6-Ε-075 ΑΡΧΕΣ ΜΗΧΑΝΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ - ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ

¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜ ∞˘Ùfi ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÛÙÔȯÂÈÒ‰ÂȘ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ηÙÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÌÂÙ¿ÏÏˆÓ Î·È Â›Ó·È ÁÚ·Ì̤ÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÛÙ· Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈο Û¯ÔÏ›·. ¶ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ‡ÏË Ù˘ ‚·ÛÈ΋˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â‡Ûˆ˜ ÛÙÔÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÔÙ¯ӛ·˜, ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂχıÂÚÔ˘˜ Â·ÁÁÂÏ̷ٛ˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÁÈ· Ù· ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈο Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· ÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ¤ÙÔ˜ ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ. ∏ ‚·ÛÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰Âȯı› Î·È ÛÙȘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÂΉfiÛÂȘ Ôχ ηϋ. ∞ÎfiÌË, Î·È ‡ÛÙÂÚ· ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó·‰È¿Ù·ÍË ÙˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ¯ÚÂÈ¿ÛÙËÎÂ Ë ÂÎ Ó¤Ô˘ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹ ÌfiÓÔÓ ‰˘Ô ÎÂÊ·Ï·›ˆÓ Î·È ÌÂÚÈÎÒÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ·Ú·ÁڿʈÓ. ™ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ¤Î‰ÔÛË ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ıËΠfi,ÙÈ ‹Ù·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÔÏÏÒÓ ·Ú·ÁÚ¿ÊˆÓ ÂÎÛ˘Á¯ÚÔÓ›ÛÙËÎÂ Î·È ÁÚ¿ÊÙËΠ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹. π‰È·›ÙÂÚË ÛËÌ·Û›· ‰fiıËΠÛÙÔ˘˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡˜ ηÓÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜, Ô˘ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙ· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·. ∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ ηÈÚÔ‡ Ì·˜, ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÂÔÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË, ·˘Ù‹ Ë Ó¤· ¤Î‰ÔÛË Ù˘ÒıËΠ¤Á¯ÚˆÌË. ∂‰Ò ‰fiıËΠÚÔÛÔ¯‹ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ΛÌÂÓÔ˘, ÛÙËÓ ÂÔÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ ÛÂÏ›‰· Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÊÈÏÈ΋ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ Ì·ıËÙ‹ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ. ∏ ‡ÏË ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È¢ڢÓı› ¤Ú· ·fi ÙȘ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÒÛÙ ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÒÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÂÈ Ô Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÛÙȘ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, ÛÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈΤ˜ ηٷÛ΢¤˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈ΋ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹. ∂›Û˘, ¤¯ÂÈ ÏËÊı› ̤ÚÈÌÓ· ÒÛÙ ̷˙› Ì ÙȘ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÔÎÙ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË Ó· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î·È Ë ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ë ÁÓÒÛË Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ∆· ‚·ÛÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙ¿ ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfi Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, Â·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ Û˘ÓÙÔÌ›·, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Û˘ÓÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂÍ·ÚÙ‹Ûˆ˜. ∆Ô ‚È‚Ï›Ô ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·ÙÌËı› Û ‰È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ ‚ÔËıËı› Ô Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ηٿ ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·. ™ÙȘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÛÙÂı› Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ·fi ·Ù˘¯‹Ì·Ù·, ηÓfiÓ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ηٷÓÔ‹Ûˆ˜. ŒÌÊ·ÛË ‰›‰ÂÙ·È Û ԢÛÈ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Î·È Û ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· Ì ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û·Ó Î·ÓfiÓ˜ ‹ Ù‡Ô˘˜. ∆Ô Î›ÌÂÓÔ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·fi 700 Û¯‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ›Ó·Î˜. ∆Ô ‚È‚Ï›Ô ·˘Ùfi ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› Î·È Û· ‚·ÛÈ΋ ‡ÏË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÔ˘ Î·È ÛÙ· π∂∫ ÂȉÈ·ۈ˜, ÛÙ· Ù¯ÓÈο Á˘ÌÓ¿ÛÈ· Î·È ÛÙ· Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈο Û¯ÔÏ›·. ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ‚Ô‹ıËÌ· Â›Ó·È Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏ˘Ù¯Ó›ˆÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÂÈÛ¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ù· ÁÂÓÈο χÎÂÈ·, ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜. √È Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ Î·È Ô ÂΉÔÙÈÎfi˜ Ô›ÎÔ˜ ¢¯·ÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú·Î·ÏÔ‡Ó Î·È ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚfiÓÙÔ˜ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ Ì ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÛˆ˜. √È Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ Î·È Ô ÂΉÔÙÈÎfi˜ Ô›ÎÔ˜

