¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ·
1 2
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ......................................................................................................... 15 πÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ........................................................................................ 19 ª¤ÚÔ˜ π:
∆Ô ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ‰›Ô Ù˘ °ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁ›·˜ 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6
∆Ô ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ‰›Ô Î·È ÔÈ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ °ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ............................... 27 °ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ................................................................................27 °ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂͤÏÈÍË .......................................................................................30 ∏ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙË ÁˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁ›· ................................................33 ∏ ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙˆÓ "Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ" ÛÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ .................................................34 ∆· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ÔÌÔÈÒÌ·Ù· (ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ) ÛÙË ÁˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁ›·.....................................37 ∆· ÛÙ¿‰È· Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔṲ̂Ó˘ ÁˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ .....................................38 ª¤ÚÔ˜ ππ:
°ÂˆÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ⁄ÏË Î·È ∂Ó¤ÚÁÂÈ· 4 4.1 4.2
4.3
4.4
°ÂˆÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ................................................................................................45 °¤ÓÂÛË Î·È ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ Á˘.....................................................................................45 ∂Ó¤ÚÁÂÈ· Î·È Â‰›· ÛÙÔ Á‹ÈÓÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ..................................................................49 4.2.1 ∏Ïȷ΋ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·................................................................................................49 4.2.2 ∆Ô Â‰›Ô ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ·˜...........................................................................................52 4.2.3 ∆Ô Ì·ÁÓËÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô ...........................................................................................54 °ÂÒÛÊ·ÈÚ˜............................................................................................................58 4.3.1 ∞ÙÌfiÛÊ·ÈÚ·.......................................................................................................58 4.3.2 À‰ÚfiÛÊ·ÈÚ· ......................................................................................................73 4.3.3 ∏ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ Ù˘ Á˘: §ÈıfiÛÊ·ÈÚ·-∞ÛıÂÓfiÛÊ·ÈÚ·...........................82 ∏ ÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ ÙˆÓ Ï·ÎÒÓ ........................................................................................86 4.4.1 √È Ú˘ıÌÔ› Ù˘ ΛÓËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Ï·ÎÒÓ ...................................................................95 4.4.2 £ÂṲ́˜ ÎËÏ›‰Â˜ (Hot Spots) ..............................................................................99
10
5 5.1 5.2
6 6.1
6.2
6.3 6.4
°ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ù˘ ÛÙȘ ÁˆÂÈÛً̘
√Ú˘ÎÙ¿ Î·È ÂÙÚÒÌ·Ù· ...................................................................................101 √Ú˘ÎÙ¿.................................................................................................................101 ¶ÂÙÚÒÌ·Ù· ...........................................................................................................109 5.2.1 ∂ÎÚËÍÈÁÂÓ‹ - Ì·ÁÌ·ÙÈο...................................................................................111 5.2.2 π˙ËÌ·ÙÔÁÂÓ‹ ÂÙÚÒÌ·Ù· ...................................................................................115 5.2.3 ªÂÙ·ÌÔÚʈÛÈÁÂÓ‹ ÂÙÚÒÌ·Ù· .........................................................................122 5.2.4 §ÈıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ› Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ› .................................................................................127 √ ÙÂÎÙÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ˆ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÂͤÏÈ͢ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·ÁχÊÔ˘ ................................133 °ÂÓÈο ..................................................................................................................133 6.1.1 ƒËÍÈÁÂÓ›˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ıÚ·‡Û˘ ‹ ÂÊÂÏ΢ÛÌÔ‡ .......................................................135 6.1.2 ƒËÍÈÁÂÓ›˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ÔÏ›ÛıËÛ˘ ‹ ‰È·ÙÌËÙÈΤ˜ ÚËÍÈÁÂÓ›˜ ‰Ô̤˜...........................135 √È Î˘ÚÈfiÙÂÚ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÙˆÓ ÚËÍÈÁÂÓÒÓ ÙÂÎÙÔÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ.....................................136 6.2.1 ¢È·ÎÏ¿ÛÂȘ.......................................................................................................136 6.2.2 ƒˆÁÌ·ÙÒÛÂȘ ...................................................................................................139 6.2.3 ƒ‹ÁÌ·Ù· ..........................................................................................................141 ¶Ù˘¯¤˜ .................................................................................................................159 6.3.1 ∆‡ÔÈ Ù˘¯ÒÓ ..................................................................................................162 ∏Ê·ÈÛÙÂÈfiÙËÙ· ......................................................................................................163 6.4.1 °ÂÓÈο..............................................................................................................163 6.4.2 ∆‡ÔÈ ËÊ·ÈÛÙÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÎÚ‹ÍÂˆÓ ........................................................................166 6.4.3 ∂ÈÙÒÛÂȘ ·fi ÙËÓ ËÊ·ÈÛÙÂȷ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·..............................................171 6.4.4 ∫·Ù·ÛÙÚÔʤ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ËÊ·ÈÛÙÂȷ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ..........................................171 6.4.5 ¶ÚfiÁÓˆÛË Ù˘ ËÊ·ÈÛÙÂȷ΋˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜..................................................178 ª¤ÚÔ˜ πππ:
°ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ 7 7.1 7.2
∞ÔÛ¿ıÚˆÛË .................................................................................................181 °ÂÓÈο ..................................................................................................................181 ÃËÌÈ΋ ·ÔÛ¿ıÚˆÛË ...........................................................................................183 7.2.1 ¢ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ¯ËÌÈ΋˜ ·ÔÛ¿ıÚˆÛ˘ ..................................................................185 7.2.2 ∞ÓÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÚ˘ÎÙÒÓ ÛÙË ¯ËÌÈ΋ ·ÔÛ¿ıÚˆÛË................................................187
7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 9
ªË¯·ÓÈ΋ ·ÔÛ¿ıÚˆÛË .......................................................................................188 ∫ϛ̷ Î·È ÁˆÌÔÚʤ˜...........................................................................................194 7.4.1 ∫ÏÈÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ηٷٿÍÂȘ ......................................................................................194 µÈÔÛÙ·Û›·, ÚËÍÈÛÙ·Û›·, ÌÂÙ·ÚËÍÈÛÙ·Û›·.................................................................197 ¶ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ·ÔÛ¿ıÚˆÛ˘ - ªË¯·ÓÈ΋ ÙˆÓ Â‰·ÊÒÓ ...............................................198 ¢È¿‚ÚˆÛË ....................................................................................................... 201 ªÔÚʤ˜ ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛ˘ .............................................................................................204 √ ·ÎÏÔ˜ ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛ˘ Î·È Ù· ÛÙ¿‰È· ÂͤÏÈ͢ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·ÁχÊÔ˘ ...............................207 ¢È·‰Èηۛ˜ ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛ˘, ·fiıÂÛ˘ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÊÂÚÙÒÓ ˘ÏÒÓ ........................210 ∞Ôı¤ÛÂȘ Î·È È˙‹Ì·Ù· .................................................................................... 213
11
¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ·
ª¤ÚÔ˜ IV:
°ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· 10 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 12 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 13 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6
¢˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÙˆÓ Ú·ÓÒÓ ....................................................................................227 ¶ÔÙ¿ÌÈ· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· ................................................................................... 239 À‰¿ÙÈÓ· Ú‡̷ٷ, ÔÙ¿ÌÈ· Î·È ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ............................................................239 °ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÎÔÈÏ·‰ÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ...............................................248 ∞Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÂÚÌ¤ÓˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ·fi Ù· ˘‰·ÙÔÚ‡̷ٷ......................................250 ¶ÔÙ¿ÌÈÔ˜ ÁˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ ·ÎÏÔ˜ ....................................................................253 §ÈÌÓ·›· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· .................................................................................... 261 °¤ÓÂÛË, Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË Î·È ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÏÈÌÓÒÓ .........................................................262 ™‡ÛÙ·ÛË Î·È È‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ÏÈÌÓ·›ˆÓ ˘‰¿ÙˆÓ ........................................................268 π˙ËÌ·ÙÔÁ¤ÓÂÛË Û ÏÈÌÓ·›· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· ..............................................................270 ¶·Ú·Ï›ÌÓÈ· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· ....................................................................................272 ∫·ÚÛÙÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· ..................................................................................275 µ·ÛÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ...................................................................................................275 ∫·ÚÛÙÈ΋ ÁˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁ›· ....................................................................................279 ∫·ÚÛÙÈΤ˜ ÁˆÌÔÚʤ˜ ..........................................................................................281 ∫·ÚÛÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÎÏÔ˜ ÂͤÏÈ͢ ..................................................................................285 °ÂˆÁÚ·Ê›· Î·È Û‹Ï·È· .......................................................................................286 µ·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÛËÏ·›ˆÓ ..................................................................295 13.6.1 ∏ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÛËÏ·›ˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·........................................................299
14 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.10 14.11 15 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9
∂‰¿ÊË ............................................................................................................303 °ÂÓÈο ..................................................................................................................303 ¶·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ Â‰·ÊÒÓ ................................................................307 ™˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ÙˆÓ Â‰·ÊÒÓ.........................................................................................311 π‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ‰¿ÊÔ˘˜ ...........................................................316 ∂‰·ÊÈ΋ ÙÔÌ‹ (ÚÔÊ›Ï Â‰¿ÊÔ˘˜) .........................................................................319 ∆·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË Â‰·ÊÒÓ ............................................................................................322 ∂‰¿ÊË ÌÂÛÔÁÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ ............................................................................325 ¶·Ï·ÈÔ‰¿ÊË (paleosolis) ....................................................................................327 °ÂˆÙ¯ÓÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ ‰·ÊÒÓ..............................................................................328 ∏ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ·ÚÔ˘Û›· Î·È Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË Â‰·ÊÒÓ......................................................330 ¶·ÁÂÙˆÓÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· .............................................................................. 