Distribution Study of Electric Vehicles Charging Stations in Egypt by IRJET Journal

Distribution Study of Electric Vehicles Charging Stations in Egypt

Fathy A. Syam, S. Wahsh

Department of Power Electronics and Energy Conversion Electronics Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt ***

Abstract - The transportation sector in Egypt is one of the most energy consuming sectors, which makes it one of the largest factors causing greenhouse gases. The trend towards spreading and using electric vehicles (EV) is considered a global trend, not just a local one. There are a number of alternatives to improve air quality and reduce the negative impact of fuels. These are alternatives include relying on natural gas, importing EV, or localization manufacturing it, or using hybrid vehicles. The localization strategy is based on a set of important pillars, which are the establishment of 1,000 fast electric charging stations annually. This research presents the development of charging stations in Egypt andthe current capabilities available.

Key Words: Electric vehicle, battery, charging station, Environmental impact, vehicle manufacturers.

1. INTRODUCTION

In the 21st century, EV charging station technology is experiencing rapid and exciting developments. These stations play a vital role in stimulating the transition to electric transportation vehicles and expanding transportationsustainability.Inthispart,itwillexplorethe evolutionoftechnologyandinfrastructureforEVcharging stations in Egypt. Fast charging and ultra-fast charging technologyareamongthemostimportantdevelopmentsin charging stations. These technologies enable drivers to chargetheirEVmorequicklyandefficiently,increasingthe appeal of it. The 21st century is expected to witness sustainedandcontinueddevelopmentinthesetechnologies [1].

With the advancement of communications and internet technology,chargingstationshavebeenabletoconnectto powergridsandEVSmoreintelligently.Smartstationscan directdriverstothenearestavailablechargingstationand provideinformationaboutstationavailabilityandcharging rates. These technologies are expected to increase the efficiency of using charging stations and reduce their congestion. Charging stations are moving towards using renewableenergysources.Somestationsareequippedwith photovoltaic (PV) panels and energy storage systems and other use wind energy where wind speed available with economic rate to reduce reliance on electricity generated fromfossilfuels.Thisdrivetowardssustainabilitywillbean important part of the development of charging stations in thefuture[2-3].

Batterytechnologyisthekeyinthedevelopmentofcharging stations.The21stcenturyisexpectedtowitnesssignificant improvements in battery performance and increased capacity, which will enable drivers to take longer trips withouttheneedforfrequentcharging[4].

The spread of EV in Egypt began since the decision of the Minister of Trade and Industry in March 2018 to exempt customsdutiesforusedEVimportedfromabroad,provided that they are not more than 3 years old. Since that time, interestinEVchargingstationsbegan[5].Thereportofthe EgyptianAssociationforCompulsoryVehicleInsurance,in cooperation with Traffic Department and Al-Ahram newspaper,dealtwiththenumberofEVinEgyptthatwere licensedintheperiodfromJuly1,2021untilApril30,2023, totalof 2,333including1,692newprivatecars.Thismeans that the number of EV that were licensed in April is comparablewithMarch,65EVincreased[6].Intheperiod fromJuly1,2021toJuly1,2023,thereportsaidthatduring thesetwoyears,2,618EVwereregistered,includingprivate, transport,andothers,ofwhichonly1,933wereprivateEV. TheassociationreportedthatthemonthofJulywitnessed thelicensingof145EV,anincreaseof30EVcompared to Juneofthisyear.TheVolkswagenbrandoccupiedfirstplace for licensed EV during this aforementioned period after licensing43cars.TheChineseBYDcarscameinsecondplace with12cars,andBMWrankedthirdwith7cars.

2. Distribution of EV in Egypt

Becauseusinglessfossil fuel resultsinlessgasemissions, interest in EV has grown significantly, making them a popular mode of transportation. It is anticipated that as technologyinthebatterysectoradvances,theusageofEV willbecomemoreprevalent.

