Navigating the Testing Terrain: A Comparative Study of Manual and Automated Testing Approaches by IRJET Journal

Navigating the Testing Terrain: A Comparative Study of Manual and Automated Testing Approaches

Deepika Panchal1 , Prof. Vinod Kumar2 , Prof. Aditya Kumar3

1M.Tech (Computer Science & Engineering) II Year, H.R. Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad, India

2Electronics & Communication Engineering, H.R. Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad, India

3Computer Science & Engineering, H.R. Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad, India

Abstract - In This research paper presents a relative study between manual and automation testing methodologies in a web application environment by using Wikipedia as the testing platform. The Research compared the time measurements across the three repetitions for steps which is conductinglike openingthe website andspecific clicks (#talk, #view sources, #view history) to demonstrate efficiency. The observation involved configuring Chrome browser as well as ChromeDriver for automation testing with Selenium and manualtestingconductedbytesters.Keymetricsareaccuracy, time efficiency, repeatability, andcoverage were evaluated to assess the effectiveness of each testing approach. The results are indicated that automation testing normally achieved lower average times for each step according to the manual testing, highlighting its higher efficiency in executing actions within the web application environments. The study put valuable perceptionintosoftware testingoperationandoffers advice for future research to increase testing strategies further. The standard deviation values also displays consistencyinperformance across repetitions for bothtesting methods.

Key Words: Testing Strategies, Repeatability, Manual Testing, Automated Testing, Web Application Testing, Selenium, ChromeDriver, Software Quality, Coverage, ComparativeAnalysis.

1.INTRODUCTION

Inthescopeofsoftwaredevelopment,testingstandsasan crucial foundation which is ensuring the reliability, functionality,andqualityofsoftwareproducts.withthefast progressintechnologyandtheever-increasingcomplexityof software systems, automated testing has emerged as a compelling alternative, promising enhanced efficiency, scalability,andaccuracyinthetestinglandscape.Atesting processhasalwaysbeenmanualtesting,whichisexecuted by human testers. This research paper immerse into the relative analysis of manual and automated testing methodologies, aim to provide valuable perception and perspectivesforpractitionersandorganizationsnavigating thechallengingterrainofsoftwaretesting.

Software testing plays a pivotal role in the software developmentlifecycle(SDLC),encompassingvariousphases

from requirements gathering to deployment and maintenance. Its significance lies in its ability to detect defects, validate functionality, ensure compliance with specifications, and ultimately deliver a robust and highqualitysoftwareproduct.Effectivetestingpracticesnotonly enhancetheuserexperiencebutalsomitigaterisks,reduce costs,andbolstertheoverallsuccessofsoftwareprojects.

Thehumaninvolvementtestcasecreation,execution,result verifications,malfunctioningisallonlyexecutedbymanual testers. Flexibility, attention, high level experience, user interaction and better understanding these things can be experiencedbymanualtesting.Butthereissomedrawback also involve in manual testing such as high time consumption,manpower,humanlimitation,andaccuracy. Difficulttoachieveaccuratetestingresults.Ifwelookother sideautomaticgenerationofresultsandformdatalaminar testingprocesserrorlesscontinuousimprovementandcan beachievedhighspeedwithself-correctingmechanism.

Themainpurposeistocomparisonsbetweenmanualand automation testing method its driving sources and its imitations.Somepointsarementionsbelow:

1. Efficiency and Time Management: Evaluate the time taken for test execution, test coverage, and resource utilizationinmanualvs.automatedtestingscenarios.

2. Cost-Effectiveness: Analyze the cost implications associatedwithmanualandautomatedtestingintermsof upfrontinvestments,ongoingmaintenance,andlong-term ROI.

3. Scalability and Maintenance: Explorethescalabilityof testingefforts,easeoftestmaintenance,andadaptabilityto evolvingsoftwarerequirements.

4. Accuracy and Reliability: Assess the accuracy of test results, defect detection capabilities, and consistency of outcomesinbothtestingapproaches.

5. Real-worldApplications andCaseStudies: Includerealworld sample, case research, and industry best practices highlight the practical implications and success stories of manual and automated testing implementations across diversesoftwareprojectsanddomains.

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Volume: 11 Issue: 10 | Oct 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

6. Human Factors and Expertise: Human testers is not errorlessbutitsinvolvementplayverycrucialroleinmanual testing, his domain knowledge its user interaction with softwarecomparisontestresults.

