ªË¯·ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ∫ÙËÚ›ˆÓ ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ∏ Ó¤· ¤Î‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ «ªË¯·ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ∫ÙËÚ›ˆÓ» ·Â˘ı‡ÓÂÙ·È Û ÛÔ˘‰·ÛÙ¤˜ Î·È Â·ÁÁÂÏ̷ٛ˜ Ù˘ ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Ù¯ÓÈÎÔ‡ ˘‰Ú·˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘, ·ÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡, ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ Î·È ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ ·ÂÚ›ˆÓ η˘Û›ÌˆÓ. ¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ·
∆· ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÛÙ› ÛÙ· ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ. ∫·Ï‡ÙÔ˘Ó ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË ÙË ‰È‰·ÎÙ¤· ‡ÏË ÙˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯ÔÏÒÓ ‰ÈÂÙÔ‡˜ ‹ ÔÏ˘ÂÙÔ‡˜ ÊÔ›ÙËÛ˘ Î·È ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ˜ Ù¯ÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ηÓÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ̤·, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Û· ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›· Î·È ÙȘ Û˘Ó·Ê›˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÚԉȷÁڷʤ˜, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÙȘ ÚԉȷÁڷʤ˜ EN, ∂§√∆ Î·È DIN. ∆· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÂÚ› ¶ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ¶ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Î·È ∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ∂ÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Â›Û˘ ˘fi„Ë ÛÙȘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˜ ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜.
ÀԉȷÈÚ¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË
∆Ô ·ÚfiÓ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ¤¯ÂÈ ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ› Û 16 ∫ÂÊ¿Ï·È·. ∆· ∫ÂÊ¿Ï·È· 1 ¤ˆ˜ 15 Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÔÓÙ·È Û 15 ¢È‰·ÎÙÈο ¶Â‰›· (ÈÛÙˆÙÈΤ˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜ ηٿ EKVET) ÙËÓ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ªË¯·ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ∫ÙËÚ›ˆÓ. ∆Ô ∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ M ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ªÂϤÙ˜ – ŒÚÁ· (¶ÚfiÙ˙ÂÎÙ) Ì χÛÂȘ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ¤ÚÁˆÓ Î·È ·Û΋ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ˘ÂÚ‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÛÙÂÓfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Â‰›ˆÓ. ∏ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÌÈ· Ù˘È΋ ·Ó¿ıÂÛË ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ª ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙÔ ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ fiÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘. ∆Ô ¤ÚÁÔ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÙÔÌ‹ ‰È·Ì¤ÛÔ˘ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÏ˘Î·ÙÔÈΛ·˜ Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ fiÏ· Ù· ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÁÓˆÛÙÈο ‰›· ˘‰Ú·˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘. ∆· ÎÂÊ¿Ï·È· ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ ·Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ Ù˘ÈÎÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘. ™Â οı ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ› ¤Ó· ÂÈÎÔÓfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈıÒÚÈÔ Î¿ı ÛÂÏ›‰·˜ Î·È ·Ú·¤ÌÂÈ ÛÙ· ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘. ªÂ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚË Î·È Â‡ÎÔÏË ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÙ· ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ·.
¢È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·
™Â οı ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô ÚÔËÁÂ›Ù·È Û·Ó ¿ÛÎËÛË Ì›· ·Ó¿ıÂÛË ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ˆ˜ ·Ú·ÁÁÂÏ›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÏ¿ÙË. ∆· ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ‰›· οı ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰›Ô˘ ηٷٿÛÛÔÓÙ·È Û ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈο, Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο, ۯ‰ȷÛÙÈο Î·È ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ. ªÂ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·˘Ùfi Ë ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ. ºÚ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÌÓËÌÔÓ¢ÙÔ‡Ó Î·È Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ› Ù‡ÔÈ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ù˘ˆı› ¤Á¯ÚˆÌ· ÁÈ· Ó· ͯˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó. ¶ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi ¯›ÏȘ Ôχ¯ÚˆÌ˜ ʈÙÔÁڷʛ˜ Î·È ÂÈÎfiÓ˜, ›Ó·Î˜ Î·È ‰È·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Â‰›ˆÓ ·fi ÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË. ∆· ‰È‰·ÎÙÈο ‰›· ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË Ï‡ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˘ ·Ó¿ıÂÛ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘. ∂ÈϤÔÓ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Â͢ËÚÂÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Â̤‰ˆÛË Î·È ÂÍ¿ÛÎËÛË Ù˘ ‰È‰·¯ı›۷˜ ‡Ï˘. ™ÙÔ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ (ª) ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ӷ ¤ÚÁ·-ÌÂϤÙ˜, fiÔ˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÔÎÔÌ›ÛÂÈ Ô ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˘ ·fi Ù· ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ· ÎÂÊ¿Ï·È·.
√Ì¿‰Â˜ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ·Â˘ı‡ÓÂÙ·È ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô
∆Ô ‚È‚Ï›Ô «ªË¯·ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ∫ÙËÚ›ˆÓ» ·Â˘ı‡ÓÂÙ·È Û ̷ıËÙ¤˜, Ì·ı‹ÙÚȘ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ÓÔ˘˜ ∂·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ∆¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ™¯ÔÏÒÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Û ·ÛÎÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Û Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÙ·Èڛ˜ Î·È ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ. ∂›Ó·È ›Û˘ ηٿÏÏËÏÔ ÁÈ· ™¯ÔϤ˜ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙˆÓ Î·È ∫ÔÏÏÂÁ›ˆÓ, ™¯ÔϤ˜ ∆¯ÓÔÏfiÁˆÓ Î·È ªË¯·ÓÈÎÒÓ ¶ÔÏ˘Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ™¯ÔÏÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·Ó¤ˆÛË Î·È Â̤‰ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÁÈ· ‰Ô̤˜ ‰È¿ ‚›Ô˘ ηٿÚÙÈÛ˘. ∂ÈϤÔÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÁÁÂÏ̷ٛ˜ ÁÈ· ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚË ÂÓË̤ڈÛË ‹ ˆ˜ ËÁ‹ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ. ∆Ô ·ÚfiÓ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ·‹¯ËÛË Î·È Û ¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÛÔ˘‰¤˜ ‹ ·Ó·˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Û Ù¯ÓÈο ı¤Ì·Ù· ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ¿ÛÎËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜.
™ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ¤Î‰ÔÛË Ô ÂΉfiÙ˘ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÈÌÂÏËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ¢¯·ÚÈÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ªË¯·ÓÔÏfiÁÔ Î. ¶·Ó·ÁÈÒÙË º·ÓÙ¿ÎË ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ‰fiÎÈÌˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· £ÂÚÌÈÎÒÓ ∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ™˘Û΢ÒÓ. √È Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ Î·È Ô ÂΉÔÙÈÎfi˜ Ô›ÎÔ˜ ı· Â›Ó·È Â˘ÁÓÒÌÔÓ˜ ÁÈ· Ӥ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‹ Û¯fiÏÈ·, Ô˘ ·Ú·Î·Ï‹Ûı ӷ ·Â˘ı‡ÓÂÙ ÚÔ˜ atelie@iwn.gr. ∆Ô ‚È‚Ï›Ô Î˘ÎÏÔÊÔÚ› ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ˆ˜ ›ÙÔÌÔ Î·È Û ‰‡Ô ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ˘˜ ÙfiÌÔ˘˜. ∞.∞, °.¶. 3
ªË¯·ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ∫ÙËÚ›ˆÓ ¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· ¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 1
1
∫·Ù·Û΢¤˜ Ì ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ¯ÂÚÈÔ‡
1.1 1.2 1.3
¶ÔÚ›· ÂͤÏÈ͢ Ù˘ ÂÓÙÔÏ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏ¿ÙË .........13 ∂ͤٷÛË Ù˘ ÂÓÙÔÏ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏ¿ÙË......................14 ∂ÈÏÔÁ‹ ‰È·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘ Î·È ÂÈÙÚÂfiÌÂÓ˘ ›ÂÛ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ۈϋӈÛ˘.....................................16
1.3.1 1.3.2
OÓÔÌ·ÛÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜ DN ........................................16 √ÓÔÌ·ÛÙÈ΋ ›ÂÛË ƒ¡................................................16
1.4
§·Ì·ÚÈÓ¤ÓÈ· ˘‰ÚÔÚÚÔ‹ ......................................17
1.4.1
ÀÏÈο ÁÈ· Ï·Ì·Ú›Ó˜..................................................18
1.5 1.6
™Ù‹ÚÈÁÌ· ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ .............................................19 ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ηٷÛ΢ÒÓ .......................................................21
1.6.1 1.6.2 1.6.3 1.6.4
ŸÚÁ·Ó· ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ Ì‹ÎÔ˘˜ ...................................21 ª¤ÙÚËÛË ÁˆÓ›·˜ .......................................................22 ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ÎÏ›Û˘.....................................................22 ∂ÏÂÁÎÙ‹Ú˜............................................................22
1.7
™˘ÁÎÔÏÏ‹ÛÂȘ ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ .....................................24
2·.7.3.1 µ‡ÛÌ·Ù· ÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ..............................................................57
2·.7.4
¢È¤Ï¢ÛË ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ›¯Ô˘˜ Î·È ÔÚÔʤ˜ ...........57
2·.8
¶˘ÚÔÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÛˆÏËÓÒÛˆÓ............................59
2·.8.1 2·.8.2 2·.8.3 2·.8.4
∫·ÙËÁÔڛ˜ ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌÈÎÒÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ..............................59 ¢ÔÌÈο ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· ˘ÚηÁÈ¿˜.......................................59 ∫·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ˘Ú·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·Û˘ ........................................59 ºÚ¿ÁÌ·Ù· ۈϋӈÓ..................................................59
2·.9
™¯Â‰›·ÛË Î·È ÚÔηٷÛ΢‹ ÛˆÏËÓÒÛˆÓ........62
2·.9.1 ™¯Â‰›·ÛË Û fi„ÂȘ ......................................................62 2·.9.2 πÛÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ۯ‰›·ÛË...................................................62 2·.9.3 ¶ÚÔηٷÛ΢‹ ÛˆÏËÓÒÛÂˆÓ ...................................63
2·.10
ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ› Û ۈϋÓ˜....................................65
2·.10.1 2·.10.2 2·.10.3 2·.10.4 2·.10.5 2·.10.6 2·.10.7 2·.10.8
¢È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ ................................................65 ∂χıÂÚË ‰È·ÙÔÌ‹ ....................................................65 ªÂ›ˆÛË ‰È·ÙÔÌ‹˜ ......................................................66 ∂˘ı‡ÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ì‹ÎË.....................................................66 ¶·Ú¿Ï¢ÚË ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ· ۈϋӷ ..............................67 ª¿˙· ۈϋӷ ...........................................................67 ÈÚËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ۈϋӷ..............................................67 ªÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ Ì‹ÎÔ˘˜ Î·È fiÁÎÔ˘....................................68
2·.11
ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ› Û ‰›ÎÙ˘· ÛˆÏËÓÒÛÂˆÓ ................69
2·.11.1 ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜: ™ˆÏËÓÒÛÂȘ ‰È·ÓÔÌ‹˜ ÓÂÚÔ‡ Û ˘fiÁÂÈÔ .....................................................69 2·.11.2 ∫¿Ì„Ë Î·È ·Ó¿ÚÙËÛË (ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË) ۈϋӈÓ.................71
1.7.1
™˘ÁÎfiÏÏËÛË ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ Ì ًÍË ................................24
1.7.1.1 1.7.1.2 1.7.1.3 1.7.1.4
√͢ÁÔÓÔÎfiÏÏËÛË ...............................................................25 √͢ÁÔÓÔÎÔ‹ ......................................................................27 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÛ˘ÁÎfiÏÏËÛË ÙfiÍÔ˘ Ì ÙÔ ¯¤ÚÈ............................27 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÛ˘ÁÎfiÏÏËÛË Ì ÚÔÛٷ٢ÙÈÎfi ·¤ÚÈÔ ...............28
1.7.2
™˘ÁÎÔÏÏ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ ¯·ÏÎÔۈϋӈÓ...........29
1.7.2.1 1.7.2.2
÷ÏÎÔۈϋÓ˜ ...................................................................29 ™˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÔÏÏ‹ÛÂȘ ¯·ÏÎÔÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ .................30
1.7.3
™˘ÁÎÔÏÏ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ ·fi Ï·ÛÙÈÎfi ˘ÏÈÎfi .........................................................33
1.8
∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ............................................37