Egypt'sparticularmixofconditionsfavorsthegrowthofthe EVindustry.Thenationhasadensepopulation,especiallyin its cities, which exacerbates traffic and pollution. These issuescanberesolvedbyusingEV,whichloweremissions andenhanceairquality.Egyptalsohasalargepotentialfor renewable energy, especially solar and wind energy. This offersachancetocombinetheenvironmentaladvantagesof EV with those of renewable energy sources. The government'sinitiativetoencouragetheuseofEVisoneof themajor developmentsin Egypt'sEVsector. To promote thepurchaseandusageofEV,theEgyptiangovernmenthas put in place a number of incentives and legislation.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

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Transport traffic in Egypt accommodates many EV from majorinternationalmanufacturers.Anumberofautomobile manufacturers, such as BMW, announced plans to import EVsintotheEgyptianmarket.Table(1)showstherankingof EVinEgypttillJuly2023.

Table1:TherankingofEVinEgypt

The Egyptian government has indicated that it plans to createane-mobilitystrategytoencouragetheusageofecofriendly cars on Egyptian roadways. The Ministry of ElectricityandRenewableEnergyisleadinganinteragency effort to create an electric charging strategy that will coordinate the installation ofcharginginfrastructurewith thegrowingdemandsofEVsales.

The present Egyptian government plan is centered on producingthemdomesticallyinordertoreducecosts and boostprofits.Furthermore,itintendstoexcludeEVimports and solely offer financial incentives for EVs produced domestically.Thisstrategyhasmultipledrawbacks.Firstoff, notallconsumersfindEVappealing,andtheirmarketshare isnowquitesmall.

The association later indicated that the number of EV in EgyptthatwaslicensedintheperiodfromJuly1,2021to August31,2023reached3,028EV,andthatthenumberof EVduringAugustreached265units.Distributedasfollows indescendingorder:Volkswagenis53,Teslais22,Mercedes is 14, BMW is 13, Honda 13 and remaining units other models.

Table2showsthetotalnumberoflicensespermonthforall types of vehicles and Table 3 shows the distribution of licensesfortheEVcompanies.

Table2:TotalEVlicensed/monthat2023

Table3:EVtypeslicensed/monthatSept.-Dec.2023

Fromtables2and3itisclearthatinaverageabout400EV arelicensed/monthandthisnumberincreasinggradually.

3. Charging of EV

OneofthemostimportantfactorsaffectingthespreadofEV, intheviewofmanyowners,isthemethodofchargingand the length of time it takes, which makes them see it as an illogical choice in some circumstances, especially when compared to gasoline cars. The limitations of battery technologyareoneofthemainobstaclestothewidespread use of EVs. The present battery design for EVs has a poor energydensity,whichimpactsthevehicle’sdrivingrange[7].

3.1 Charging Duration

EVcanbechargedathomeoratanypublicchargingstation. EVcanbefullychargedinjust30minutes,oritmaytakeup

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 11 Issue: 07 | July 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

tohalfaday.Thetimerequiredcanalsochangedepending onthesizeofthebatteryorhowfastthechargingpointis.

Thetimerequiredforchargingdependsontwobasicfactors. The first factor is the capacity of the EV battery and the secondfactoristhepowerofthecharger.ThecapacityofEV batteriesismeasuredinKWh,andthelargertheircapacity, the time required for charging them is longer. As for chargers,therearemultiplelevels,thefirstoperateswithAC of2.7KW,andthemajorityofEVsupportsthisamountof powerasstandard,whilechargingwiththispowermaytake between14and17hours.

It is possible to install a home unit that operates with AC witha powerofupto11KW.Thechargingtimewiththis optionrangesbetween7-11hoursdependingonthetypeof EVandthebatterycapacity[8].

AtJanuary2024theChinesecompanyNiohasdevelopeda batteryforEVthatoperates fora rangeof1,000 KM. This batterywillenterproductioninApril2024.Itwasusedin theET7EVforadistanceof1,044KMbeforeitneededtobe recharged.Aseparatetestwasconductedonthebatteryand itcovered1145KM.

There are some charging stations operating with AC with powerof22KW,whichsignificantlyreduceschargingtime, whilesomeEVsupportDCforfastchargingwithapowerup to50KW.Here,onaverage,EVneedsabouthalfanhourin order to charge between 90% and 100% of the battery. Whileotherstationshaschargingcapacitiesreach100KW or more. Most companies calculate the charging time for theirEVbasedon,howittakesbetweenhalfanhourand45 minutestochargethebatteryfrom10%to80%[9].

