6-Ε-013 - Η ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΣΗ ΣΤΟΝ ΣΥΓΧΡΟΝΟ ΚΟΣΜΟ - ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟ

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™ À∑∏∆∏™∏ ∆ø¡ ∞ ¶√∆∂§∂™ª∞∆ø¡ ∆∏™ ∂ ƒ∂À¡∞™ «∏ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË... ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· Û fiÏ· Ù· ̤ÚË ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ Â›Â‰Ô ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Î·È ·Ó ¤¯Ô˘Ó», «Le Monde de l’Education», 1/1974, ÛÂÏ. 1. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ «Le Monde de l’Education» («√ ∫fiÛÌÔ˜ Ù˘ ∂Î·›‰Â˘Û˘») ηٿ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· 30 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· (19742004) Ì·˜ ¤‰ˆÛ ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÔÌ ÔÛÔÙÈο Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÔÈÔÙÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, Ù· ÔÔ›· Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È a fortiori Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ¿ÍÔÓ˜ (ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Î·ıÔ‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó ÂÍ¿ÏÏÔ˘ Î·È Ù· ÂÚÌËÓ¢ÙÈο Ì·˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù¿ Ù¤ıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘ Ì·˜): ∞. ∆ËÓ ÔÏÔ¤Ó· ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ‰È·ÛÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÁÈ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Ï·Ó‹ÙË Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ (Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ·˘Ù¤˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ÛÙ‹ÏË ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ͤÓ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜). µ. ∆ËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ Ù¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Â›Î·ÈÚˆÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ/ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ (Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· Ë ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ‰›‰ÂÙ·È Û ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ·fi ·˘Ù¿). °. ∆Ë ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔ 1974 ¤ˆ˜ ÙÔ 2004 Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· Ú‡̷ٷ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ™˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ Î·È ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÌ (›Ù ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¿ÚıÚ·, ›Ù ÁÈ· Û‡ÓÙÔÌ· Û˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈο ‹ ÂÎÙÂÓ‹ Û¯fiÏÈ· ·fi ÙÔÓ ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ Ù‡Ô).236· 236·. Ÿˆ˜ ¤¯ÔÌ ‹‰Ë ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ÛÙË ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘ Ì·˜, Ù· Û¯fiÏÈ· Î·È ÔÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ Í¤ÓÔ Ù‡Ô ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·.


238 ∏ ∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙÔ ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ ∫fiÛÌÔ

1. °ÂˆÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ™Â fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ ¿ÍÔÓ·, Ë ÌÂϤÙË Ì·˜ ¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ Û˘ÓÔÏÈο ÙÔ ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ Î·È ÙË Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ÈÛÙfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·:


™˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ∞ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ŒÚ¢ӷ˜ 239

Ÿˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È, Ô «∫fiÛÌÔ˜ Ù˘ ∂Î·›‰Â˘Û˘» ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÂÎÙfi˜ ∂˘ÚÒ˘, ηٿ ·ÚÈÔ ÏfiÁÔ ÛÙȘ ∏.¶.∞. Ÿˆ˜ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÂÓÙÔ›Û·Ì ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û‹ Ì·˜, ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ·˘Ùfi ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ·ÓÒÙ·Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û‹˜ Ù˘, ÛÙ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ Ù˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ù˘ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ì ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈÎfi ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· ·˘Ù‹ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Û ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‚›·˜ Î·È Ú·ÙÛÈÛÌÔ‡. £· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙÔÓ›ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÔÈ ∏.¶.∞. ηٿ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ÚÔÛÂÏÎ‡Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÔÏfiÁˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘, ·ÊÔ‡ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ˘ÂÚ·ÙÏ·ÓÙÈ΋ ¯ÒÚ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È – ÎÔÈÓÔ› ÙfiÔÈ – ÁÈ· ÔÏϤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ (ÔÈΛϘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘, ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÊÔÈÙËÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ¢ÛË, ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ·ÁÔÚ¿ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜ ÁÓˆÛÙ¿ ·ÓÒٷٷ ȉڇ̷ٷ, Ù˘¯›·, ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË, Ú·ÙÛÈÛÌfi˜, ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ηÈÓÔÙƠ̂˜). ∞Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Â›Û˘ ÛÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ô˘ ͯˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi Â›Ó·È Ë ªÂÁ¿ÏË µÚÂÙ·Ó›· Î·È Ë °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·. ∫·È ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÚÔÛÂÏÎ‡Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ˆ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂËÚ¿ÛÂÈ (ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ¤¯ÂÈ Ì·ÎÚ¿ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ Â›‰Ú·Û˘) Ì ٷ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÔÏϤ˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ Î·È ¿ÏϘ ¯ÒÚ˜, ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο ·Ó·Ù˘ÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜, Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÈÛÙÔÚÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ – ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Î·È ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÁÈ· ÙȘ ∂ÈÛً̘ Ù˘ ∞ÁˆÁ‹˜: Ë ÌÂÓ ÚÒÙË, Ë ª. µÚÂÙ·Ó›·, Ì ÙËÓ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË £¿ÙÛÂÚ, ¤ıÂÛ ٷ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û‹˜ Ù˘ Î·È ·Ó¤‰ÂÈÍ ÙȘ ¢ڇÙÂÚ˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·˜ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· Î·È Ù· ÛËÌ›· Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÎÚ›Û˘ Ù˘, Ù· ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ÎÔÈÓ¿ Û ÔÏϤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜237. ∏ ‰Â ‰Â‡ÙÂ237. ∏ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÛÙË ª. µÚÂÙ·Ó›· ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È – ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ¿ÏÏ· – Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó· «Ô˘‰ÂÙÂÚÔÔÈËı›» ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ó· ηÙÔÚıÒÛÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ «·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ˜ Î·È ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ıÂÛÌfi˜». ™ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ (ÂÚÈÚÚ¤Ô˘Û· ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›·, ΢‚ÂÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ Î·È ÂÈ-


240 ∏ ∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙÔ ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ ∫fiÛÌÔ

ÚË, Ë °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·, Ì ÙËÓ ÙÒÛË ÙÔ˘ ∆›¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ µÂÚÔÏ›ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ Â·Ó¤ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô °ÂÚÌ·ÓÈÒÓ, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜, ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó·‰fiÌËÛ˘ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛ˘ (Ì ÛËÌ›· ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÈ΋-Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ›ÙË ÛÙËÓ Âӈ̤ÓË °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·).238 ∏ Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Î·È ÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË Â›Ó·È Â›Û˘ ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ù· Â˘Úˆ·˚ο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ΢ڛˆ˜ Û ̛· ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚÔ˘˜ Ú˘ıÌÔ‡˜ Î·È Ë Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ˘ÏÔÔÈ› ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ‰ÚÔÌÔÏÔÁ› Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ – fi¯È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· – ÛÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘. ∆Ô ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ· Ù· Â˘Úˆ·˚ο Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤Ó˘ Î·È Ù˘ ™˘Óı‹Î˘ ÙÔ˘ ª¿·ÛÙÚȯÙ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË (Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜, ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Û fiÏ· Ù· Â›‰· Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘, ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ·ÁÔÚ¿ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, Î·È ¿ÏÏ· Û˘Ó·Ê‹)239, ·ÔÙÂÏ› Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ‚ÔϤ˜, ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ), ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ÛÙËÓ ∞ÁÁÏ›· Û˘˙ËÙÂ›Ù·È ˆ˜ ıÂÛÌfi˜ Ô˘ ·‰˘Ó·Ù› Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο Ó· ÂÎÏËÚÒÛÂÈ ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ··ÈÙ› ÌÈ· ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. °È· ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ·˘Ùfi Ú‚Ï. ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ James Porter, Reschooling and the Global Future. Politics, Economics and the English Experience, Monographs in International Education, Symposium Books, 1999. 238. ¶Ú‚Ï. ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ÙȘ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ·˘Ùfi ÙˆÓ: David Phillips (ed), Education in Germany since Unification, Oxford Studies in Comparative Education, Symposium Books, 2000, Hubert Ertl, Modularisation of Vocational Education in Europe, NVQs and GNVQs as a model for the reform of initial training provisions in Germany?, Monographs in International Education, Symposium Books, 2000, Stephanie Wilde, Citizenship Education in Germany: not doint it by the book, Monographs in International Education, Symposium Books, 2004. 239. π‰È·›ÙÂÚÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Û Â›Â‰Ô ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ fiÔ˘ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È Î·È Ë ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È Û Â›Â‰Ô Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ηÈ


™˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ∞ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ŒÚ¢ӷ˜ 241

ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÔÏfiÁÔ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈÎfi Âȯ›ÚËÌ· Ô˘ ÌÂÏÂÙ¿ Û ˘ÂÚÂıÓÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô Î·È ÂӉȷʤÚÂÈ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔÓ ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ¿ÏϘ ¯ÒÚ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ï·Ó‹ÙË (∏.¶.∞., ∫›Ó·, π·ˆÓ›·, Î.Ï.). ∞fi ÙÔÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÔÁÔ ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ Ô˘ ÌÓËÌÔÓ‡ÔÓÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· Â›Ó·È Î·È ÙÔ µ¤ÏÁÈÔ. ∆Ô µ¤ÏÁÈÔ Î·Ù¿ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ÂӉȷʤÚÂÈ ÙÔÓ Á·ÏÏfiʈÓÔ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈÎfi ÏfiÁÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÎÏÔ˘˜ ÛÙË °·ÏÏ›·, ·ÊÔ‡ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÁÂÈÙÔÓÈ΋ ÚÔ˜ ÙË °·ÏÏ›· ¯ÒÚ· Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ Â›Ó·È Á·ÏÏfiʈÓÔ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô ¯ÒÚ˜ Â›Ó·È ÛÙÂÓ¤˜. √È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ Î·È Ù· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· ·˘Ù‹ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÙÔÓ «∫fiÛÌÔ Ù˘ ∂Î·›‰Â˘Û˘» Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÎÔÈÓÔ‡˜ ÙfiÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜. ∏ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙËÓ πÙ·Ï›·, Â›Û˘, η٤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Û˘ÓÙÂϤÛÙËÎ·Ó Ù· ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· ·˘Ù‹ Û fiϘ ÙȘ ‚·ıÌ›‰Â˜ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û‹˜ Ù˘, ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Ô˘ ÚÔοÏÂÛ·Ó Î·È ÔÈΛϘ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ ¯ÒÚ·˜. ∏ ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛË/ƒˆÛ›·, ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Ô˘ ÌÂÏÂÙ‹Û·Ì ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÈÎÔÛÙfi ·ÈÒÓ· ¤Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi «·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·» ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ «ÌÂÙ¿‚·Û˘»/ transition Î·È Ë ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ/ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· ·˘Ù‹ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· ¯ÒÚÔ ÌÂϤÙ˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÔÏfiÁÔ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Î·È ·ÏÏÔ‡. ÕÏϘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ·Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ù·È «√ ∫fiÛÌÔ˜ Ù˘ ∂Î·›‰Â˘Û˘», fiˆ˜ ¤‰ÂÈÍÂ Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘Û‹ Ì·˜, ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÔÈ Ó¤Â˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ·˘Ùfi. ¶Ú‚Ï. ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ·˘Ùfi ÙËÓ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ Regina H. Mulder & Peter F. E. Sloane (eds), New Approaches to Vocational Education in Europe, the construction of complex learning – teaching arrangements, Oxford Studies in Comparative Education Series (Editor: David Phillips), Symposium Books, 2004.


