Volume: 11 Issue: 08 | Aug 2024
E-Governance and Its Impact on Higher Education in Rajasthan: An Analysis
Dr. Yogendra Deora
S B P Government College, Dungarpur-(Rajasthan), INDIA
Abstract- Thisresearchpaperexploresthecurrentstatus andimpactofe-Governanceonthehighereducationsystem (HES) in Rajasthan, India. It provides a comprehensive analysis of government-led initiatives to integrate eGovernance within higher education institutions, showcasing the resulting advantages such as improved accessibility, enhanced communication, efficient management of student records, and streamlined administrativeprocesses.However,thestudyalsohighlights significant challenges, including inadequate digital infrastructure, resistance to change, cyber-security concerns,andthedigitaldivide.Throughdataanalysis,case studies, and stakeholder interviews, the research uncovers the transformative effects of e-Governance on academic performance, administrative efficiency, and stakeholder satisfaction. The findings reveal notable improvements in administrative processes and academic management while identifying areas that require further development. By assessing the current state of e-Governance in Rajasthan, the paper offers valuable recommendations for policymakers,educators,andadministratorstoimprovethe effectiveness and sustainability of e-Governance initiatives inhighereducation.
Keywords: E-governance, Higher education system, Administrative efficiency, Digital Infrastructure, Digital Literacy,StakeholderSatisfaction
1. INTRODUCTION
E-Governance has become a transformative force across various sectors, including education. In Rajasthan, India, the implementation of e-Governance initiatives has significantlyalteredthelandscapeofthehighereducation system. E-Governance, which involves the application of information and communication technologies (ICT) to improve the efficiency, accessibility, and transparency of governmentservices,playsacriticalroleinenhancingthe governance and administrative functions within higher educationinstitutions[1].
Rajasthan, known for its rich cultural heritage and strong educational traditions, has recognized the potential of technology to revolutionize its higher education sector. Thestate’s adoptionofe-Governanceinitiativeshasledto substantial improvements in multiple areas, including student enrollment, admissions, academic records management, examination systems, and overall
governance. These advancements have streamlined administrative functions, making them more efficient, accessible,anduser-friendly.
The Department of College Education in Rajasthan has been instrumental in driving these e-Governance initiatives. By leveraging online portals, mobile applications, and digitized systems, the department has facilitated seamless communication between students, faculty, administrative staff, and governing bodies. These technological innovations have not only boosted operational efficiency but also ensured greater transparency and accountability in decision-making processes. The transition to digital systems has markedly reduced paperwork and manual errors, accelerating processesandmakinginformationmorereadilyaccessible toallstakeholders.
The impact of e-Governance on Rajasthan’s higher education system is particularly evident in the enhanced accessibility of educational resources and services. The proliferationofonlinelearningplatforms,digitallibraries, and e-content has broadened educational opportunities forstudentsacross thestate,includingthoseinremote or underserved areas. These resources have enabled studentstoaccessstudymaterialsandeducationalcontent at any time, effectively breaking down geographical barriers and fostering a more inclusive and equitable educationsystem.
Moreover, e-Governance has significantly improved studentgrievanceredressalmechanisms.Theintroduction ofonlineplatformsforsubmittingandtrackinggrievances has ensured that student concerns are addressed in a timely and efficient manner. This system has not only enhanced student satisfaction but also reinforced trust in educational institutions by ensuring that grievances are handled transparently and with accountability [2]. The support and transparency provided by these digital systems have created a more responsive and supportive educationalenvironment[3].
This research paper investigates the current status and impactofe-Governanceonthehighereducationsystemin Rajasthan. By analyzing government reports, academic studies, and relevant literature, the study provides an indepth examinationofthevariouse-Governanceinitiatives implemented in the state, their outcomes, and the International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
Volume: 11 Issue: 08 | Aug 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072
challenges faced during their execution. This comprehensive analysis offers valuable insights into the effectiveness of e-Governance in enhancing the functioningofthehighereducationsysteminRajasthan.
