the rice fields after the harvest, gleaning the few remaining green blades of the rice plants ignored by the farmers. These stock are the result of natural selection over the generations with little influence from the herdsman and they live in perfect harmony with the environment. With better management, animal husbandry and improved breeding the present cattle population of 80,000 heads could easily double when suitable pastures are available. Anglo-Nubian goats and Dorset Horn rams are imported from Australia to improve the small flock of sheep and goats we have. You would be very much surprised that a dirty fleece can catch your eyes in a land where people complain of a drought in this part of the world if the annual rainfall reaches only fifty inches. What an impressionable flock of sheep we have in Sabah—354 in all! The beef industry faces a bright future as considerable areas of the state consists of open grassland from which the jungle has been cleared and regrowth prevented by burning and settlement. Grass covered alluvial plains stretch as far as the eye can see. However, several of the areas have been severly eroded and covered with Imperata cylindrica some of which is being replaced by a more useful and palatable Ischaemium barbatum. Already molasses grass and Paspalum scrobiculatum grow wild and run riot in areas of low rain fall and well drained slopes. The picture of large cattle farms is beginning to emerge as Bracharia brizantha with greater adaptability and yield is replacing the local pasture grasses. Stylosanthes gracilis ranks first among Centrosema, Crotolaria and Pueraria as the most promising legume. With the proper synthesis of a grass legume pasture and skilful management one day buffaloes and cattle will dwell in lush green pasture. Now is the time for a shrewd businessman to invest in the cattle industry. Pigs are reared by the natives and Chinese farmers with pig husbandry ranging from semiwild pigs living around the native villages to some well run commercial piggeries. Pure bred Berkshires front New Zealand are used to improve the breeding of pigs which are really for the Chinese com munity just as goats are to the Muslims, playing a primary nutritional role. Research into crop agronomy is equally essential for the sound future agricultural development according to the policy of the Department of Agriculture. Rubber in spite of lower prices and the chronic shortage of cheap labour

still produced in 1965 23,848 tons of rubber earning a foreign exchange of M$34,000,000. Rubber is gradually being replaced by more profitable crops of oil palm and Manila Hemp where some forms of mechanisation are found and cheap labour make such investment economically profitable. The future profitability of the oil palm industry has encouraged many foreign entrepreneurs to substantially invest in this industry. The current falling cocoa prices have arrested the planned expansion programme of growing more cocoa on some of the richer basaltic soils of the Eastern valleys. Die back and apparent nutritional problems caused the temporary set back, however, in the near future the government plans to bring another 35,000 acres of alluvial soils under plantation in addition to the existing 40,000 acres. Perhaps the greatest headache of the Agriculture Depart ment is to produce enough rice to feed the currently expand ing population of a state where the modern luxuries of family planning and contraceptions are rare. More jungles will have to be cleared, many more rivers need to be dammed to extend the present cultivation of 90,000 acres producing some 30,000 tons of rice in 1965. However, half as much have to be imported to meet the consumption demands. The primitive shift cultivation of hill paddy has to be discouraged as this form of agriculture creates more erosion than yield. Such cultivations of days gone by are extremely difficult to harvest on a hill slope, second crops are rare; production is low due to ¡numerable insect pests and fungal diseases while sparrows voraciously feed on the grains. These small rice fields which are usually fenced by bamboo and saplings will have to give way to blocks of economical size. New varieties are currently bred in an attempt to obtain sufficient staple so as to reduce rice imports. Introduced varieties from T.R.R.I. are screened and selected for adapt ability to local soils and response to area fertilizers as the local varieties funnily enough have been introduced originally from the Philippines one and a half centures ago do not respond to fertilizers. The “feed” gap is hard to bridge but high yield varieties, knowledge of the rice plant as well as better agronomic management may hopefully one day make us self sufficient in rice. Though shift cultivation of hill paddy is gradually fading out many of the traditions and customs of the ancient rice agriculture have survived to this very day. At the end of each phase of rice cultivation is the “excuse” of rejoicing and celebration, and the performance of many ancient and very complicated fertility rites which are most essential rituals, not to be neglected for a good harvest. The ancient ritual of end of harvest celebrations has been the excuse of a national holiday. Part of the policy of the Department of Agriculture is to improve the “living standards and welfare of the poorest and most backward elements of Sabah’s population”. From this has emegred the constant exodus of people from the filthy villages to selected areas in government subsidised schemes where improved soil fertility and better housing promise a brighter but more complacent future. The long houses among few of the indiginous tribes indicate extreme poverty and poor sanitary conditions practised; tattered clothes and poor diet. The longhouse with long verandahs and a thatched floor is raised some six feet above the ground by piles made of hardwood. In the longhouse fashion outdates the topless dresses by hundreds

(continued on p. 28) 11

ABRAHAMS SACRIFICE The Patriarch Abraham is an important charac ter in three religions; Judaism, Christianity and Islam. For Abraham is the starting point in the conversation between men and God. He is the father of races: through Ishmael father of the Arab peoples and of the Islamic faith; through Isaac the father of the Jewish people, and hence through Christ, of Christianity. But the traditions concerning the story of Abraham differ considerably. There is firstly the Judeo-Christian version of Genesis, chapters 12-25. This tradition dates back possibly as far as the ninth century B.C., for the Pantateuck, of which Genesis is one book, can be traced to that date. The Islamic version is presented in the Quran, which of course stems from the mid seventh century A.D. The Quran, is by the Muslims re garded as the collection of divine revelations made to Prophet Mohammad through Archangel Gabriel.

THE JUDEO-CHRISTIAN VERSION: Abram's wife, Sara, was barren. However a promise was made to Abram by God that an heir would be born to him whose inheritance would be as numerous as the stars of the heavens. So Sara suggested to Abraham that he go unto her hand maiden Hagar, an Egyptian, that be may obtain children by her By Mesopotanian law this was quite legitimate, and the barren wife could claim the children as her own. Hagar conceived. But Sara was overcome with jealousy and sent Hagar into the desert. Here, an Angel promised Hagar that her seed would in crease and would not be numbered for its m ulti tude. On the Angel's command Hagar returned, and in Abram's eighty-sixth year, Ishmael was born. When Abraham was ninety-nine, God's promise of a son of great inheritance was renewed, and Abram and Sara became Abraham and Sarah to mark the parenthood of the promised new race. A perpetual covenant was made, the outward sign to be the circumcision of the males of the race. So Ishmael and other members of Abraham's household were circumcised, and in the following year, Isaac was born of Sarah. But now Sarah's jealousy was renewed, for she was averse to her son's inheritence being shared with Ishmael, and she asked that Hagar and Ishmael be sent away. Abraham was reluctant, for he still believed Ishmael to be the son who would propagate his seed and start the new race, besides which the law permitted such exile only in the case of an insolent concubine. However, God intervened, telling Abraham that it is Isaac who would fu lfil the everlasting covenant, and commanded Abraham to comply with his wife's 12

wishes. So Abraham unwillingly disinherited his first-born Ishmael. Ishmael and Hagar were miraculously preserved from death by starvation and thirst and they settled in the desert. Ishmael bore twelve sons by an Egyptian wife. Thus Ishmael is generally regarded as being the father of the Bedouin tribes, as many as being the father of all the Arab peoples. God wished to test further Abraham's faith, and demanded thaat he sacrifice Isaac, now re garded as his only son. But at that moment Abraham's knife was raised, God revealed, caught by its horns in a bush, a ram to be offered instead of Isaac. In Jewish tradition this incident took place on Mt. Moriah, now a part of Jerusalem.

THE ISLAMIC VERSION: Hagar's position in the story should not be despised, as the biblical story tends to suggest she should. According to Jewish tradition, her posi tion as Sarah's handmaiden was due to an accident, but in the Quran, Hagar is portrayed as an Egyptian princess brought to her humiliating position by war and captivity. Now if Hagar is accepted as a legitimate wife of Abraham, or simply as a legitimate concubine— and polygamy and concu binage were both recognized by law — then obviously Ishmael is Abraham's eldest son and right ful heir. All agree that God commanded Abraham to sacrifice his son to test his faith. But in the Quran it is not Isaac who is sacrificed but Ishmael. For fourteen years Ishamel was Abraham's only son and by its very nature, the trial must have taken place when Abraham had only one son— that is, in this period. The Bible tells of God giving a direct command to sacrifice his son. But the Quran tells of Abra ham proceeding with the sacrifice on the basis of a dream. ''Oh my son! Surely I have seen in a dream that I should sacrifice you" are the words ascribed to him. But dreams are fraught with ambiguities, and on the hill of Mariva, according to the Quran, the same tableau portrayed in the Bible was enacted, and Ishmael was saved from the knife at the last minute. Soon after, Isaac is born of Sarah. It appears that Abraham has misinterpreted the dream for God intended that the sacrifice be not by the knife, but by Exile. On the command of God, Abraham exiled Hagar and Ishmael, the son he loved, ostensibly to save them from the jealous wrath of Sarah, but actually to fu lfil a divine purpose beyond their human understanding. The Quran hints at this in the words: "And we ransomed him with a great sacrifice." Abraham accompanied Hagar and Ishmael into

Arabia. During this sojourn he rebuilt the Ka aba with Ishmael (Sura ii, 125). This accomplished Abraham at last abandoned them to their exile and returned to Sarah and Isaac.