242 ∏ ∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙÔ ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ ∫fiÛÌÔ

Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ ÛÂÈÚ¿ Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ·˜: Ë π·ˆÓ›·, Ë ∂Ï‚ÂÙ›·, Ë πÛ·Ó›·, Ë ™Ô˘Ë‰›·, Ô ∫·Ó·‰¿˜, Ë ∞ÏÁÂÚ›·, Ë ∫›Ó· Î·È Ë ™ÂÓÂÁ¿ÏË. ∏ È·ˆÓÈ΋ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ·˘ÛÙËÚ‹ ‰ÔÌ‹ Î·È ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ÙÔÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË Î·È ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂϤÙ˘ Ô˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÂÈ ÔÏϤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·. ∏ ∂Ï‚ÂÙ›· ηٿ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ÂӉȷʤÚÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Á¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Î·È ˆ˜ Á·ÏÏfiʈÓË ¯ÒÚ· Î·È ˆ˜ ¯ÒÚ· Ô˘ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈο, ÁψÛÛÈο, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο, ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÈ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÈÏÔÌÔÚÊ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. √ ∫·Ó·‰¿˜ Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Ô Á·ÏÏfiʈÓÔ˜ ∫·Ó·‰¿˜, ÂӉȷʤÚÂÈ ÙÔÓ «∫fiÛÌÔ Ù˘ ∂Î·›‰Â˘Û˘» Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙË °·ÏÏ›·. ∏ πÛ·Ó›· Î·È Ë ™Ô˘Ë‰›· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ˘„ËÏ‹ Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ·, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¯ÒÚ˜ fiÔ˘ Ë ÌÂÓ ÚÒÙË ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· Ì ÙȘ Ӥ˜ ‰ËÌÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ·Ó·Î·Ù·Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÛÙÔÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ, ÂÓÒ Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË, ÂÎÚÔÛˆÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ÛηӉÈÓ·‚ÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ. ∂ÓÒ Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË, ÂÎÚÔÛˆÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ÛηӉÈÓ·‚ÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ, ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ë ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ÔÈ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ηÈÓÔÙÔÌÈÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ‚·ıÌ›‰Â˜ Ù˘. ∏ ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÏÁÂÚ›· Î·È ÙË ™ÂÓÂÁ¿ÏË, fiˆ˜ Î·È Û ¿ÏϘ ¯ÒÚ˜, fiˆ˜ ‹‰Ë ÚԷӷʤڷÌ (µ¤ÏÁÈÔ, ∂Ï‚ÂÙ›·, ∫·Ó·‰¿˜), ‹ ¿ÏϘ fiˆ˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚË Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· (∞›Á˘ÙÔ˜, ∞ÎÙ‹ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÏÂÊ·ÓÙÔÛÙÔ‡, ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ¢˘ÙÈ΋˜ ™·¯¿Ú·˜, Î.Ï.), Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Î·È Ì ÙÔ «ÂıÓÈÎfi ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ» ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô, ˆ˜ ÁÓˆÛÙfiÓ, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙË ™¶ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·. ªÂ ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «ÂıÓÈÎfi ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ» ÂÓÓÔÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ Ô ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ó·‰Âȯı› «Ô ÂıÓÈÎfi˜ ·˘Ùfi˜» ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ·, ÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi, ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·, ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ, ÙȘ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Î·È ÁÂÓÈο ÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË, .¯. Ë ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Ù˘ Á·ÏÏÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Á·ÏÏÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜. Ÿˆ˜ Ê¿ÓËÎÂ Î·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ·Ó¿ ¤ÙÔ˜, Û˘ÓÔÏÈο ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘ «∫fiÛÌÔ˘ Ù˘ ∂Î·›‰Â˘Û˘» ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÙԇ̠fiÙÈ ÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ·ÚÈÔ ÏfiÁÔ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË


™˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ∞ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ŒÚ¢ӷ˜ 243