Through this research, the study seeks to identify areas that require further improvement and to offer actionable recommendations for the successful integration of eGovernance in higher education. Understanding the benefits and challenges associated with these initiatives can help policymakers and educational administrators develop strategies to optimize the use of technology in highereducation.Ultimately,thisstudyaimstocontribute to the ongoing efforts to improve the quality, efficiency, andaccessibilityofhighereducationinRajasthanthrough thestrategicandeffectiveuseofe-Governance.
2. E-GOVERNANCE IN ACADEMIA
E-Governanceinitiativeshaveprofoundlytransformedthe higher education sector by utilizing information and communication technologies (ICT) to enhance administrative processes, service delivery, and governance. Governments and educational institutions worldwide have increasingly adopted these initiatives to streamlineoperationsandelevatethequalityofeducation [4]. These efforts involve a wide array of technological applications, including online portals, mobile apps, digitized systems, and data analytics. The primary objective of e-Governance in higher education is to simplifyand automate essential administrativetaskssuch as student admissions, enrollment, examination management, academic record keeping, and resource allocation. By digitizing these functions, e-Governance initiatives help reduce manual paperwork, eliminate redundancies, and promote data-driven decision-making, ultimately fostering transparency, efficiency, and accountabilitywithineducationalinstitutions[5].
One of the critical advantages of e-Governance in higher education is the facilitation of seamless communication and collaboration among students, faculty, administrative staff, and governing bodies. Online platforms and portals serve as centralized hubs for information sharing, course registration, academic advising, and student support services [6]. These digital tools empower students by providing greater access to educational resources, personalized learning opportunities, and timely feedback. TheintegrationofICTinhighereducationcontributestoa more connected and interactive academic environment, significantlyenhancingtheoveralllearningexperience[7].
Numerous studies have explored the impact of eGovernance initiatives on higher education. For example, research conducted by Rao and Rao (2018) examined the implementation and outcomes of e-Governance in Indian universities, emphasizing the positive effects on
transparency,efficiency,andstudentsatisfaction[8].Their study revealed that e-Governance initiatives notably improvedadministrativeefficiencybyreducingprocessing times and minimizing errors. Furthermore, the increased transparency in administrative procedures fostered greater trust and satisfaction among students and faculty. Thesefindingshighlightthe transformativepotential of eGovernanceinhighereducation.
The digitization of administrative tasks through eGovernance has revolutionized the higher education landscape by allowing real-time monitoring and management, which can lead to more effective resource allocationandpolicyimplementation[9].Additionally,the enhanced communication enabled by e-Governance platforms ensures that students receive timely updates and support, contributing to a more student-centric learning environment. These digital platforms create a more connected educational ecosystem where students, faculty, and administrators can interact more efficiently and effectively, leading to better academic and administrativeoutcomes.
E-Governance initiatives hold the potential to revolutionize traditional educational systems, creating a more efficient, inclusive, and student-focused learning environment. By leveraging technology, educational institutions can address challenges related to scalability, accessibility, and the quality of education. For instance, online learning platforms and digital libraries extend educational opportunities to students in remote and underserved areas, ensuring that all students have access to quality education regardless of their geographical location. Additionally, e-Governance initiatives support personalized learning by offering tailored educational content and resources that cater to individual student needsandpreferences[10].
As educational institutions continue to embrace eGovernance, the potential for these initiatives to drive significant improvements in the higher education sector becomesincreasinglyevident.Byharnessingthepowerof ICT, institutions can overcome traditional barriers to education, improve administrative efficiency, and foster a more transparent and accountable governance structure. Ultimately, the integration of e-Governance into higher education not only enhances the overall educational experience but also contributes to the creation of a more equitable and accessible learning environment for all students. The ongoing development and refinement of eGovernance initiatives will be crucial in ensuring that higher education systems continue to evolve in response to the changing needs of students, faculty, and society at large. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 08 | Aug 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072
3. OPPORTUNITIES AND BARRIERS IN EGOVERNANCE INTEGRATION
The implementation of e-Governance initiatives offers numerous benefits across various sectors, including education.However,italsopresentssignificantchallenges that must be addressed to ensure successful adoption. Understanding both the advantages and obstacles is essentialforeffectivee-Governanceimplementation.