Byaddressingtheseobjectives,thisresearchendeavorsto providevaluableinsights,actionablerecommendations,and informed decision-making frameworks for software development teams, quality assurance professionals, and stakeholdersnavigatingthedynamiclandscapeofsoftware testingmethodologies.

1.1 Automation Testing

Automationtestinginvolvesusingsoftwaretoolsandscripts to execute test cases, comparing actual outcomes against expected results automatically. It's a systematic way of verifying software functionalities, making it faster, more efficient, and less prone to human errors compared to manual testing.Automationtestingisespeciallybeneficial for repetitive tasks, regression testing, and scenarios requiringlargedatasets.

Automation testing is a software testing technique that utilizes specialized tools, scripts, and frameworks to automatetheexecutionoftestcasesandverifythebehavior ofsoftwareapplications.Itinvolveswritingscriptsorusing pre-builttestautomationtoolstosimulateuserinteractions, input data, and verify expected outcomes without human intervention.

tests can handle these tasks consistently and accurately, ensuringthoroughtestcoverageacrossvariousscenarios.

Another key benefit of automation testing is its reliability and repeatability. Automated tests produce consistent resultseachtimetheyareexecuted,eliminatingvariations thatmayarisefromhumanerrororfatigueduringmanual testing.Thisreliabilityensuresthattestsarereproducible and can be run multiple times without concerns about inconsistentoutcomes.

Furthermore, automation testing enables continuous integrationanddelivery(CI/CD)practicesbyfacilitatingthe automated execution of tests as part of the development pipeline.Thisintegrationallowsforfasterfeedbackoncode changes, early detection of defects, and smoother deploymentprocesses.

Overall,automationtestingstreamlinesthetestingprocess, improves test coverage, enhances accuracy, and supports agile and DevOps methodologies by providing rapid and reliable feedback on software quality throughout the developmentlifecycle.

1.2 Manual Testing

On the other hand, manual testing involves human intervention to execute test cases, observe software behavior,andrecordresultsmanually.Whilemanualtesting allows for a more exploratory approach and can uncover usability issues, it is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and subjecttohumanerror.

Manualtestingisasoftwaretestingapproachthatrelieson human testers to execute test cases, interact with the software application, and evaluate its behavior based on predefinedcriteria.Unlikeautomationtesting, whichuses scripts and tools to automate these tasks, manual testing involves hands-on testing by individuals who follow test proceduresstepbystep.

Fig. 1: AutomationTesting

Oneoftheprimaryadvantagesofautomationtestingisits ability to enhance efficiency and accuracy in the testing process. By automating repetitive test scenarios, such as regressiontesting,wherethesametestcasesareexecuted multiple times to ensure new code changes haven't introduced defects, automation reduces the manual effort andtimerequired.Thisnotonlyspeedsupthetestingcycle butalsoallowstesterstofocusonmorecomplexandcritical aspectsoftheapplication.

Automation testing is particularly useful for scenarios involving large datasets or complex calculations, where manualtestingmaybeimpracticalorerror-proneduetothe sheer volume of data or calculations involved. Automated

Oneofthekeyadvantagesofmanualtestingisitsflexibility andadaptability.Testerscanapplytheirdomainknowledge, intuition, and creativity to explore different scenarios, uncover edgecases,andidentify potential usabilityissues thatautomatedtestsmayoverlook.Thisexploratoryaspect ofmanualtestingcanbeparticularlyvaluableinuser-centric applications, where understanding user interactions and experiencesiscrucial.

Manual testing also allows testers to validate visual elements, such as user interfaces, layouts, and design elements, by visually inspecting them for correctness, consistency,andadherencetodesignguidelines.Thisvisual validationisessentialforensuringapositiveuserexperience and maintaining brand consistency across different platformsanddevices.

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Automation Testing Process

However,manualtestinghasitslimitationsandchallenges.It canbetime-consumingandlabor-intensive,especiallywhen executingrepetitivetestcasesorlarge-scaletestingefforts. Human testers may also introduce variability and subjectivityintheirobservationsandevaluations,leadingto inconsistenciesintestresults.

Moreover,manualtestingisnotsuitableforscenariosthat requirefrequentregressiontesting,whererepetitivetests need to be executed to ensure new code changes haven't introduceddefects.Themanualexecutionofregressiontests canbeinefficientanderror-prone,makingitchallengingto maintain test coverage and ensure thorough validation of softwarefunctionalities.