Î·È ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ (ª. µÚÂÙ·Ó›·, °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·, µ¤ÏÁÈÔ, πÙ·Ï›·, ƒˆÛ›·, ∂Ï‚ÂÙ›·, πÛ·Ó›·, ™Ô˘Ë‰›·). ∂Í›ÛÔ˘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Â›Ó·È Î·È ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ∏ӈ̤Ó˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙ›˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÔÌ ÚԷӷʤÚÂÈ. ª¿ÏÈÛÙ·, ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ·˘Ùfi, ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· Ù· ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘, fiÛÔ Î·È ÁÈ· ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‹ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ·, ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÙ› Î·È ·fi ÙËÓ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË Ô˘ ηٿ ηÈÚÔ‡˜ ¤‰ˆÛ ÙÔ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi Î·È Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ·Ó·‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘Û˘ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ Î·È ¿ÚıÚˆÓ ·fi ÙÔÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎfi Ù‡Ô (Ì ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÒÙ·ÙË ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È Ù· ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈο ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈ·, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Á¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˜ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÓË̤ڈۋ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· Èı·Ó‹ ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· ·˘Ù‹ ÁÈ· ÛÔ˘‰¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÒÙ·ÙË ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË). ∞fi ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜, ·Ú·ÙËÚԇ̠ˆ˜ ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ∫·Ó·‰¿, Ë ∫ÂÓÙÚÈ΋ Î·È §·ÙÈÓÈ΋ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ (ªÂÍÈÎfi, ∫Ô‡‚·, µÚ·˙ÈÏ›·, ÃÈÏ‹, ∞ÚÁÂÓÙÈÓ‹, ¡ÈηڿÁÔ˘·, ¶ÂÚÔ‡, Î.Ï.) ÚÔÛÂÏÎ‡Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘ «∫fiÛÌÔ˘ Ù˘ ∂Î·›‰Â˘Û˘» Î·È Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË, ΢ڛˆ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ. ∞fi ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ∞ÊÚÈ΋˜ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ¤ÓÙÔÓÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙȘ Á·ÏÏfiʈÓ˜ ·ÊÚÈηÓÈΤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ (ÚÒËÓ Á·ÏÏÈΤ˜ ·ÔÈ˘), ÂÓÒ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ì ÙȘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ì ÙË °·ÏÏ›·. ∞fi ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ∞ÊÚÈ΋˜ ͯˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏ¤ÌˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ‰È·‚›ˆÛ˘, ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ˘ÏÈÎÔÙ¯ÓÈ΋˜ ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹˜ ÛÙË ‚·ÛÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· (Ú·ÙÛÈÛÌfi˜, ‚›·, Ê˘ÏÂÙÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈı¤ÛÂȘ), Ù· ÔÔ›· Û˘Óԉ‡ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ·fi ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·ÏÊ·‚ËÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ Î·ÙԛΈÓ240. ∂ӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ÌÂϤÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜

240. ¶Ú‚Ï. ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ÙËÓ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ Kenneth King & Simon McGrath, Globalisation, Enterprise and Knowledge, Education, Training and Development in Africa, Monographs in International Education, Symposium Books, 2002.


244 ∏ ∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙÔ ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ ∫fiÛÌÔ