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The stories of Abraham are kept alive in the ceremony of each religion. In Jewish ritual, the account of Abraham's Sacrifice of Isaac is read on the first day of the festival Rosh-hashana in the month of Tishii. For the Christians, of course, this sacrifice is a hint of God's preparedness to sacrifice his only son for the sake of mankind. In Islam the account of the sacrifice is read from

the Quran on the festival of Eid-ul-adha on the tenth day of Zi 1-Haj, and an animal sacrifice is offered in commemoration. These are the two traditions of Abraham's sacrifice. We have presented no final conclusion for obviously everyone will do this in the light of his own knowledge and belief. But we hope that these two views will contribute towards discussions between the peoples of different cultural and reli gious backgrounds. And is not this one of the reasons for International House? ZAKIR RAHMANI KEITH ATKINSON

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND CULTURAL CHANGE by N.A. TUAN Culture is that complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society. Three special aspects of this complex whole have often been singled out and related to economic growth. They are: the family system, the social system, and the religious and ethical valuations. In Asia, the composite, or joint or extended, family system in which two or more generations live under the same room and work on the same rice field, exists for the main purpose of giving adequate protection to each member of the family. This is perhaps more pronounced in the tribal system in Africa. But protection is given to all members regardless of their effort or contribution. This basically contradicts the requirements of an “industrial revolution”, it stands in the way leading to the achievement of the pre conditions of economic growth. The reason is that in a family system (or a tribal system) as such, incentives to work, to save, and to invest, tend to be diluted, while these incen tives are of vital importance in an industrialised economy. When a country begins to industrialize, urbanisation also begins. But one of the main obstacles to the process of industrialisation, it has been observed, is the fact that the composite family system is usually extended to urban areas, which results in many backward “family enterprises” (in which high positions are often held not by qualified persons but by ill-trained members of the family). The social system also raises problems but only in a few countries, especially in India where the Caste system has divided the population into hundreds of small social groups ranking from the Priests to the “untouchable”. A social system such as the Caste system in its most rigid form is said to be highly undesirable, since economic growth requires in the first place the co-operation of the people as a whole, of the entire undivided and development-minded population.

Lastly, religious beliefs prevailing in Asia tend to em phasize that each person has a “duty” to fulfill some goals that are not usually related to economic advancement. They, emphasize, in other words, the “Spiritual” values rather than the material values of life. Buddhism and Taoism develop a cyclical theory of time related to incarnation which casts on every effort of economic reform an important reservation: happiness cannot be found in this temporary existence. Hinduism bears some similarities to Buddhism and Taoism in its teaching of a “dualism” of “this-wordliness” (this ordinary life) and “other-wordliness” (the contemplative and mystical experience). These human obstacles are fortunately not insuperable barriers standing in the way of economic development. His torically, similar systems existed in Europe (the Guild system, the system of “the Masters and the serfs”, the teaching of Christianity....... are just to name a few); but these obstacles have been gradually overcome and many European countries are now classified in the “developed” category. However, the development of Europe has been made with a significant cultural change. One is led to the conclusion that cultural change is inevitable in the process of economic development. Yet, many underdeveloped countries nowadays are reluctant to adopt new ideas that differ from, and not necessarily con tradict, their cultural heritage. Historically, the more a country is willing to accept changes, the better is its economic performance. Only by comparing the modern Japanese way of life with the Nineteenth-Century one can we realize that Japan has paid a fair price for her existing economic position. On the other hand, the experience of a country such as India which is still balancing the benefits of growth against the desire to keep her culture intact, has been a painful one. It is thus only too hopeful to think that economic growth is compatible and reconcilable with the effort to keep culture—that complex whole of deep-rooted traditions, customs and habits—mainly intact.

THE ACCIDENT My eyes open into an intense spot of brightness in the sky. I blink. Then I look. For a moment, I lose sight of it —■an optical illusion perhaps?!! But, the light reappears! I watch it closely. A long minute passes................... My eyes discern a beautiful, golden coach — apparently cruising in the sky. Can it be a new invention, or ........... ?? I sweat my brains for a plausible answer to an unwelcome spectacle. I just cannot think. I am petrified. Now the coach passes the newly constructed hotel. It stops abruptly. I refuse to believe my eyes; I rub them. I look again. The coach is there. So were two figures — a woman dressed in a sari, and a man dressed in a leopard skin, together with a coiled serpent on his head. They talk. Their voices are rich, reverbrating throughout the sky: SHE: “My Lord, don’t you think this world is very beautiful?” HE: “Yes indeed, My Dear, it is.” I understand now. They are the gods — Lord Shiva and His consort Parvathi — mentioned in the Hindu scriptures. I listen ............... SHIVA: “My Love, do you see that painter over there?” PARVATHI- “Where?” He points to a painter - painting off a ledge of the 13th floor of that new hotel. PARATHI: “Oh. ............. Oh yes. In fact, I know him. His name is Kishen — a man of holiness and humility.” SHIVA: “Well, My Dear, it is sad to say, I feel that his time is up.” PARVATHI: “What do you mean, My Lord?” SHIVA: “His time on Earth is over. He will die in exactly three minutes ” Parvathi is shocked. ' She cannot believe Her ears. She is quiet for a moment — aparently thinking. Then............... PARVATHI: “Lord, is there any possibility of him being saved from this tragedy?” SHIVA: “No, My Dear. What is written mst be done. For better or worse, he has to die.” Parvathi is a woman. She is sott and tender with Her feelings............... but, quite adamant in Her approach. She can bear neither sadness nor separation of two lovers, or other trivial emotions and sentiments, which only a woman can understand. No doubt, She is quite aware of her strength in Her tears and love. She begins to plead PARVATHI: “Oh Lord, Kishen is a virtuousman. His faith and holiness are great. He goes to the Temple regularly, offers Me....... ME!!....... his prayers. His devotion to Me, I must admit, is supreme. Why, Lord?........... Why has he to die so young?” SHIVA: “His Fate is such, My Dear.” Parvathi is vexed; Begins wringing Her hands. PARVATHI: “My Lord, he has a devoted wile; a woman of integrity and humility. She bore seven children ............... are young and helpless. If this man were to die, can’t you see the predicament of his dependents? Please, will you help him?” SHIVA: “No, Dear. I have no right to interfere with his Fate.” She is not deterred. She begins to shed tears, and puts Her head gently on His shoulders. She sobs. PARVATHI: “I understand your position, but you can lalter his Fate. If he escapes from his impending fall, the (world might acclaim it as a MIRACLE, and never sense [otherwise.” SHIVA: “Yes, but what about my principle? You

well know that I’ve a gentleman’s agreement with the Devil.” She looks quite pathetic by now. Her eyes are swollen red. PARVATHI: “My Lord, I beg of you, please help this unfortunate man........... Lord!........... Look! The Devil himself!!!” I look at where She points. Indeed! The Devil rides slowly but steadily on a buffalo. He seems casual, but I am quite sure he means business. Meanwhile............... SHIVA: “Yes, he comes to collect his due.” PARVATHI: “My Lord, I love you very much. If my love is anything to you, please do this favour for me............... Please?!............... Shiva considers, looks at the Devil. The Collector takes his stand directly below Kishen, on the ground. He holds a sack — I suppose he collects the Dead’s souls in it. Lord Shiva stoops towards His Lover. He gives a longing kiss........... utters in a throaty voice “Ah you Women!” Parvathi understands. She has won. She brightens, and embraces Him. SHIVA: “My Dear, we’ll help him.” PARVATHI. Thanks, my Lord. Shiva outlines the strategy to Parvathi: SHIVA: “At the appointed time, he’ll slip. As he plunges down, he’ll render a piercing cry. If he screams ‘L L OORD ’ I’ll catch him before he crashes. However, be screams D .D....DE VI... (DEVI), you shall catch him- He can thus be saved- Is il clear> My Dear?” PARVATHI: “Yes, My Lord.” By now’ rm completely absorbed in the drama. I realise how our lives ~ and fates ~ are ¡ust Part of a Cosmic play- 1 await tense'y for the appointed time. . The Lord and His Consort are waitin§ eaÊerly ~ confident of success. The Devil is waitinS Patiently - also confident of8 success. 0 Between them is Kishen — painting quite vigorously (1 now __ but unaware of his Fate_ U Seconds tick by........................ fl Kishen stands up now on the ledge, and abruptly feels» a violent cramp jn his legs; h e.tr¡es vain]y t0 massage his(] ]egS; and control the agonising pain. For a moment, he8 ]ooks down on the streets. He feels dizzy! He slips! AndU totters on the edge fl He rents a piercjng scream a scream so terrifyingü and thunderous that the whole world and the heavens can (J hear. All the other gods in the heavens stop their work 9 and look down sadly at the tragedy of the unfortunate man. [| Kishen screams, ‘A... A ...A... AAHHHHHH..........AH... ,’n as he tumbles down. U Lord Shiva and his consort are flabergasted. Both fail toj) move, for neither of theirnames are called. She isshocked, 9 and buries her tearful face in Her hands............... She can’tlj bear to look at the grotesque sight below. Shiva gently putsn an arm around his wife. He consoles her. The carriage» m0Ves and dissappears into the heavens. fj Whilst down below, the Devil, with an impassive buto serious face, collects Kishen’s soul in his sack. He starts [) his ‘vehicle’ — and leaves (probably to His next house-of-9 call....). I look for some time at the Devil, as he gradually!) dissappears in space........................ n I look down............... and there is a large crowd at^ the foot of the building. Ambulance siren can be heard[j quite loud now, and policemen seem also to have come............» He is given up for dead............... An accident............... [) -------- The End-------fj

THE JA PA N OF 1968

by JOHN BOYD. T^he Japanese economy has expanded and is continuing to expand, at a faster rate ■ *" than that of any other country in the world. This process of growth has even been accompanied by a qualitative transformation of the very structure of the country s economy.