3.2 EV Charging Cost

Infinity,acompanyworkinginthefieldofrenewableenergy solutions,announcedthestartofimplementingEVcharging tariffs at all charging stations in Egypt, starting 28 June , 2022. The charging tariff for AC, up to 22 KW starts from 1.89pounds/KWh.Tocalculatethechargingcost,thisvalue ismultipliedbythebatterycapacity.Thereisachoicehigher than22KWanditscostisestimatedat3.75pounds/KWh.

3.3 Charging Speed

Due to the limited power cell performance of EV drivers endure a short cruising range and a long charging time. Additionally, uneven charging facilities and unreasonable chargingarrangementsresultinpartialqueuingandpartial idling of charging stations. To solve these problems, it is critical to understand EV charging behavior and its influentialfactors.Therearefivemainfactorsthataffectthe chargingspeedofEV[10].

1-Batterysize:thelargerthebatterycapacity,thelongerit takestocharge.

2-Batterystatus(emptyvs.full).

Ittakeslongertochargeanemptybatterythantochargeit whenitishalffull.

3-ThemaximumchargingrateofEV.

Thechargingspeedislimitedtothemaximumchargingrate oftheEV,soitcan’tchargefasterevenatachargingpoint withafasterchargingspeedrate.

4-Themaximumchargingrateofthechargingpoint.

Thechargingspeedisalsolimitedtothemaximumcharging rateatthechargingpointthatisavailable,andthereforeitis not recommended to charge at a charging point with a chargingratelowerthanthechargingrateofEV.

5-Weather.

It is obvious that all of the batteries do have a lack of capacityatlowtemperatures.

Thereforeitisimportanttocarefullychoosethebatteryfor an application, keeping in mind that there is a lack of performance at temperatures different to normal temperature. Charging time tends to be longer at low temperatures (below 20°C), especially when using a fast charger.Also,EVislessefficientatlowtemperatures(below 20°C). So it cannot add much to the travel distance dependingonthechargingtime.

The infrastructure that serves EV is an essential factor in encouraging buyers to acquire it. Electric power chargers aroundtheworld70%arelocatedinsidehomes,but30% canchargeonhighwaysorwithincities.

4. EV Charging Stations in Egypt

ThetwolargestEVchargingcompaniesinEgyptareInfinity andRevolta.InfinityisthefirstandlargestcompanyinEgypt thatprovidesEVchargingservices.Thecompanybeganits workthreeyearsagoinestablishingEVchargingstationsin Egypt.ThecompanyobtaineditsfirstlicenseinApril2022to establishrapidelectricpowerstationswithincities.Infinity hasmorethan90chargingpointslocatedonallmajortravel routes in Cairo, Alexandria, Hurghada, Ismailia, and Ain Sokhna, and on highways reaching Hurghada, Sharm El Sheikh,andAinSokhna.Thecompanyhopestoexpandits chargingstationstoreach200stationsthisyear,thento300 stations next year, located in gas stations, residential complexes,andcommercialmalls.

There are more than 120 charging stations around Cairo. ThelargestamountisfoundintheareasofNewCairoandits environs,6thofOctober,andSheikhZayed,andmostofitis distributed among commercial and residential complexes and gas stations [11,12]. All charging stations in Egypt mentionedinAppendix.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 11 Issue: 07 | July 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

5. Conclusions and Future Plan

There are nowadays 4,000 EV in Egypt, and it cannot consider that there is a market for it before this number reaches15,000or20,000units.

TherearemanyEVproducingcompaniesoperatinginEgypt but the most common and widespread EV in Egypt is VolkswagenandMercedes.Therearealsomanycompanies workinginthefieldofchargingEVinEgypt,andthestudy showedthatthetwolargestEVchargingcompaniesinEgypt areInfinityandRevolta.AllchargingstationsareACi.e.slow charging,whileseveralDCchargingstationsi.e.fastcharging undererectionatthemoment.Themoststationsthathave anelectricchargerareChilloutandWataniathentherestof the stations are in small numbers. In addition, many residential communities and social clubs have charging points. All charging points and stations are fed from the electrical network;thereforecometheimportanceoffeed thestationswithrenewableenergysuchassolarenergyand windenergyatnorthcoastandRedseacoastwherewind speed is economic. It is a qualitative shift of utmost importancebecauseofitseffectsontheenvironmentandthe loadsonthenetwork.Thefutureplanforchargingstations targets 1,000 stations next year and year after 3,000 stations,whichisenoughfor60,000EV.AsthenumberofEV increases,thestationscanbeincreased,between1,000and 3,000stationsannually.

