Short course for UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA January 26-29, 2016
Planning and Design for Rehabilitation of Rivers Using Large Wood Metodología para Reforestar Ríos Degradados por Actividades Humanas usando Técnicas de Bioingeniería
4.0 Key issues for design
Course overview Day I (Jan 26)—Foundational topics
• Three design approaches • Key issues for large wood design
Day 2 (Jan 27)—Designing large wood structures • Case study I—Little Topashaw Creek, Mississippi • Design life for wood structures/selection of design event or condition
Day 3 (Jan 28)—Risk, uncertainty and construction • Sensitivity and Monte Carlo analyses
• Constructability assessment • Case study II—Trinity River, California • Monitoring
Day 4 (Jan 29)--Field trip
Shields Engineering LLC
• Introductions • Review of information resources (design handbooks and spreadsheets) for large wood • Is wood appropriate for your site?—criteria for screening (Planning)
• Types of wood structures • Findings of recent research on drag and lift coefficients
• “Road testing” selected design spreadsheets
2
• What kind of wood to use (species, dimensions) • Where to get it, and how to get it to site • What kind of structure to create • What dimensions to use for structure and spacing between structures • Anchoring or not • Impact (effects) analysis • • • • •
Conveyance Sediment transport, deposition, scour Bridges and culverts Habitat Social ….recreation, cultural resources
Shields Engineering, LLC
If LW is for you, you must decide….
3
What is different from previous list?
Shields Engineering, LLC
List of key issues from TS 14J
4
Shields Engineering, LLC
Levels of effort for design
5
What are the consequences of failure?
RISK
6 Shields Engineering, LLC
• Recreation/public use • Flooding • Erosion and sedimentation • Ecological effects • Infrastructure
Shields Engineering, LLC
Risk issues (Knutson & Fealko)
7
Shields Engineering, LLC
Knutson and Fealko (2014)
8
How many structures will be placed and where?
REACH LAYOUT
9 Shields Engineering, LLC
• • • • •
Budget Habitat needs Geomorphic transformations Erosion controls Previous/historic/reference wood loading • Anticipated recruitment
Shields Engineering, LLC
How much wood do we want to add?
10
“use natural analogs”
Objectives were to demonstrate use of LW structures to….. • Reduce bank erosion and increase sediment storage • Increase habitat quality (morphological diversity
• All structures without cabling or imported ballast • 350 tonnes of wood • 20 ELJs • Average reach loading of Williams River, Australia 0.014 m3/m2 Brooks (2006), Brooks et al. (2004)
Shields Engineering, LLC
1100 m reach
11
Shields Engineering LLC
Natural analogs for large wood structures
12 T.B. Abbe, D.R. Montgomery / Geomorphology 51 (2003) 81–107
Shields Engineering LLC
Larson's Reach Restoration, Nooksack River, Lummi Indian Nation Natural Resources Dept. (photo: Daniel B. Nylen)
13
•
• •
24 Engineered Log Jams (ELJs) 2 km treatment reach of degraded ephemeral sandbed stream Coupled with ~ 20 years of ongoing native revegetation aimed to increase the geomorphic diversity and ecological characteristics
Shields Engineering, LLC
•
14
Stockyard Creek, NSW, Australia
from Hughes (2014)
Small….. • Single pieces • Smaller wood • Channel spanning structures • Toe logs • Create plunge pools
~10 m
Medium to large…. • Larger wood • Multiple piece formations • More anchoring • Deflectors, spur type, secondary channel closure, bank revetment and bar apex type structures
Shields Engineering, LLC
LW layout differs from small to large channels….
15
Density of roughness elements (i.e., ELJs) increases toward the margin of the valley. This type of layout breaks up the channel into smaller and smaller channels or anabranches with distance from the main channel
Shields Engineering, LLC
“Valley scale� restoration to limit erosion along valley margins
16
Little Topashaw Creek, MS Shields et al. (2004)
Shields Engineering, LLC
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=5526
17
DESIGN OF INDIVIDUAL STRUCTURES
Shields Engineering, LLC
How high? How wide? How long? How far apart?
18
Shields Engineering, LLC
Rules of thumb for bank protecting spur-type structures • Crest angle • Crest length • Crest elevation • Spacing
19
• The angle between a line normal to the approach flow vector and the weir crest should be about 15° upstream to promote deflection of overtopping flow away from eroding banks (Derrick 1997), OR • Angles between the bank and the weir crest of 25– 30° based on straight channel flume tests (Johnson et al. 2001).
