3
Measuring The following unit deals with measurements, introduces commonly known measuring instruments and shows how these instruments can be used.
Exact measuring units Introducing the situation One day Tobias, a German exchange student, talks to an English trainee in the workshop about metric and imperial measures.
TOBIAS
Now, here they talk about inches. Yesterday in the weather forecast the lady also talked about six inches of rain. At school I heard about the differences between the metric system used in Germany and the imperial system you still use over here. But to be honest I didn’t pay much attention. Can you tell what exactly the differences are!
TRAINEE Sure, one inch is about 25,4 mm. TOBIAS
Do you still use these imperial units a lot?
TRAINEE Oh, yes, in everyday life everybody talks about inches, feet, pints, and Fahrenheit. If you talk about the height of a person, you say he is six feet two. In a pub you’ll get a pint of beer and our temperature today is 66.2 degrees Fahrenheit. I can copy the most important imperial measures for you. TOBIAS
Thanks. That would be nice
Activity 1
Understanding the text
Answer the following questions. 1. What did Tobias hear about at school? 2. Why was Tobias reminded of it? 3. What other examples of imperial units does the trainee mention? 4. Could you find some other examples?
25
Activity 2
Imperial versus metric measures
a) Find the metric equivalents of the measures mentioned in the text. To get some exercise in dealing with mathematical operations, write down the complete equations in words.
This information may help you: 1 inch = 25.4 mm
1 foot = 30.5 cm
1 pint = 0.57 l
ÆC = (ÆF - 32) . 5/9 In words: degrees Celsius equals open bracket degrees Fahrenheit minus thirty-two close bracket times five ninths ÆF = 32 + ÆC . 9/5 In words: degrees Fahrenheit equals thirty-two plus degrees Celsius times nine fifths Elementary mathematical symbols to remember Symbol
In words
=
equals, is
+
plus
-
minus
:
divided by
.
times, multiplied by
25.4
twenty-five point four (decimal number)
5/9
five ninths (fraction)
b) Transfer the German measures into British ones. 1. At home your best friend lives next door which is only 50 m away. 2. Your sister is 163 cm tall. 3. The average temperature in your hometown in the summer is about 20ÆC. 4. In winter the thermometer sometimes shows -15ÆC. 5. In Bavaria you order one «Ma‚» which is one litre of beer. c) Find words in the text that fit these definitions. 1. system based on inches, feet and Fahrenheit (4th letter) 2. measure for beer in Great Britain (3rd letter) 3. a Swede who invented a temperature scale at the beginning of the 18th century (5th letter) 4. a value less than one (7th letter) d) Pick the letters referred to in brackets. You will find a word for a long thin continuous mark on a surface, for example, on paper.
26
Measuring distances There are different types of instruments for measuring distances. At school you use a ruler or the scale of a geometric triangle to get the exact lenght of a line. At home you have a folding rule and with its help you can measure, for example, the length, width or height of a room. At work precision is an important feature. Therefore you need special instruments like gauges, vernier callipers, or micrometers. Gauges are instruments used in mechanics to test, for example, the size, angle or shape of a workpiece. If you find out that a workpiece has not got the requested qualities, it is rejected. With vernier callipers you can measure, for example, the length or the diameter of a workpiece. Micrometers are used to measure very small distances.
Activity 4
Instruments for measuring distances
a) Look at the pictures below. Find the appropriate word for each measuring instrument in the text.
b) What can be done with these instruments? Give two examples for each instrument.
28
11
Automotive Technology In this unit you will learn something about the car workshop and components of the car.
The workshop’s inside
1. Workbench 2. Vice 3. Tool trolley 4. Compressor 5. Car lift 6. Welding machine 7. Engine sump drainer 8. Fire extinguisher 9. Pressure gauge 10. Diagnostic centre 11. Jack 12. Cupboard 13. Washbasin
Activity 1
Working with words
a) Copy the list next to the picture and translate the words into Greek. b) Copy the sentences and complete them with the words from the box below. 1. We keep tools in a •••1. 2. A •••2 is needed to hold things. 3. In the •••3 we check the adjustment and condition of the engine. 4. Books and garage manuals are kept in the •••4. 5. After work we wash our hands in the •••5. 6. We need a •••6 to check the pressure of the tyres. 7. A •••7 is needed to lift up a car. 8. According to the safety regulations a •••8 is needed in a workshop in case of fire. Use these words: diagnostic centre ... tool trolley ... vice ... cupboard ... washbasin ... fire extinguisher ... car lift ... pressure gauge
109
Activity 11
Vocabulary
a) Look up the following words in a dictionary and write the translation into your exercise book. 1. master cylinder
7. brake pipe
2. brake booster/brake servo
8. brake drum
3. brake disc
9. brake shoe/brake lining
4. brake pad
10. wheel cylinder
5. brake calliper
11. brake fluid
6. brake hose b) Check the words in row 1. to 6. and find out which one does not fit.