3

AÚ¯È΋ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË

¢È·ÌfiÚʈÛË

TÂÌ·¯ÈÛÌfi˜

K·ÙÂÚÁ·Û›·

™˘Ó¿ÚÌÔÛË

HÏÂÎÙÚÔÙ¯ӛ·

™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘

¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋

400/230V

YÏÈο

✐

T¯ÓÈ΋ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ

➐✑✖

ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜

✔✐❈✖

¶ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜

L1 L2 L3 N PE

P

4

T

¶›Ó·Î·˜ ¶ÂÚȯÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ 1

EÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ....9

3.3

¶ÚÒÙ˜ ‡Ï˜, ‚ÔËıËÙÈο Î·È Î‡ÚÈ· ˘ÏÈο.........................................................49

1.1

O Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÙÔ̤·˜ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÔÙ¯ӛ·˜..............................................9

3.4

B·ÛÈΤ˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ¿ÏψÓ...................................50

1.2

¢È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ........................................9

3.5

¶·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÚˆÙÔÁÂÓÔ‡˜ Ûȉ‹ÚÔ˘ ....................51

1.2.1 1.2.2

A·ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ·fi Ù· ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ·..................................9 ¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ...........................................10

3.5.1

1.3

T¯ÓÈ΋ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ..........................................10

3.5.2

1.4

B·ÛÈο Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ...............11

¶·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÚˆÙÔÁÂÓÔ‡˜ Ûȉ‹ÚÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ˘„ÈοÌÈÓÔ .....................................................51 ¶·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÚˆÙÔÁÂÓÔ‡˜ Ûȉ‹ÚÔ˘ Ì ·¢ı›·˜ ·Ó·ÁˆÁ‹.........................................52

1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3

H ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ .................11 K·Ù¿Ù·ÍË ÙˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ .....................11 ¶ÔÚ›· ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ..............................................14

1.5

™ËÌ¿‰ÂÌ· Î·È ¯¿Ú·ÍË ........................................15

1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3

MÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ·fi Û¯¤‰È· ....................15 X¿Ú·ÍË Î·È ÔÓÙ¿ÚÈÛÌ· .......................................16 EÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ¯·Ú¿Íˆ˜ Î·È ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ¯·Ú¿Íˆ˜ .....17

3.6

¶·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ¯¿Ï˘‚· .............................................52

3.6.1

3.6.5

MÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹ ÚˆÙÔÁÂÓÔ‡˜ Ûȉ‹ÚÔ˘ Û ¯¿Ï˘‚· .............................................................52 ¶·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ¯¿Ï˘‚· Ì ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô ÂÌÊ˘Û‹Ûˆ˜ Ô͢ÁfiÓÔ˘ ........................................53 ¶·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ¯¿Ï˘‚· Ì ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ÙfiÍÔ˘ .................................................53 ¶ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ Ú¢ÛÙÔ‡ ¯¿Ï˘‚· ............................................54 X‡Ù¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯¿Ï˘‚· ÛÙÔ ¯·Ï˘‚Ô˘ÚÁ›Ô.............54

3.7

EÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ¯¿Ï˘‚·...................55

3.7.1 3.7.2 3.7.3 3.7.4

ŒÏ·ÛË ÂÓ ıÂÚÌÒ...................................................55 K·Ù·Û΢‹ ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ ............................................56 æ˘¯Ú‹ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË .............................................57 T˘ÔÔ›ËÛË ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ ¯¿Ï˘‚· (Ù˘ÔÔ›ËÛË ÌÔÚÊÒÓ) ..........................................57

3.6.2 3.6.3 3.6.4

1.6

¶ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ·fi ·Ù˘¯‹Ì·Ù· ...............................19

1.6.1 1.6.2 1.6.3 1.6.4

¶ÚfiÏË„Ë ·Ù˘¯‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ..........................................19 °ÂÓÈο ̤ÙÚ· ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ ......................................19 AÈٛ˜ ·Ù˘¯ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ................................................20 ™‹Ì·Ù· ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ ...............................................20

2

T¯ÓÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ÂϤÁ¯ˆÓ .................................21

2.1

B·ÛÈΤ˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ·fi ÙË Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ÂϤÁ¯ˆÓ .......................................................21

3.8

K·Ù¿Ù·ÍË Î·È Û‡ÓıÂÛË ÙˆÓ ¯·Ï‡‚ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ¯˘ÙÔÛȉ‹ÚˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ............................58

2.1.1

™‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ‹˜ Î·È Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ηٷÛÙ¿Ûˆ˜ ........................................................21 ™‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ‹˜ Î·È Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ηٷÛÙ¿Ûˆ˜ ........................................................21 ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ - M¤ÙÚËÛË - ™‡ÁÎÚÈÛË...........................22 E›‰Ë ÂϤÁ¯ˆÓ ........................................................23 AÓ·ÁÚ·Ê‹ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ.........................................23