The centre of industrial gravity has been shifting from small scale production of consumer goods relying on a plentiful and mobile supply of labour, to the heavy and chemical industries relying on a hi.ghly skilled and more static labour force with theh security of continuous employ ment. The emphasis is shifting from labour intensive to capital intensive industries. It can be said that the past decade has witnessed the development of an industrial and economic structure equivalent to that of the highly indus trialized Western nations. Growth with stability is the corner-stone of the Japanese Government’s economic policies. The policies were laid out in the Government’s Ten-Year Economic Programme of 1961, in which the target was to double national income by 1970. Large businesses especially prosper, al though bankruptcies among small enterprises has increased rapidly. In a nationally integrated economy as that of Japan., it is almost the prac tical fate of the large firms : the nation cannot afford to let them go bankrupt. This is why small firms, most by national necessity, be expendable. Improvement in the welfare services of the nation, moreover, have not kept pace with economic development. Since the conclusion of the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty in 1960, the political situation in Japan can be characterized as one of increased polarization and intensified opposition between conservatives and progressives. The Kishi Cabinet which was responsible for conclusion of the Treaty was dissolved under pressures which arose at that time. Nevertheless the majority conservative party, which backed Kishi, has re mained in power, first in the Ikeda Cabinet and presently in the Sato Cabinet. Sato retained his power even though his policies were tested in the general election held in th Spring of 1967. It is worth noting that Sokagakkai, a radical sect of Nichiren Buddhism, entered the political world in the general election for the House of Councillors (Upper House) in 1962 and formed its own political party called Komeito in 1964. The Socialist Party expected to increase its seats in the Diet in the 1962 election, but actually won fewer seats. The Democratic Socialist Party and the Communist Party won more seats than they held previously, though they remained minority parties. In this political context the Japan-Korea Treaty, which was felt to be closely connected with American policy in Asia was concluded in

1965. Since this event the political posture of the Sato Cabinet has become gradually more conservative, in line with U.S. foreign policy. Such, problems as American military bases in Japan, calls at Japanese ports by American nuclear powered submarines, return of Okinawa, government policy toward Vietnam which seems to accord with and contribute to President Johnson’s policy, have become more and more serious political issues among the Japanese citizens. Tension has erupted in.to violent struggles between leftist students and the police, whom the students see as symbols of the conser vative ruling power. The Confrontation reached its highest peak in connection with Prime Mini ster Sato's visit to South Vietnam and the U.S.A. last year, and the coming of the American nuclear-powered aircraft carrier “Enterprise” to the Japanese port of Sasebo early this year. Public education is compulsory and free for all children for nine years at primary and secon dary schools. A central concept in Japanese education today is to produce self-reliant citizens of a peaceful and democratic state and community with respect for human rights. The universities are in desperate straits financially. Substantial increases in tuition costs is the most serious point of contention, and often confrontation, between student organizations and administrations. Not only are facilities out of date or in need of repair, but there is also a critical shortage of competent faculty and staff. The worst aspects of mass education are coming (continued on p.

16) 15

"TH E JAPAN OF 1968"— continued. to the surface. Students are upset and dissatis fied with the atmosphere of their schools where there is so little concern for the individual student. These conditions have contributed to recent student-administration tensions. A small percentage of youths join the student political movements, which require whole hearted participation, often militantly in endea vouring to rectify the problems of society. How ever the barriers in society they wish to over come are not easily removed. Many' students finally resign themselves to the behaviour pat terns of mass society. The Japanese University man is indifferent to institutional religion and philosophy and seldom has any clear position of his own. He is usually extremely critical of existing religions. Though this era of technological innovation is at the same time an era of secularism, this does not mean that religious questions have disap peared from the university scene. Several surveys indicate that many University professors aqd students hope for the appearance of “ real reli gion" and are seeking the real meaning of life. Such a spiritual climate is a spawning ground for fanatical religious movements and for ideo logically based student movements. A recent Government census stated that the number of those attracted to any kind of reli gion is as low as 5%. Amongst these, 39.6% are by Buddhism, Christianity and other world religions, and 19.6% by Sokagakukai and other similar new religions. Those belonging to a religion are people who are "different" i.e. sep arate, and therefore not really belonging. Many Japanese people have a Shinto wedding and a Buddhist burial— but most do not practise reli gion or know any doctrine. On the Japanese religious scene, there is an endemic nihilistic feeling among the people, par ticularly the young, which is related to certain predominant trends. One of these is the emer gence of mass society as the result of industriali zation and the technological revolution. Another factor is the ideological conflict between East and West. These circumstances have given birth to nihilistic feelings and an existential frame of mind. Each religion attempts to answer these questions. A significant aspect of the answers coming from some of these sects is their radical, fundamentalist, extremist, and exclusive character. Religious affiliation generally is declining. A type of “ materialism” has replaced religion. It is m ore( important what a person actually "is " or "has" rather than what he believes, e.g. many families pool all their resources to send ojie member of the family to a "high-ranking” university. Japan's tremendous growth since the war, has helped her to become a formidable world power again, however, this time “ economically” .

(continued on p. 17) 16

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A SEIS DE LA TARDE BY PETER BOWMAN IN DEFENCE OF THE BULLFIGHT

“It’s inhuman - barbaric - should be stopped” they said before I reached Spain. “It is a senseless cruelty” they argued, “It will make you sick to watch it”. They might have succeeded in putting off going to a bullfight but one doesn’t leave Spain without having seen a bullfight, or for that matter, many bullfights. And having seen a “corrida” I was impressed by the lack of barbarity displayed and by the lack of nausea I felt. In fact I began to fear that a few of the hackneyed arguments against bullfighting could be decidely weak. So I set out to find some more about bull fighting. And to watch many more bullfights. A bullfight would be a most shockingly unfair contest, if it were actually a contest of man versus beast: it’s not so much that the matador always wins (this is far from true), but that undeniably, the bull always loses. But to look at a bullfight in this manner defeats its whole objective. It is not a sport — a Spaniard who wants sport goes to a football match: a bullfight is an art. A Spaniard goes to the Plaza del Toros for approimately the same reason he would go to a theatre—only there is a difference. This is drama, but real-life drama of a man playing with death. It is a theatrical spectacle with the grace and excitement of the stage; but a drama in which death is a reality, not a pretence. Of reality, there is no lack. You do not have to see many bullfights to see a man carried from the ring. It is in this that the bullfight is unique; there is no other entertainment where a man is so visibly close to a violent end on the horns of Nature. You can look at it as being merely an explosion of the blood lust if you like. You can blame the Spanish for being barbarians if you so desire. But there is more in it than that. The drama of a man risking his life to bring down a wild beast seldom fails to excite an audience. There is this excitement in the bullfight—a man using his brains, skill and a large slice of courage against the blind rage of the bull. It tickles the colourful Spanish nature, as it tickles the nature of anyone with spirit. But the Spaniard is not content merely with drama and excitement. As I said, he is a colourful character and must incorporate in the fight all the art and elegance of the Spanish nature. It is said that none but a Spaniard has the natural grace enough to become a bullfighter and indeed, only one non-Spaniard from many who have tried has ever become a successful matador. Oddly enough, he was an American. By reading articles against bullfighting by various humane societies and mothers’ unions, one is quickly per suaded to take pity on the “poor little bull” so cruelly tortured and killed in the ring. I often wonder how many of these protectors have actually seen a Spanish Toro in the flesh—it would be an enlightenment to them. On seeing a fighting bull in action, this myth of the “poor little bull” is instantaneously dispersed. That bull is neither poor nor little. He weighs half a ton. On a sprint he is faster than a horse. He is a dangerous beast: and more than that—he is proud of it. There is a malevolence in that little red eye buried in the black hide; he seems to have but one aim in mind from the instant he enters the ring to the moment he

topples on his side—that is to kill anything that moves. He is bred to kill, and to kill is as basic to his nature as survival. This is the impression that a fighting toro gives. I hate to shatter a popular belief, but the fact is thay the bull is not goaded into a fury; he is fighting ,mad the instant he is let loose. The pics and banderillas are not to goad, but to hinder his pace and power. The banderillas (those coloured sticks which are daringly placed against the bull’s charge just behind the shoulder) have another purpose also. Stuck by tiny barbs into his sink, they flop loosely and are often used to correct the toro if he tends to hook left or right. Besides which, the banderillero act is the most exciting part of the fight. If the bullfight is to be condemned as a sickening, gory spectacle, the only part which can support this view is the “pic”-ing. A picador mounted on a heavily protected mare attempts (usually in vain) to hold the bull at the lance’s length from him, burying the pic two or three inches deep in the bulging neck muscles of the beast. The purpose of this bloodshed? To weaken the neck muscle so his head is held lower and his tossing power weakened. .. and to slow the bull to a “manageable” state. We have seen the speed and excitement of the fresh bull played with the pink and yellow cape: now we prepare to see the grace and skill of the work with the scarlet muletto. “But it’s cruel to kill a dumb beast like that”. Yes it is hard lines on a beast that he must die. Have you ever seen bullocks being led to the death in an abattoir? Their eyes are wide and nostrils dilated with fear as they smell death to which they are inexorably led. But the fighting bull either has no fear or in the heat of battle has not time for fear. To the instant he dies, murder alone shows in those red eyes. There is something tremendously noble in a Spanish bull; something which seems to shout out that this beast must die fighting—not for the fear and ignominy of an abattoir death. Like a bullock he is bred to die; the only difference lies in the way he must die. And the carcass? For those skeptics who would condone killing only if it is for food; the carcass is cut up and sold as third grade beef. To the confirmed aficionado, the bullfight remains a Spanish traditional art unique in the world; a colourful spec tacle that the world would be worse off without. Obviously, I will fail to convince those with a firm prejudice against bullfighting. To these people, I can only recommend Ernest Hemingway’s book “Death in the Afternoon”—which will provide entertaining reading even though highly pro-bullfight ing. Having read that, I suggest a holiday in Spain—it is senseless to condemn without some first hand knowledge of this “death in the afternoon”.

"T H E JAPAN OF 1968"— continued. This grow th has precipitated many problem s which perm eate the whole of Japanese society. Economically, Japan has progressed centuries in decades but society, culture and the people’s nature 'do n ot change at the same pace. This tim e lag is one of the m ain contributing forces to the problem s, of the dynamically progressiye “Japan of 1968“. 17

DR. MATEJCEK : Many members of College will remember with pleasure Dr. Matejcek and his films “Children without Love” and “The Cybernetic Grandmother”. Dr. Matejcek, a psycholo gist from Czechoslovakia, is well known in many countries for the work he has done on the psychology of collective Child-care institutions. His studies revealed the great damage done to children by such institutions in Czechoslo vakia and he led the protest against the system at a time when any criticism of his Government was like'walking upon eggshells. In 1961 Dr. Matejcek with tremendous courage, produced the film “Children Without Love”. Combining humour and deep pathos, it compares the children of an institution with the children brought up in a normal family, and is a brilliant and entertaining expose of the dangers of the collective care system then used. As if producing the film were not risky enough Dr. Matejcek also took a leading role in it.