Itisalsoexpectedthatthenumberofchargingstationsfor EV in Egypt will increase by 2025 to be 5,000 charging stations.

StationswillbedeployedontheCorniche,theRingRoad,the Mehwar, the Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road in October, Zayed, the mall areas, the Smart Village, residential complexes,theBanhaFreeRoad,theCairo-Ismailia,10thof RamadanRoad,inadditiontostationsinfrontofShorouk, Obour,nearMostaqbalCity,May,andHelwan.Themapof thenewstationsalsowitnessesthedeploymentofstations on El Alamein Road, the Coast Road, the International Coastal Road, Dabaa, the Pyramids Area, Al-Remaya, Mariouteya, Al-Haram Street, Faisal Street, Al-Omraniyah Street,andNileStreet.

REFERENCES

[1] F. Johansson, Design and development of an electric vehicle charger, MSc in Industral design engineering departmentofbusinessadministration,technologyand socialsciencesLuleåUniversityofTechnology,2023.

[2]P.Barman,L.Dutta,S.Bordoloi,A.Kalita,P.Buragohain ,S.Bharali,B.Azzopardi,Renewableenergyintegration withelectricvehicletechnology:Areviewoftheexisting smartchargingapproaches,RenewableandSustainable EnergyReviewsvol.183,Sep.2023,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113518

[3] S. Sachana, S. Deb , S. N. Singh, Different charging infrastructuresalongwithsmartchargingstrategiesfor electric vehicles, Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 60,Sep.2020.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102238

[4]M.S.Islam,M.S.Ahsan,M.K.,Rahman,andF.A.Tanvir, Advancements in battery technology for electric vehicles: A comprehensive analysis of recent developments.GlobalMainstreamJournalofInnovation, Engineering and Emerging Technology, vol.2, no.2, pp 01-28,2023.

[5]https://www.techsciresearch.com/report/egypt-electricvehicle-market/12831.html

[6]The Egyptian Association for Compulsory Vehicle Insurance,monthlyreport,2023,online:https://ecipegypt.org/egbary2/public/

[7] S. Pelletier, O. Jabali; G. Laporte, M. Veneroni, Battery degradationandbehaviourforelectricvehicles:Review andnumericalanalysesofseveralmodels.Transp.Res. Part B Methodol.2017, vol.103, pp158–187, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2017.01.020

[8] J. Shi, M. Tian, S. Han, T. Wu, Y. Tang, Electric vehicle batteryremainingchargingtimeestimationconsidering charging accuracy and charging profile prediction, Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 49, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104132

[9]B.P.P.RidwanandL.S.Putranto,Theimpactofcharging timeofelectricvehiclebatterytocostumerwillingness topurchase,E3SWebofConferences429,ICCIM2023, DOI:10.1051/e3sconf/202342903009.

[10] Y. Yang, Z. Tan and Y. Ren, Research on factors that influencethefastchargingbehaviorofprivatebattery electricvehicles,Sustainability,MDPI,2020,vol.12,no.8, 3439,https://doi.org/10.3390/su12083439

[11]https://www.electromaps.com/en/chargingstations/egypt

[12]https://infinityevcharge.com/ChargingStations Appendix

Locations of charging stations in Egypt

A) EV charging stations in Cairo

1NileCityTowers-Revolta,NileCorniche-Boulaq

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2SkodaSmartService,TaraatAl-JabalStreet,HadayekAlQubba

3Infiniti,SikkatAl-WailiStreet,HadayekAl-Qubba.

4Revolta3KamalAl-AbbasiyaAl-Gharbiyya,Al-Wayli

5 Holiday Inn - City Stars, Ali Rashid Street - HeliopolisMohandiseenHousing

6CityStars-InfinityGate“No.1”NasrCity

7CityStars-InfinitiGate“No.2”NasrCity

8BluRadissonHotel,AbdelHamidBadawiAl-ThawraStreet, Al-Nozha

9AnkaraStreet-Revolta.SheratonAirport,QesmElNozha

10MirageMallAl-RehabandInvestors,EastNasrCity,

11Al-RehabShell,AbuHanifaAl-Numan,eastofNasrCity

12OilLibya,FirstSettlement-Al-Rehab

13OilLibya,FifthSettlement,Camombed,YossiMas

14OilLibyaIndustrialZone,FifthSettlement

15IKEAMall,MubarakYouthHousing,firstinNewCairo

16 Al-Narges gas station from Mubarak Housing to AlShababandfromthebeginningofNewCairo

17 Al-Wataniya Station - Revolta, Palestine Street, East Katameya-IndustrialZone,Al-BasateenandDarAl-Salam

18 National-Revolta Al-Abajiya, Al-Khalifa and Mokattam stations

19WataniyaStation-CarrefourMaadiRevoltaNo.50Zahraa ElMaadiElBasateenandDarElSalam