1.8.1 1.8.2 1.8.3
™‹Ì·Ù· ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ ....................................................37 ª¤ÙÚ· ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ .....................................................38 ÀÔ¯ÚÂÒÛÂȘ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ÛÙËÓ Âȯ›ÚËÛË........................................................39
2‚.1
¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·.............................................................77
2‚.1.1 2‚.1.2 2‚.1.3
∏ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ............................................77 ¢È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ..............................................77 ƒ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÎÏÔ˜ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ .................................79
1.9
¶ÚÔ‚ÔϤ˜ Î·È ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔÓ ¯ÒÚÔ ..............40
2‚.2
∂›Â‰Ô ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ ...........................................81
1.9.1 1.9.2 1.9.3 1.9.4
√Úı‹ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏË ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹ ......................................40 ∆ÚÈۉȿÛٷ٘ ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›ÛÂȘ.......................................40 πÛÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ·ÂÈÎfiÓÈÛË ÛˆÏËÓÒÛÂˆÓ .......................42 ∏ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘ z ......................................43
1.10
∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ – ŒÚÁ· (¶ÚfiÙ˙ÂÎÙ) ..........................45
2‚.2.1 2‚.2.2 2‚.2.3 2‚.2.4 2‚.2.5
∂ÈÎfiÓ· Âȯ›ÚËÛ˘ ...................................................81 ¶ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ Âȯ›ÚËÛ˘.............................................83 ∞Ó¿ÁΘ ÂÏ·ÙÒÓ .....................................................86 ∫ÔÛÙÔÏfiÁËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ .....87 ™‡ÓÙ·ÍË Ù˘ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜...........................................89
1.10.1
ª¤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛ˘ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÒÓ............45
2‚.3
√ÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Î·È ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË ·Ú·ÁÁÂÏ›·˜ ...............90
2‚.3.1 2‚.3.2 2‚.3.3
∂ȯÂÈÚËÛȷ΋ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ..........................................90 √ÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÚÔ‹˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÒÓ....................................91 ∂ÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË ·Ú·ÁÁÂÏ›·˜ .............................................91
¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 2
∫·Ù·Û΢¤˜ ÙÌËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘ Ì ¯Ú‹ÛË Ì˯·ÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ
2·.12 2·.13 2·.14
2‚
¶ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ·fi ÙÈÌÔηٷÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘.............................................................72 §‡ÛË Ù˘ ÂÓÙÔÏ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏ¿ÙË ...........................73 ∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ – ŒÚÁ· (¶ÚfiÙ˙ÂÎÙ) ..........................75
∂ÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË ·Ú·ÁÁÂÏÈÒÓ
2‚.4
ÃÚ‹ÛË ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘ .........................................92
2‚.4.1 2‚.4.2
√ ÂÏ¿Ù˘ ·Ô‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Î·È ·Ú·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ. .....92 ∂͢ËÚ¤ÙËÛË ÂÏ·ÙÒÓ Î·È Û¤Ú‚È˜ ............................92
2‚.5
§‡ÛË – ŒÚÁÔ (¶ÚfiÙ˙ÂÎÙ) ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÏ¿ÙË ...........95
2·.4 2·.5 2·.6 2·.7
∂ÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁÁÂÏ›· ..............47 ÀÏÈο ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ .............48 Ã·Ï˘‚‰ÔۈϋÓ˜ Î·È Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ ¯·Ï˘‚‰ÔۈϋӈÓ...............................................48 ÷ÏÎÔۈϋÓ˜ ...................................................51 ¶Ï·ÛÙÈÎÔ› ۈϋÓ˜ ............................................52 ¶Ï·ÛÙÈÎÔ› ۈϋÓ˜ Ì ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈ΋ ıˆÚ¿ÎÈÛË .....53 ™ˆÏËÓÔ˘ÚÁ›· ......................................................54
3.1 3.2 3.3
∂ÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁÁÂÏ›·˜ ................................97 ∂ÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁÁÂÏ›·.............................98 ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi ˘ÏÈÎfi..........................................98
2·.7.1 2·.7.2 2·.7.3
∫Ô‹ ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ .........................................................54 ∫¿Ì„Ë ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ .......................................................55 ™Ù‹ÚÈÍË ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ......................................................55
3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3
™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘.........................................98 ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÂÈÙÔ›¯ÈÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ .........................99 ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô‰‹ÁËÛ˘ (ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘) Ô˘ÚËÙËÚ›ˆÓ ........101
2· 2·.1 2·.2 2·.3
4
¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 3
3
∫·Ù·Û΢‹ ·ÏÒÓ ˘ÔÛ˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛˆÏËÓÒÛˆÓ
¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8
§‡ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁÁÂÏ›·˜.......102 ∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ‹ 1 ......................................................105 ∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ‹ 2 ......................................................105 ∫·Ù·Û΢·ÛÙÈο Û¯¤‰È· ...................................106 ∞ÂÈÎfiÓÈÛË ıÂÚÌÔ¸‰Ú·˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ..........................................109
4.7.7
∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÒÓ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ ............................................142
4.7.7.1 4.7.7.2
3.8.1 3.8.2
™¯ËÌ·ÙÈο ¢È·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ..........................................109 ™¯¤‰È· ∂ÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘..............................................111
4.7.7.4 4.7.7.5
3.9
£¤Ì·Ù· – ŒÚÁ· (¶ÚfiÙ˙ÂÎÙ) ..............................112
ª¤ÙÚ· ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ·fi ÂÈΛӉ˘ÓË Â·Ê‹....................142 ª¤ÙÚ· ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÂÈΛӉ˘ÓˆÓ ÚÂ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ·fi ·ʋ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ........................................................143 ª¤ÙÚ· ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ˘ÂÚÊfiÚÙÈÛ˘ Î·È ‚Ú·¯˘Î˘ÎÏÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ .....................................................143 ™˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÒÓ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ Î·È Ì˯·ÓÒÓ ............144 °Â›ˆÛË, ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ Î·È Â›‰Ë ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ .......................................................................145
4.7.7.3
4.7.8
™¯Â‰›·ÛË Î·È ı¤ÛË Û ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ˘ÁÈÂÈÓ‹˜ Ì ËÏÂÎÙÚÈ΋ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË .............................146
4.7.8.1 4.7.8.2 4.7.8.3 4.7.8.4
™‡Ì‚ÔÏ· ............................................................................146 ™¯¤‰È· ΢ÎÏˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ .........................................................147 ∫˘ÎÏÒÌ·Ù· ÂÎΛÓËÛ˘ Î·È ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÎÔÙÒÓ ........148 ™ÙÔȯ›· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ..............148
4.7.9
ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ› ÛÙȘ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ˘ÁÈÂÈÓ‹˜ Ì ËÏÂÎÙÚÈ΋ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË.................................................150
4.7.9.1 4.7.9.2 4.7.9.3 4.7.9.4 4.7.9.5
¡fiÌÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ √Ì (Ohm)........................................................150 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡˜................................................................151 πÛ¯‡˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ Î·È ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ........................................152 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈÎfi ¤ÚÁÔ ................................................................152 ÃÚfiÓÔ˜ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ Î·È ·ÚÔ¯‹ ÁÈ· ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ıÂÚÌ·ÓÙ‹Ú˜.....................................................................152
¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 4
4 4.1
™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ ÛˆÏËÓÒÛˆÓ)
4.2
µ·ÛÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ ÛˆÏËÓÒÛÂˆÓ ....................................................115 ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÂÈıÂÒÚËÛ˘ Î·È Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘...115
4.2.1 4.2.2
∂ÁηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÓÂÚÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ‡‰Ú¢Û˘ .................115 ∂ÁηٿÛÙ·ÛË ·Ô¯¤Ù¢Û˘.....................................116
4.3
∂ÈıÂÒÚËÛË, Ù·ÎÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË Î·È ÂȉÈfiÚıˆÛË Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ÔÈÎÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ .....................................................117
4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4
µ·Ï‚›‰Â˜ ·ÓÙÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ Û ۈÏËÓÒÛÂȘ ..............117 º›ÏÙÚÔ, ÌË Î·ı·ÚÈ˙fiÌÂÓÔ .......................................117 ∫·ı·ÚÈ˙fiÌÂÓÔ Ê›ÏÙÚÔ .............................................118 ªÂȈًÚ˜ ›ÂÛ˘...................................................119
4.8
™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ................................................154
4.8.1
ªÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ¤ÏÂÁ¯ÔÈ ÙˆÓ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÒÓ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ Î·È ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ...............................154
4.4
ÃÚ‹ÛË Î·È Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ.........................................................120
4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.4 4.4.5
™ËÌÂ›Ô ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜ ...............................................120 ∆‡Ì·ÓÔ Ì ηÏ҉ȷ ..............................................121 ª·Ï·ÓÙ¤˙˜ ..........................................................121 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ¯ÂÈÚfi˜.....................................122 ∂ȉÈfiÚıˆÛË, Ù·ÎÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË, ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ...........122
4.8.1.1 4.8.1.2 4.8.1.3 4.8.1.4 4.8.1.5 4.8.1.6
ªÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ¤ÏÂÁ¯ÔÈ.....................................................154 ™Ê¿ÏÌ· ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ ............................................................154 ª¤ÙÚËÛË Ù˘ Ù¿Û˘ Ì ‚ÔÏÙfiÌÂÙÚÔ ..............................155 ª¤ÙÚËÛË Ù˘ ¤ÓÙ·Û˘ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ Ì ·ÌÂÚfiÌÂÙÚÔ ......156 ªÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ì ˆÌfiÌÂÙÚÔ ...................157 ªÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ì ÔÏÏ·Ï¿ fiÚÁ·Ó· ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ – ¶ÔχÌÂÙÚ·........................................................................157
4.8.2
4.5 4.6 4.7
∞¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙÔÓ ÂÏ¿ÙË ....................................122 ∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÏ¿ÙË....................................123 ™ÙÔȯ›· ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ..............124
∂ÈÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË ÛÊ·ÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙȘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈΤ˜ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Û˘Û΢¤˜ ..................................159
4.8.2.1 4.8.2.2