3.9

EӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ˜ ¯¿Ï˘‚˜ Î·È ¯˘ÙÔÛ›‰ËÚÔÈ..................................................59

3.9.1 3.9.2 3.9.3 3.9.4 3.9.5 3.9.6

X¿Ï˘‚˜ ÛȉËÚÒÓ Î·Ù·Û΢ÒÓ ............................59 X¿Ï˘‚˜ Ì˯·ÓÔηٷÛ΢ÒÓ ...............................61 AÓÔÍ›‰ˆÙÔÈ ¯¿Ï˘‚˜............................................64 X¿Ï˘‚˜ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ..............................................65 X˘ÙÔÛȉËÚ¿ ˘ÏÈο .................................................67 AÚÈıÌÔ› ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ¯¿Ï˘‚˜ Î·È ¯˘ÙÔÛ›‰ËÚÔ˘˜ ..69

2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.2

AÓÔ¯¤˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ....................................25

2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4

AÓÔ¯¤˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ..............................................26 B·ÛÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ.......................27 E›‰Ë Û˘Ó·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ .................................................28 ™˘Ó·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ηٿ ISO ..........................................29

3.10

H ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ¿ÏÏˆÓ .....................70

3.10.1 3.10.2

2.3

M¤Û· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ....................................................31

2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5

K·Ù¿Ù·ÍË ÙˆÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ .............................31 YÏÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ .....................................32 MÂÙÚËÙÈο fiÚÁ·Ó· ÂӉ›ÍÂˆÓ ..............................33 EÏÂÁÎÙ‹Ú˜ ...........................................................39 BÔËıËÙÈο ̤۷....................................................41

3.10.3 3.10.4

2.4

AÔÎÏ›ÛÂȘ ·fi ÙȘ ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓ˜ ÙÈ̤˜.............42

2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4

™˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·ÔÎÏ›ÛÂȘ .....................................42 T˘¯·›· ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù· .................................................42 M¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·ÙÔ˜ .....................................42 AÈٛ˜ ÙˆÓ ÛÊ·ÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ...........................43

EÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ fi„Ë ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ..................................70 T‡ÔÈ ÎÚ˘ÛÙ·ÏÏÈÎÒÓ ÏÂÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ¿ÏψÓ........................................................71 ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ......................71 KÚ˘ÛÙ·ÏÏÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ηı·ÚÒÓ ÌÂÙ¿ÏÏˆÓ Î·È ÎÚ·Ì¿ÙˆÓ ........................................................72 ™˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË Ù‹ÍË Î·È ÛÙÂÚÂÔÔ›ËÛË ..........73 K·Ù·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ‰È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ûȉ‹ÚÔ˘ - ¿Óıڷη Î·È Â›‰Ë ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ηı·ÚÔ‡ ¯¿Ï˘‚· ..................74 ¢ÔÌ‹ ÎfiÎÎˆÓ Û Ï›·ÛÌ· ¯·Ï‡‚ˆÓ Î·È ¯˘ÙÔÛȉ‹ÚˆÓ ...................................................75

2.5

EÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ÕÛÎËÛË ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ...........................................44

3

T¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ .....................................45

3.1

K·Ù¿Ù·ÍË ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ........................................45

3.2

I‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ .........................................46

3.10.5 3.10.6 3.10.7 3.11

£ÂÚÌÈ΋ ηÙÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ¯·Ï‡‚ˆÓ ...................76

3.11.1 3.11.2 3.11.3 3.11.4 3.11.5 3.11.6 3.11.7

AÓfiÙËÛË ..............................................................76 B·Ê‹ .....................................................................77 EÛˆÙÂÚÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ηٿ ÙË ‚·Ê‹.................78 BÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ...............................................................79 EÈÊ·ÓÂȷ΋ ‚·Ê‹ ................................................79 EÓ·ÓıڿΈÛË .......................................................80 EÓ·˙ÒÙˆÛË, ÂÓ‰Ô΢¿ÓˆÛË...................................80

3.12

MË ÛȉËÚÔ‡¯· ̤ٷÏÏ· (M™ ̤ٷÏÏ·) ..............81

3.12.1 3.12.2

X·ÏÎfi˜ Î·È ÎÚ¿Ì·Ù· ¯·ÏÎÔ‡ ................................82 AÏÔ˘Ì›ÓÈÔ Î·È ÎÚ¿Ì·Ù· ·ÏÔ˘ÌÈÓ›Ô˘......................83 5

3.12.3

§ÔÈ¿ ̤ٷÏÏ· Ì ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÛÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ .........85

4.3

MÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ ‡Ï˘ ÛÙ· Ù¯ÓÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·.........121

3.13

YÏÈο ÎÔÓÈÔÌÂÙ·ÏÏÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ................................86