1.
a brake pad
b brake disc
c master cylinder
d brake calliper
2.
brake
brake fluid
light
safety
3.
hygroscopic
wheel cylinder
4.
brake drum
displacement
300ÆC wheel cylinder
master cylinder
humidity
5.
brake fluid
every year
brake pipe
replace
6.
brake fading
wheel cylinder
high temperature
force of friction
Activity 12
Comprehension
a) True or false? Correct the statements that are wrong. 1. Brake fluid does not have to be changed regularly. 2. The function of the drum brake and the disc brake is quite similar. 3. All cars are equipped only with a mechanical brake system. 4. Old brake fluid reduces the safety of the car. 5. A combination of a disc brake and a drum brake is still very common. 6. Friction can cause extremely high temperatures. 7. When constructing a brake system the maximun speed of a vehicle does not matter. 8. Steam is incompressible. b) Answer the following questions. 1. What kind of brake systems are modern vehicles equipped with? 2. To what do engineers have to pay attention when constructing a brake system? 3. What is the difference between disc brakes and drum brakes? 4. Which parts does the disc brake system need? 5. How does the power from the brake pedal reach the wheels? Explain the process. 6. Explain what the brake fluid is required for. 7. Why is a mixture of brake fluid and water very dangerous? 8. What does «brake fading» mean?
120
Vocabulary Unit 11 to absorb air filter air-fuel mixture Allen key apprenticeship
·ÔÌ˘˙Ò, ·ÔÚÚÔÊÒ Ê›ÏÙÚÔ ·¤ÚÔ˜ Ì›ÁÌ· ·¤Ú·-η˘Û›ÌÔ˘ ÎÏÂȉ› Ù‡Ô˘ «Allen» Ì·ıËÙ›·, Âη›‰Â˘ÛË
approximately assisting equipment atmosphere axle bolt bottom dead centre brake brake calliper brake disc brake drum
ÂÚ›Ô˘ ‚ÔËıËÙÈÎfi˜ ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÙÌfiÛÊ·ÈÚ· ¿ÍÔÓ·˜ ÌÔ˘ÏfiÓÈ, ‚›‰· οو ÓÂÎÚfi ÛËÌÂ›Ô (Ì˯.) ÊÚ¤ÓÔ Á¤Ê˘Ú· ÊÚ¤ÓÔ˘ ‰›ÛÎÔ˜ ÊÚ¤ÓÔ˘ ÊÚ¤ÓÔ Ù˘Ì¿ÓÔ˘ (Ù·ÌÔ‡ÚÔ) ·ÙÈÓ¿ÚÈÛÌ· ÊÚ¤ÓˆÓ ˘ÁÚ¿ ÊÚ¤ÓˆÓ ÛˆÏËÓ¿ÎÈ ÊÚ¤ÓÔ˘ ¤Ӊ˘ÛË ÊÚ¤ÓˆÓ Ù·Î¿ÎÈ ÊÚ¤ÓˆÓ Ô‰ÔÌÔ¯Ïfi˜, ÂÓÙ¿Ï ÊÚ¤ÓÔ˘ ÛˆÏËÓ¿ÎÈ, ·ÁˆÁfi˜ ÊÚ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÂÚ‚fiÊÚÂÓÔ ¤‰ÈÏ·/ÛÈ·ÁfiÓ˜ ¤‰Ë˜ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‰‹Ûˆ˜ ÂÎÎÂÓÙÚÔÊfiÚÔ˜ ¿ÍÔÓ·˜ ·Ó˘„ˆÙ‹Ú·˜ ·˘ÙÔÎÈÓ‹ÙÔ˘ ÂÍ·ÂÚȈًڷ˜ (ηÚÌ˘Ú·Ù¤Ú) ΤÓÙÚÔ, fiÓÙ· ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ ¿ÍÔÓ·˜ ·Ï˘Û›‰· Û˘ÌϤÎÙ˘, ÓÙÂÚ·ÁÈ¿˙ Û‡ÓıÂÙË Ï·‚›‰· ı¿Ï·ÌÔ˜ η‡Ûˆ˜, ÊÏÔÁÔı¿Ï·ÌÔ˜ Û˘Ì›ÂÛË, Û˘Ì‡ÎÓˆÛË ‰È·‰ÚÔÌ‹ Û˘ÌȤÛˆ˜ (¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ Û˘Ì›ÂÛ˘) Û˘ÌÈÂÛÙ‹˜ ‰ÈˆÛÙ‹Ú·˜, ÌȤϷ ηٷӿψÛË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤ˆ, ÙÚ¤ˆ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· „‡Íˆ˜ Ì·›Óˆ ÛÙË ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÁˆÓ›· ÛÙÚÔÊ·ÏÔı¿Ï·ÌÔ˜ (ı‹ÎË ÛÙÚÔÊ¿ÏÔ˘) Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙÚÔÊ¿ÏÔ˘