∂›‰Ë ÛÊ·ÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ...............................................................159 ∂ÈÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË ÛÊ·ÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙȘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈΤ˜ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Û˘Û΢¤˜ ..........................................160 ¢È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÒÓ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ Û ηϋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ...............................................................161
4.7.1
∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈÎfi ·Îψ̷ ................................................124
4.7.1.1 4.7.1.2 4.7.1.3 4.7.1.4
∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈ΋ Ù¿ÛË ................................................................124 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈÎfi Ú‡̷..............................................................125 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛË .......................................................125 ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÔ› ·ÁˆÁÔ›............................................................125
4.8.2.3
¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 5
4.7.2
∂›‰Ë Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ ........................................................125
4.7.2.1 4.7.2.2 4.7.2.3
™˘Ó¯¤˜ Ú‡̷..................................................................125 ∂Ó·ÏÏ·ÛÛfiÌÂÓÔ Ú‡̷....................................................126 ∆ÚÈÊ·ÛÈÎfi Ú‡̷ ..............................................................126
5.1
4.7.3
¶ËÁ¤˜ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜......................................................127
5.1.1
∞ӷ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡.....................................165
4.7.3.1 4.7.3.2 4.7.3.3 4.7.3.4
∏ ¯ËÌÈο ‰ÂÛÌÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ˆ˜ ËÁ‹ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ .....127 ∏ ıÂÚÌÈ΋ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ˆ˜ ËÁ‹ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ .........................127 ∏ ʈÙÂÈÓ‹ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ˆ˜ ËÁ‹ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ ........................127 ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ˆ˜ ËÁ‹ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ .......................128
5.1.1.1 5.1.1.2
º˘ÛÈ΋ ·Ó·Î˘ÎÏÔÊÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ................................166 ∆¯ÓËÙ‹ ·Ó·Î˘ÎÏÔÊÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡...............................166
4.7.4
∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈο ‰ÔÌÈο ÂÍ·ÚÙ‹Ì·Ù· ...............................129
4.7.4.1 4.7.4.2 4.7.4.3 4.7.4.4 4.7.4.5 4.7.4.6 4.7.4.7
ªÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙ‹˜ .............................................................129 ∞ÓÔÚıˆÙ¤˜ ........................................................................130 ª·ÁÓËÙÈ΋ ‚·Ï‚›‰· ..........................................................130 ∞ÓÙÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ ...................................................131 ¶˘ÎÓˆÙ¤˜ ..........................................................................132 ∫ÈÓËÙ‹Ú·˜ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÛfiÌÂÓÔ˘ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜............................132 ∫ÈÓËÙ‹Ú·˜ ÙÚÈÊ·ÛÈÎÔ‡ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ ....................................133
4.7.5
¶·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÚÈÊ·ÛÈÎÔ‡ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜............................134
4.7.5.1
∆ÚÈÊ·ÛÈÎfi Ú‡̷ – ‰È·ÓÔÌ‹ Î·È ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ .............................................................134 ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÚÈÊ·ÛÈÎÔ‡ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÛÙ·ıÌÒÓ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ .............................................................137
4.7.5.2
4.7.6
√ÈÎȷΤ˜ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ...............................139
4.7.6.1 ∂ÍÈÛÔÚÚfiËÛË Î‡ÚÈÔ˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ .................139 4.7.6.1 ¶›Ó·Î˜ (ÎÈ‚ÒÙÈ·) ηٷÓÔÌ‹˜ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÔ‡ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ .......140
5
∂ÁηٿÛÙ·ÛË ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ‡‰Ú¢Û˘ ∆Ô fiÛÈÌÔ ÓÂÚfi.................................................165
5.1.2
º˘ÛÈΤ˜ Î·È ¯ËÌÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜.................................166
5.1.2.1 5.1.2.2 5.1.2.3 5.1.2.4 5.1.2.5
™ÙÂÚÂÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È Ù‹ÍË ....................................................166 ∂Í¿ÙÌÈÛË Î·È Û˘Ì‡ÎÓˆÛË...............................................167 ¶›ÂÛË ·ÙÌÒÓ Î·È ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· ‚Ú·ÛÌÔ‡........................167 ™ÎÏËÚfiÙËÙ· ÓÂÚÔ‡ ...........................................................168 ∆ÈÌ‹ pH ..............................................................................169
5.1.3
¶·Ú·Û΢‹ (ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·) Î·È ‰È·ÓÔÌ‹ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ‡‰Ú¢Û˘ .......................................170
5.1.3.1 5.1.3.2 5.1.3.3
∞ÁˆÁÔ› ·ÚÔ¯‹˜................................................................170 ∞ÁˆÁÔ› Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ .............................................................171 ∂ÁηٿÛÙ·ÛË ˘‰ÚÔÌÂÙÚËÙ‹.............................................171
5.1.4
∞·ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ·fi ÙÔ fiÛÈÌÔ ÓÂÚfi .............................173
5.2
∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‡‰Ú¢Û˘.................................174
5.2.1
∞ÁˆÁÔ› ηٷӷψÙÒÓ .............................................174
5.2.1.1 5.2.1.2 5.2.1.3
º›ÏÙÚ· ...............................................................................174 ªÂȈًÚ˜ ›ÂÛ˘ ............................................................175 ÀÏÈο ۈϋӈÓ.................................................................175
5.2.2
∆ÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ·ÁˆÁÒÓ...............................................176
5
¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· 5.2.3 5.2.4
¢È¿‚ÚˆÛË ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ Î·È Û˘Û΢ÒÓ.........................177 ∂›‰Ë ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛ˘.......................................................177
5.2.4.1 5.2.4.2 5.2.4.3 5.2.4.4
¢È¿‚ÚˆÛË ·fi ÔÍ›‰ˆÛË..................................................177 ¢È¿‚ÚˆÛË ·fi Ôͤ· Î·È ‚¿ÛÂȘ .......................................177 ¢È¿‚ÚˆÛË ·fi Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÏ˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô˘ ...........................................................................177 ¢È¿‚ÚˆÛË ·fi ͤӷ Ú‡̷ٷ ..........................................178
5.2.5
ªÔÚʤ˜ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛ˘ ........................178
5.2.5.1 5.2.5.2 5.2.5.3 5.2.5.4
∂ÈÊ·ÓÂȷ΋ ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛË ....................................................178 ¢È¿‚ÚˆÛË ÔÒÓ Î·È ÎÔÈÏˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ....................................179 ¢È¿‚ÚˆÛË Â·Ê‹˜ ............................................................179 ¢È¿‚ÚˆÛË ·fi ÛËÏ·›ˆÛË...............................................179
5.2.6
™˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛË ÛÔ˘‰·›ˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ....180
5.2.6.1
™˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛË Á·Ï‚·ÓÈṲ̂ӈÓ...................... ¯·Ï˘‚‰ÔÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ ............................................................180 ™˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛË ¯·ÏÎÔÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ ................180
5.2.6.2
5.2.7 5.2.8 5.2.9 5.2.9.1 5.2.9.2 5.2.9.3 5.2.9.4 5.2.9.5 5.2.9.6
¶ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛ˘.....................180 ∞ÓÙȉȷ‚ÚˆÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·......................................181 ∏¯ÔÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ·fi ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙˆÓ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ.......................................................183 ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ‹¯Ô˘ ..............................................................183 ∆fiÓÔ˜ Î·È ıfiÚ˘‚Ô˜ ...........................................................183 ¶›ÂÛË ‹¯Ô˘ Î·È ÛÙ¿ıÌË ‹¯Ô˘...........................................183 ¢È¿‰ÔÛË ‹¯Ô˘ ...................................................................184 ∞fiÛ‚ÂÛË ‹¯Ô˘ ................................................................184 ∏¯ÔÌfiÓˆÛË .......................................................................184
¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 6
6
∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·Ô¯¤Ù¢Û˘
6.1
∂ÍÔ˘‰ÂÙ¤ÚˆÛË ·Ô‚Ï‹ÙˆÓ ..............................215
6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3
¢ËÌfiÛÈ· ÂÍÔ˘‰ÂÙ¤ÚˆÛË ·Ô‚Ï‹ÙˆÓ ......................215 π‰ÈˆÙÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘‰ÂÙ¤ÚˆÛË ·Ô‚Ï‹ÙˆÓ .......................216 ¡ÔÌÈΤ˜ ‰È·Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍÔ˘‰ÂÙ¤ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ Ï˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ..........................................................216
6.2
∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·Ô¯¤Ù¢Û˘ ...........................217
6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5
∆· ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ·ÁˆÁÔ‡ .........................................217 ÀÏÈο ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈ΋ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ ·Ô¯¤Ù¢Û˘ ...................................218 ∆ÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ ·ÁˆÁÒÓ .......................221 ™ÙÂÚ¤ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÁˆÁÒÓ ·Ô¯¤Ù¢Û˘ .....................227 £¤ÛÂȘ ·ÔÚÚÔ‹˜ ....................................................228
6.3
∫·Ù·ÎÚ¿ÙËÛË ÂÈ‚Ï·‚ÒÓ Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ .....................229
6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4 6.3.5
™˘ÏϤÎÙ˜ ¿ÌÌÔ˘ Î·È Ï¿Û˘.................................230 ¢È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙ‹Ú˜ Ï›Ô˘˜.............................................230 ¢È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙ‹Ú˜ ÂÏ·ÊÚÒÓ ˘ÁÚÒÓ .............................231 ¢È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙ‹Ú˜ ·Ì‡ÏÔ˘ ...........................................232 ∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘‰ÂÙÂÚÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ...........................232
6.4
¶ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ·Ó·ÎÔ‹˜ ÚÔ‹˜ ...................232 ∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·Ó‡„ˆÛ˘.......................................232 ¢È·Ù¿ÍÂȘ ‰È·ÎÔ‹˜ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜...................233
5.2.10 5.2.11
¶ËÁ¤˜ ıÔÚ‡‚ˆÓ ÛÙ· ›‰Ë ˘ÁÈÂÈÓ‹˜..........................185 ª¤ÙÚ· ˯ÔÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ............................................185
6.4.1 6.4.2
5.2.11.1 5.2.11.2 5.2.11.3 5.2.11.4
∏¯ÔÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ηٿ ÙÔÓ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi Ù˘ οÙԄ˘ .........185 ∏¯ÔÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Û fiÚÁ·Ó· – ÂÍ·ÚÙ‹Ì·Ù· .......................186 ∏¯ÔÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Û ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛˆÏËÓÒÛÂˆÓ ...........186 ∏¯ÔÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Û ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÂȉÒÓ ˘ÁÈÂÈÓ‹˜..........186
6.5
™¯Â‰›·ÛË ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ·Ô¯¤Ù¢Û˘ ..........235
6.5.1 6.5.2
∂ÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈο Û¯¤‰È·, ›‰Ë ·ÁˆÁÒÓ ........................235 ∂›‰Ë ۯ‰›ˆÓ ...........................................................236
6.6
∞Ô¯¤Ù¢ÛË ÔÌ‚Ú›ˆÓ........................................237
5.2.12 5.2.13
ª¤ÙÚ· ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛ˘ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ..187 ŸÚÁ·Ó· ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛ˘.................................................191
5.2.13.1 5.2.13.2 5.2.13.3 5.2.13.4 5.2.13.5
µ·Ï‚›‰Â˜ ·ÓÙÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜.................................................191 ŸÚÁ·Ó· ÁÈ· ÂÍ·ÂÚÈÛÌfi ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ ....................................191 ™˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ......................................................193 ¢È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙ‹Ú˜ ۈϋӈÓ.................................................193 ¢È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙ‹Ú˜ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ›‰Ô˜ µ∞...........................194