3.13.1 3.13.2

M¤Ù·ÏÏ· ÎÔÓÈÔÌÂÙ·ÏÏÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ .............................86 ™ÎÏËÚÔ̤ٷÏÏ· Î·È ÎÂÚ·ÌÈο ˘ÏÈο ÎÔ‹˜ .........87

4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3

3.14

¢È¿‚ÚˆÛË Î·È ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ·fi ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛË ........88

3.14.1 3.14.2 3.14.3 3.14.4

AÈٛ˜ ‰È·‚ÚÒÛˆ˜ ...............................................88 MÔÚʤ˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›Ûˆ˜ Ù˘ ‰È·‚ÚÒÛˆ˜ ...............89 ¶·ıËÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÌÂÙ¿ÏψÓ.......................89 ¶·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¿Ûˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛË .....................................................90 AÓÙȉȷ‚ÚˆÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Ì ÂÈÎ¿Ï˘„Ë...........90 K·ıÔ‰È΋ ·ÓÙȉȷ‚ÚˆÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·..................91 AÓÙȉȷ‚ÚˆÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÂÍ·ÚÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÏÔ˘ÌÈÓ›Ô˘.............................................................91

TÔ Ù¯ÓÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· «EÚÁ·ÏÂÈÔÌ˯·Ó‹»............121 ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÎÈÓ‹Ûˆ˜ ..........................................122 EÍ·ÚÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó Î·È/‹ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÎÈÓËÙÈ΋ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· .........................123 ¢ÔÌÈο ̤ÚË ÛÙËڛ͈˜ Î·È ÚÔÛ‰¤Ûˆ˜ .........125 I‰ÈÔÛ˘Û΢¤˜ Û˘ÁÎÚ·Ù‹Ûˆ˜ Î·È Û˘Ûʛ͈˜ ...126 ¢ÔÌÈο ̤ÚË ÌÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ...........127 ™‡ÓÔ„Ë ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ «¢Ú¿·ÓÔ» ................128

3.14.5 3.14.6 3.14.7 3.15

¶Ï·ÛÙÈο ˘ÏÈο...................................................92

3.15.1 3.15.2 3.15.3 3.15.4 3.15.5 3.15.6 3.15.7

I‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ¯Ú‹ÛË..............................................92 ¶·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Î·È ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹...........................93 K·Ù¿Ù·ÍË...............................................................93 £ÂÚÌÔÏ·ÛÙÈο.....................................................94 £ÂÚÌÔÛÎÏËÚ˘ÓfiÌÂÓ· ...........................................95 EÏ·ÛÙÔÌÂÚ‹ (Ï¿ÛÙȯÔ, ηԢÙÛÔ‡Î) .....................95 EÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙˆÓ Ï·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ................................96

3.16

™‡ÓıÂÙ· ˘ÏÈο ....................................................97

3.17

BÔËıËÙÈο ˘ÏÈο ................................................98

3.17.1 3.17.2

4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7

¢π¢∞∫∆π∫√ ¶∂¢π√ 1 5

¢È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi˜ ............................................129

5.1

B·ÛÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌÔ‡.....................................................129

5.2

TÂÌ·¯ÈÛÌfi˜.......................................................130

5.2.1 5.2.2

KÔ‹ Ì ÛÊ‹Ó· ...................................................130 æ·ÏȉÈÛÌfi˜ .........................................................131

5.3

£ÂÚÌÈ΋ ÎÔ‹ - KÔ‹ Ì ÊÏfiÁ· .....................136

5.4

K·ÙÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ·Ê·›ÚÂÛË ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ....................137

5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3

AÊ·›ÚÂÛË ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Ì ÙÔ ÎÔ›‰È ...........................139 ¶ÚÈÔÓÈÛÌfi˜..........................................................140 §ÈÌ¿ÚÈÛÌ·............................................................142

§È·ÓÙÈο ...............................................................98 YÏÈο „‡Íˆ˜-ÏÈ¿ÓÛˆ˜ .....................................99

5.5

¶·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Ì ·Ê·›ÚÂÛË ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Û ÂÚÁ·ÏÂÈÔÌ˯·Ó¤˜ ........................................144

3.18

ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ...............................................100

3.18.1 3.18.2 3.18.3

ŒÏÂÁ¯ÔÈ ÛÙÔ Ì˯·ÓÔ˘ÚÁ›Ô................................100 ¢ÔÎÈÌ‹ Û ÂÊÂÏ΢ÛÌfi ........................................102 ŒÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ÛÂ Î¿Ì„Ë Ì ÎÙ‡ËÌ· ηٿ Charpy........................................................103 T¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‰ÔÎÈ̤˜.........................................103 ¢ÔÎÈ̤˜ ÛÎÏËÚfiÙËÙ·˜.........................................104 ¢ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Ù˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ..........................................................105