20CastleSquare,AutostradRoad,Al-KhalifaandMokattam

21ArkanAlBustanMall

22TriumphHotel-Revolta,Al-KhalifaAl-MaamounStreet, Heliopolis

23AlTaawunStation-Infiniti,SalahSalemStreet,Stadium, EgyptCity

24 City Center Almaza - Infiniti Sheraton Airport, Qism El Nozha,Cairo.

25 Chillout Infinity Station, Ramses Extension Street, Al MoshirAxis.

26ChilloutInfinityStation,RamsesExtensionStreet.

27Chilloutstation.-Infiniti19,MartyrAxis,10thDistrict, NasrCity,

28 Chillout station. - Infiniti, Al Taqa Street, Al Ahly Club, NasrCity

29 Chillout Station - Infiniti Railway Club, Second Section, NasrCity.

30Chillout-InfinityStation..496SheratonAirport,Nozha

31NationalStation-Infiniti,10thDistrict,NasrCity

32Carrefour-RevoltaCarrefourstation,Maadi,ElBasateen, DarElSalam,Cairo

B) Charging stations in Giza

1PyramidsSuitesHotel,60MouradSt

2FourSeasonsHotel37-38MohandesSalahAmerStreet

Chargingstationson6thofOctober

3AAAShellAbuRawashstore,6thofOctober

4AlGeziraSquareMall,6October

5GalleryMall40SheikhZayed,AlHaram,6thofOctober

6ChillOutGasStationKhamayel1

7ChillOutGasStationKhamayel2

8ChilloutDesertGasStation

9ChillOutgasstationnexttoGalleria40

10ChillOutgasstationnexttoMallofArabia

11ChillOutWasletDahshurGasStation

12ChillOutgasstationnearCityscape

13ChillOutgasstationinVodafoneSquare

14chargingstationsinNewGiza

15chargingstationsinNewGizaGolf

16CLUBchargingstationinPalmHillsCompound

17GOLFchargingstationinPalmHillsCompound

18chargingstationon88thStreetinsidePalmHills

19chargingstationsinsideAlJazeeraPlaza

20chargingpointsbeforetheCairo-AlexandriaDesertRoad

21Al-BargasyMotorschargingpoint

22TwochargingpointsParkStreet

23ThreechargingpointsinsideCapitalBusinessPark

24 charging point on Street No. 12, 13th District, Sheikh Zayed

C) Charging stations in Alexandria

1GreenPlazaMall,behindtheAstros,SidiGaber

2HiltonKingsRanchNubariaHotel,Alexandria

3MotoCafeandRestaurantattheendoftheTaamiraxis

4Chargingstation581ArmyStreet-SanStefano

D) Charging stations in Suez

1NationalStation,AinSokhnaRoad,Ataqa

International

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2Al-NasrNationalStation,Hurghada

3NationalStationRoadto,Suez

4WataniyaStation,Maadi-DoveJandali–Katameya

E) Charging stations in Beheira Governorate

1NationalStation107acrosstheAlexandriadeserttothe lake

2Al-WataniyaStation,Egypt-AlexandriaDesertRoad,South Mashreq

3Darshel,OmarOasis,DesertRoad,DalangatCenter,Lake

F) Charging stations in Sharqia, Dakahlia, and Qalyubia Governorates

1ShellbrandedstoreBelbeis-CairoRoad,Belbeis

2Infinitychargingstation,Mansoura-DakahliaGovernorate

3ShubraBanhaAl-HurRoadchargingstation,Toukh

G) Charging stations in the Red Sea

1SaffronDesertLodgeRasGharib,RedSea

2NationalGasStation,RasGharibDistrict,Hurghada,

3ShellbrandedstoreHurghada,RedSea