6.6.1 6.6.2 6.6.3 6.6.4 6.6.5
∞ÔÚÚÔ‹ ÔÌ‚Ú›ˆÓ ...................................................237 ∂›‰Ë ÛÙ¤Á˘.............................................................238 ∆· ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÛÙ¤Á˘...........................................238 ÀÏÈο ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ··ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÌ‚Ú›ˆÓ......................238 ™˘ÏÏÂÎÙ‹Ú˜ ÔÌ‚Ú›ˆÓ ÛÙ¤Á˘ ................................240
6.7
À‰ÚÔÚÚÔ¤˜ ........................................................241
5.2.14
£¤ÛË Û ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ fiÛÈÌÔ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡........................................................194
6.7.1 6.7.2
∆ÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ˘‰ÚÔÚÚÔÒÓ.........................................241 ∞ÔÛÙÚ¿ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙ¤Á˘ Ì ÚÔ‹ ˘fi ›ÂÛË................242
5.2.14.1 ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ÛÙÂÁ·ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈÎÒÓ ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ .............194 5.2.14.2 ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ÛÙÂÁ·ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ï·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ ...............195 5.2.14.3 •¤Ï˘Ì· ÛˆÏËÓÒÛÂˆÓ ....................................................195
6.8
∂ÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏ¢ÛË ÔÌ‚Ú›ˆÓ ˘‰¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙ¤Á˘ ..............................................................243 ∂ÛÔ¯¤˜ ÛÙÂÁÒÓ .................................................244
5.3
∂ÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÓÂÚÔ‡ ..........................................196
5.3.1 5.3.2
∞Û‚¤ÛÙÈÔ Î·È ·ÓıÚ·ÎÈÎfi Ô͇ ÛÙÔ fiÛÈÌÔ ÓÂÚfi .......196 ™Ù·ıÂÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÛÎÏËÚfiÙËÙ·˜ .................................197
6.9.1 6.9.2 6.9.3
5.3.2.1 5.3.2.2
¢ÔÛÈÌÂÙÚ›· ........................................................................197 º˘ÛÈ΋ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· fiÛÈÌÔ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡..............................198
5.3.3 5.3.4
∞ÔÛÎÏ‹Ú˘ÓÛË........................................................198 ∞Ê·Ï¿ÙˆÛË.............................................................199
5.4
√È ·ÓÙϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ ÓÂÚÔ‡.........................201
5.4.1 5.4.2
∂›‰Ë ·ÓÙÏÈÒÓ ...........................................................201 ™˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÏÈÒÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·......202
5.5
™¯Â‰›·ÛË ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ‡‰Ú¢Û˘ ...............203
5.5.1 5.5.2
∂È̤ÚÔ˘˜ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ....................................................203 ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ·ÁˆÁÒÓ Î·È Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ÎÏ¿‰ˆÓ.........................204
5.6
ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ› ÛÙȘ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‡‰Ú¢Û˘.....206
5.6.1 5.6.2 5.6.3 5.6.4
¶›ÂÛË ˘ÁÚÒÓ ...........................................................206 ¶·ÚÔ¯‹, Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· ÚÔ‹˜, ‰È¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜ ۈϋӷ..........208 ∞ÒÏÂȘ ›ÂÛ˘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·ÁˆÁÔ‡˜ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ................209 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ› Û ·ÓÙϛ˜ ..........................................210
5.7
£¤Ì·Ù· – ŒÚÁ· (¶ÚfiÙ˙ÂÎÙ) ÁÈ· ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ ‡‰Ú¢Û˘............................................212
5.7.1 5.7.2
6
¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·: ∂ÁηٿÛÙ·ÛË ˘‰ÚÔÌÂÙÚËÙ‹ ‰È·ÓÔÌ‹˜...........................................212 £¤Ì·Ù· ·Û΋ÛˆÓ...................................................213
6.9
6.9.4 6.9.5
™˘ÏÏÂÎÙ‹Ú˜ – ÏÔ‡ÎÈ· ............................................244 ∫·Ï‡„ÂȘ ÙÔ›¯ˆÓ Î·È ÁÂÈÛˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ (ÂÚ‚·˙ÈÒÓ).......244 ∂Ï¿ÛÌ·Ù· ÛÙȘ ÎÂÎÏÈ̤Ó˜ ·Î̤˜ ÛÙ¤Á˘ ÛÙÔ ·¤ÙˆÌ·.............................................................245 ∫·Ï‡„ÂȘ ÙÔ›¯ˆÓ .....................................................245 ¶Ï·›ÛÈ· ηÓÔ‰fi¯ˆÓ Î·È ÎÙÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â› ÛÙ¤Á˘ .....245
6.10
∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ..........................................246
6.10.1 6.10.2
¶ÚfiÏË„Ë ·Ù˘¯ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ › ÛÙ¤Á˘......246 ¶ÚfiÏË„Ë ·Ù˘¯ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Û ٿÊÚÔ˘˜ – ∫·ÓÔÓÈÛÌÔ› .......................................246
6.11
ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ› ÛÙȘ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·Ô¯¤Ù¢Û˘.....................................................247
6.11.1 6.11.2 6.11.3
∫Ï›ÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÁˆÁÒÓ (Ú‡ÛË) ......................................247 ∞ÔÚÚÔ‹ ·Î¿ı·ÚÙÔ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡, ‰È¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜ ·ÁˆÁÔ‡ ....248 ªÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì‹ÎÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙË ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ ...................................................250 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÂÎÙ‹ÚˆÓ ÛÙ¤Á˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ ÔÌ‚Ú›ˆÓ ˘‰¿ÙˆÓ ............252
6.11.4
6.12
£¤Ì·Ù· – ŒÚÁ· (¶ÚfiÙ˙ÂÎÙ) ..............................254
6.12.1 6.12.2
§‡ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÏ¿ÙË ..............................................254 £¤Ì·Ù· ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ·Ô¯¤Ù¢Û˘, ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· .........................................................257
¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· ¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 7
7
∂ÍÔÏÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ¯ÒÚˆÓ ˘ÁÈÂÈÓ‹˜
7.1
∫·ÓfiÓ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ¯ÒÚˆÓ ˘ÁÈÂÈÓ‹˜ ............................................................259
7.1.1 7.1.2
∂ÍÔÏÈÛÌfi˜ ¯ÒÚˆÓ ˘ÁÈÂÈÓ‹˜ ...................................259 ∞Ó·Áη›Â˜ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂȘ, Ï¢ÚÈΤ˜ ·ÔÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂȘ ΛÓËÛ˘........................260 ∫·ÓfiÓ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ÏÔ˘ÙÚÒÓ Î·È ¯ÒÚˆÓ WC .........................................................261 ÃÒÚÔÈ ˘ÁÈÂÈÓ‹˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÂÌfi‰È· ................................262 ∫·ÓfiÓ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ÎÔ˘˙ÈÓÒÓ ......................263
7.1.3 7.1.4 7.1.5
7.2 7.3 7.3.1 7.3.2
7.4 7.5
°Â›ˆÛË, ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÔ› ‰È·ÎfiÙ˜ Î·È Â›‰Ë ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ...............................................264 ∂ÈÙÔ›¯È˜ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ .................................265 ∫ÔÈÏÒÌ·Ù· Î·È ·˘Ï¿ÎÈ·...........................................266 ¶˘ÚÔÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Û ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÌÚÔÛÙ¿ ·fi ÙÔ›¯Ô (ÂÈÙÔ›¯È˜) .............................................267
7.6
™ÙÂÁ·ÓÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÈÊ·ÓÂÈÒÓ Î·È ·ÚÌÒÓ..........269 ∂ÁηٿÛÙ·ÛË Ì ·ÊÂÙËÚ›· Ù· ϷοÎÈ· (ϷΛ‰È·) .........................................................270 ∞ÂÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ¯ÒÚˆÓ ˘ÁÈÂÈÓ‹˜.............271
7.6.1 7.6.2
∂χıÂÚÔ˜ ·ÂÚÈÛÌfi˜ (DIN 18 017) .........................271 ªË¯·ÓÈÎfi˜ ·ÂÚÈÛÌfi˜ (DIN 18 017)..........................272
7.7
ÀÏÈο ÂȉÒÓ ˘ÁÈÂÈÓ‹˜ ........................................273
7.7.1 7.7.2 7.7.3
∫ÂÚ·ÌÈο ˘ÏÈο .......................................................273 ªÂÙ·ÏÏÈο ˘ÏÈο.....................................................273 ¶Ï·ÛÙÈο ˘ÏÈο .......................................................274
7.8
ŸÚÁ·Ó· ÂȉÒÓ ˘ÁÈÂÈÓ‹˜ ....................................275
7.8.1
ŸÚÁ·Ó· ‰È·ÎÔ‹˜....................................................275
7.8.1.1 7.8.1.2
∂ÓÙÔȯÈ˙fiÌÂÓ· fiÚÁ·Ó· ‰È·ÎÔ‹˜ .....................................275 °ˆÓÈ·ÎÔ› ‰È·ÎfiÙ˜ ..........................................................275
7.10.4.1 ¢È·Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÍÂχ̷ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ÚËÙËÚ›ˆÓ ...............................296 7.10.4.2 √˘ÚËÙ‹ÚÈ· ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÓÂÚfi.....................................................296
7.10.5
ª·ÓȤÚ˜...............................................................297
7.10.5.1 7.10.5.2 7.10.5.3 7.10.5.4
ŸÚÁ·Ó· Ï‹„˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ......................................................297 ŸÚÁ·Ó· ÂÎÚÔ‹˜ Î·È ˘Âگ›ÏÈÛ˘...................................298 ¶·ÚÂÏÎfiÌÂÓ·....................................................................298 ™˘Ó·ÚÌÔÏfiÁËÛË ...............................................................298
7.10.6
∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÓÙÔ˘˜ ..............................................300
7.10.6.1 7.10.6.2 7.10.6.3 7.10.6.4 7.10.6.5
¡ÙÔ˘ÛȤÚ˜ .......................................................................300 ŸÚÁ·Ó· Ï‹„˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ......................................................300 ŸÚÁ·Ó· ÂÎÚÔ‹˜ ................................................................301 ¶·ÚÂÏÎfiÌÂÓ·....................................................................301 ∆ÔÔı¤ÙËÛË.......................................................................301
7.10.7
¡ÂÚÔ¯‡Ù˜...............................................................302
7.10.7.1 7.10.7.2 7.10.7.3 7.10.7.4 7.10.7.5
§ÂοÓË ÓÂÚÔ¯‡ÙË .............................................................302 ŸÚÁ·Ó· Ï‹„˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ......................................................303 ŸÚÁ·Ó· ÂÎÚÔ‹˜ ................................................................303 ¶·ÚÂÏÎfiÌÂÓ·....................................................................303 ™˘Ó·ÚÌÔÏfiÁËÛË ...............................................................303
7.11
§‡ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÏ¿ÙË ........................................305
7.11.1 7.11.2 7.11.3 7.11.4
∫·Ù·Û΢·ÛÙÈο Û¯¤‰È· Î·È Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ..................305 ¶ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Ì¿ÓÈÔ˘ ...................305 ∆ÚÈۉȿÛÙ·ÙË ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ .......307 §ÂÙÔÌÂÚ‹˜ ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi˜ .........................................307
7.12
£¤Ì·Ù· – ŒÚÁ· (¶ÚfiÙ˙ÂÎÙ) ..............................309
¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 8
8
∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ Î·È ‰È·ÓÔÌ‹˜ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ (ÎÂÓÙÚÈΤ˜ ıÂÚÌ¿ÓÛÂȘ)
8.1 8.2 8.3
∂Ó¤ÚÁÂÈ· – £ÂÚÌfiÙËÙ· – £ÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·.............311 ª¤ÙÚËÛË ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ ...................................313 £ÂÚÌÈ΋ ‰È·ÛÙÔÏ‹.............................................314
8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4
ªÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ Ì‹ÎÔ˘˜ (ÁÚ·ÌÌÈ΋ ‰È·ÛÙÔÏ‹) ...............315 ªÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ fiÁÎÔ˘ (΢‚È΋ ‰È·ÛÙÔÏ‹) ......................316 ªÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ fiÁÎÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ÓÂÚfi.....................................316 ªÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ fiÁÎÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÂÚ›ˆÓ .................................317
7.8.2
ŸÚÁ·Ó· ÂÎÚÔ‹˜.......................................................276
7.8.2.1 7.8.2.2 7.8.2.3
ª·Ù·Ú›Â˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÈ͢.......................................................276 ŸÚÁ·Ó· Ì ˘‰Ú·˘ÏÈÎfi ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ........................................278 ŸÚÁ·Ó· ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ʋ Ì ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎfi ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ..............279
8.4
¶·ÚÔ¯‹ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ .........................................318
7.8.3
ŸÚÁ·Ó· ÂÎÚÔ‹˜-ÂÎΤӈÛ˘, η˙·Ó¿ÎÈ·..................281
8.4.1
7.8.3.1 7.8.3.2 7.8.3.3
µ·Ï‚›‰Â˜ ÂÎÚÔ‹˜ ..............................................................281 ™ÈÊfiÓÈ· ..............................................................................281 ∫·˙·Ó¿ÎÈ·..........................................................................282