5.5.1 5.5.2

KÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙȘ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂÈÔÌ˯·Ó¤˜ .........................144 ¶·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÎÔ‹ ............145

5.6

TÚ‡ËÌ· ...........................................................147

5.6.1 5.6.2 5.6.3 5.6.4 5.6.5 5.6.6 5.6.7

¢È·‰Èηۛ· ÙÚ˘‹Ì·ÙÔ˜......................................147 EÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÙÚ˘‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ........................................147 EÁοÚÛÈ· Îfi„Ë Î·È ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÚÔÒÛˆ˜.............148 T‡ÔÈ ÂÏÈÎÔÂȉÒÓ ÙÚ˘·ÓÈÒÓ ..............................148 E›‰Ë ÙÚ˘·ÓÈÒÓ...................................................149 TÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi ÎÔ‹˜ ÛÙ· ÙÚ˘¿ÓÈ· ............................149 ºıÔÚ¿ Î·È ÙÚfi¯ÈÛÌ· ÛÙ· ÂÏÈÎÔÂȉ‹ ÙÚ˘¿ÓÈ·..............................................................150 T·¯‡ÙËÙ· ÎÔ‹˜ ÛÙÔ ÙÚ‡ËÌ· ...........................151 ™ÙÂÚ¤ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ...................................152 ™ÙÂÚ¤ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÙÂÌ·¯›ˆÓ.....................................152 K·ÓfiÓ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ¶ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ·fi ·Ù˘¯‹Ì·Ù·................................153 ¢Ú¿·Ó·..............................................................153

3.18.4 3.18.5 3.18.6 3.19

¶ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Î·È ˘ÁÈÂÈÓ‹ ÛÙË ‚ÈÔÌ˯·Ó›· ÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ................................106

3.19.1

H Â·Ê‹ Ì ٷ ·ÚÈ· Î·È Ù· ‚ÔËıËÙÈο ˘ÏÈο.............................................106 AÔÊ˘Á‹ ÂÈ‚Ï·‚ÒÓ Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ ..............................107 Aӷ·ÎψÛË Î·È ÂÍÔ˘‰ÂÙ¤ÚˆÛË Û ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ηÙÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÌÂÙ¿ÏψÓ............107 EÈΛӉ˘Ó· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘Á›· ˘ÏÈο Û Âȯ›ÚËÛË ÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÔ˘.....................................109

5.6.8 5.6.9 5.6.10 5.6.11

5.7

B˘ı›ÛÌ·Ù· ........................................................155

3.20

AÛ΋ÛÂȘ Â·Ó·Ï‹„ˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ...................................110

5.7.1 5.7.2

E›‰Ë Î·È ¯Ú‹ÛË ÊÚÂ˙ÔÙÚ‡·ÓˆÓ........................155 K·ÓfiÓ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ..............................................155

4

M˯·Ó¤˜, ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Û˘Û΢¤˜ ....111

5.8

EÎÁχʷÓÛË .....................................................156

5.8.1

4.1

T¯ÓÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ..........................................111

4.1.1 4.1.2

AÔÛÙÔϤ˜ ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ..............111 ¢ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ........................113

5.8.2 5.8.3 5.8.4

4.2

MÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹ ÂÓÂÚÁ›·˜ ÛÙ· Ù¯ÓÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ...................................114

H ·Ê·›ÚÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂÎÁχʷÓÛË..................................................156 EÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÂÎÁχʷÓÛ˘......................................156 E›‰Ë Î·È ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÁÏ‡Ê·ÓˆÓ ..........................157 K·ÓfiÓ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ - ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ·fi ·Ù˘¯‹Ì·Ù· ...................................................158

5.9

KÔ‹ ÛÂÈÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜..........................................158

5.9.1

KÔ‹ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ÛÂÈÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¯ÂÈÚÔÓ·ÎÙÈο .......................................................159 ™ÂÈÚÔÙfiÌÔÈ (ÎÔÏ·Ô‡˙·).....................................159 °ˆÓ›Â˜ ÛÙËÓ Îfi„Ë ...............................................160 K·ÓfiÓ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÁÈ· ÎÔ‹ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ÛÂÈÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ì ÙÔ ¯¤ÚÈ ................160

3.19.2 3.19.3 3.19.4

4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.2.6 6

ŒÚÁÔ, ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·, ÈÛ¯‡˜........................................114 ¢˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ, ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Î·È ÚfiÛıÂÛË ................115 ¢˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ‚¿ÚÔ˘˜................................................116 ¢˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ÙÚÈ‚‹˜..................................................117 ¢˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔ¯ÏÔ‡˜ ...................................118 NfiÌÔ˜ ‰È·ÙËÚ‹Ûˆ˜ Ù˘ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ ..................119