The film was smuggled to Italy, where it won first prize for Scientific Films at the Venice Film Festival of 1963. After this, its existence and its message could no longer be ignored by Czechoslovakian authorities and reform plans for the institutions were soon put into overation. Some of these reforms are outlined in Dr. Matejcek’s article, and are currently under way. Dr. Matejcek is easy and entertaining to talk to, as many found during his stay at International House. In exchange for a few dozen stamps for his philatelist children, I managed to obtain a copy of the talk he presented with his films in the two public lectures he gave while he was at Queensland University. The following is a condensation of this talk, which with, with the current situation in Czechoslovakia,, I think will interest all but the most devout reactionaries. P.B.B.

CHILDREN WITHOUT LOVE The institutions for residential and part-time collective care whose tradition dates from the early Middle-Ages, have been created for social and sanitary reasons—not for the psychological and educational one. They offered a refuge and protection to children who otherwise would have been abandoned or seriously neglected. After World War I and particularly after World War II new social needs arose in connection with the increasing number of working women. Until the beginning of this century the tragic mortality and morbidity rate was the main problem for collective education. It was not until the main sanitary questions were solved that it was possible to see the importance of psychological aspects in full light. The children’s homes were no longer criticised by doctors and many became examples of the high standards of the health service—but they bagan to be exposed to the criticism of the psycholo gists and psychiatrists. John Bowlbys monograph “Maternal care and mental health” which was published by WHO in 1951, sums up the present knowledge in this field, the so called “maternal deprivation”. He comes to the convincing conclusion, that the child in his first three years needs, above all, the warm, intimate and stable relation to the mother or a person in her place. Collective care, in which the child as a rule suffers from the shortage of such an emotional tie, leads to many disturbances of mental health, e.g. mental retardation, psy chopathic devleopment of the personality, great resistency against therapy etc. Some extreme conclusions have been drawn from these findings—e.g. a bad family is better than the best institution since it offers to the child the oppor tunity of having that unique emotional tie to the mother. A children’s home even with the highest level of organisation would not be able to do this. The radical limitation of institutional care for children and a great expansion of foster care followed logically from these ideas. In the early fifties, a radical reorganisation took place. Its most prominent feature was a tendency towards unity and “uniformity”. The network of childrens-homes was unified and the management was undertaken by the state. The institutions of permanent collective care were organised on “economic principles” i.e. homes were established for children up to the age of one year, other homes for children up to three years, other homes up to six years, and others

up to 15 years. In all of these homes high standards of hygiene were established, and educational programs were secured according to uniform criteria. — The possibility of scientific control of education for collective life and good material conditions, hygiene and rational nutrition were emphasized above all else. However, in these homes it was found that the retarda tion of the institutional children is noticeable already in the fourth month and becomes manifest after six months of age, especially as regards the speech and social behaviour. Our own findings on 82 children from one to three years in one well organised and directed children’s home revealed even deeper developmental lag in the second year of life. Towards the end of the third year a rising tendency can be seen. The retardation is evident in all mental functions, above all in speech development and in social relations. The retardation is more pronounced the longer the children remain in institutions. Furthermore, our studies have shown that damage to the pesonality of the institutionalised child cannot be described in terms of “retardation” only. The total activity of the child, the orientation of his activity, his relaxation to the outer world etc. undergoes considerable changes. Some children are hypoactive apathetic, without spontaneity or initiative—others are hyperactive, restless and full of dis persed interests and activities. In some children an unpat terned social interest prevails—other are excessively interested in things and simple games—and some find substitutional satisfaction in excess eating, in sexual activities etc. In the late fifties the collective care for young children was critically discussed not only in professional circles, but in public too. The film “Children Without Love” was a part of this campaign. Two main tendencies may be seen as positive results of this criticism: 1. To reorganize the insti tutional system with better qualified personnel, better equipsatisfy as much as possible the natural psychological needs ment, better education programs for children etc. 2. To of the children and bring the institutional care as near possible to the family ccare. This second tendency has proved to be more efficient and productive.

Z. MATEJCEK.

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I first noticed it while sitting in my seat aboard a Qantas Aircraft, trying to appear as worldly as the others tried to appear. A voice speaking a strange accent, yet what appeared to be of English derivation, asked me if I would like a lollie. Realizing my efforts to appear the traveller were waning, I snapped in clear, eloquent, English a “no thank you” while wondering why she would offer a lollie pop to me. After all, the last one I had was when I was in grade school. After the plane landed in Sydney, and we were fumigated I proceeded down the stairs of the plane only to stumble, thus acting the roll of the long lost son returning. Soiled, I marched up to customs only to be accused of smuggling dirt into Australia under my finger nails. Saved by a language barrier, and the limitations of sign language, I was quickly passed through Customs. Flagging a cab I proceeded towards downtown Sydney. Remembering lesson one in “Travellers Abroad”, I climbed into the front seat “to show the natives that you are not considering them subservant”. To my shock and horror, I quickly found my driver hadn’t yet learned on which side to drive, and thus, I sat transfixed in horror. After about five terrifying minutes, the cab stopped and the driver lifted me out from under the dashboard and placed me in the back seat, suggesting that I look out the rear w'indow and pretend we are going backwards. After obtaining a room in a hotel, which I was told was on the second floor, but turned out to be on the third, I decided a cup of coffee would go great, so I plugged in the jug and flicked on the switch. After about five minutes of waiting, the water was still cold. Taking the jug in hand I proceeded downstairs to the desk, and after several minutes of charades, managed to get another and then another, until the clerk, in desperation came up, plugged in the jug, turned off the switch and the water boiled. By now, getting jumpy so proceeded to jump into the shower, turn on the cold water and get scalded. After getting dressed I decided to go down to dinner. As I entered the dining room I overheard a girl (?) mention she had lost two stones. Marvelling at the progress of medical science, since Christmas day, I sat down to order my meal. On my right I noticed the waiter was serving a rather attractive girl, a rather overdone piece of meat. As I watched, the most extraordinary event occured. After cutting her meat, this well dressed young lady, then proceeded to take her fork in her left hand and her knife in her right hand, stabbing a piece of meat with her fork, she proceeded to pile potatoes, peas, and salad on the back of her fork and then rushed this revolting mixture to her mouth. Oh, how I hoped Emily Post would never encounter such a display. Slowly looking about, to my horror I noticed all the other people were following suit. Slowly I arose, played a quick game of charades with the waiter, and fled. Arriving at my second floor room, which was on the third floor, washing with cold water, which was the hot, and turning off the jug to boil some water, I calmy and sanely looked behind every mirror hoping one was the fabled looking glass. Andy Keefe.

This page has been donated by the U N IV ER SIT Y BOOKSHOP, St. Lucia Branch at University College, Townsville

THE HERITAGE OF KEYS AND TEH I have never had the pleasure of meeting either Dr. Ian Keys or Dr. John Teh. But from praise, often approach ing hero-worship, that I have heard they must have been well worth meeting. The College seems to have achieved its ultimate in its fist two years of existence and we are told, was primarily due to Keys and Teh. But in its early stages International House needed strong enthusiastic leadership. There was no past to draw experi ence from. What was needed was an exciting plunge forward. They took that plunge. People enjoyed it and co-operated. The “college” went forward. Perhaps they did too good a job. People look back and just see the success of the excitement of the first step rather than the first step. The belief is that leadership is all that is needed to maintain the excitement for all members, so that the “college” can progress. But such a dutiful following is all well and good when the past has little to offer and the future everything. We have now taken more than one step. These were not as spectacular as the first but they have provided useful lessons. Lessons we can look to for some guide to the future. Too successful a first step has led to a gap developing between leader and follower. The first thrills of enthusiasm have subsided: people aren’t following as quickly. We may have arrived at the stage where leaders are all but out of reach. A re-appraisal of this whole leadership concept is needed to reunite “they” who run college and apathetic “us” who follow. I.H. has seen some very successful functions. A few individuals have worked tremendously hard and achieved very high standards by their dedication to the College. Ostensibly these have raised the image of International House. Wé have been praised as a “Little United Nations” a place where brotherhood does prevail. But, I would venture, only a handful of college members have felt anything more than a superficialpride. How many have been truly “college” functions? It’sprobably unfair to say “they” ran the function and not the College. This does not apply to are to be given it should only go to this handful who put on the function and not to theCollege. This does not apply to all our functions: we have had some “college” effort. Yet in all of these it is not true to say that the more members involved the more the function was a College function. Of course no-one will volunteer or put his name on a list ■ — why should we worry — they always organised a good show — they don’t really want help and only ask for it when they need it and can’t do without it. So the frustration grows and a tradition starts to be born: they run it; we just trail along. Shouldn’t we reverse

this trend now before it’s a tradition. Couldn’t more people share responsibility and more individuals be asked to help. Realisation of difficulties and involvement in problems makes people more understanding. Of course there are always apathetic people but these fom a minority. Most people would like to be involved. Diversity of personality and culture is often mistaken for apathy. Maybe a new direction of leadership is needed whereby people are encouraged to become involved and help run their own affairs. This would replace the present “follow me” leadership with leadership designed more to encourage people to be mature than lead them because they are thought to be immature. No-one can seriously suggest that students should run the entire college. To a large extent we must be the actors of someone else’s dream. Very often we are not sure of that dream or if we, the actors, are really fitted to the part. Unfortunately the portrait constantly surveying our meals does not say much. But in all this it must be realised that we won’t, in fact, stay long at college; and the powers that be can do little unless we in college take the initiative. I can see a tremendous future for this College if only some sort of I.H. tradition of individual involvement could be established. This involvement can best be bought about by a leadership of co-ordination and encouragement. How many members come because it is a lenient college with a wine cellar and terrific warden. Or how many come as an escape from involvement because their friends are here and there is no initiation. The number of people who are pre pared to go out of their way to learn about other cultures is small: we all expect instant comprehension without any work. It is a ridiculous dream to suppose that one day members will come because this college offers an ideal situation for understanding of other cultures; an opportunity which most members will never have again. What a waste to have only achieved understanding of those people with whom one will spend the rest of one’s life anyway. A College may be the easiest way of establishing a meet ing place: a Kanyana. But the very nature of being a College infers that the members must be the most important part. This may not lead to the most efficient running of College or give the shiniest image: but is an efficient shiny image our real goal? Members should grow up out of a College, not a College out of its members. We are all here primarily to pass our exams b u t, thji,, doesn’t excuse or prevent each one of us from' learning to really live in this community. Similarly maturity can not be encouraged or judged which it is not given any scope to establish itself. This College could learn to fly if only it were given room and encouragement to test its wings.

