¶∂ƒπ∂Ã√ª∂¡∞ ∂π™∞°ø°∏
7
∫∂º∞§∞π√ 1 ∆√ AUDIO MASTERING ∞¶√ ∆π™ ∞ƒÃ∂™ ∆∏™ ª√À™π∫∏™ µπ√ª∏Ã∞¡π∞™ ª∂Ãπ ∫∞π ™∏ª∂ƒ∞ 1.1 H ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô˜ 1.2 ∆· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ì ÙÔ ‚ÈÓ‡ÏÈÔ 1.3 æËÊȷ΋ ÂÔ¯‹ 1.4 ∏ ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ audio pre-mastering Û‹ÌÂÚ·
9 9 10 12 13
∫∂º∞§∞π√ 2 ∂¶∞°°∂§ª∞∆π∫√™ ∂•√¶§π™ª√™ ™∆√ AUDIO MASTERING 2.1 ∏ ·ÎÔ˘ÛÙÈ΋ ÂÓfi˜ mastering studio 2.2 ∏¯Â›· 2.3 ªË¯·Ó‹Ì·Ù· ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‹¯Ô˘ 2.3.1 ∞Ó·ÏÔÁÈÎÔ› ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·ÛÙ¤˜ 2.3.2 æËÊÈ·ÎÔ› ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·ÛÙ¤˜ 2.4 ªastering ÎÔÓÛfiϘ 2.5 A/D – D/A ªÂÙ·ÙÚÔ›˜ Î·È Ï¿ıË ¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ (jitter)
17 17 20 23 23 24 25 27
∫∂º∞§∞π√ 3 ª∂™∞ ª∂∆∞º√ƒ∞™ ∫∞π ∞¶√£∏∫∂À™∏™ 3.1 ™˘Û΢¤˜ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓ master tapes 3.2 ™˘Û΢¤˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÏÈÎÔ‡ ̤ÛÔ˘ 3.3 ™˘Û΢¤˜ ·Ôı‹Î¢Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÏÈÎÔ‡ ̤ÛÔ˘
31 31 32 34
∫∂º∞§∞π√ 4 ª√ƒº∂™ ∂¶∂•∂ƒ°∞™π∞™ ™∆√ MASTERING 4.1 æËÊÈ·Îfi mastering 4.2 À‚ÚȉÈÎfi mastering 4.3 ∞Ó·ÏÔÁÈÎfi mastering 4.4 Re - mastering
37 37 38 39 41
∫∂º∞§∞π√ 5 £∂øƒπ∞ ∫∞π ∆∂áπ∫∂™ ™∆∏¡ ƒ√∏ ∆ø¡ ∂ƒ°∞™πø¡ ∆√À ∞UDIO MASTERING 5.1 ºÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Î·È ËÁ¤˜ ÛÙÔ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ mastering 5.2 ™ÂÈÚ¿ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ 5.3 ª¤ÙÚËÛË 5.4 ∆¯ÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË - ¢ÈfiÚıˆÛË Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ·ÙÂÏÂÈÒÓ – restoration 5.5 πÛÔÛÙ¿ıÌÈÛË Û˘¯ÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ 5.5.1 ™˘¯ÓÔÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÎÔ˘ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Ê¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜
43 43 44 45 48 52 52
6
Audio Mastering
5.5.2 ∆‡ÔÈ Ê›ÏÙÚˆÓ 5.5.3 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÈÛÔÛÙ¿ıÌÈÛ˘ ÛÙÔ mastering 5.6 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ 5.7 ¢˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÛÙÔ mastering 5.7.1 ™˘Ì›ÂÛË 5.7.2 Multi-band Û˘Ì›ÂÛË 5.7.3 √ «fiÏÂÌÔ˜» ÙˆÓ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ 5.7.4 ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÌÂÁÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘ ¤ÓÙ·Û˘ 5.7.5 ¢˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÛÙÔ Ú·‰ÈfiʈÓÔ 5.8 ™˘Ó·ÚÌÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ album – PQ List 5.9 Dithering - ªÂ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘
57 61 63 66 67 70 71 73 75 76 79
∫∂º∞§∞π√ 6 ¶∞ƒ∞¢∂π°ª∞ MASTERING ∂¶∂•∂ƒ°∞™π∞™ ∞¶√∫§∂π™∆π∫∞ ª∂ Ã∏™∏ DAWs 6.1 ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ 6.2 ∆¯ÓÈ΋ Î·È ·ÎÔ˘ÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË 6.3 ∂›ÛÔ‰Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ˯ËÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÔ DAW- Editing 6.4 ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÎÚ·›ˆÓ Û˘¯ÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ·ÎÔ˘ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Ê¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ 6.5 πÛÔÛÙ¿ıÌÈÛË 6.6 ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ‡ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÚ˘ÊÒÓ 6.7 ∂ÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ 6.8 ∞ÔıÔÚ˘‚ÔÔ›ËÛË 6.9 ªÂÁÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ¤ÓÙ·Û˘ – Dithering
85 85 86 92 93 94 96 97 99 99
∫∂º∞§∞π√ 7 ∞¡∞§À™∏ ∫∞π ™À°∫ƒπ™∏ ∆√À À§π∫√À ¶ƒπ¡ ∫∞π ª∂∆∞ ∆∏¡ ∂¶∂•∂ƒ°∞™π∞ 7.1 °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Î·È Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÔÚ˘ÊÒÓ 7.2 ∆ÚÈۉȿÛÙ·ÙË ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË 7.3 °Ú·ÊÈ΋ ·ÂÈÎfiÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚˆÓ rms ÂÓÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÎÔÚ˘ÊÒÓ Î·Ù¿ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÎÔ˘ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Ê¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ 7.4 ∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Î·È Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÂȤ‰ˆÓ ¤ÓÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ıÔÚ‡‚Ô˘
107 109
∫∂º∞§∞π√ 8 °∂¡π∫∞ ™Àª¶∂ƒ∞™ª∞∆∞ ¶∂ƒπ∂Ã√ª∂¡∞ ™À¡√¢∂À∆π∫√À CD µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∫∂™ ¶∏°∂™ ∞¡∞º√ƒ∂™ ™∆√ ¢π∞¢π∫∆À√
113 117 118 118
103 105