Despitethesechallenges,manualtestingremainsanintegral part of the testing process, complementing automation testing by providing human insights, exploratory testing capabilities,andadeeperunderstandingofuserinteractions andexperiences.Effectivetestingstrategiesoftencombine bothmanualandautomatedtestingapproachestoleverage theirrespectivestrengthsandmitigatetheirweaknesses.

1.3 Navigation Testing

Navigation testing focuses on evaluating the flow and functionality of navigation elements within a software application. It ensures that users can navigate seamlessly between different pages, sections, or modules without encountering broken links, dead ends, or unexpected behavior. Navigation testing verifies the accuracy of links, menus, breadcrumbs, and transitions, ensuring a smooth userexperience.

Navigationtestingisacriticalaspectofsoftwaretestingthat specificallytargetstheflowandfunctionalityofnavigation elements within an application. The primary goal of navigation testing is to ensure that users can move effortlesslyandintuitivelybetweendifferentpages,sections,

or modules of the software without encountering any obstaclesorunexpectedbehavior.

Oneofthekeyaspectsofnavigationtestingisverifyingthe accuracy and reliability of navigation elements such as hyperlinks, menus, breadcrumbs, buttons, tabs, and other interactive components. Testers validate that these navigationelementsleaduserstothecorrectdestinations, whetherit'sanotherpagewithintheapplication,anexternal website,adocumentdownload,oranyotherintendedaction.

The testing process includes:

1. Link Validation: Checking all hyperlinks within the applicationtoconfirmtheyleadtotheexpecteddestinations. Thisinvolvesverifyinginternallinksthatnavigatewithinthe applicationandexternallinksthatdirectuserstoexternal resources.

2. Menu and Navigation Bar Testing: Evaluating the functionalityofmenus,navigationbars,dropdownlists,and othernavigationcontrolstoensuretheydisplaythecorrect options,respondtouserinteractionsaccurately,andguide userstotheintendedsectionsoftheapplication.

3. Breadcrumbs Verification: Verifyingthebreadcrumbs trail displayed on the user interface to confirm that it accurately reflects the user's navigation path within the application. This helps users understand their current locationwithintheapplicationhierarchy.

4. Transition Testing: Testing the transitions between different pages or sections to ensure they occur smoothly without delays, glitches, or abrupt changes. This includes assessing page loading times, animations, page refreshes, andanytransitionstriggeredbyuseractions.

5. Backward and Forward Navigation: Testing the functionality of backward (back button) and forward (forwardbutton)navigationoptionstoensuretheycorrectly navigate users through their browsing history within the application.

6. Error Handling: Verifyinghowtheapplicationhandles navigation-relatederrorssuchasbrokenlinks,404errors, access-denied pages, and other unexpected situations. Testers ensurethat errormessagesareclear,informative, andguideuserstoresolvetheissueeffectively.

Navigationtestingplaysacrucialroleinensuringasmooth and user-friendly experience for application users. By identifyingandrectifyingnavigation-relatedissuesearlyin thedevelopmentlifecycle,organizationscanenhanceuser satisfaction, reduce user frustration, and improve overall usability.

Fig. 2:ManualTesting

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1.4 User Interaction Testing

User interaction testing, on the other hand, centers on evaluatinghoweffectivelyanapplicationhandlesuserinputs andinteractions.Thistestingassessestheresponsiveness, accuracy, and intuitiveness of the user interface (UI) elements such as buttons, forms, dropdowns, and multimedia components. User interaction testing ensures thattheapplicationrespondscorrectlytouseractionsand maintainsapositiveuserexperience.

Userinteractiontestingisacrucialaspectofsoftwaretesting thatfocusesonassessinghowwellanapplicationinteracts withusersandrespondstotheirinputs.Thistypeoftesting evaluatestheresponsiveness,accuracy,andintuitivenessof theuserinterface(UI)elementswithinthesoftware.

During user interaction testing, testers examine various aspects of the application's UI, including buttons, forms, dropdown menus, checkboxes, radio buttons, sliders, multimediacomponents(likeimagesandvideos),andany interactive elements. The primary goal is to ensure that these UI elements function as intended and provide a seamlessandpositiveexperienceforusers.

Key components of user interaction testing include:

1. Input Validation: Verifyingthattheapplicationcorrectly validatesuserinputs,suchastextenteredintoinputfields, selections made in dropdown lists, and options chosen in radio buttons or checkboxes. This validation ensures that userscannotsubmitincorrectorinvaliddata.