James Hirsch.

W hen you’re flying o ff to the other side o f the world for the very first time it’s nice to go w ith someone you know.

W e know the excitem ent o f a very first flight. T h e sudden strangeness o f being aw ay from hom e. W hen it’s nice to know yo u ’re not on yo u r own. W e care about you. M ake sure yo u ’ re com fo rtable. A n sw er yo u r questions. K eep you h ap p y every way we can. W e m ake you feel at home all the way to wherever you go . F ly in g Q antas is the nicest way to get there. W ith som eone you know.

is someone you know Q A N i A S, witn A IR IN D IA , A IR N E W ¿ E A LA N D , BO AC ana S .A .A .

8Q1.96.48

PROBLEMS OF OVERSEAS STUDENTS

Some know, others don't how it feels to board an aircra ft, arm ed with four years' know ledge of a foreign language at the most, and then em bark, unknow n, friend less on a course of study at a large and distant U n iversity. W h a t problem s beset the new a rriv a l? T h e first problem is that of m aking a tem porary ad justm ent to the host society— assim ilatio n is a long term product. T h is adjustm ent involves the process of cross cu ltu ral exchange w hich sociolo gists describe in four phases. M y years at Interna tional House have also made me aware of these stages. F irstly is the spectator phase— the approach of a tourist w ithout personal involvem ent in the local cu lture. T h e predom inant mood is one of cu rio sity, surprise and interest. N ext follows the involvem ent phase where problem s arise in both the learning and social spheres, and where, because of u n re alis tic in itia l expectation, disappointm ents may occur, pride may su ffe r and adaption become very d iffic u lt. Often the process of ad justm ent stops there. T h e more fortunate ones enter a further phase— they come to term s with them selves, the host country and the tra in in g experience, and effect at least, a partial solution of problem s. F in a lly arises the pre-departure stage where thought is given to the use of this tra in in g on return home. W h at part can International House play to assist in helping each in d ivid u a l to achieve his academ ic aspiration s? C ertain factors, gen erally in -b u ilt, conspire to defeat our aim of cross cu ltu ral education. T h e fundam ental A u stra lia n value of in d if ference to everything w hich does not im p in g e on him d irectly often causes him to tolerate overseas students provided no disruption to his own way of life occurs thereby. T h u s in some ways the famed

A u stra lia n tolerance is tantam ount to in d ifferen ce. A llie d to this there exists a decided lack of interest in an exotic co untry and its people on the part of the average native A u stralian s. From the overseas student's point of view there is the tantam ount need for academ ic survival w hich often leads him to exclude other obligations. A dd to this differences in an exotic country and its people on the part of its language, custom and behaviour, and there fo l lows la ck of co m m unicatio n and a tendency to w ith draw for m utual protection into ethnic groups. Some of these d iffic u ltie s have been overcome. Except in a few circum stances a non-jud gm ental approach and a greater w illingn ess to accept the overseas student as he is seems more apparent than in earlier years. Each person in a C ollege whether A u stra lia n or Overseas O U G H T to m ake some contibutio n to its w elfare. Often a student (particu la rly overseas) has been denied this opportunity; he may not have the physique of a Rugby forward or the d rin k in g capacity of a ca m el; he may bury h im se lf in his work en tirely. T h is , perhaps, is the fun ctio n of the international evening, the in tra college sem inars, w hich give the overseas student a chance to d isplay facets of his own cu lture and a chance too for the indigene to learn of things beyond the lim its of the parish pum p. F in a lly , A u stra lia n students have, natu rally, less trouble in m aking the transition from school to U niversity. In contrast, the overseas student has two m ajor adjustm ents. T h e first is the normal one to his host society. T h e second is to a variety of people also from other countries whom under norm al circum stances and but for the U niversity and a U n iversity C o lleg e , he possibly would never meet.

IVOR M. B. CRIBB, Warden.

BLOODY PURISTS There’s this glorious area of potentially perfect economic analysis just crying to be done but the purists say we can’t do it. So on the one hand we have a little group of economists sitting round in a group throwing Ph.D’s at one another, enlighting no one else but themselves and in the meantime saving up all possible avenues for the lucrative easy post-grad, work, and on the other hand the purists who forbid any work in the only remaining field of human economic behaviour. The field I’m interested in is the prostitute market in King’s Cross. In a small area of the Cross, apart from the crime and morality aspect, this presents perhaps the nearest example to perfect competition ever to be found. To start with there are so many of them that no one body can influence the market. Similarly with so many buyers, no one buyer can influence the buying price. For instance, come Coral Week I can hardly see the young ladies all going on strike for a pay rise and associated improved working conditions. And I doubt if the young gentlemen just back from Vietnam will go on a lock-out strike in protest against too high prices. Perfect knowledge ' must exist. If one young lady ups her price too much and her customers know both her price

and the other prices offered, she may very well lose all her business. Hence she will tend to keep her price very much to what constitutes the market price. Similarly if the lady gives only a 90% service for a 100% charge she’ll lose business. If on the other hand she goes in for the little extras, e.g. whips, specializing in queers, all night sessions at rates without charging extra, she will be operating at the point of increasing costs, e.g. higher medical bills, in creased analyst’s fees, and hence may drive herself out of business. Anybody may enter the market—no prior knowledge being necessary (if anything “virgin” operators command a higher price). Similarly, anyone at any time may leave the market (again, there seems to be a constant demand over time for ex-prostitutes as wives). These two’ factors if nothing else, make this market the freest in Australia and hence the nearest to perfect competition. Even if a oligopoly or monopoly is formed the market must be aware of the possi bility of a substitute. England has shown that the rise of male prostitutes, both hetero-sexuals and homo-sexuals, can often force a lowering of monopolist prices by women if they tend to over dominate the market. GRANT VINNING.

TARA TAI Silent rustle of sleeping palms

INTERNATIONAL HOUSE - A FAREWELL Tall and erect are The Pagodas of the East In the West. Displayed on the faces Are many virtues, that Lie deep in their breasts Colourless buildings Harbouring no system, but Equality and Freedom; Flags of many nations The Hearts of One, Asserted in their Attitude and Wisdom. Speaking different tongues, and Preaching countless gods. Strangers gather, to make A beginning; To an End------- of all ends----- — Before their departing. 1 pray, I hope This small beacon will remain lit For my generation, and theirs. To see, and in excited reverence, utter, “May Brotherhood prevail. And our Homes everywhere be Blessed.” A. KANESIN

Lap of lagoon on the starlit shore Harmony of hands to the strum of guitar From the thatches of dimlit Taratai. Peace of silver on the timeless sea Stretching perhaps to eternity And a million miles from Men. But here by me lies a virgin village Where the carefree chorus of dancers sing “E . . . Taua to We!” While I sat on a friendly palm log And played with the silent sand. Timid glimmer of blood red light Fingering apart the ocean night; And I thought —My God Tonight they test the Bomb. Angry glower of heartless red Clawing the sky and the sea to spread Like the blood of a thousand thalidomide kids From the empty shell of Johnson Isle Towards the peace of Taratai. Ghost crab scuttling to drink of the gore Lapping in greed at the low-tide shore. Ah Crab if you knew of Missions and Money, Perhaps if you thought of Men and Machines, If you sensed the fidget-wheels feeling this shore Then would you scuttle to drink of the gore? Lecherous glow dying, reluctant, frustrated. Myriad shattered atoms, irridescent gangerene Rotting to leave but the heat unseen Of deadly dust from the cities of Men. And a nightmare of Taratai under the bombs. I heard the palms whisper through sweet night air And remembered Taki’s long black hair. I listened to the folk of the virgin village Singing “E . . . hold the flowers in your hand” While I played with the pure white sand. P. B. BOWMAN

VER B O TEN

FRESHERS’ H O C K E Y

David, I hope for your sake that That is HER.

How come that bloody dog’s still with us?

THE

TH IRD TERM HOP

COLLEGE

C H A R IO T RACE

"We ’re just good friends. ”

Bowman (with grin) can see tree. McGrath (no grin) can't. 24

ZAK

SPORTS DAY

Andy: “Arrows! Man, I never even saw the Injuns! ”

Alive and well, and a bit o f an athlete himself.

IN T E R N A T IO N A L N IG H T

A chance to learn how the Other Half swing.

YEAR

M IKA D O ?

Just Burmese birds in full gear.

E L E C T IO N TIM E

“I ’m out o f the In group now Mum, but tell Dad that the Out group may soon be the innermost but we may next be out’’.

T H E H O C K E Y T EA M

Three Premierships in a row. Rice Power?