333 °ÂÓÈο ..................................................................................................................333 ¢˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ·ÁÂÙÒÓˆÓ ....................................................................................337 ¶·ÁÂÙˆÓÈ΋ ·ÔÛ¿ıÚˆÛË Î·È ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛË..............................................................338 ¶·ÁÂÙˆÓÈΤ˜ ·Ôı¤ÛÂȘ .......................................................................................341 ¶ÂÚÈ·ÁÂÙˆÓÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· .............................................................................346 ¶·ÁÂÙˆÓÈΤ˜ ÈÛÔÛÙ·ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Â˘ÛÙ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ .............................................348 ∂ͿψÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÁÂÙÒÓˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ ÙÂÙ·ÚÙÔÁÂÓ¤˜..................................................349 §fiÁÔÈ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Î·È ˘Ô¯ÒÚËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÁÂÙÒÓˆÓ ..............................................350 ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔÈ ·ÁÂÙÒÓ˜ ..........................................................................................353
12
16 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5
16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 16.15 16.16 17 17.1 17.2 17.3 18 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5
°ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ù˘ ÛÙȘ ÁˆÂÈÛً̘
¶·Ú¿ÎÙÈ· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· .................................................................................355 ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ·Ú·ÎÙ›ˆÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏfiÓÙˆÓ ......................................355 ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ·Ú·ÎÙ›ˆÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏfiÓÙˆÓ ..........................................................357 ¶·Ú¿ÎÙȘ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜...........................................................................................362 ∫‡Ì·Ù· .................................................................................................................363 ªÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ·˜ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘ ............................................................................383 16.5.1 ∂Ӊ›ÍÂȘ ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚˆÓ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈˆÓ ÛÙ·ıÌÒÓ ...................................................384 16.5.2 ∞Èٛ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ·˜ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘ .................................................................385 16.5.3 ∏ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ· ÛÙ¿ıÌË Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ ¶ÏÂÈÛÙfiηÈÓÔ. ¢Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·fi ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈÔ˘˜ ˘Ú‹Ó˜ ...............................................................389 16.5.4 ∆Ô Îϛ̷ ÛÙÔ ¶ÏÂÈÛÙfiηÈÓÔ. ∂Ӊ›ÍÂȘ ·fi ˘Ú‹Ó˜ ¿ÁÔ˘.............................390 16.5.5 ∞Èٛ˜ ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·Î˘Ì¿ÓÛÂˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙȘ ·ÁÂÙÒ‰ÂȘÌÂÛÔ·ÁÂÙÒ‰ÂȘ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘˜ .............................................................................391 16.5.6 ª¤ÁÈÛÙÔ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›·˜ ·ÁÂÙ҉˘ (LGM) Î·È ÔÏÔηÈÓÈ΋ ›ÎÏÈÛË ......................393 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÒÓ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ·˜ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÈÛÙÔ Ù˘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›·˜ ·ÁÂÙÒ‰Ô˘˜ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘ ...................................................................394 ™ËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ· ÛÙ¿ıÌË .................................................................................400 ªÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ· ÛÙ¿ıÌË ..............................................................................401 ∆ÛÔ˘Ó¿ÌÈ (Tsunamis)-ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ· ·̷ٷ ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ·˜ ..............................................403 √È ·Èٛ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ∆ÛÔ˘Ó¿ÌÈ ...........................................................................405 ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ ÙÛÔ˘Ó¿ÌÈ ..............................................................................413 ∏ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÒÓ ‰È›ۉ˘Û˘.........................................................................420 ∞Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÙÛÔ˘Ó¿ÌÈ .............................................................................................420 ∆· ÙÛÔ˘Ó¿ÌÈ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ............................................................................................425 ¶ÚfiÁÓˆÛË ÙÛÔ˘Ó¿ÌÈ ............................................................................................436 ¶·Ú¿ÎÙȘ ÁˆÌÔÚʤ˜ .........................................................................................438 ∞ÈÔÏÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· ....................................................................................475 ∞ÈÔÏÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ·fiıÂÛË ...........................................................................475 ∞ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ¿ÌÌÔ˘ Î·È ·Ó¤ÌÔ˘ ...........................................................477 ∞ÈÔÏÈ·Ó›Ù˜ - ·Û‚ÂÛÙÈÎÔ› „·Ì̛٘ - ηÏηÚÂÓ›Ù˜ ................................................481 ∏Ê·ÈÛÙÂȷο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· ............................................................................491 °ÂÓÈο ..................................................................................................................491 ∆ÂÎÙÔÓÈΤ˜ ϿΘ Î·È ËÊ·›ÛÙÂÈ· .........................................................................493 ∏Ê·ÈÛÙÂȷΤ˜ Ï·ÛÔÚÔ¤˜ (Lahar) - ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο.............................................495 ∏Ê·ÈÛÙÂȷΤ˜ ÂÎÚ‹ÍÂȘ Î·È Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔÈ.....................................................................498 ∏Ê·›ÛÙÂÈ· Î·È ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ..........................................................................503 ª¤ÚÔ˜ V:
ª¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÛÙË °ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁ›· 19 19.1 19.2 19.3
°ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ...................................................................507 ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ .............................................................................................................507 ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÁˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ˘ ....................................................508 µ·ÛÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÁˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ¯¿ÚÙË..........................510
13
¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ·
19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8
20 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 21 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 22 22.1 22.2 22.3
22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7
22.8 22.9
∆‡ÔÈ ÁˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ¯·ÚÙÒÓ.........................................................................514 ªÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· - ∂ÍÔÏÈÛÌfi˜..................................................................................515 ∫ϛ̷η ÁˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ˘........................................................527 ∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Î·È ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ...............................................................................529 °ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ÌÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ÙËÏÂÈÛÎfiËÛ˘ Î·È ™°¶................................................................................................................533 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ Î·È Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›·˜ ÛÙȘ ÁˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ..........547 °ÂÓÈο ..................................................................................................................547 ªÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌfi˜...............................................................................549 ºÔÚËÙÔ› ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏ‹Ù˜ ......................................................................................558 ¢È·Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÁˆÙÚ˘¿ÓˆÓ........................................................................................560 ∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË È˙ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ .......................................................................................... 573 °ÂÓÈο ..................................................................................................................573 ∫ÔÎÎÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÎÏ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ È˙ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ........................................................574 ∫ÔÎÎÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ¿ÌÌÔ˘.............................................................................579 ∫ÔÎÎÔÌÂÙÚ›· ÏÂÙfiÎÔÎÎˆÓ È˙ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ....................................................................580 ∂ÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÎÔÎÎÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ................................................585 ª¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ................................................................................. 595 ™¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ·fiÏ˘Ù˜ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂȘ..................................................................595 ∏ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ Ú·‰ÈÔ¯ÚÔÓÔÏfiÁËÛ˘..........................................................................596 ª¤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ 14C ...............................................................................599 22.3.1 ∏ ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛË Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ 14C ÛÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ.................................................602 22.3.2 ¢ÈfiÚıˆÛË ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ˆÎ¿ÓÈ·˜ ‰ÂÍ·ÌÂÓ‹˜..............................604 22.3.3 ™Ê¿ÏÌ· ÛÎÏËÚÔ‡ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ..................................................................................605 22.3.4 ∂ÈÌfiÏ˘ÓÛË .....................................................................................................605 22.3.5 ¢È¿ÊÔÚ· ˘ÏÈο Ô˘ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì 14C....................................................605 ª¤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ Ô˘Ú·Ó›Ô˘...............................................607 ª¤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ∫/Ar ..............................................................................608 £ÂÚÌÔʈٷ‡ÁÂÈ· (TL)..........................................................................................608 √ÙÈÈο ‰ÈÂÁÂṲ́ÓË ÊˆÙ·‡ÁÂÈ· - OSL ..................................................................609 22.7.1 ∫ÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ¯ÚÔÓÔÏfiÁËÛ˘-ηٷÏÏËÏfiÙËÙ· ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ .........................................615 22.7.2 ÃËÌÈ΋ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ .......................................................................619 ª¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÛÌÈÎÒÓ ÈÛÔÙfiˆÓ ................................................622 ¶·Ï·ÈÔÌ·ÁÓËÙÈÛÌfi˜ .............................................................................................623
ª¤ÚÔ˜ VI:
°ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ - ªÂϤÙ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ 23 °ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ·Ê‹ÛÂȘ - ÌÂϤÙ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ ...........................627 23.1 §ÂηÓÔ¤‰ÈÔ ∞ıËÓÒÓ ..........................................................................................627 23.1.1 ªÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ..................................................................................................627 23.1.2 ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·..................................................................................................630 23.1.3 °ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û‡ÓıÂÛË ..............................................................................643