2. UI Element Functionality: TestingthefunctionalityofUI elements,suchasbuttons,links,andmenus,toensurethey performtheirintendedactionswhenclickedorinteracted with.For example, buttons shouldtriggertheappropriate actions,linksshouldnavigatetothecorrectdestinations,and menusshoulddisplaytheexpectedoptions.

3. Form Submission: Testing the submission process for formswithintheapplication,includingvalidatingformdata, handling submission errors, displaying confirmation messages,and redirectinguserstothecorrectpagesafter submission.

4. Error Handling: Evaluatinghowtheapplicationhandles user errors and exceptions, such as displaying error messages for invalid inputs, providing guidance on correctingmistakes,andpreventingdatalossduringform submissions.

5. UI Responsiveness: Assessingtheresponsivenessofthe UItouseractions,suchasclickingbuttons,scrollingthrough pages, resizing windows (for desktop applications), and interacting with touch gestures (for mobile applications). The UI should respond promptly and smoothly to user interactionswithoutlagordelays.

6. Accessibility: Checking the accessibility of the application's UI elements to ensure they are usable by all users,includingthosewithdisabilities.Thisinvolvestesting

keyboard navigation, screen reader compatibility, color contrastforreadability,andotheraccessibilityfeatures.

7. Cross-Browser and Cross-Device Compatibility: Testingtheapplication'suserinteractionsacrossdifferent webbrowsers,devices,andscreensizestoensureconsistent behaviorandfunctionality.Thisincludestestingonpopular browserslikeChrome,Firefox,Safari,andEdge,aswellas various devices such as desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones.

By conducting thorough user interaction testing, organizationscanidentifyandaddressissuesrelatedtoUI functionality, usability, and user experience, ultimately delivering a high-quality product that meets user expectationsandrequirements.

1.5 Selenium

Selenium,particularlywhenusedwithPython,isapopular tool for automation testing and user interaction testing. Selenium is an open-source automation framework that allows testers to write scripts in various programming languages,includingPython,toautomateinteractionswith web elements. With Selenium, testers can simulate user actionslikeclickingbuttons,enteringdataintoforms,and verifyingUIelements'properties.Selenium'sversatilityand compatibility with different browsers make it a preferred choice for automating web application testing, including navigationtestinganduserinteractiontestingscenarios. Selenium is a powerful tool widely used in the field of softwaretesting,especiallyforautomationtestinganduser interaction testing. When coupled with Python, Selenium offers a robust and flexible framework for automating interactionswithwebelementswithinawebapplication.As an open-source tool, Selenium provides testers with the abilitytowritescriptsinvariousprogramminglanguages, withPythonbeingapopularchoiceduetoitssimplicityand readability.

OneoftheprimarycapabilitiesofSeleniumisitscapacityto simulate user actions on web pages. Testers can create scripts that navigate through web pages, interact with different elements like buttons, input fields, dropdown menus,andcheckboxes,andvalidatethebehaviorofthese elements.Forinstance,Seleniumscriptscanperformactions suchasclickingbuttons,enteringtextintoforms,selecting optionsfromdropdowns,andcheckingthepropertiesand attributesofUIelements.

Selenium's effectiveness stems from its ability to work seamlesslyacrossdifferentwebbrowsers,includingChrome, Firefox, Safari, and Internet Explorer. This cross-browser compatibility ensures that automated tests produce consistentresultsregardlessofthebrowserbeingused.This isparticularlycrucialinwebapplicationtesting,wherethe application'sfunctionalityandappearancemayvaryslightly acrossdifferentbrowsers.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

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When it comes to navigation testing, Selenium excels in automating the process of navigating through web pages, verifyingpageURLs,handlingredirects,andensuringproper pageloading.ThisaspectofSeleniumisessentialfortesting the application's navigation flow, ensuring that users can move seamlessly between different pages and sections withoutencounteringerrorsorinconsistencies.

Additionally,Seleniumishighlyusefulforuserinteraction testing,whichfocusesonvalidatinghowusersinteractwith theapplication'sinterface.TesterscanuseSeleniumscripts tomimicuserbehaviors,suchasfillingoutforms,submitting data,interactingwithdynamicelements,andverifyingthe responsivenessoftheUI.Thistypeoftestinghelpsensure that the application provides a smooth and intuitive user experience, meeting usability standards and addressing potentialissuesrelatedtouserinteractions.