8.4.2
¶·ÚÔ¯‹ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ηٿ ÙË ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ .........................................................318 ¶·ÚÔ¯‹ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ‡Ï˘....................................................319
7.9
™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Î·È ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙÔ˘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ..284
7.9.1
¢ÔÌ‹ Î·È ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ..............................................284 ∂›‰Ë Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ .....................................286 ¢ÔÌ‹ Î·È ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙÔ˘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ (™∞∂)..................287 ¢È·Ù¿ÍÂȘ Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÒÓ ›ÂÛ˘ ...................................288
7.9.2 7.9.3 7.9.4
8.5 8.6 8.7
£ÂÚÌÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡˜ ...................................................319 ªÂÙ¿‰ÔÛË ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜.....................................320 ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· (‰›ÎÙ˘·) ‰È·ÓÔÌ‹˜ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜.......................................................322
8.7.1 8.7.2 8.7.3
ÕÓˆ ‰È·ÓÔÌ‹ ...........................................................323 ∫¿Ùˆ ‰È·ÓÔÌ‹..........................................................323 ™‡ÛÙËÌ· ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ ‰‡Ô ·ÁˆÁÒÓ (‰ÈۈϋÓÈÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ·) ..............................................323 ™‡ÛÙËÌ· ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ·ÁˆÁÔ‡ (ÌÔÓÔۈϋÓÈÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ·).........................................324 £¤ÚÌ·ÓÛË ÔÚfiÊˆÓ ................................................325 ∂›‰Ë ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘............325
7.10
∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ˘ÁÈÂÈÓ‹˜ ...................................289
7.10.1
¡ÈÙ‹Ú˜ .................................................................289
8.7.4
7.10.1.1 7.10.1.2 7.10.1.3 7.10.1.4 7.10.1.5
ŸÚÁ·Ó· Ï‹„˘..................................................................289 ª·Ù·Ú›Â˜ fiÚıÈÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ ‹ οو ·fi ÏÂοÓË .............289 ŸÚÁ·Ó· ÂÎÚÔ‹˜ ................................................................289 ¶·ÚÂÏÎfiÌÂÓ·....................................................................290 ™˘Ó·ÚÌÔÏfiÁËÛË ...............................................................290
8.7.5 8.7.6
7.10.2
¶˘ÁÔÏÔ˘Ù‹Ú˜ (ªÈÓÙ¤)..........................................291
8.8
∞ÓÙϛ˜ (΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚËÙ¤˜) ÂÍ·Ó·ÁηṲ̂Ó˘ ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÓÂÚÔ‡..........................................327
7.10.2.1 ŸÚÁ·Ó· Ï‹„˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ......................................................292 7.10.2.2 ` OÚÁ·Ó· ÂÎÚÔ‹˜ (·ÔÚÚÔ‹˜) ............................................292 7.10.2.3 ¶·ÚÂÏÎfiÌÂÓ·....................................................................292 7.10.2.4 ™˘Ó·ÚÌÔÏfiÁËÛË ...............................................................292
8.8.1
7.10.3
∞Ô¯ˆÚËÙ‹ÚÈ· (WC) ................................................293
7.10.3.1 7.10.3.2 7.10.3.3 7.10.3.4 7.10.3.5
§ÂοÓ˜ ‚·ı¤Ô˜ ηı›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ...........................................293 §ÂοÓ˜ ηıÈÛÙÔ‡ Ù‡Ô˘ .................................................293 ¢È·Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÍÂχ̷ÙÔ˜ WC ...............................................294 ¶·ÚÂÏÎfiÌÂÓ·....................................................................294 ∆ÔÔı¤ÙËÛË.......................................................................295
8.8.3 8.8.4 8.8.5
∞ÓÙϛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ‡‰Ú¢Û˘.................................327 ∂›‰Ë ·ÓÙÏÈÒÓ (΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚËÙÒÓ) Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·˘ÙÒÓ ...................................................327 ∂ÁηٿÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ·ÓÙÏ›·˜ (΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚËÙ‹˜)............327 ∂ÈÏÔÁ‹ ·ÓÙÏ›·˜ (΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚËÙ‹˜) ..........................328 ƒ˘ıÌÈ˙fiÌÂÓ˜ ·ÓÙϛ˜.............................................329
8.9
£ÂÚÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂȘ...................................331
7.10.4
∂ÁηٿÛÙ·ÛË Ô˘ÚËÙËÚ›ˆÓ ......................................295
8.9.1 8.9.2
¢È¿Ù·ÍË ÙˆÓ ıÂÚÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÛˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ.......................331 ∂›‰Ë ıÂÚÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÛˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ...................................332
8.8.2
7
¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· 8.9.3
£ÂÚÌ·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ˜ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂȘ .....................................336
9.3.2.7 ∫·˘ÛÙ‹Ú˜ ÂÚÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ – „ÂηÛÌÔ‡ .................380
8.10
∂ÍÔÏÈÛÌÔ› ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ .....................................340
9.3.3
∫·˘ÛÙ‹Ú˜ ·ÂÚ›ˆÓ ..................................................380
8.10.1
∂ÍÔÏÈÛÌÔ› ÊÚ·Á‹˜ Î·È Ú‡ıÌÈÛ˘ (‚¿Ó˜) Û ۈÏËÓÒÛÂȘ .......................................................341 ¢È·ÎfiÙ˜ ıÂÚÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÛˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ..........................344 ∫·Ù·ÓÂÌËÙ¤˜ Î·È Û˘ÛÛˆÚÂ˘Ù¤˜ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘............345
9.3.3.1 9.3.3.2 9.3.3.3 9.3.3.4 9.4
∞ÙÌÔÛÊ·ÈÚÈÎÔ› η˘ÛÙ‹Ú˜.....................................381 ¶ÈÂÛÙÈÎÔ› η˘ÛÙ‹Ú˜ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ (Ì ·ÓÂÌÈÛÙ‹Ú·).....381 ∫·˘ÛÙ‹Ú˜ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›·˜.......................................382 ∫·˘ÛÙ‹Ú˜ ÔÏÏ·ÏÒÓ ‚·ıÌ›‰ˆÓ ........................382 √‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘.....................................383
9.4.1
°ÂÓÈÎÔ› ηÓfiÓ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘ .........................................................383 ¶ÚfiÛıÂÙ˜ Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘............................383 ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ .....................................................................384
8.10.2 8.10.3
8.11
∆ÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ ........................................................347
8.11.1 8.11.2 8.11.3 8.11.4 8.11.5 8.11.6 8.11.7
∆ÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÛˆÏËÓÒÛˆÓ......................................347 ∆ÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ıÂÚÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÛˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ.......................349 ∆ÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ıÂÚÌ·ÈÓfiÌÂÓˆÓ ‰·¤‰ˆÓ...................350 °¤ÌÈÛÌ·, ÂÍ·¤ÚˆÛË ÎÈ ÂÎΤӈÛË ............................351 À‰Ú·˘ÏÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¿ıÌÈÛË.........................................352 £ÂÚÌÔÌfiÓˆÛË ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ ......................353 ∞ÓÙȉȷ‚ÚˆÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Û ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ ..............................................................353
8.12
™¯Â‰›·ÛË ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ (‰È·ÓÔÌ‹˜ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜)..................354
8.12.1 8.12.2
∂ÙÔÈÌ·Û›· ۯ‰›ˆÓ ..................................................354 ∫·Ù¿ÚÙÈÛË ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ÏfiÁˆÓ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ.....................................................................355
8.13
ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ› ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ ........357
8.13.1 8.13.2 8.13.3 8.13.4 8.13.5
£ÂÚÌÔÂÚ·ÙfiÙËÙ·...................................................357 ™˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ‹˜ ıÂÚÌÔÂÚ·ÙfiÙËÙ·˜............................357 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ıÂÚÌÈÎÔ‡ ÊÔÚÙ›Ô˘ .............................359 ¢È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ıÂÚÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÊ·ÓÂÈÒÓ......................361 ¢È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ÛˆÏËÓÒÛÂˆÓ ..........................363
8.13.5.1 ¶·ÚÔ¯‹ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ........................................................363 8.13.5.2 ∞ÒÏÂȘ ›ÂÛ˘ ...................................................363 8.13.6
∂ÈÏÔÁ‹ ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚËÙ‹............................................366
8.14
§‡ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÏ¿ÙË ........................................367
8.14.1 8.14.2 8.14.3 8.14.4 8.14.5 8.14.6
¶ÚÒÙ˜ ÛΤ„ÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁÁÂÏ›· ..........367 ™˘˙‹ÙËÛË Ì ÙÔÓ ÂÏ¿ÙË ........................................367 ¶ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘....................367 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ› ÁÈ· ÙË ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ..............368 ¶ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ ......................................368 ¢ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ...............................................368
8.15
£¤Ì·Ù· – ŒÚÁ· (¶ÚfiÙ˙ÂÎÙ) ..............................369
¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 9
9
∂ÁηٿÛÙ·ÛË Ï‚‹ÙˆÓ (ıÂÚÌ·ÓÙ‹ÚˆÓ)
9.4.2 9.4.3
9.4.3.1 9.4.3.2 9.4.3.3 9.4.3.4
™˘Û΢¤˜ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ∞ ....................................384 ™˘Û΢¤˜ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ µ ....................................384 ™˘Û΢¤˜ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ C ....................................385 ¢È¿ÎÚÈÛË Û˘Û΢ÒÓ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂȘ ·ÂÚ›ˆÓ .....................................386
9.4.4
¶ÚfiÛıÂÙ˜ Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ ........................................................386
9.4.4.1 ¶ÚfiÛıÂÙ˜ Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·ÛË Û˘Û΢ÒÓ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ∞...................................386 9.4.4.2 ¶ÚfiÛıÂÙ˜ Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·ÛË Û˘Û΢ÒÓ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ µ...................................386 9.4.4.3 ¶ÚfiÛıÂÙ˜ Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·ÛË Û˘Û΢ÒÓ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ C ...................................389 9.4.4.4 √‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·ÛË Û˘Û΢ÒÓ ˘ÁÚ·ÂÚ›Ô˘...............................................................390 9.4.4.5 ¶ÚfiÛıÂÙ˜ ‰ÂÛ̇ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘.........................................................390 9.4.5
∂›‰Ë Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙˆÓ Ï‚‹ÙˆÓ (ıÂÚÌ·ÓÙ‹ÚˆÓ) ·ÂÚ›Ô˘............................................391
9.4.5.1 ∞ÙÔÌÈÎÔ› Ϥ‚ËÙ˜ (ηÏÔÚÈʤÚ)..............................391 9.4.5.2 ™˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂ÓÔÈ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÔ› Ϥ‚ËÙ˜ ..........................392 9.4.5.3 §¤‚ËÙ·˜ Ì ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓÔ ÌfiÈÏÂÚ ˙ÂÛÙÔ‡ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ......................................................................393 9.4.5.4 §¤‚ËÙ˜ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÒÓ ıÂÚÌ¿ÓÛÂˆÓ Ì ·¤ÚÈÔ ..........393 9.4.5.5 §¤‚ËÙ˜ ˘ÁÚÔÔ›ËÛ˘ (Û˘Ì‡ÎÓˆÛ˘) ˘‰Ú·ÙÌÒÓ Ì ·¤ÚÈÔ................................................394 9.4.5.6 £ÂÚÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÛÒÌ· ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ......................................395 9.5 ∂ÍÔÏÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜.....................................396 9.5.1 9.5.2 9.5.3
∆‡Ô˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘....................396 £ÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È Â›‰Ô˜ η˘Û›ÌÔ˘.................................................................397 §ÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ‰È·Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜...........................399
9.5.3.1 9.5.3.2 9.5.3.3 9.5.3.4 9.5.3.5 9.6