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HOUSE NEWS PRESIDENT’S LETTER It has been said th a t every man must be the judge o f the g u lf between his possible aspirations and his actual achievement. This I feel applies to us as a Students' Club. A t International House we have a possible aspiration and at this tim e we should assess w hether our actual achievements measure up to this. O ur developm ent as a College during the past years has certainly not been smooth or easy. W e have had some tensions and dis sensions. These are normal and usually healthy, if they bring a more enlightened and active C ol lege. There has also been much co-operation and common activity, and this year things seem to have gone reasonably well. International House has come of age. No longer m ust we carry the label o f a "new C ollege", since our concept, organiza tion and effo rts have been accepted both at an inter-college level and on the U niversity campus. I believe th a t several things are necessary fo r the success o f this College. One is a leadership which is concerned w ith the w elfare and progress o f the College as a whole and w ith all its members. This is a d iffic u lt role; it means an atte m pt to provide a wide range o f activities so th a t every student, no m atter what his background, or interest, can participate and give som ething o f him self to College life. But the Students' Club, whether through its Executive or General Com m ittee, should not try to do every th in g or in anyway "spoon-feed " College members. As well as planning certain activities, the leadership must a ttem pt to create such an atmosphere where in dividual Club members can come forward w ith new ideas and activities. Thus a compromise be tween o ffic ia l and personal activities must be sought, the goal being a broad, fle xib le College programme. Yet leadership and a conducive atmosphere by themselves can do little . There is another re quirem ent, and this is participation by every student in at least one phase o f College life. Few o f us have the tim e or interest to be involved in every th in g th a t goes on here. M any play sport, some participate in discussions, others enjoy debating or the go-go o f social life. However there must be a willingness by every person to take part in some way. This year the College calendar has witnessed some very good functions. One is pleased to look back on V trboten III, the International Soiree, the A t Home, the term dances, and the D ining-In nights. On a more serious note, the College organized a three-evening cu rre n t affairs seminar

during July on the effects o f the British withdrawal from East o f Suez. I especially welcome the iniative o f several overseas students in arranging a series o f Sunday evening talks about th e ir home countries. The talks attracted much interest, and have considerably increased our stock o f cross cultural understanding. In sport, we have con tinued our record o f participation in all l.C.C. sporting com petitions, and as in previous years, had a mixed bag of results. Congratulations to the hockey team on w inning the prem iership fo r the th ird year in succession. There has been an increase in contacts w ith our fellow Colleges through discussions, the Exchange D inner w ith W om en's College and the l.C.C. Con ference. Contacts at an o ffic ia l level have been strengthened between this College and our fellow International Houses in Sydney and M elbourne. W e had the pleasure o f m eeting Messrs. De Graaf and D im m ick early in second term , ta lkin g w ith thehm about th e ir Colleges, and gaining some ideas fo r our own. W e have agreed in principle to student exchanges between the three Houses. This year we also decided to form an A lu m n i Society, the aim being to m aintain interest in College amongst past students, and to provide College members w ith continuing world wide con tacts. In the context o f an increasing assertion by students almost everywhere, the Students' Club has made several sig n ifica n t moves this year to increase respect fo r student opinions and respon sibilities, through proposals fo r review o f the resi dential tu to ria l system and through c la rifica tio n of the position o f the Students' Club representatives on the Board o f Governors. D uring the past year we have done much to wards bridging the g u lf between aspiration and achievement. M uch remains to be done. We at International House do not have to search fo r an ethos; we already have one in our name and motto. The task is to convert it into reality. There has been more individual participation this year than before, and my thanks to all who have co-operated fo r the w ork o f the College. There exists here an atmosphere of acceptance and co-operation which I hope is m aintained and strengthened. It is not so im portant that International House has 100% roll up at swim m ing carnivals and squash matches. If this can be achieved, well and good. W hat is im portant is that each individual member o f Col lege recognize th a t he has some interest or a b ility and co ntribute this to College life.

Peter Wicks.

BOB BROWNING’S SUPERMARKET "The Food Store of St. Ludo" PHONE - 7 4849

CHADWICK'S

ST. LUCIA MOTORS

BOOK & GIFT SHOP

Proprietor : Guy Van Leeuwen

228 HAWKEN DRIVE, ST LUCIA PHONE 7 5137 Visit us for: Souvenirs ^ Christmas Cards and Calendars "Hundreds" of Gifts Stationery and Golden Casket - fe

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"SA BA H "— continued from p. 11. of years, naked kids play in the water of the creek, pigs grunt and brouse around the houses while dogs trot to and fro on the verandah. Cocks and cockerels roosting under neath the house are the night watchmen faithfully announcing the time of the night. Very often large horned beasts wallow in the mud pools but their presence in only betrayed by the swarms of flies buzzing ceaselessly around their heads. Pumpins, maize, rice and chillies of course are grown in small quantities. Hunting is an occasional pursuit and very often there natives only live on an occasional animal diet. In order to alleviate these natives from their dire state of hygiene and living standards ambitious settlement schemes are launched whereby small holders are provided with land of economic size, free planting materials, fertilizers and supervision. These schemes are concerned with changing theh pattern of native agriculture from subsistence economy based on hill paddy and tapioca to a more stable cash economy based on wet paddy and perennial crops like cocoa and copra. Progress has been meagre and very often results have been very disappointing in some schemes where holdings are neglected as soon as financial assistance is discontinued. The change from their previous nonagricultural occupation leads to the negligence of holdings. The path to improved agri culture or asking the settlers to accept agriculture as a liveli hood is perpetually strewn with thorns. The result of rural training centres set up to instruct crop and animal manage

226

Hawken

Drive,

PH O N E

St.

Lucia

7 5502

PETROL, LUBRICATION, TUNE-UP LOCAL AGENT FOR PIRELLI TYRES TYRE SPECIALIST — 6 HRS. RECAPPING SERVICE

ment suited to the locality discourages even the most enthu siastic extension officer. Free meals, accommodation and inducement pays on a daily basis don’t make foreign agri culture an easier pill to swallow due to the harder but better livelihood. Roosters and hens issued to the local farms to alleviate long term protein deficiency more often than not end up in the stew pot sooner than the Department has in mind. Give the poor fowls a chance! Settlement schemes undoubtedly serve to increase pro duction and standard of living. However the ignorance of the people in part is to blame as has been illustrated by many anectodes of buffaloes being sold and farmers pulling out coconut seedlings from the soil as soon as the Agricultural officer leaves the scene because spacing and the planting method do not conform to their forefathers’ ideas. Extension officers will reap a wealth of experience in this part of the world. Perhaps demonstration farms aided by the burning enthusiasm of the extension officers may eventually achieve the goals set out by the Department. Education should be brought to the village to stop the con stant drain of the teenage population away from the village. When we have achieved this much in this generation we will have fulfilled the first step towards a happier state. However, the Department is not discouraged by failures and set backs as Gunnar Myrdal has pointed out in his recent survey of the economic situation of South East Asian countries—“the way towards economic prosperity and stability in this part of the work is a slow and painful one”. FELIX LO.

SOCIETY First on the year's social agenda— Verboten. Verboten in German— forbidden in English but apparently forbidden to more than we would have liked. In other words, the monied classes don't attend gas functions. W ith a line-up of entertainers unequalled by any other cabaret, and a horde of alcoholic waters the night was a swinging affair. A certain singer appeared to be a deaf mute and our burl(y)es que artiste had more than met the eye, but a gas band inspired at least one “person" to give mouthto-mouth resusication to a snake. Hopefully next year's effort will do more to line our pockets. One suggestion “There's nothing like the real thing." From first to last— we go now into the future and the Validictory dinner. What will happen is pure conjecture but there is sure to be some alcohol consumed. W ith luck, our stomachs will provide the last resting place for this fluid. It should — most of the younger members of college have had a serious training period this year and should have a steady capacity by the night of the big challenge. The most intensive times of training

were beer nights, dining-in nights, hops, etc. Special occasions were every time before football at the top of F block and any time at all in the bottom of the same. There have also been isolated high spots in the year. The hops were fairly good and college members did their best to do their worst. From all reports, thankfully, the night was non productive, which is fine if you take it the right way. Anybody who thought that a rubber band was a fairly insignificant thing should have seen the formal. They would now be sure of it. To the rigor mortis music there was no answer and it seemed that the general idea was "Let's get away from this. M y room has a lot more items of interest. Really, I exaggerate, the girls keep it very quiet and the whole effort commemorated the efficiency of the members of college. Those who liked the music or were in the official party managed to get as loaded as anyone else. All this seems to add up to a pretty successful night. From the newer numbers of college my thanks to the old hands who managed to convey the general idea of what was required to a group of freshers who didn't need the advice anyway.

TO MY BROTHER, THE SENIOCRAT That you are a first year or a post-graduate or that you are black or white is a fact and nothing can be done about it. But if you assume advantages over another individual with your superiority in qualification or if you nurse a prejudice against him only because he doesn’t have the colour of your skin, then you are very uncivilized. Here, in our college, you can find a vast variety of everything—East, West, Black, White, Yellow, Tall, Short, first year, third year, post graduate etc., etc. Do we have any discrimination in any form? As far as the differences of colour or nationality are concerned, let us assume, No, because it is what thelnternational House is for. What about the academic differences, then? Certainly yes. We have duties, assigned to the freshers ONLY, such as answering the phones and attending the college shop. We have social functions like the “Senior Common Room Din ners,” which are meant for the senior members of the college. So what? Well, it gives a sort of group consciousness, group feeling or GROUP SPIRIT—whatever you call it— such as the Seniors’ Group and the Freshers’ Group—which, in my opinion, is quite contrary to what we are saying here today, “The College Spirit”. If you think that you are better than the freshers because you are senior to them and if you believe in what you are saying—-“Brotherhood prevails”, why don’t you offer your hand to your younger brothers in their contributions towards the college (like phone duties, for instance); why don’t you share your knowledge and wisdom with them and

bring them up to your standard? Why don’t you give them your warm company instead of tunning away from them and forming a separate group? Why don’t you make them feel that all of us, whether fresh or rotten, belong together to the one and the same college and that you are their big brother, who though a bit better off, treats them as equals and who is always willing to do anything for the college together with them hand-in-hand? I know that a lot of my brothers, young and old, will not agree with my ideas, because this “Seniority Complex” has been deeply rooted for so long in the so-called semiintellectual society of ours. I also know that the Freshers’ system which exists in the other colleges, is still very strong. But International House doesn’t have to be a carbon copy of any other college around here or anywhere else. This is our college and OUR HOME. It would be more meaningful for us to establish a system of our own, a system that suits our con ditions and our nature, a system that would really work and whatever happens in the other colleges is nothing to do with us. If you want to talk about having “college spirit”, if you believe in “Brotherhood prevails”, don’t you think that you should, at least during your short stay in this college, forget about all kinds of differences in any form, whether in colour or creed or academic position or whatever it is? Don’t you? “May brotherhood prevail.”