5.6.12

5.9.2 5.9.3 5.9.4

5.9.5 5.9.6 5.9.7 5.9.8 5.9.9

K·ÓfiÓ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÁÈ· ÎÔ‹ ÛÂÈÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙÔ ‰Ú¿·ÓÔ.......................................................160 ™ÂÈÚÔÙfiÌÔ˜ Ì˯·Ó‹˜ ........................................161 KÔ‹ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ÛÂÈÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ì ÙÔ ¯¤ÚÈ .......161 EÚÁ·Ï›· ÁÈ· ÎÔ‹ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ÛÂÈÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ......................................................162 K·ÓfiÓ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÁÈ· ÎÔ‹ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ÛÂÈÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ......................................................162

5.10

TfiÚÓ¢ÛË .........................................................163

5.10.1

¢È·‰Èηۛ· ÙÔÚÓ‡Ûˆ˜ M¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÙÔÚÓ‡Ûˆ˜ .........................................163 EÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÙÔÚÓ‡Ûˆ˜ ........................................164 E›‰Ë ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ÙfiÚÓÔ˘ ......................................165 YÏÈο ÎÔ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ÙfiÚÓÔ˘ ..................165 T·¯‡ÙËÙ· ÎÔ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ÙfiÚÓ¢ÛË........................166 ™ÙÂÚ¤ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ...................................167 ™ÙÂÚ¤ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ...............................167 TfiÚÓÔÈ .................................................................168 ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ηÙÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Û ÙfiÚÓÔK·ÓfiÓ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ..............................................170

5.10.2 5.10.3 5.10.4 5.10.5 5.10.6 5.10.7 5.10.8 5.10.9

7.4

K¿Ì„Ë...............................................................192

7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3

B·ÛÈΤ˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ·fi ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ...............192 K¿Ì„Ë ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ .................................................193 K¿Ì„Ë ÚÔÊ›Ï.....................................................194

7.5

E˘ı˘ÁÚ¿ÌÌÈÛË..................................................195

7.5.1 7.5.2 7.5.3

E˘ı˘ÁÚ¿ÌÌÈÛË Ì ÙÔ ¯¤ÚÈ...................................195 E˘ı˘ÁÚ¿ÌÌÈÛË Ì ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ· ............................196 ¢È¿Ù·ÛË ÂÏ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ...........................................196

7.6

M¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Î·ÙÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ï·Ì·Ú›Ó·˜ ...................197

7.6.1

B·ÛÈΤ˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ·fi ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ο̄ˆ˜ Ï·Ì·Ú›Ó·˜ ....................................197 ¢È·ÌfiÚÊÚˆÛË ÌÂ Î¿Ì„Ë ....................................198 E˘ı‡ÁÚ·ÌÌÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ÂÏ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ.........................200 B·ı›· ÎԛϷÓÛË .................................................200 K¿Ì„Ë Ì ¤Ï·ÛË ÛÂ Î˘Ï›Ó‰ÚÔ˘˜........................201 K·Ì˘ÏÒÌ·Ù· .....................................................202 ™˘ÛÙÔÏ‹ (ÙÚ¿‚ËÁÌ·) ..........................................203 AӷۋΈ̷ .........................................................203 £ËÏÈ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ........................................................204 EÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ·Î·Ì„›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÏ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ...........205

7.6.2 7.6.3 7.6.4 7.6.5 7.6.6 7.6.7 7.6.8 7.6.9 7.6.10

5.11

ºÚÂ˙¿ÚÈÛÌ· ......................................................171

5.11.1 5.11.2 5.11.3 5.11.4 5.11.5

EÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÊÚ¤˙·˜ ................................................171 KÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ Î·ÙÂÚÁ·Û›·..................................172 K·Ù¿Ù·ÍË ÙˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ÊÚÂ˙·Ú›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ...........172 E›‰Ë ÊÚÂ˙ÒÓ........................................................173 K·ÙÂÚÁ·Û›· Û ÊÚÂ˙ÔÌ˯·Ó¤˜...........................174

¢π¢∞∫∆π∫√ ¶∂¢π√ 3 8

™˘Ó·ÚÌfiÛÂȘ ............................................207

5.12

§Â›·ÓÛË.............................................................177

8.1

K·Ù¿Ù·ÍË Î·È ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÂÂÓÂÚÁ›·˜.................207

5.12.1 5.12.2 5.12.3 5.12.4

EÚÁ·Ï›· ÏÂÈ¿ÓÛˆ˜...........................................177 H ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·Ê·ÈÚ¤Ûˆ˜ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡......................179 K·ÙÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÏÂÈ¿ÓÛˆ˜..................179 §ÂÈ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ Î·È Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÏÂÈ¿ÓÛˆ˜ ......180