¢Ô¯Â›· ‰È·ÛÙÔÏ‹˜...................................................399 µ·Ï‚›‰Â˜ ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜..............................................400 ƒ˘ıÌÈÛÙ‹˜ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ ......................................400 ªË¯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜.............401 ÕÏϘ ‰È·Ù¿ÍÂȘ ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ ..................................401 ∫·‡ÛË ...............................................................402
9.6.1
¢È·‰Èηۛ· ηٿ ÙËÓ Î·‡ÛË.....................................402
9.1
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ..........................................................372
9.1.1 9.1.2
ºÔÚ›˜ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ıÂÚÌÔ·Ú·ÁˆÁÔ›...............372 ∫·ÙËÁÔڛ˜ η‡ÛÈÌˆÓ ˘ÏÒÓ....................................373
9.2
∫·Ù·Û΢·ÛÙÈο ›‰Ë Ï‚‹ÙˆÓ (ıÂÚÌ·ÓÙ‹ÚˆÓ) .................................................374
9.2.1 9.2.2 9.2.3
9.2.5
™˘Ì‚·ÙÈÎÔ› Ϥ‚ËÙ˜.................................................374 §¤‚ËÙ˜ ¯·ÌËÏ‹˜ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ ............................375 §¤‚ËÙ˜ ˘ÁÚÔÔ›ËÛ˘ (˘ÂÚÛ˘Ì‡ÎÓˆÛ˘) ·ÙÌÒÓ......................................................................375 §¤‚ËÙ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹˜ Î·È Ï¤‚ËÙ˜ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ Ù˘ η‡Û˘.............................375 ∫·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ η‡Û˘ ...............................375
9.3
∫·˘ÛÙ‹Ú˜ ........................................................376
9.6.2
¶ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· η‡Û˘ ....................................................404
9.3.1 9.3.2
√ ¯ÒÚÔ˜ η‡Û˘ ÁÈ· ÛÙÂÚ¿ η‡ÛÈÌ· .....................376 ∫·˘ÛÙ‹Ú˜ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ ...........................................377
9.7
∂ÁηٿÛÙ·ÛË Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ηӷÂÚ›ˆÓ ......................................................404
9.3.2.1 9.3.2.2 9.3.2.3 9.3.2.4 9.3.2.5 9.3.2.6
∫·˘ÛÙ‹Ú˜ ÂÍ¿ÙÌÈÛ˘ ............................................377 ∫·˘ÛÙ‹Ú˜ „ÂηÛÌÔ‡............................................378 ƒ‡ıÌÈÛË ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›·˜ η˘Û›ÌÔ˘/·¤Ú·.....................378 ∫·˘ÛÙ‹Ú˜ ΛÙÚÈÓ˘ ÊÏfiÁ·˜ .................................379 ∫·˘ÛÙ‹Ú˜ ÌÏ ÊÏfiÁ·˜.......................................379 ∫·˘ÛÙ‹Ú˜ Û˘ÌÈÂṲ̂ÓÔ˘ ·¤Ú· Î·È „ÂηÛÌÔ‡ ...............................................................379
9.7.1
∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ÚÔ‹˜ ηӷÂÚ›ˆÓ ...................................405
9.7.1.1 9.7.1.2 9.7.1.3 9.7.1.4
∫ÂÓfi ˘fi ›ÂÛË.......................................................405 ∞Ó·ÎÔ‹ ÚÔ‹˜ ηӷÂÚ›ˆÓ ...................................405 ∂ÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ηӷÂÚ›ˆÓ .........................................405 ¢È¿Ù·ÍË ÂÈÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ηӷÂÚ›ˆÓ..........................405
9.7.2
ºÚ¿ÎÙ˜ ηӷÂÚ›ˆÓ (Ù¿ÌÂÚ) ...............................406
9.2.4
8
9.6.1.1 ∆¤ÏÂÈ· η‡ÛË..........................................................402 9.6.1.2 ∞ÙÂÏ‹˜ η‡ÛË.........................................................403
9.7.2.1 ºÚ¿ÎÙ˜ ηӷÂÚ›ˆÓ Ì ıÂÚÌÈÎfi ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ............406
¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· 9.7.2.2 ºÚ¿ÎÙ˜ ηӷÂÚ›ˆÓ Ì ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ·fi ÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú·...406 9.7.3 9.7.4
™ˆÏ‹Ó˜ ηӷÂÚ›ˆÓ (ηӷÁˆÁÔ›) .......................407 ∫·ÓÔ‰fi¯ÔÈ (·ÁˆÁÔ› ηӷÂÚ›ˆÓ) ..........................407
9.7.4.1 9.7.4.2 9.7.4.3 9.7.4.4 9.7.4.5
∂›‰Ë ηÓÔ‰fi¯ˆÓ ...................................................408 ∂ÓÂÚÁfi ‡„Ô˜ ηÓÔ‰fi¯Ô˘.....................................409 ™ÙfiÌÈ· ηÓÔ‰fi¯ˆÓ ...............................................409 ∫·ÓÔ‰fi¯Ô˜ Ì ‰È¿Ù·ÍË ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ‡ÔÓÙ· ·¤Ú· .....410 ∫·ÓÔ‰fi¯Ô˜ Ì ‰È¿Ù·ÍË ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜ ·¤Ú· Î·È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓË ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ηӷÂÚ›ˆÓ (LAS ‹ AS)......410 9.7.4.6 ∞ÁˆÁÔ› ηӷÂÚ›ˆÓ (ηӷÁˆÁÔ›) ÁÈ· ηӷ¤ÚÈ· ¯·ÌËÏ‹˜ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ .........................................411 9.7.4.7 ∞·ÁˆÁ‹ ηӷÂÚ›ˆÓ Ì ۈϋÓ˜ ‰È·Ì¤ÛÔ˘ ÛÙ¤Á˘....................................................412 9.8 ∂ÎΛÓËÛË Î·È ÚÒÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ............................................412 9.8.1 9.8.2 9.8.3
∫ÔÈÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘...................................................413 ¢ÈÔ¯¤Ù¢ÛË ·ÂÚ›Ô˘..................................................413 ƒ‡ıÌÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ..............................413
9.8.3.1 ƒ‡ıÌÈÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÔÁÎÔÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô ..................413 9.8.3.2 ƒ‡ıÌÈÛË Ì ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô Ù˘ ›ÂÛ˘ ·ÎÚÔÊ˘Û›Ô˘..414 9.8.4
9.13.3.1 ∞˘ÙfiÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ΢ÎÏÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ËÏÈ·ÎÔ‡ Û˘ÏϤÎÙË ..........................................................................438 9.13.3.2 ∞˘ÙfiÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ΢ÎÏÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜ ÌfiÈÏÂÚ .............................................................................438
9.13.4
∂ÁηٿÛÙ·ÛË ‚ÈÔ·ÂÚ›Ô˘..........................................438
¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 10
10
™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘
10.1
ƒ‡ıÌÈÛË Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ ....................441
10.1.1 10.1.2 10.1.3 10.1.4
ƒ‡ıÌÈÛË ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ ÓÂÚÔ‡ Ϥ‚ËÙ· (·ÓÙÈÛÙ¿ıÌÈÛË)............................................441 ƒ‡ıÌÈÛË ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ ÚÔÛ·ÁˆÁ‹˜......................442 ƒ‡ıÌÈÛË ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ ‰ˆÌ·Ù›Ô˘...........................443 ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ (Ú‡ıÌÈÛË) Ì ‰È¿Ù·ÍË ·Ó¿ÌÂÈ͢..............445
10.2
ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Î·È Ú‡ıÌÈÛË (Ô‰‹ÁËÛË) η˘ÛÙ‹Ú·.....446
10.2.1
∞˘ÙfiÌ·ÙË ¤Ó·˘ÛË Î·˘ÛÙ‹Ú· ..................................446
10.3
ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ ÓÂÚÔ‡ (TWE) ..............447
10.3.1 10.3.2
£ÂÚÌÔÌfiÈÏÂÚ – ∑‡ÍË ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜.................447 ∏ Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Ù˘ §ÂÁÈÔÓ¤ÏÏ·˜ (ÓfiÛÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÏÂÁˆӷڛˆÓ)......................................447 ∞ÓÙÏ›· ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ›·˜ – ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ..............................447
§ÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfi˜ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ηӷÂÚ›ˆÓ .............................................................414 ∫·ıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ........................................416
10.3.3
10.4
9.9
™¯Â‰›·ÛË ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘ Ï‚‹ÙˆÓ (ıÂÚÌ·ÓÙ‹ÚˆÓ) .................................................417
∏ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÎÙËÚ›ˆÓ ..................................447
9.9.1 9.9.2
™‡ÓÙ·ÍË ÙˆÓ Û¯Â‰›ˆÓ..............................................417 ™‡ÓÙ·ÍË Î·Ù·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ....................................418
10.4.1 10.4.2 10.4.3
™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Bus........................................................448 ∞Û‡ÚÌ·Ù· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· (Rad to bus) ........................449 ™‡ÛÙËÌ· Bus Î·È ·Û‡ÚÌ·ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· (radio bus) ...............................................450 ∂ÈÙ‹ÚËÛË ÎÙËÚ›Ô˘..................................................450
9.8.5
9.10
ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ› ÛÙȘ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·ÂÚ›ˆÓ .........419
10.4.4
9.10.1 9.10.2
∫·Ù·Ó¿ÏˆÛË ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛË Ù˘ ‡Ï˘ ...419 πÛ¯‡˜ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ Î·È ‚·ıÌfi˜ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ ..................420
10.5
¶·Ú·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ۯ‰›·ÛË Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂˆÓ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ ........................................................452
10.5.1 10.5.2 10.5.3 10.5.4
∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ı›· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÒÓ ..........................................452 ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· ΢ÎÏˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ .........................................452 ¢È·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ηψ‰›ˆÛ˘ ......................................452 ™¯¤‰È· ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÛ˘....................................................452
10.6
§‡ÛË ÛÙȘ ÂÓÙÔϤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏ¿ÙË ........................453
9.10.4.1 ∫·Ù·Ó¿ÏˆÛË ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ ÛÙ· ·ÎÚÔʇÛÈ· ÙˆÓ Î·˘ÛÙ‹ÚˆÓ ......................................................423 9.10.4.2 ¶ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÎÚÔÊ˘Û›Ô˘....423
10.6.1 10.6.2 10.6.3 10.6.4
⁄·ÚÍË ËÌÂÚÔÌËÓÈÒÓ ÂÈıÂÒÚËÛ˘ ......................453 ∞Ú¯ÈΤ˜ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ..................................................453 ™˘˙‹ÙËÛË Ì ÙÔÓ ÂÏ¿ÙË ........................................454 ™‡ÓıÂÛË ‰··ÓÒÓ...................................................454
9.10.5
10.7
£¤Ì·Ù· – ŒÚÁ· (¶ÚfiÙ˙ÂÎÙ) ..............................455
10.7.1 10.7.2
¢È·‰Èηۛ· ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛ˘ 1 .........................................455 ¢È·‰Èηۛ· ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛ˘ 2 .........................................455
9.10.2.1 √ÓÔÌ·ÛÙÈ΋ ıÂÚÌÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡˜ ....................................420 9.10.2.2 √ÓÔÌ·ÛÙÈÎfi ıÂÚÌÈÎfi ÊÔÚÙ›Ô..................................421 9.10.2.3 µ·ıÌfi˜ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ ..................................................421 9.10.3 9.10.4
∆È̤˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ Î·È Ú‡ıÌÈÛ˘ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ .....................422 ∫·Ù·Ó¿ÏˆÛË ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ Î·È ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ·ÎÚÔÊ˘Û›ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Î·˘ÛÙ‹Ú·...............................423
∞ÒÏÂȘ ηӷÂÚ›ˆÓ Î·È ‚·ıÌfi˜ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘.........425
9.10.5.1 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ·ˆÏÂÈÒÓ Î·Ó·ÂÚ›ˆÓ Î·È ‚·ıÌfi˜ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÛÙ›·˜ ...............................425 9.10.5.2 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ·ˆÏÂÈÒÓ ÏfiÁˆ „‡Í˘ Î·È ‚·ıÌfi˜ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÛÙ›·˜ ...............................426 9.10.6
ŸÁÎÔ˜ ηӷÂÚ›ˆÓ Î·È ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ Î·Ó·ÂÚ›ˆÓ .............................................................427
¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 11
11
∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ‡‰Ú¢Û˘ Î·È ÓÂÚÔ‡ ¯Ú‹Û˘
9.11
§‡ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÏ¿ÙË ........................................429
9.11.1 9.11.2 9.11.3 9.11.4 9.11.5 9.11.6
¶ÚÒÙ˜ ÛΤ„ÂȘ Î·È ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜.....................429 ™˘˙‹ÙËÛË Ì ÙÔÓ ÂÏ¿ÙË ........................................429 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ› ÛÙÔ Ï¤‚ËÙ· (ıÂÚÌ·ÓÙ‹Ú·) .................430 ™˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ..............................................430 ∆ÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ıÂÚÌ·ÓÙ‹Ú·.................................430 £¤ÛË Û ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Ϥ‚ËÙ· (ıÂÚÌ·ÓÙ‹Ú·)......432
9.12
£¤Ì·Ù· – ŒÚÁ· (¶ÚfiÙ˙ÂÎÙ) ..............................432
9.12.1 9.12.2
¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ 1˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ........................432 ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ 2˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ........................433
9.13
∂Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎÔ› Ù‡ÔÈ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ...................................434
11.4
∆‡ÔÈ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÒÓ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÓÂÚfi.........463
11.4.1