Shields Engineering, LLC
Crest angle
20
• Crest length may be based on regression of channel bottom width against drainage area for regional data sets comprised of channels approaching “quasi-equilibrium” (Downs and Simon 2001) • Design crest length will be the difference between current and equilibrium width times the cosine of the crest angle. • Alternatively, crest length may be based on a target flow conveyance for the design cross section.
Shields Engineering, LLC
Crest length
21
• For incised channel with mass failure of banks, crest elevations must be high enough so that the sediment berms that form over the LWDS stabilize existing nearvertical banks. • Stable bank heights and angles may be based on • Geotechnical analyses (e.g., BSTEM) or • Empirical criteria based on regional data sets
Shields Engineering, LLC
Crest elevation
22
• • • • • •
Cable Chain Rebar Threaded rods Rope Wooden pins or pegs
Shields Engineering, LLC
Fasten logs together?
23
Shields Engineering, LLC
Structure spacing (for stability)
24
• Spacing between LWS is difficult to prescribe before construction because the dimension of each LWS parallel to the flow direction is dependent upon the diameter and length of the LW members. • In general, though, LWS placed along a given segment of eroding bankline should be spaced 1.5–2.0 times the crest length apart (Petersen 1986). • Spacing should be great enough to provide segments of unprotected bankline between structures to reduce cost and to create physical habitat diversity
Shields Engineering, LLC
Practical aspects of spacing
25
HOLDING WOOD IN PLACE
Shields Engineering, LLC
This is the hard part
26
How will large wood be restrained? • Low risk, no downstream bridges, culverts, etc. • Works well when LW >>>channel width
• Ballast (need cobble and boulders). Will ballast leak? • Vertical pilings (need help from geotechs) • Embedment in banks or bed • Anchors
Shields Engineering, LLC
• Natural…”parents”
27
Report from biologically successful projects
• We evaluated habitat responses at 91 large wood restoration projects in western Oregon from pretreatment to 1 year and 6 years after treatment. • Large logs were arranged in jams without cabling or burial in the bottom or banks of the stream. Projects commonly treated 0.5–1 km of stream, but some extended up to 2.3 km. • …..the amount of large wood decreased in a majority of projects during the 6 years after treatment reflecting net export out of the sites and a lack of recruitment from upstream or local sources.
Shields Engineering, LLC
Jones et al. (2014)
28
Shields Engineering, LLC
Ballast options
29
58 of the 72 LWS were anchored using four Duckbill Earth Anchors (138-DB1) each.
Earth anchors Each anchor was driven into the ground by pressing with a metal rod and a track hoe bucket and then load tested to 4.5 kN.
Anchor Installation
Top View of a Completed LWS (note the crossing cables)
Shields Engineering, LLC
It’s not just a river of water, it’s also a river of sediment.
SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION
31 Doug Shields, Jr.
www.friendofrivers.com
Sedimentation analysis • Deposition/transport capacity
without LWDS with LWDS
• Scour • What to use for sediment discharge into reach? • Lack of calibration problematic
3500
3000
2500
2000
River Station, m
1500
Shields Engineering, LLC
• Spreadsheet computations • 1-D analysis • 2-D simulations 1000
32 http://water.engr.psu.edu/liu/hydrosed2d.html
• Scour often a primary cause of failure • Scour pools important to habitat • Total scour = S general scour + contraction scour + local scour • Empirical equations for bridge abutments and piers • See guidance provided by Knutson and Fealko (2014), Shields (2007), Cramer (2012: Appendix E), Arneson et al. (2012) • Scour depths are sensitive to structure (LW formation) geometry
Shields Engineering, LLC
Scour analysis
Pool amplitude (bottom of deepest pool to adjacent crest) is rough indicator of scour magnitude in gravel bed river (Brooks 2006).
33
Lagasse et al. 2010窶年CHRP 653 窶「 Guidelines for predicting the size, location, and geometry of debris accumulations at bridge piers 窶「 Methods for quantifying scour at bridge piers resulting from debris accumulations 窶「 Guidance for incorporating debris effects in one- and two-dimensional hydraulic modeling
Shields Engineering, LLC
Risk analysis for downstream infrastructure
34
• Ice??? • Impacts from bedload • Impacts from floating debris (but see Knutson and Fealko 2014) • Beavers??? • Dynamic effects
Shields Engineering, LLC
“Orphan” issues
35
• Make a master list of issues that are important for your project before beginning design process • Use this course plus guidance I have told you about to generate your list
Shields Engineering, LLC
Design issues—closing thought
36