Overall,SeleniumwithPythonoffersacomprehensiveand efficient solution for automating web application testing, includingnavigationtestingtovalidatetheapplication'sflow and user interaction testing to assess its usability and responsiveness.Itsflexibility,compatibility,and extensive capabilities make it a valuable asset for software testing teamsaimingtoenhancetheirtestingprocessesanddeliver high-qualityapplications.

2. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

Theresearchmethodologyencompassesacomprehensive comparison between manual and automated testing methodologies,focusingonevaluatingkeymetricssuchas time efficiency, accuracy, repeatability, and coverage. The tools and technologies employed include Selenium for automated interactions with web elements and ChromeDriverforcontrollingtheChromebrowser.Thetest setupinvolvescreatingawebapplicationenvironment,such asWikipedia,andconfiguringChromebrowseralongwith ChromeDriver.

During the comparison execution phase, manual testing involvesnavigatingandexecutingactionsmanually,while automated testing utilizes a Selenium Python script integrated with ChromeDriver for automation. The evaluationcriteriarevolvearoundassessingtimeefficiency, accuracy, repeatability, and coverage of both testing approaches.

Datacollectionisconductedtorecordmetricssuchastime taken, accuracy of actions, and overall test outcomes. Any discrepanciesencounteredduringtestingaredocumented along with user feedback to provide a comprehensive understandingofthetestingprocess.

Theanalysisphaseinvolvescomparingthecollectedmetrics betweenmanual andautomatedtesting,leveragingcharts andstatisticalanalysistopresentthefindings.Theresults

arethendiscussed,highlightingsignificantdifferencesand identifyingareasforimprovement.

In conclusion, the methodology aims to summarize key findingsderivedfromthecomparison,discussimplications fortestingpractices,andoutlinepotential future research directionstoenhancetestingeffectivenessandefficiency.

Research Objectives:

Comparemanualandautomated testing

Evaluatetimeefficiency,accuracy, repeatability,andcoverage.

Tools and Technologies:

Selenium:Forautomatedinteractions withwebelements.

ChromeDriver:Facilitatescontrolof Chromebrowser.

Test Setup:

Webapplicationenvironment(e.g., Wikipedia).

ChromebrowserandChromeDriver configuration.

Comparison Execution:

ManualTesting:Navigateandperformactionsmanually.

AutomatedTesting:

SeleniumPythonscriptfor automation.

ChromeDriverintegrationforbrowser control.

Evaluation Criteria:

TimeEfficiency Accuracy

Repeatability Coverage

Data Collection:

Recordtime,accuracy,andtest outcomes.

Documentdiscrepanciesanduser feedback.

Analysis:

Comparemetricsbetweenmanualandautomatedtesting.

Results:

Presentfindingswithchartsand statisticalanalysis. Discusslimitationsandareasfor improvement.

Conclusion:

Summarizekeyfindings. Discussimplicationsandfuture researchdirections.

Fig 3: Method

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3. EXPERIMENTATION AND ANALYSIS

3.1

Experimental Setup

The experimental setup for comparing manual and automated testing involved using a web application environment,specificallyWikipedia,asthetestingplatform. Chrome browser and ChromeDriver were configured to enable automated testing using Selenium. The testing scenarios included actions like opening the website and performingspecifiedclicksondesignatedlinks.Bothmanual testing, whereactions were executed manuallybytesters, and automated testing using Selenium Python scripts integratedwithChromeDriverwereconducted.

Table -1: Setup

Experimental Setup Details Values

WebApplication Environment Wikipedia

Browser Chrome(Version124.0.6367.119)

BrowserAutomation Tool Selenium(Version4.20.0)

BrowserAutomation Driver ChromeDriver(Version 124.0.6367.155)

ProgrammingLanguage Python(Version3.12.2)

RAM 8GB

Processor IntelCorei5

3.2 Experimental Parameters

WebApplicationEnvironment:Thetestingwasconducted onawebapplicationplatform,specificallyusingWikipedia asthetestingenvironment.Thischoiceensuredareal-world scenarioforevaluatingthetestingmethodologies.

BrowserandDriverConfiguration:TheChromebrowserwas usedfortestingpurposesduetoitswidespreadusageand compatibility. ChromeDriver, a tool that facilitates the control of the Chrome browser, was integrated into the testingframeworktoenableautomatedinteractions.

Automation Tool and Language: Selenium, a popular automation testing tool, was utilized for automating interactionswithwebelements.Pythonscriptinglanguage was chosen for writing the automation scripts due to its simplicityandeffectivenessinworkingwithSelenium.