™Ù·ıÌÔ› Û˘Ì·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ıÂÚÌÈ΋˜-ËÏÂÎÙÚÈ΋˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ ................................................................434 ∞ÓÙϛ˜ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜................................................435 ∏Ïȷ΋ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ù˘ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ ......................................437
∞Ú¯¤˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ıÂÚÌ·ÓÙ‹ÚˆÓ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ‡‰Ú¢Û˘ ..................................................463
11.4.1.1 £ÂÚÌ·ÓÙ‹Ú˜ ÓÂÚÔ‡ Ì ·Ôı‹Î¢ÛË Î·È ÚÔ‹ .....463 11.4.1.2 ∞ÓÔÈÎÙÔ› Î·È ÎÏÂÈÛÙÔ› ıÂÚÌ·ÓÙ‹Ú˜ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ..........466
9.13.1 9.13.2 9.13.3
11.1
∑‹ÙËÛË ıÂÚÌÔ‡ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ......................................457
11.1.1 11.1.2
∑‹ÙËÛË ıÂÚÌÔ‡ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ Î·ÙÔÈΛ· .....................457 ∑‹ÙËÛË ıÂÚÌÔ‡ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ÁÈ· ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË .....458
11.2 11.3
¶ÚԤϢÛË ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ...................................458 ∂Ó·ÏÏ¿ÎÙ˜ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ..................................460
11.3.1 11.3.2 11.3.3
∂Ó·ÏÏ¿ÎÙ˜ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ηӷ¤ÚÈ· .................460 ∂Ó·ÏÏ¿ÎÙ˜ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ˘ÁÚ¿ ..........................460 ∂Ó·ÏÏ¿ÎÙ˜ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ËÏÂÎÙÚÈ΋ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛË ÓÂÚÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ‡‰Ú¢Û˘ ......................462
11.4.2 11.4.3
∏ÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÔ› ıÂÚÌÔۛʈÓ˜ ......................................468 £ÂÚÌ·ÓÙ‹Ú˜ ÓÂÚÔ‡ Ì ·¤ÚÈÔ.................................479
9
¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· 11.4.3.1 £ÂÚÌ·ÓÙ‹Ú˜ ÚÔ‹˜ Ì ·¤ÚÈÔ.................................479 11.4.3.2 £ÂÚÌÔۛʈӷ˜ Ì ·¤ÚÈÔ (VWE).............................482
12.5.1
ÕÛÎËÛË ...................................................................531
12.6
ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ηٷӿψÛ˘ η˘Û›ÌˆÓ .............533
11.4.4 11.4.5
12.6.1
∞Ó¿ÁΘ Û η‡ÛÈÌ· ÁÈ· ÙË ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÙËÚ›Ô˘.............................................................533 ∞Ó¿ÁΘ Û η‡ÛÈ̘ ‡Ï˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛË ÓÂÚÔ‡ ................................................533 ∞Ó¿ÁΘ Û η‡ÛÈÌ· ÁÈ· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ Ì ͇ÏÔ ................................................534
ŒÌÌÂÛÔÈ ıÂÚÌ·ÓÙ‹Ú˜ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ÚÔ‹˜ ........................484 ∏Ïȷ΋ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·ÛË ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡ (ËÏÈfiıÂÚÌÔ) ............................................................485
11.4.5.1 ∏ÏÈ·ÎÔ› Û˘ÏϤÎÙ˜.................................................486 11.4.5.2 ∏ÏÈ·ÎÔ› ıÂÚÌÔۛʈÓ˜ ..........................................487 11.4.6
∞ÓÙϛ˜ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜................................................493
11.5
™ˆÏËÓÒÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ıÂÚÌ·ÓÙ‹Ú˜ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ‡‰Ú¢Û˘ ............................................494
11.5.1 11.5.2 11.5.3 11.5.4
™˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ÙˆÓ ıÂÚÌ·ÓÙ‹ÚˆÓ ...............494 ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‰È·ÓÔÌ‹˜ ÁÈ· ıÂÚÌfi ÓÂÚfi .....................496 ™˘ÓÔ‰‹ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛË Ì ıÂÚÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Ù·ÈÓ›· ................498 £ÂÚÌÔÌfiÓˆÛË .........................................................499
11.6
¶·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ‡‰Ú¢Û˘ .................................500 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ› ÁÈ· ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ‡‰Ú¢Û˘...............502
11.7 11.7.1 11.7.2 11.7.3 11.7.4
∞Ó¿ÌÂÈÍË ÓÂÚÔ‡ ......................................................502 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·ÛÈÒÓ............................502 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ Ì¿˙·˜ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ...............................503 ∂Ó¤ÚÁÂÈ· Î·È ÈÛ¯‡˜ ..................................................505
11.7.4.1 £ÂÚÌÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡˜ Î·È ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘..................505 11.7.4.2 µ·ıÌfi˜ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ ..................................................505 11.7.5
HÏȷΤ˜ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛË ÓÂÚÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ‡‰Ú¢Û˘ .......................................508
11.8 11.9
∫·Ù¿ÚÙÈÛË Ù˘ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ ...............................510 £¤Ì·Ù· – ŒÚÁ· (¶ÚfiÙ˙ÂÎÙ) ..............................512
11.9.1 11.9.2
∂ÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔ˘˙›Ó· ........................................512 ªÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ‡‰Ú¢Û˘.....................512 ∏Ïȷ΋ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·ÛË...............................................512 ™˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÛÙË ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛË ÓÂÚÔ‡ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ϥ‚ËÙ· ..............................513 ™‡Ó‰ÂÛË ¤ÌÌÂÛ· ıÂÚÌ·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ıÂÚÌ·ÓÙ‹Ú· (Ϥ‚ËÙ·) ÓÂÚÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ‡‰Ú¢Û˘ .................513
11.9.3 11.9.4 11.9.5
¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 12
12
∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ Î·È ·ÂÚ›ˆÓ η˘Û›ÌˆÓ
12.6.2 12.6.3
12.7
§‡ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÏ¿ÙË ........................................534
12.7.1 12.7.2 12.7.3 12.7.4 12.7.5 12.7.6
∂ÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎÙËÚ›Ô˘.............534 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÙ‹ÛÈˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ Û η‡ÛÈÌË ‡ÏË.......................................................535 ¶·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ..................535 ™˘˙‹ÙËÛË Ì ÙÔÓ ÂÏ¿ÙË ........................................535 §›ÛÙ· ··ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ...................................535 ™Ù¿‰È· ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ......................................................535
12.8
£¤Ì·Ù· – ŒÚÁ· (¶ÚfiÙ˙ÂÎÙ) ..............................536
12.8.1 12.8.2
∂ÍÂÙ·˙fiÌÂÓË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË 1 ......................................536 ∂ÍÂÙ·˙fiÌÂÓË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË 2 ......................................537
¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 13
13
∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·ÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ¯ÒÚˆÓ
13.1
∫·ÙËÁÔڛ˜ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·ÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡.....................................................539
13.1.1 13.1.2
™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂχıÂÚÔ˘ ·ÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ...........................539 ∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·Ó·Ó¤ˆÛË ·¤Ú·.............................................541 ∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Ì ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·Ó·ÓÂÒÛÈÌÔ˘ ·ÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ........................541
13.1.3
13.2
∫·Ù·Û΢·ÛÙÈο ̤ÚË ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·ÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡................................543
13.2.1 13.2.2 13.2.3 13.2.4
º›ÏÙÚ· ·¤Ú·............................................................543 ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ Î·È „‡Í˘ ...........................545 ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‡ÁÚ·ÓÛ˘ Î·È ·Ê‡ÁÚ·ÓÛ˘...................546 ™¯¿Ú˜ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ·fi ÙȘ ηÈÚÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Î·È ·Ú·ÂÙ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ................................................547 ∞ÓÂÌÈÛÙ‹Ú˜............................................................548 ∫·Ó¿ÏÈ· ÂÈÛÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÎÈ ÂÍÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔ˘ ·¤Ú·..................................................550 ∂›ÛÔ‰ÔÈ ÎÈ ¤ÍÔ‰ÔÈ ·¤Ú·............................................551 ™ÈÁ·ÛÙ‹Ú˜ ..............................................................552 ∂ÍÔÏÈÛÌÔ› ˘ÚÔÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ..................................553
13.2.5 13.2.6 13.2.7 13.2.8 13.2.9
12.1
∫·ÙËÁÔڛ˜ η‡ÛÈÌˆÓ ˘ÏÒÓ .............................515
12.1.1 12.1.2
√Ú˘ÎÙ¤˜ η‡ÛÈ̘ ‡Ï˜ ..........................................515 ∞Ó·ÓÂÒÛÈ̘ η‡ÛÈ̘ ‡Ï˜...................................515
13.3
ƒ‡ıÌÈÛË ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·ÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡.....................................................554
12.2
∞Ôı‹Î¢ÛË Î·‡ÛÈÌˆÓ ˘ÏÒÓ ...........................516
12.2.1 12.2.2
¢ËÌfiÛÈ· ·ÚÔ¯‹ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ...........................516 ¢È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ·ÔıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘...........................................516 ¢È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ·ÔıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ˘ÁÚ·ÂÚ›Ô˘........................518
13.3.1 13.3.2 13.3.3
ƒ‡ıÌÈÛË Ì›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·¤Ú· ........................................554 ƒ‡ıÌÈÛË ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘................................555 ƒ‡ıÌÈÛË ˘ÁÚ·Û›·˜ ·¤Ú·..........................................555
13.4
∂Ó·ÏÏ¿ÎÙ˜ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ..................................556
13.4.1 13.4.2 13.4.3 13.4.4
™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÓÂÚÔ‡..............................556 ∞ÓÙϛ˜ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜................................................556 ¶ÂÚÈÛÙÚÔÊÈÎfi˜ ÂÓ·ÏÏ¿ÎÙ˘ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ................557 ∂Ó·ÏÏ¿ÎÙ˘ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ Ì ϿΘ ·ÏÔ˘ÌÈÓ›Ô˘....557
13.5
∂ÎΛÓËÛË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË Û˘Û΢ÒÓ ·ÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ..............557
13.5.1 13.5.2
∂ÎΛÓËÛË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ .............................................557 ™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ..............................................................428
13.6
™¯Â‰›·ÛË ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·ÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡.....................................................558
12.2.3
12.2.3.1 ™Ù·ıÂÚ¤˜ ‰ÂÍ·ÌÂÓ¤˜ ˘ÁÚ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ .....................................519 12.2.3.2 ∫ÈÓËÙ¤˜ ‰ÂÍ·ÌÂÓ¤˜ ˘ÁÚ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ........................................520
12.3
∞ÁˆÁÔ› ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ η‡ÛÈÌˆÓ ˘ÏÒÓ .....................522
12.3.1
∞ÁˆÁÔ› Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ..........................................522
12.3.1.1 ∂͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ› ·ÁˆÁÔ› ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ...............................................522 12.3.1.2 ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ› ·ÁˆÁÔ› ·ÂÚ›Ô˘...............................................523
12.3.2 12.3.3
∞ÁˆÁÔ› ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ ..............................524 ∞ÁˆÁÔ› ˘ÁÚ·ÂÚ›Ô˘...................................................527
12.4
ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Î·È ÚÒÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ·ÂÚ›ˆÓ η˘Û›ÌˆÓ Î·È ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ .....527
12.4.1 12.4.2 12.4.3 12.4.4 12.4.5
∂ÈıÂÒÚËÛË ÛˆÏËÓÒÛÂˆÓ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘..........................527 ¶ÚÒÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙˆÓ ·ÁˆÁÒÓ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ..................528 ∂Ó¤ÚÁÂȘ Û ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ‰È·ÚÚÔ‹˜ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ .............529 ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ˘ÁÚ·ÂÚ›Ô˘......................530 ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ ....................531
12.5
™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ η‡ÛÈÌˆÓ ˘ÏÒÓ ...............531
10
13.6.1
∂ÙÔÈÌ·Û›· ۯ‰›ˆÓ ..................................................558
13.7
ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ› ÛÙȘ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·ÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡................................561
13.7.1 13.7.2 13.7.3 13.7.4 13.7.5
ƒÔ¤˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ·¤Ú·............................................561 ¶ÔÛfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÈÛÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔ˘ Î·È ÂÍÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔ˘ ·¤Ú· ..562 ¢È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ηӷÏÈÒÓ ·ÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ..............................562 ªÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ·¤Ú·.................................563 ªÂ›ÍË ·¤Ú·..............................................................564
¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· 13.7.6
∑¤ÛÙ·Ì· ·¤Ú· .........................................................564
15.2.6
∞Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ............................................596
13.8
∂ÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓÔ˜ ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È ·ÂÚÈÛÌfi˜ ηÙÔÈΛ·˜ ..........................................................565
15.3
∂ÓÂÚÁÂȷ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Î·È ‚ÂÏÙÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ.....................597
13.8.1
∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÂÍÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔ˘ ·¤Ú· ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ............................................565 ∫ÂÓÙÚÈΤ˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜ ÂÍ·ÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ............................................566 ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÍ·ÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ηÙÔÈÎÈÒÓ Ì ·ӿÎÙËÛË ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ........................................567
15.3.1 15.3.2 15.3.3
∂ÓÂÚÁÂȷο ÈÛÙÔÔÈËÙÈο ηٿ EnEV.....................597 ∞·ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Û ÎÙ›ÚÈ· ηÙÔÈÎÈÒÓ...............................598 ∫fiÛÙÔ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ ..............................................................601 ¶ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ÂÓÂÚÁÂȷ΋˜ ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ..............602
13.8.2 3.8.3
13.9 13.10
§‡ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÏ¿ÙË ........................................568 £¤Ì·Ù· – ŒÚÁ· (¶ÚfiÙ˙ÂÎÙ) ..............................569
¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 14
14
™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË Î·È ÂÈÛ΢¤˜ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ
15.3.4
15.4 ∂ÓÂÚÁÂȷΤ˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¤˜ ...................................602 15.5 ¶ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¤˜............................602 15.5.1 ¶ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ÌfiÏ˘ÓÛË ·fi ηӷ¤ÚÈ· ηٿ ÙËÓ Î·‡ÛË ÛÙÂÚÂÒÓ, ˘ÁÚÒÓ Î·È ·¤ÚÈˆÓ Î·˘Û›ÌˆÓ................................................602 15.5.2 15.5.3
ª¤ÙÚ· ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· Û ÌfiÏ˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ Î·‡ÛË...............................604 ª¤ÙÚ· ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ˘‰¿ÙÈÓˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ......................604
14.1
™¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi˜ ÂÈıˆڋÛÂˆÓ Î·È Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ................................................571
15.6
14.1.1 14.1.2
¢È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Û ηϋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ..............................571 ¢È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Û ηϋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ‡‰Ú¢Û˘ Î·È ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ..................571 ∞ÔηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈÎÒÓ ÛˆÏËÓÒÛÂˆÓ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Û ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛ˘ .......572 ¢È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Û ηϋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·Ô¯ÂÙ¢ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜....................................573 ∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË fiÌ‚ÚÈˆÓ ˘‰¿ÙˆÓ ....573 ¢È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Û ηϋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ ....................................574 ¢È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Û ηϋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·ÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ............577
¢˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙ· ÎÙ‹ÚÈ· .............................606
15.6.1 15.6.2
15.6.4
∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ì Ù¯ÓÈ΋ Ô‰‹ÁËÛË ÎÙËÚ›Ô˘..........606 ∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· Ù¯ÓÈ΋ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Û ÎÙ‹ÚÈ· ..................................................607 ¢ÔÌ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘ Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÈ΋˜ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÎÙËÚ›ˆÓ.......................................608 ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Bus .......609
15.7 15.8 15.9
∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ EIB/∫¡Ã ...................610 ∞·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁÁÂÏ›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÏ¿ÙË .......612 ∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ – ŒÚÁ· (¶ÚfiÙ˙ÂÎÙ) ........................612
14.1.3 14.1.4 14.1.5 14.1.6 14.1.7 14.1.7.1 14.1.7.2 14.1.7.3 14.1.7.4 14.1.7.5 16.1.7.6
™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ÙÌËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÓÔÌ‹˜ ·¤Ú·.............................577 ™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ·ÓÂÌÈÛÙ‹ÚˆÓ..................................................577 ™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÎÈÓËÙ‹ÚˆÓ .......................................577 ™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË Ê›ÏÙÚˆÓ.........................................................577 ™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜....578 ™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ˘ÁÚ·ÓÙ‹ÚˆÓ ·¤Ú· ........................................578
14.1.8
™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ËÏÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ......................579
14.2
™‡ÓÙ·ÍË Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ı¤ÛË Û ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·, ÙËÓ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË Î·È ÙË Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË Ù˘ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘ .........................579
14.2.1
∫·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ...........................579
14.3
™‡Ì‚·ÛË Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘...............580
14.3.1
™‡ÓÙ·ÍË Û˘Ì‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË Î·È ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ηϋ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜......................................580
14.4 14.5 14.6
∆ÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛË (ÚԉȷÁڷʤ˜) ηٷÛ΢·ÛÙÒÓ ...580 §‡ÛË ÛÙȘ ÂÓÙÔϤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏ¿ÙË ........................581 £¤Ì·Ù· – ŒÚÁ· (¶ÚfiÙ˙ÂÎÙ) ..............................581
¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô 15
15
∂ÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ‹ÈˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜
15.1 15.2
∞Ó·ÓÂÒÛÈ̘ ËÁ¤˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ .........................583 ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÓÂÒÛÈÌˆÓ ËÁÒÓ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ ................583
15.2.1 15.2.2
∏ÏÈÔıÂÚÌ›·..............................................................583 ∞ÓÙϛ˜ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜................................................586
15.2.2.1 15.2.2.2 15.2.2.3 15.2.2.4 15.2.2.5 15.2.2.6 15.2.2.7
∞ÓÙϛ˜ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ÌÂ Û˘ÌÈÂÛÙ‹.................................586 ∞ÓÙϛ˜ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ·ÔÚÚfiÊËÛ˘................................586 ∞ÓÙÏ›· ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ·¤Ú·-ÓÂÚÔ‡ .....................................587 ∞ÓÙÏ›· ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ÓÂÚÔ‡-ÓÂÚÔ‡ ...................................588 ∞ÓÙÏ›· ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ¿ÏÌ˘ (‰¿ÊÔ˘˜)-ÓÂÚÔ‡ ................588 ∞ÓÙÏ›· ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ „˘ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÁÚÔ‡/ÓÂÚÔ‡..................589 ∞ÓÙÏ›· ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ „˘ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÁÚÔ‡/ÓÂÚÔ‡ Î·È ËÏȷ΋ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ............................................................................590 15.2.2.8 ∞ÓÙÏ›· ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ·¤Ú·/ÓÂÚÔ‡ Ì ÂӉȿÌÂÛÔ ÌfiÈÏÂÚ..591
15.2.3 15.2.4 15.2.5
™˘Ì·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈ΋˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜-ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ .593 ∫˘„¤Ï˜ η‡Û˘ .....................................................595 ∫ÈÓËÙ‹Ú˜ Ôχ ıÂÚÌÒÓ ·ÂÚ›ˆÓ (Stirling) ..............596
15.6.3
ª ª1
ªÂϤÙ˜ Ì˯·ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÎÙËÚÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ªÂϤÙË ıÂÚÌÔ¸‰Ú·˘ÏÈ΋˜ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ˘ÁÈÂÈÓ‹˜ ÁÈ· ÌÔÓÔηÙÔÈΛ·................................613
M1.1 ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌ‹˜, ÙÔÌ‹ Î·È Î·Ùfi„ÂȘ..............613 ª1.2 ™¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi˜ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ÂȉÒÓ ˘ÁÈÂÈÓ‹˜..............615 ª1.2.1 ªÂϤÙË ‰È·Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ ÂȉÒÓ ˘ÁÈÂÈÓ‹˜ Î·È ÔÚ›·˜ ·ÁˆÁÒÓ......................................................615 ª1.2.2 ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘ ........................................................617 ª1.3 ™¯Â‰È·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ÏÂÙÔ̤ÚÂȘ Î·È ÛΛÙÛ· Û˘Ó·ÚÌÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ........................................617 ª1.3.1 ∫Ô˘˙›Ó·, ÏÔ˘ÙÚfi Î·È ¯ÒÚÔ˜ WC ..............................617 ª1.3.2 ªÂϤÙË Î·È Û¯Â‰›·ÛË ·Ô¯¤Ù¢Û˘ Î·È ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÔÌ‚Ú›ˆÓ......................................................619 ª1.3.3 ªÂϤÙË Î·È Û¯Â‰›·ÛË ËÏȷ΋˜ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ‡‰Ú¢Û˘.....................620
M2
ªÂϤÙË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ Î·È ·ÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡.....................................................622
M2.1 ª2.2 ª2.3 ª2.4 ª2.5 ª2.6 ª2.7
¶ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÎÙËÚ›Ô˘ .................................................622 ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ .........................................623 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ› Û¯ÂÙÈÎÔ› Ì ÙËÓ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·ÛË ............623 ™¯Â‰›·ÛË ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘..........................................624 §‡ÛÂȘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ.......................624 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ› Ù˘ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·Û˘..............................624 ™¯Â‰È·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÁηٿÛÙ·ÛË....629
ª3 ª4
∞Û΋ÛÂȘ ÌÂϤÙ˘ ‡‰Ú¢Û˘ ÌÈ·˜ ηÙÔÈΛ·˜....630 ∞Û΋ÛÂȘ ÌÂϤÙ˘ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ .......................................631 ∞Û΋ÛÂȘ ÌÂϤÙ˘ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·ÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡................................632 ∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ (·Ó·ÓÂÒÛÈÌˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜) ..........................................633
ª5 ª6
ª6.1 ª6.2 ª6.3
£ÂÚÌÈΤ˜ ËÏȷΤ˜ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ............................633 ∂ÓÂÚÁÂȷ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÎÙËÚ›ˆÓ ............................633 ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ‹ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÏÈÒÓ ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜........................................633
∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ fiÚˆÓ.............................................................635
11