brake brake brake brake brake brake
fading fluid hose lining pad pedal
brake pipe brake servo brake shoes brake system camshaft car lift carburettor centre punch centre line chain clutch combination pliers combustion champer compression compression stroke compressor connecting rod consumption continuation to convert cooling system cornering corner crank case crank mechanism
crankshaft crosswise cylinder cylinder head to design design development device diagnostic centre differential to disconnect to displace drill drive shaft drive train
engine engine block engine sump drainer to equalize equipment exhaust fumes exhaust stroke exhaust system to expand facility feature feeler gauge fire extinguisher formation four - stroke engine four - wheel drive friction garage manual gear box gear wheel (gear) gradual grip vice pliers heat resistance heavy - duty hexagon humidity
ÛÙÚÔÊ·ÏÔÊfiÚÔ˜ ¿ÙÚ·ÎÙÔ˜ (¿ÍÔÓ·˜) ÂÁοÚÛÈ· ·ÏÈÓ‰ÚÔ˜ ÎÂÊ·Ï‹ Î˘Ï›Ó‰ÚÔ˘ ۯ‰ȿ˙ˆ, ÌÂÏÂÙÒ Û¯Â‰›·ÛË, ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜, ÂÎfiÓËÛË ÂͤÏÈÍË Û˘Û΢‹, Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜, ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌÈÎfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ΤÓÙÚÔ ‰È·ÊÔÚÈÎfi ·˘ÙÔÎÈÓ‹ÙÔ˘ ¯ˆÚ›˙ˆ, ·Ô¯ˆÚ›˙ˆ ·Ó·‚¿Ïψ, ÌÂÙ·ÙÔ›˙ˆ ÙÚ˘¿ÓÈ, ÙÚ˘Ò ÎÈÓËÙ‹ÚÈÔ˜ ¿ÍÔÓ·˜ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· (ÌÂÙ¿‰ÔÛ˘) ΛÓËÛ˘ (·fi ÙÔÓ ÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚÔ¯Ô‡˜) Ì˯·Ó‹, ÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú·˜ ÎÔÚÌfi˜ ÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú· (Ì˯.) ÂÏ·ÈÔÏÂοÓË ÎÈÓËÙ‹Ú·, οÚÙÂÚ ÂÍÈÛÒÓˆ, ·ÓÙÈÛÙ·ıÌ›˙ˆ ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌfi˜ η˘Û·¤ÚÈ· ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ ÂÎÙfiÓˆÛ˘ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÂÍ¿ÙÌÈÛ˘ ÂÎÙ›ӈ, ‰È·ÛÙ¤Ïψ ›ψÛË, ¢ÎÔÏ›· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi, ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÈÎfi ÌÂÙÚËÙ‹˜ ‰È·Î¤ÓÔ˘, ·¯‡ÌÂÙÚÔ ˘ÚÔÛ‚ÂÛÙ‹Ú·˜ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜, ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙÂÙÚ¿¯ÚÔÓË Ì˯·Ó‹ ΛÓËÛË 4 ÙÚÔ¯ÒÓ (4×4) ÙÚÈ‚‹ (·˘Û.) ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰ÈÔ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘, Û˘ÓÂÚÁ›Ԣ ÎÈ‚ÒÙÈÔ Ù·¯˘Ù‹ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜-‰È·Ù¤ÚÌÔÓÔ˜ ‚·ıÌÈ·›· ¤ÓÛ·, Ù·Ó¿ÏÈ· Ì Ϸ‚‹ ıÂÚÌÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛË ·ÓıÂÎÙÈÎfi˜, ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ ·ÓÙÔ¯‹˜ ÂÍ¿ÁˆÓÔ ˘ÁÚ·Û›·
121