Ù˘ ∞ÊÚÈ΋˜ (Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ù· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ηٿÚÙÈÛ˘ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘) οو ·fi ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙË ÁÓÒÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÂıÓÈÎfi Î·È ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Î·È ÙȘ Ӥ˜ ·Ó·Ù˘ÍȷΤ˜ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·ÊÚÈηÓÈΤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¡ÔÙÈÔ-·Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ ∞Û›· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ë ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË Û ¯ÒÚ˜ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ·Ó·Î·Ù·Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜, ȉÂÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ (∫›Ó·, π·ˆÓ›·, ÃÔÓÁÎ-∫ÔÓÁÎ, ºÈÏÈ›Ó˜, ∆·¸Ï¿Ó‰Ë, ∫ÔÚ¤·)Ø ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¯ÒÚ˜ Ô˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ¢ڇÙÂÚ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈο «·ÓÔ›ÁÌ·Ù·» Ì ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Î·È ÙȘ ∏ӈ̤Ó˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙ›˜. ∂›Û˘, ÔÈ ·Ú·‚ÈΤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ «∫fiÛÌÔ Ù˘ ∂Î·›‰Â˘Û˘» ΢ڛˆ˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙÔ˘ πÛÏ¿Ì ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È Ì¤Û· ·fi Ù· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· ‹ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ «ÈÛÏ·ÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘» ÛÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ ·˘Ù‹˜. ∆Ô ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Ô˘ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ·˘Ùfi ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ™˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Î·È ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ˆ˜ ÙÔ ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜ ÁÓˆÛÙfi ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi Comparative Education Review ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·ÎÔÈÓÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Î˘ÎÏÔÊÔÚ›· ÙÔÓ ∞‡ÁÔ˘ÛÙÔ ÙÔ˘ 2006 ÂÓfi˜ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ Ù‡¯Ô˘˜ – ·ÊÈÂÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ì ٛÙÏÔ: «∏ ∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì: ª‡ıÔÈ Î·È ∞Ï‹ıÂȘ». ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡ Ù‡¯Ô˘˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ ·fi ÙË ÛÎÔÈ¿ Ù˘ ™˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ ÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ψÛË ÙÔ˘ πÛÏ¿Ì ÛÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ ‹‰Ë ·fi ÙÔÓ 6Ô ·ÈÒÓ· Ì.Ã. Î·È Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË Ô˘ ·˘Ùfi ›¯Â ·fi ÙfiÙ ̤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ˘ Ï·Ó‹ÙË, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ. ™’ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ë ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›· Î·È ÛÙ· ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈ· ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË Û ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÌË ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎÔ‡˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ªÂ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· Î·È ÙË ‰È¿‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡, Ë ÈÛÏ·ÌÈ΋ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ¯ÚÂÈ¿ÛÙËΠӷ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚfiÎÏËÛË Ù˘ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ Û ÌÈ· Ó¤· Ù¿ÍË Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ. π‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ‰Â Ì ÙËÓ 11Ë ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ 2001, ÙÔ Ó· ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙÔ˘ πÛÏ¿Ì ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘.


™˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ∞ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ŒÚ¢ӷ˜ 245

∏ ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ ¶›Ó·Î· 22241 Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË «Á·ÏÏfiʈÓË Ì·ÙÈ¿ Ù˘ ™¶» ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔÓ «∫fiÛÌÔ Ù˘ ∂Î·›‰Â˘Û˘» ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ Î·È ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÚÒËÓ ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋˜ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ (¶Ôψӛ·, °ÈÔ˘ÁÎÔÛÏ·‚›·, √˘ÁÁ·Ú›·, ƒÔ˘Ì·Ó›·, ∞Ï‚·Ó›·, ∆Û¯›·, µÔÛÓ›·, ∫fiÛÔ‚Ô)242, Î·È Ù· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË «ÌÂÙ¿‚·Û˘» Î·È ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙȘ Ӥ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜, ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛÙ› ηٿ ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ 20Ô‡ Î·È ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 21Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Û fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, Ë ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û‹ Ù˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂӉȷʤÚÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi. ∑ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ·Ó·Ï‡ÔÓÙ·È ¤ÓÙ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Û˘ÓÔÏÈο. ∆· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ù· ÔÔ›· ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜ Î·È ÙȘ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, Ì ÙÔ ÁψÛÛÈÎfi ˙‹ÙËÌ· (Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Î·ı·ÚÂ‡Ô˘Û·˜) ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË, Ì ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ù˘ ÊÔÈÙËÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ¢Û˘ Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ¤ÓÙÔÓÔ Î·È Ì ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË Ô˘ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, ÎÚ›ÛË Ë ÔÔ›· Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ÙËÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È ÂӉȷʤÚÂÈ ÔÏϤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ ÛÙÔ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ ÎfiÛÌÔ.

2. ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Â›Î·ÈÚ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ™Â fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ¿ÍÔÓ·, ÙȘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ù¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Ù· Â›Î·ÈÚ· ı¤Ì·Ù·/ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ï·Ó‹ÙË, Ë ÌÂϤÙË Ì·˜ ¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ Û˘ÓÔÏÈο ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÍ‹˜ Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ·: 241. ¶Ú‚Ï. ÙÔ ¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ÌÂϤÙ˘. 242. ¶Ú‚Ï. ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο Î·È ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜, W. Mitter, «∆Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÛÙËÓ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ ∂˘ÚÒË Û ÚÈ˙ÈÎfi ·Ó·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi. ∞Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË Î·È ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ ·fi ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ-Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ¿Ô„Ë» (ÌÙÊÚ. µ. µÔ˘˚‰¿Û΢, π. ∫·Ó¿Î˘), ÛÙÔ: π.∂. ¶˘ÚÁȈٿÎË – π. ª. ∫·Ó¿ÎË (ÂÈÌ.), ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ∫Ú›ÛË ÛÙËÓ ∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË, ª‡ıÔÈ Î·È ¶Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ˜, ∞ı‹Ó·, ÂΉ. °ÚËÁfiÚË, 1992, ÛÛ. 62-81.