A b ro th er in F.14. 29

SPORTS For the third successive year our Hockey XI won the I.'C.C.1 competition while in other sports some outstanding performances were recorded. Mention must go especially to our athletes who gained places in every event at the carnival. So for the sports:HOCKEY We entered the season with deep apprehension and, pos sibly, some consternation ■ — not that we had a potentially weaker team that last year but for an obvious and natural reason. We were premiers in 1966 and 1967; as such, a tre mendous strain was upon the whole team to maintain that record, and win the triple. Thanks to the co-operation, dedication and hard-work from each and every player, we managed to achieve this goal. Whether in training or in actual games, each gave his best. Without this, the team spirit, and those cheers from the sideline, we doubt whether we would have won the premiership at all. Results: I.H. vs CROMWELL . . 5-0 vs UNION . . . . 2-0 vs LEOS ..................5-0 vs IOHNS . . . . 0-0 vs K I N G S ..................3-0 vs EMMANUEL . 3-1 I.H. Team: A. Grope, K. Johan, Mohamed, A. Kanesin (capt.), C. Leinster, T. M. Tham, A. Fernandez, C. O’Neill, D. Allan, F. Lo, D. Baguley (v. capt.), L. A. Choy, Bostang, D. Khatri, P. May, G. Hopgood. The following were selected in the I.C.C. combined XI:Kanesin, O’Neill, Choy, Baguley. We extend our best wishes to the team next year in their attempt to retain the cup for the fourth time. A. K. FOOTBALL Gone are the days when football was a manly sport. This year’s XV managed to make the game into a semimobile Peyton Place. I say

“semi” because only a few had the energy to move at any one time. We won the first game for one reason — we had all thoroughly warmed up fight ing for the smallest jerseys and any pair of sox. This 10-9 victory over Cromwell startled more than one. With thoughts of the premier ship in our minds, we attacked Kings, the following weak (week), to such good purpose that they scored only 35 pts. to our nil. Even though de fenders could be found in the funniest of places, we never looked like catching their second-rowers. We had a “home” game against Union followed by a fiery game against Leos. (Nice ref. Bruce!) St. John’s were in trouble— 6 all with I.H.—the irony of the situation. Although beaten, we probably gained more moral lift from this game than from any other. We were beaten by Emma nuel mainly because 7 backs were marking “Crab” and un fortunately the rest of the team didn’t hold its own. A funny season, really, but football always is. Give the wooden spoon to Hulbert— the only player to be fit. BASKETBALL The 1968 I.C.C. Basketball Season started with the I.H. team as a premiership pro spect. Unfortunately, the team developed a non-curable syndrome of uncertain aetio logy. The causal agent was suspected to be a group of organisms belonging to King’s College. Workers at Tower F Institute and all working on the syndrome thought the pre disposing factors were:(i) the crippling lack of confidence in the team (ii) the chronic hypo-train ing, which predominately determined the poor prognosis. According to a worker in Tower D, the course was

further complicated by alcohol ism and the infiltration of highly malignant selfishness into the team. These com plications further worsened the prognosis. The syndrome responded mildly to Felix Lo Treatment (so that our team came 4th). An autopsy was performed and a symposium on the sub ject held, during which a pro phylactic measure had been worked out. (1.) Eradication of selfishness (2.) Vaccination with hyper training (3.) Psychiatric therapy to re store confidence. These college members rep resented the college this season: Fred Tsen (capt.), Bruce Vickers (vice-capt.), Felix Lo, Steve Atkinson, Lawrence Chu, K. G. Ho, David Lee, Willie Lo, Tan H. H., Robert Tang, Don Allan and Roger Wong. Congratulations to David Lee on his being selected in the I.C.C. team. L. C. CRICKET The power-packed I.H. team of 1968 forgot to back up some very good performances in the field with some enterprising batting. The only team to get on top of our bowling was King’s but we also made a mess of their attack. Highlights of the season were (in order of appearance) :(1.) slashing innings by several of our players against King’s together with a great catch by John Stewart in the outfield. (2.) the return of “Garfield” Hulbert to the crease as a “fast” bowler with a good first up against Cromwell, helped by Allan and Stewart, the latter doubling up with a stub born unconquered knock. (3.) Our tail-enders, Chris, Kanesin and Jim nearly pulling off a victory over Leos after our pace quar tet had humbled their battling.

(4.) An unlucky game against John’s despite some bril liant fielding, especially Kanesin. (5.) Emmanual — Phil bowled them over and Hulbert put them right out of the ground, but still we lost. Scores :I.H.: 9 for 160 (dec) — Hopgood 49, Baguley 37, Waugh 29. KINGS: 5 for 175—Stewart 2- 40, Baguley 2-39. I.H.: 74 — Stewart 29 n.o., Hopgood 12. CROMWELL: 134—Allan 3-22, Hulbert 3-69, Stewart 2-8. Vs UNION: Game washed out. LEOS: 65 — Waugh 3-27, Hulbert 4-28, Hopgood 2-6, Allan 1-0. I.H.: 56—O’Neill 13, Kanesin 12, Hirsch 10. JOHN’S: 148 — Waugh 2-45, Baguley 3-43, Hopgood 1-8. I.H.: 66—Stevens 12, Hirsch 19, Waugh 13. EMMANUEL: 118 — Hulbert 3- 30, Waugh 4-23, Stewart 1-23. I.H.: 56—Baguley 12, Hulbert 15, Allan 14. TENNIS Our hopes were considerably raised when we won our first match of the season against Cromwell, narrowly leading 33-30 in games after being four sets all. Soon, however, to be dashed as we played Emmanual, John’s and Union, all with strong teams. The only other match we could have won was against Leo’s and that was the morning after Verboten—enough said! The team consisted of any one who was noticed to own a tennis racket, but mainly David Easton, John Davis and Mike Pemberton. The only time we won was the one time Chris O’Neill played — a coincidence? As usual everyone tried, but unfortunately, this is never sufficient. Next year we must discover some tennis players among our academics—that is, if we want to win.

ROWING The I.H. Rowing Team for 1968 consists of:EIGHT: C. Clarkson (bow), M. Noone, B. McKenzie, T. Stephens, J. Hirsch, L. Hanschar, S. Atkinson, J. Richards (stroke), G. Vinning (cox). NOVICE FOUR: S. Bianchi (bow), G. Redding, A. Blaikie, P. McGrath (stroke), G. Vin ning (cox). The eight, unfortunately, gained last place in the inter college regatta despite valiant efforts by the crew and train ers, Rob Sutherst and Phil Venton, all of whom braved innumerable misty 6.00 a.m. dawns in the course of train ing. Despite this enthusiasm, lack of weight proved too great an obstacle.

The Novice Four is deserv ing of special praise. None of the crew members, having ever rowed before, they began training just over a week be fore the race and managed to gain 6th place. Thanks must go to Ian Wright for getting them into shape. ATHLETICS Literally, it all started on a wet and slippery note but soon things began to brighten up as the sun broke through and our athletes began piling up points. We were up there with the leaders. It was Tham who drew first blood with a good third in the blue ribbon 100 metres and a subsequent second and fourth in the discus and javelin. Tom Soo scored silvers in both the long and

KEYS - TEH AWARD, 1968

I I I I !

The General Committee have named Nguyen-Anh Tuan the winner of the Keys - Teh Award for the outstanding contribution to College life this year. Criterion for the award are as follows: I academic records, sporting participation I and support, students' club activities, ! general character, and outside interests.

! I ! ! ! I j !

j j j j i

j j j j I

Tuan, a third year economics student, has a fine academic record, and in addition to his position as Treasurer of the Students' Club, was President of the Vietnamese Students' Association.

hop, step jumps giving “Tags” a scare in the process. “Tags” again held off the International challenge in the high jump and Chu had to be content with another silver. Matthew Antwi left his fourth gear at Redland Bay, and had to run in low gear, coming a burnt off 4th in the 200 metres. For someone wifh a score back Darwall again showed us what a lack of training can do, with an equal fourth in the hurdles. Moi threw the shot put 37’ Oí” for a second place but the “Coup-de-Grace” was, of course, the 1500 metres, in which our track whiz, Andy Keefe literally chopped up the opposition and left the secondplace getter, almost 70 yards behind. Actually one had the feeling that he was in a hurry to get back to college and his drink machine. Everything was not over yet, the relay was the race that had everyone up on their toes. Our team of “fliers”, Tom Soo, Phil Waugh. Tham and Matthew Amivi came in third close behind Emmanuel and Union, a similar result to total day’s activities. T.M.T. SWIMMING This year our swimming team was a beauty. It did 1/n miles more training than last year, and all in all was fitter

and faster than last year, al though we did not do as well as we did last year. Murray May gained 4th place in the breaststroke and Hopgood scored with two points for second in the 100 metres freestyle. But it was the freshers who woke every one up by swimming to a terrific two yard victory in the Fresher’s Relay, an event annexed by Leo’s for ten years. For a comprehensive report on how Don, Bruce, Lee and Peter did it see the May edition of the “House News”. SQUASH This year we had hopes of finding some good new players but these were never realized. The all-round standard in the competition had risen and we had no answer to the depth most teams had. James Hirsch, Chris O’Neill and Mike Pemberton played regularly for the team helped out by Phil Waugh, John Richards, Graham Redding, John Stewart and John Davis. We lost 3-1 to Kings, John’s, Emmanuel and Cromwell and had two close matches with Union, losing 2-8: 2-7 and with St. Leos winning by one point. We came fifth in the I.C.C. competition. Mike Pemberton was chosen No. 1 for the Combined I.C.C. team. M.R.P.