14
°ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ù˘ ÛÙȘ ÁˆÂÈÛً̘
23.2 °ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ÏÂοÓ˘ ·ÔÚÚÔ‹˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·ÏÏÔ˘‚È·ÎÔ‡ ÚÈȉ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ √ÈÓfiË (ÿڷ‰ÚÔ˘) ÔÙ·ÌÔ‡ (µ. ∞ÙÙÈ΋) ηٿ ÙÔ ÙÂÙ·ÚÙÔÁÂÓ¤˜..........644 23.2.1 ªÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ..................................................................................................646 23.2.2 °ÂˆÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋....................................................................................647 23.2.3 ¶ÔÛÔÙÈ΋ ÁˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ..............................................................650 23.2.4 °ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ˘‰ÚÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘.........................657 23.2.5 °ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ.....................................................................659 23.2.6 ∞ÓıÚÒÈÓ˜ ÂÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¿ÎÙÈ· ˙ÒÓË ..................................................664 23.2.7 °ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û‡ÓıÂÛË ..............................................................................665 23.3 °ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË Ù˘ Ï›ÌÓ˘ Ù˘ ∫·ÛÙÔÚÈ¿˜ (√ÚÂÛÙÈ¿‰·˜) Î·È Ë ÂͤÏÈÍ‹ Ù˘ ηٿ ÙÔ ·ÓÒÙÂÚÔ ÏÂÈÛÙfiηÈÓÔ-ÔÏfiηÈÓÔ...................................667 23.3.1 ªÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·-Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜.....................................................................................668 23.3.2 °ÂˆÏÔÁ›·-ÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ .........................................................................................670 23.3.3 °ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË Î·È ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË................................................671 23.3.4 ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·..................................................................................................673 23.3.5 ∂ÈÌ‹ÎÂȘ ÙÔ̤˜ ·ÚÈˆÓ ÎÔÈÙÒÓ •ËÚÔÔÙ¿ÌÔ˘ Î·È °ÎÈfiÏ ڤ̷ ......................682 23.3.6 °ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û‡ÓıÂÛË ..............................................................................684 24 °ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ·ÛÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ......................................................... 687 24.1 ªÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·, ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ......................................................................................689 24.2 °ÂˆÏÔÁÈο - ÙÂÎÙÔÓÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ..........................................................................691 24.3 ÀfiÁÂÈ· ÓÂÚ¿ .......................................................................................................693 24.4 ∏ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÓÂÚÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ∏Úȉ·ÓÔ‡...................................................................693 24.5 πÛÙÔÚÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ...............................................................................................694 24.6 ∞ÓıÚÒÈÓ˜ ÂÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔ›ÙË......................................................................696 24.7 ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ......................................................................................697 24.8 °ÂˆÊ˘ÛÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ...........................................................................................698 24.9 °ÂˆÙÚËÙÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ...........................................................................................698 24.10 °ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û‡ÓıÂÛË...................................................................................700 24.11 √ ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ¯ÂÈÌ¿ÚÚˆÓ ÛÙȘ ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜..........................701 25 °ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÛÙËÓ ¶·Ï·ÈÔÁˆÁÚ·Ê›· ................... 705 25.1 µ·ÛÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Î·È ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜............................................................................707 25.2 ∏ ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂͤÏÈÍË Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ ÙÂÙ·ÚÙÔÁÂÓ¤˜ ............................................................711 25.3 £·Ï¿ÛÛȘ ˘ÚËÓÔÏË„›Â˜ Î·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿ ÈÛfiÙÔ· ...................................................718 25.4 √È ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ Ù˘ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘ Ù˘ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜ .............................................................719 25.5 ªÂϤÙË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ˘ ·Ï·ÈÔÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Ù˘ ı¤Û˘ ¶·Ï·Ì·Ú›Ô˘ µ.∞. ™Î‡ÚÔ˘....................................................................729 25.5.1 ªÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ..................................................................................................729 25.5.2 ∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·..................................................................................................730 25.5.3 ∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË È˙ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ...........................................................................................733 25.5.4 °ÂˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û‡ÓıÂÛË, ·Ï·ÈÔÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ·Ó·Û‡ÛÙ·ÛË-·Ï·ÈÔÁˆÁÚ·Ê›·........................................................................739 µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ........................................................................................745 ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ fiÚˆÓ .......................................................................................................775