8.2

KÔ¯ÏȈً Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ...........................................208

8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.2.4 8.2.5

TÚfiÔ˜ ÂÂÓÂÚÁ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔ¯ÏȈ‰ÒÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ ..........................................................208 K·Ù¿Ù·ÍË ÙˆÓ ÛÂÈÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ..............................210 EÍ·ÚÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÎÔ¯ÏȈÙÒÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ ..................213 EÈÏÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÎÔ¯ÏȈً˜ Û˘Ó‰¤Ûˆ˜...................216 EÚÁ·Ï›· ÁÈ· Îԯϛ˜..........................................217

8.3

™‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ì ›ÚÔ˘˜ Î·È ·ÍÔÓ¿ÎÈ·....................218

8.4

™‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ì ÛÊ‹Ó˜ .........................................220

8.5

™‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ì ¤ÓıÂÙ˜ ÛÊ‹Ó˜ ...........................221

¢π¢∞∫∆π∫√ ¶∂¢π√ 2 6

AÚ¯È΋ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ................................181

6.1

¶ÔÚ›· ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ηٿ ÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ........................................181

6.2

X‡Ù¢ÛË ............................................................181

8.6

HÏÒÛÂȘ ............................................................222

6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5 6.2.6 6.2.7

K·Ù¿Ù·ÍË ÙˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ¯˘Ù‡Ûˆ˜ ..................181 M¤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ¯˘Ù‡Ûˆ˜ ·ÎÚȂ›·˜ .........................181 X˘Ùfi Û ¿ÌÌÔ ÌÂ Û˘Ì·Á¤˜ ÌÔ‰¤ÏÏÔ ................182 EȉÈΤ˜ ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Î·Ù·Û΢‹˜ Ù‡ˆÓ ..................182 X‡Ù¢ÛË Û هÔ˘˜ ‰È·ÚΛ·˜ ...........................183 ¶ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ηٿ ÙË ÛÙÂÚÂÔÔ›ËÛË .................183 I‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜ ¯˘ÙÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ............................184

8.6.1 8.6.2 8.6.3

E›‰Ë ‹ÏˆÓ............................................................222 ◊ψÛË ÂÓ „˘¯ÚÒ ...............................................223 ◊ψÛË ÂÓ ıÂÚÌÒ................................................223

8.7

K·ÛÛÈÙÂÚÔÎÔÏÏ‹ÛÂȘ - MÚÔ˘Ù˙ÔÎÔÏÏ‹ÛÂȘ ..224

6.3

K·Ù·Û΢‹ ÂÍ·ÚÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·fi ˘ÚÔÛ˘Ûۈ̿وÛË .................................184

7

¢È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂȘ..........................................185

8.7.1 8.7.2 8.7.3 8.7.4 8.7.5 8.7.6 8.7.7

EÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓÔ‡˜ Û˘ÁÎÔÏÏ‹Ûˆ˜.............224 £ÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· Û˘ÁÎÔÏÏ‹Ûˆ˜ ............................225 M¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓÒÓ Û˘ÁÎÔÏÏ‹ÛÂˆÓ ................226 YÏÈο ÎÔÏÏ‹Ûˆ˜ ................................................226 AÓÙÈÔÍÂȉˆÙÈο ....................................................227 £¤ÚÌ·ÓÛË Ù˘ ı¤Ûˆ˜ Û˘ÁÎÔÏÏ‹Ûˆ˜ .............228 T¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÎÙÂϤÛˆ˜ Û˘ÁÎÔÏÏ‹Ûˆ˜ ................228

8.8

™‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ì ÎfiÏÏ·............................................230

8.8.1

TÚfiÔ˜ ÂÂÓÂÚÁ›·˜ Ù˘ Û˘Ó‰¤Ûˆ˜ Ì ÎfiÏÏ·..............................................................230 KfiÏϘ ÁÈ· ̤ٷÏÏ·............................................230 ¢È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Î·È Î·Ù·Û΢‹ Ù˘ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ Ì ÎfiÏÏ·..............................................................231 ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ Ì ÎfiÏÏ·..............................................................232

7.1

K·Ù¿Ù·ÍË ÙˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛˆ˜ ................................................185

7.2

B·ÛÈΤ˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ·fi ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂˆÓ .........................................186

7.2.1 7.2.2

MÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÎÚ˘ÛÙ·ÏÏÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ..................186 E›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜.............................187

8.8.4

7.3

™Ê˘ÚËÏ·Û›·......................................................188

8.9

O͢ÁÔÓÔÎÔÏÏ‹ÛÂȘ - HÏÂÎÙÚÔÎÔÏÏ‹ÛÂȘ.........233

7.3.1 7.3.2

MÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ÛÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ...............................188 M¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÛÊ˘ÚËÏ·Û›·˜ .......................................189