Outside the college, Clive Leinster represented Queensland at Hockey, Mike Pemberton played intervarsity Squash and Tennis, Kanesin, inter varsity athletics. BLUES

College Sporting Blues awarded this year were:College Blues: Mike Pemberton College Half Blues: Jim Hirsch I.C.C. REPRESENTATIVES

Hockey: G. O'Neill, A. Kanesin, L. A. Choy, D. Barguley Squash: M. Pemberton Athletics: A. Keefe, T . Soo Basketball: D. Lee 31

THERE’S A MEETING HERE TONIGHT A dirge in one act

CHARACTERS : All are members of an International subver sive organization — I.H.S.C. (International House Students Club). They include Mr. Peter Dicks, Mr. Beel Teatly, Mr. John Culvert, Mr. John Boidesk-Wire, Mr. Grant (as in "ant”) Grinning, Mr. Ian Wripe, Mr. Felix Bio, Mr. Graham Slopgood, Mr. Jeff Blunderwood, Mr. Tuan Sixpence, Mr. John Arcy, Mr. Lewd are Choy, Mr. Paul Waist and some 60 other characters of assorted nation alities who spend their time on stage mumbling, sleeping, smoking, belching and otherwise relieving themselves. ACT 1: SCENE 1 The time is 7.30 p.m. on a Thursday. In the centre of the stage is a table with 2 chairs. It is strewn with papers and surrounded by 3 concentric hemispherical rows of chairs. All the characters enter apart from Mr. Beel Teatly, Mr. John Arcy and Mr. Paul Waist. All are dressed in academic gown, dark trousers, whiet shirt and tie apart from Mr. John Culvert who is wearing an academic gown, tie and jock-strap. They seat themselves and immediately begin to mumble, sleep, smoke, belch etc., etc. Mr. Peter Dicks seats himself at the central table. Mr. Beel Teatly enters, looking very sincere since deciding to remove his plastic raincoat whilst showering. Mr. Paul Waist and Mr. John Arcy enter. Mr. Waist is carrying 2 large arm chairs under one arm and a complete set of weight lifting equipment under the other. He deposits them in a corner and proceeds to work out vigor ously, pausing only to gasp “ ’orn Arce ” and "I reckon not” to comments made by Mr. Arcy who is reading the back copies for the last two years of every available motoring maga zine. Mr. Arcy is wearing academic gown and mechanics overalls and one glance at the colour of his hands and forearms reveals his negro ancestry. MR. PETER DICKS : I now call this meeting of I.H.S.C. to order, The first item of business is the . . . . MR. LEWD ARE CHOY: (springs to his feet) Mr. President, I wish to object to Mr. Culvert's mode of dress. MR. JOHN CULVERT: Jeez, Choy, I only wore it because I thought you’d like it. MR. PETER DICKS :, Mr. Culvert, Mr. Lewd are Choy objects to your attire. 32

MR. JOHN CULVERT: I came dressed just the same as everybody else—gown and tie. What’s wrong with bloody Choy? MR. PETER DICKS : Mr. Choy, Mr. Culvert wants to know what’s wrong with you. MR. LEWD ARE CHOY: I haven’t got a jock strap so I can’t wear one to the meeting, so I don’t see why Johnny Culvert should be able to wear one, if you see what I mean. MR. PETER DICKS : Yes, I think so. Mr. Culvert I feel you should change into something more suitable. Mr. Culvert papses wind and passes from the room. MR. PETER DICKS : As I was saying, the first item of business is the reading of the minutes of the last meeting. I move the minutes be accepted as read. ONE OF THE ANONYMOUS 60 : I second that. MR. PETER DICKS : All those in favour raise the middle and index fingers of their right hands—come on now Gentlemen, right hands only please (pause). All those against. Carried unanmously. The next item of business is the outgoing correspondence which Mr. Teatly will read. (At this point Mr. Culvert re-enters without his jackstrap) 6 MR. BEEL TEATLY : The first piece of outward correspondence was a letter I wrote to the Association for the Halting of Sex and the Outlawing of Unsanitary Lavatories Inc., hereinafter referred to as AHSOUL Inc., with regard to sex, lavatories, and their importance relative to each other in the lives of

college students. The letter is only 15 foolscap pages long and I will therefore now read it. Before starting I would like to add that Peter and myself have also consulted with our most gracious warder, Mr. Ivan (the Terrible) Glib and he has agreed to bring it to the attention of our even more incredible gracious and astoundingly illustrious Board of Bert Smartins. "Dear Sir/Madam, I wish to make an enquiry about . . . . MR. JOHN BOIDESK-WIRE : (springing to his feet). Just a moment, Mr. Teatly, I noticed as you turned the letter over that it appears to be written in biro, is that so? MR. BEEL TEATLY : Yeh, so what? MR. JOHN BOIDESK-WIRE : Well, I feel that I.H.S.C. in the interests of its own prestige should not lower itself by using a biro, which as we all know is so common as to have vulgar connota tions, for outgoing correspondence. I feel that a fountain pen should at least have been used, but preferably a quill. (5 of the Anonymous 60 now rise one after the other and repeat Mr. John Boideske-Wire’s words.) MR. GRANT GRINNING: I feel we should start a pressure group to have biros removed from Public sale, don’t you Neddy? MR. TUAN SIXPENCE: I would suggest that one way to solve the problem would be to write to "Bic” who as you all know, or at least those of you who watch television, are the largest sell ers of biros—over 4,000,000 every day— and ask them whether they consider their biros to be vulgar. MR. PETER DICKS : I would agree that this seems to be the way round the situation. MR. BEEL TEATLY : (becoming distraut) I don't feel I can go on in this position. Unless I get a vote of confidence I’m going to resign. This isn’t a threat, but you can find someone else for the job if I don’t get a vote of con fidence. MR. PETER DICKS : I know how you feel Beel, but I’m sure nobody holds it against you. We all realise it was just an oversight on your part. Gentlemen, I move a motion of confidence in Mr. Teatly (motion carried unanimously). MR. JEFF BLUNDERWOOD : I would like to know how Mr. Tuan Sixpence knows "Bic” is the largest maker of Biros in the world. Is he sure about this? Perhaps there is some authority to which

we can write to establish this point cer tainly. I mean, I don't see why we should have to use "Bic” if they aren’t the larg est manufacturers and in addition it doesn’t really m atter whether the college has 4 million biros or not, as long as they are all of relatively good quality. I feel there should be some means of checking them perhaps. MR. IAN WRIPE : I feel you are all missing the point. What is really of consequence is not the number and quality of the biros used by the col lege secretary but the difference between the point of a biro and the nib of a foun tain pen. Perhaps it would be possible for the general committee to make some sort of investigation on this point and present a report to the Club at the next meeting. MR. PETER DICKS: Would you like to formulate a motion in this regard. MR. IAN WRIPE : No, I’ll leave it open to further discussion. MR. FELIX BLO: As far as I can see what really matters is the comparative qualities of the ink in Beel’s biros and the ink he would use if he used a fountain pen. MR. PETER DICKS: I think this is an entirely ^separate point Mr. Bio. Perhaps you would care to bring up after we have considered the actual relative physical merits of fountain pens and "Bic” biros. Also, gentlemen, I think I should make the point that before con tinuing this discussion further it should be stated exactly what brand and quality oí fountain pen we are comparing with "Bic” biros. MR. BEEL TEATLY: But the biro I used wasn’t even a "Bic”. MR. PETER DICKS : Perhaps you'd like to bring that up later also Beel, when we’ve dealt with the first matter. Now gentlemen, who's next? The play may end here as any members of the audience remaining in the theatre at this point are guaranteed to be either asleep or dead (probably dead). All characters and events depicted in this play are somewhat fictional but any resemblance to persons living or dead is definitely intended. Apologies are made to the manufacturers of "Bic” biros and to any other persons who feel they deserve them. JOHN L. RICHARDS. “Reading the fine print will give you an education. Not reading it will give you experience.”

COLLEGE MEMBERS, 1968 NATION

NAME ALLA N ,

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E N G IN E E R IN G

A U S T R A L IA

E N G IN E E R IN G

A U S T R A L IA

P/G R A D . V E T . SC .

The College regrets that the following members are leaving at the end of this year. We wish them the best for their exams and their futures in whatever part of the world they return to.

S C IE N C E

SABAH

VÀLEDICTEES

j. M. Boyd K. Cuthbert B.S. Agrie. N. Q. Due

S C IE N C E

TONGA

B .S c . A g rie . T H A IL A N D

A U S T R A L IA

K U M A R D A S , V . G . B .S c ., D ip ., Ed .

1. T.

M A L A Y S IA A U S T R A L IA

STH .

KORM AN,

S C IE N C E

SABAH

KOH, S.

JU E , SU E,

K H A T R I,

S C IE N C E

AG.

M E D IC IN E

TANG,

S C IE N C E

A U S T R A L IA

AG.

IN D O N E S IA

M E D IC IN E

THAM,

IN D O N E S IA

M A L A Y S IA

P/G R A D . C H E M . E N G .

K H A IR U D D IN ,

(P h y s ic s )

S IN G A P O R E

TAN,

IN D O N E S IA

E N G IN E E R IN G

M A R IN E

HO, G , E . E.

Ph.D

A U S T R A L IA

BURM A

TA PEA LA V A ,

K EEFE,

P A K IS T A N

M E D IC IN E

SW E,

M ATHS

E C O N O M IC S

AG.

ARTS

H U LBERT , J.

A U S T R A L IA

M A L A Y S IA

STH .

TUTO R

B R IT A IN

A U S T R A L IA

H IR S C H , J . W .

E C O N O M IC S

GT.

P/G R A D .

C A M B O D IA

AG.

R. J.

ED.

HO LLAN D

HO,

D IP .

A U S T R A L IA

HO PGO O D ,

A U S T R A L IA

S U L A IM A N ,

B .S c .

M .A .

STRU TTO N ,

H EG A RTY,

H EN G EVELD ,

A U S T R A L IA

S C IE N C E

E N G IN E E R IN G

CANADA

ED .

S P IE R S ,

G U IN E A

(M e d )

Ag.Sc.

PEM BERTO N , D 'A R C Y ,

Sc.

A U S T R A L IA

M ED .

Eng.

M cG RA TH , P.

M IL R O Y ,

P h .D .

CLARKSO N ,

P /G R A D .

BURM A

PHARM ACY

E N G IN E E R IN G

M E D IC IN E

A U S T R A L IA

M E D IC IN E

A U S T R A L IA T H A IL A N D

A U S T R A L IA

S C IE N C E

M AY,

S C IE N C E

M E D IC IN E

E N G IN E E R IN G

IN D IA

AG.

A U S T R A L IA

S C IE N C E

A U S T R A L IA

CHU,

SABAH

A U S T R A L IA

S t.J.

KONG

C H A D H O K A R , P. M .S c .A g ric .

B .E n g .

M E D IC IN E

M AY,

M c K E N Z IE ,

CARTER,

M .B .

C A R L Y O N , T.

BRYA N T, G.

(H o n s .)

B A IM A I, B IA N C H I,

COURSE

L E E R , J . R . B .S c . L I,

B IO L O G Y

NATION

C. O’Neill G. Vinning P. Wicks