246 ∏ ∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙÔ ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ ∫fiÛÌÔ


™˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ∞ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ŒÚ¢ӷ˜ 247

Ÿˆ˜ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ÙÔ Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi ÈÛÙfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·243, Ë ‚·ıÌ›‰· ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ Ô˘ ΢Úȷگ› ÛÙËÓ «Le Monde de l’Education» Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÓÒÙ·ÙË, ÂÓÒ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ô˘ Û˘Óԉ‡ÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ì ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË, ÂÓÒ ÙËÓ ÙÚ›ÙË ı¤ÛË Î·Ù¤¯Ô˘Ó Ë ∂˘ÚÒË Î·È Ë Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ÔÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÒÙ·ÙË ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÙȘ ÊÔÈÙËÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›Â˜, ÙȘ ‰È·‰ËÏÒÛÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ ÎÈÓËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ, ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘, ÙËÓ Â›ÛÔ‰Ô ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÒÙ·ÙË ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË, Ù· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÈÛ¯‡ ÙÔ˘ numerous clauses Û ÔÏϤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜, ÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÁÈ· ¤Ó· «Ó¤Ô ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ», ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË ÛÙÔ ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ_ Â›Û˘, ı›ÁÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈ·ÎÒÓ È‰Ú˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ, ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›ˆÓ, ÙËÓ ·ÔÓÔÌ‹ ‰È‰·ÎÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ ‰Èψ̿وÓ, ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ, Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ηıÂÛÙÒÙÔ˜, Ù· ȉȈÙÈο ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈ·, ÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›ˆÓ Ì ÙËÓ Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË, ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÂÈÛ·ÎÙ¤ˆÓ, ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·Ú¯fiÌÂÓ˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ÛÙ· ·ÓÒٷٷ ȉڇ̷ٷ. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ηٷϋ„ÂȘ, Ù· ‰›‰·ÎÙÚ·, ÙÔ Ú·ÙÛÈÛÌfi, Ì ÙȘ ÌÂÈÔÓÔÙÈΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, Ì ÙȘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‰·¿Ó˜, Ì ÙËÓ ˘ÏÈÎÔÙ¯ÓÈ΋ ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹, Ì ٷ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ∞∂π Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ï·Ó‹ÙË, Ì ÙËÓ ›‰Ú˘ÛË ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈ·ÎÒÓ ÈÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙˆÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ì ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈ·ÎÒÓ ™¯ÔÏÒÓ. ∞ÎfiÌË, Ë ·ÓÒÙ·ÙË ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Îϛ̷ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ, Ì ÙË ÊÔ›ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ Í¤ÓˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÒÓ, Ì ÙËÓ ÈÛÏ·ÌÔÔ›ËÛË Û ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ¯ÒÚ˜, Ì ÙËÓ ›‰Ú˘ÛË Ó¤ˆÓ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›ˆÓ, Ì ÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, Ì ÙÔ ‰ÔÁÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È ÙË ÊÔÈÙËÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ¢ÛË Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ¯ÒÚ˜. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ë ·ÓÒÙ·ÙË ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Û ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ‰È·ÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌȷο ȉڇ̷ٷ Î·È Û ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹-

243. ¶Ú‚Ï. Î·È ¶›Ó·Î· 34 ÛÙÔ ¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ÌÂϤÙ˘. °È· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘ Ì·˜ ¢¯·ÚÈÛÙԇ̠ÙÔÓ Û˘Ó¿‰ÂÏÊÔ Î. ¡›ÎÔ ∞Ó‰Ú·‰¿ÎË.


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