Testing Actions: The testing scenarios involved specific actionssuchasopeningthewebsiteandperformingclickson designatedelements.Theseactionswerechosentosimulate userinteractionsandnavigationtypicalofwebapplications.

Repetition and Consistency: Each testing scenario was repeatedthreetimestoensurereliabilityandconsistencyof

results. Repetition helps in identifying any outliers or inconsistenciesthatmayariseduringtesting.

PerformanceMetrics:Keyperformancemetricssuchastime efficiency, accuracy, repeatability, and coverage were evaluatedduringthetestingprocess.Thesemetricsprovide a comprehensive view of the effectiveness of each testing approach.

To calculate the average time for a specific metric across repetitions,theformulais:

AverageTime= …(i)

UserInteractionTesting:Thetestingmethodologyfocused onuserinteractionaspectstoevaluatehoweffectivelyeach approachhandlesuseractionssuchasclicksandnavigation within the web application. This aspect is crucial for assessingtheoveralluserexperienceandfunctionalityofthe application.

Overall, the experimental parameters were designed to provide a thorough assessment of both manual and automated testing methodologies in a web application environment,consideringfactorssuchastooling,language, testingactions,repetition,andperformancemetrics.

3.3 Analysis

Theanalysiscomparesthetimetakenforeachstepduring both automation and manual testing across three repetitions. The purpose is to evaluate the efficiency and performance of automated testing compared to manual testingintermsoftimeconsumption.

Thistableillustratesthetimetakenforeachstepduringthe automationtestingprocessacrossthreerepetitions.

Table 3: TimeTakeninAutomationTesting

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Table 4: TimeTakeninManualTesting

These are just sample times; you should insert the actual times observedduringmanual testinginsecondsfor each stepandrepetition.

Thedatacollectedfrombothautomationandmanualtesting provides valuable insights into the efficiency and performanceofeachtesting approach.Belowisa detailed analysis based on the time measurements for each step acrossthreerepetitions:

Thistablesummarizestheaveragetimetakenforeachstep in both automation and manual testing, along with the standarddeviationvalues.Itshowsthatautomationtesting generallyhasloweraveragetimesforeachstepcompared tomanualtesting,indicatinghigherefficiencyinperforming theseactions.Thestandarddeviationvaluesrepresentthe consistency of performance across repetitions for each testingmethod.

Automationtestingagainshowsaloweraveragetimeafter thethirdclickcomparedtomanualtesting,withconsistent performanceacrossrepetitions.

3. CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE SCOPE

Theresearchpaper'sexperimentationandanalysissection focused on comparing manual and automated testing methodologies in a web application environment using Wikipedia as the testing platform. The setup involved configuring Chrome browser and ChromeDriver for automationtestingwithSelenium,alongsidemanualtesting executedbytesters.Theexperimentalparametersincluded the web application environment, browser and driver configurations,automationtools,testingactions,repetition, andperformancemetricsliketimeefficiency.Theanalysis comparedtimemeasurementsacrossthreerepetitionsfor stepslikeopeningthewebsite,clickingonspecificelements (#talk, #view sources, #view history), and evaluated the efficiencyofbothtestingapproaches.

The results revealed that automation testing generally achieved lower average times for each step compared to manual testing, showcasing higher efficiency in executing actions within the web application environment. For example, automation testing recorded an average time of 6.047 seconds to open the website, while manual testing tookanaverageof7.2secondsforthesametask.Similarly, after specific clicks (#talk, #view sources, #view history), automationtestingconsistentlydemonstratedloweraverage times.Thestandarddeviationvaluesindicatedconsistency inperformanceacrossrepetitionsforbothtestingmethods.

Moving forward, the proposed research suggests several futureresearchareastoenhancesoftwaretestingpractices. These include exploring advanced automation techniques likemachinelearning-basedtestcasegeneration,integrating automated testing with DevOps practices, incorporating usability and accessibility testing aspects, integrating security testing practices within automation frameworks, andconductingacomparativeanalysisacrossdifferentweb environments.Byaddressingtheseareas,softwaretesting can evolve towards more robust, efficient, and comprehensive strategies, ultimately leading to higher softwarequalityandusersatisfaction.

Table 5: ComparisonofTimeTakeninAutomation Testingvs.ManualTesting

Fig 4: GraphofComparisonofTimeTakeninAutomation Testingvs.ManualTesting

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Volume: 11 Issue: 10 | Oct 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

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