8.9.1 8.9.2

M¤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Û˘ÁÎÔÏÏ‹Ûˆ˜ ÌÂ Û˘Ì›ÂÛË..............233 M¤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Û˘ÁÎÔÏÏ‹Ûˆ˜ Ì ًÍË......................233

8.8.2 8.8.3

7

8.9.3 8.9.4 8.9.5 8.9.6

™˘ÁÎfiÏÏËÛË Ì ًÍË - O͢ÁÔÓÔÎfiÏÏËÛË ..........234 HÏÂÎÙÚÔÛ˘ÁÎfiÏÏËÛË ÙfiÍÔ˘ Ì ًÍË..................239 HÏÂÎÙÚÔÛ˘ÁÎfiÏÏËÛË ÙfiÍÔ˘ ÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ..............241 M¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÔÏÏ‹Ûˆ˜ Ì ÚÔÛٷ٢ÙÈÎfi ·¤ÚÈÔ.....................................243

9.5.3 9.5.4

HÏÂÎÙÚÔ¯ËÌÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ .............................255 EÚÁÔÛÙ¿ÛÈ· ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜...................255

9.6

M¤ÙÚËÛË ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÁÂıÒÓ .......................256

9.7

¶ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔ‡ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÔ‡ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜................................257

9.7.1

8.10

™˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂ Û˘Ì›ÂÛË ...................................244

8.11

™ˆÏËÓÒÛÂȘ......................................................245

8.11.1 8.11.2 8.11.3

E›‰Ë ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ .....................................................245 ™˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ Ì ۈϋÓ˜ .......................................245 ™ÙÂÚ¤ˆÛË ÛˆÏ‹ÓˆÓ............................................246

9.7.2 9.7.3 9.7.4

AÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÔ‡ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi ...............................258 BÏ¿‚˜ ÛÙȘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈΤ˜ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ............258 M¤ÙÚ· ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ .............................................258 EÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Û ËÏÂÎÙÚÈΤ˜ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ...........260

9

HÏÂÎÙÚÔÙ¯ӛ·..........................................247

10

T¯ÓÈ΋ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ .................261

9.1

B·ÛÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ù˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÙ¯ӛ·˜ .............247

10.1

¢ÔÌ‹ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘.....................261

9.1.1 9.1.2 9.1.3 9.1.4 9.1.5 9.1.6

HÏÂÎÙÚÈÎfi ·Îψ̷ ............................................247 MÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ù˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈ΋˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ ...............247 HÏÂÎÙÚÈÎfi Ú‡̷ ................................................248 HÏÂÎÙÚÈ΋ Ù¿ÛË...................................................248 HÏÂÎÙÚÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛË..........................................248 NfiÌÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ohm..................................................249

10.2

E›‰Ë Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ..............................262

10.2.1

9.2

E›‰Ë ΢Îψ̿وÓ.............................................250

9.2.1 9.2.2

™‡Ó‰ÂÛË Û ÛÂÈÚ¿...............................................250 ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ..........................................250

9.3

IÛ¯‡˜ Î·È ‚·ıÌfi˜ ·Ô‰fiÛˆ˜ ........................251

10.2.2 10.2.3 10.2.4 10.2.5 10.2.6 10.2.7 10.2.8

9.4

AÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎÔ‡ Ú‡̷ÙÔ˜ ......252

10.2.9

AÓ·ÏÔÁÈο, ‰˘·‰Èο Î·È „ËÊȷο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘............................................262 ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ì ۇ˙¢ÍË ........................263 ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ì ‰È·‰Ô¯ÈΤ˜ Ê¿ÛÂȘ .......264 M˯·ÓÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘...........................265 ¶ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ .......................266 Y‰Ú·˘ÏÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ .........................269 HÏÂÎÙÚÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘..........................272 ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ì ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈ˙fiÌÂÓË ÌÓ‹ÌË (SPS).....................................273 AÚÈıÌËÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ........................274

9.4.1 9.4.2 9.4.3 9.4.4

ºˆÙÂÈÓ¿ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ......................................252 £ÂÚÌÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·......................................252 M·ÁÓËÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ..................................252 XËÌÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ........................................252

10.3

¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ..............275

10.4

§‡ÛË ·Û΋ÛÂˆÓ ÛÂ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ........276

10.5

™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙÔ˘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘.......................278

9.5

EÙÔÈÌfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈ΋˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜............253

9.5.1 9.5.2

HÏÂÎÙÚÈÎfi Ú‡̷ Î·È Ì·ÁÓËÙÈÛÌfi˜ ....................253 ¶·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù¿Ûˆ˜ Ì Â·ÁˆÁ‹ ........................253

8

∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ŸÚˆÓ...................................................279