One of the primary benefits of e-Governance is the enhancement of efficiency and effectiveness in service delivery. By digitizing processes, streamlining workflows, and automating administrative tasks, e-Governance initiativesreducemanualeffort,minimizepaperwork,and boostoverallproductivity.Thisleadstofasterturnaround times, improved access to services, and cost savings [11]. The automation of routine tasks allows staff to focus on more strategic activities, thereby improving the operational efficiency of educational institutions. For example, tasks such as student admissions, enrollment, and academic record management become more streamlined, freeing up resources and time for other criticalfunctions.
Another significant advantage of e-Governance is the increased transparency and accountability it brings to governance. E-Governance provides real-time access to information, making it easier to monitor and track processes. This transparency helps reduce corruption, ensure fairness, and enhance public trust [12]. By giving stakeholdersaccesstoaccurateandtimelyinformation,eGovernancefostersacultureofaccountabilityandreduces thelikelihoodofadministrativemalpractice.Inthecontext ofeducation,thismeansthatstudents,parents,andfaculty can more easily access important information, participate in decision-making processes, and hold institutions accountablefortheiractions.
E-Governance also facilitates greater citizen participation and engagement. Through online platforms and digital interfaces, citizens can provide feedback, engage in decision-making, and access government services conveniently [13]. This inclusion fosters a sense of ownership and empowerment among citizens. In education, students and parents can actively engage with institutions, provide valuable feedback, and participate in governance processes that affect their learning environments. This participatory approach can lead to more responsive and effective educational policies and practices.
Despite these benefits, the implementation of eGovernance initiatives also presents several challenges. Oneofthemostsignificantchallengesisthedigitaldivide, which refers to the unequal access to technology and connectivity among different sections of society [14]. Ensuring equitable access to technology and digital
literacy is crucial to preventing exclusion and ensuring that the benefits of e-Governance reach all citizens. The digital divide can exacerbate existing inequalities, leaving some communities without the necessary tools to fully participate in the digital era. In education, this divide can result in unequal access to online learning resources, creatingdisparitiesineducationaloutcomes.
Data security and privacy concerns are another critical challenge associated with e-Governance. With the digitization of sensitive information, robust data protection measures are needed to safeguard citizen data andpreventunauthorizedaccessormisuse.Strongcybersecurityprotocolsandprivacyregulationsareessential to address these concerns [15]. Ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of data is paramount to maintaining users' trustandprotectingtheirpersonalinformationfromcyber threats.Educational institutionsmustimplementrigorous security measures to protect student and staff data from breaches and ensure compliance with relevant privacy laws.
Additionally,resistancetochangeandalackofawareness among stakeholders can hinder the successful implementation of e-Governance initiatives. Effective change management strategies, stakeholder engagement, and awareness campaigns are necessary to drive acceptance and adoption of digital platforms [16]. Educationalinstitutionsmustworktobuildconsensusand understanding among staff, students, and the broader community to facilitate a smooth transition to eGovernance systems. Thisincludesproviding training and support to ensure that all users can effectively navigate andutilizenewdigitaltools.
While e-Governance initiatives offer significant benefits such as improved efficiency, transparency, and citizen engagement, challenges like the digital divide, data security, and resistance to change must be addressed for successfulimplementation.Byproactivelymanagingthese challenges, governments and educational institutions can harnessthefullpotentialofe-Governancetotransformthe highereducationsectorandbeyond.
4. THE PROS AND CONS OF E-GOVERNANCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEMS
The implementation of e-Governance in higher education offers numerous benefits, yet it also presents significant challenges that must be addressed for successful integration. Understanding both the advantages and obstacles is essential for the effective adoption of eGovernancesystems.
One of the key benefits of e-Governance in higher educationistheimprovedaccessibilityandconvenienceit provides to students and stakeholders. E-Governance enables online registration, application submission, and
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 08 | Aug 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072
fee payment, streamlining these processes and making themmoreefficientanduser-friendly[8].Theautomation of these tasks not only simplifies administrative operations but also reduces the workload for both students and administrative staff. This enhanced user experience leads to a smoother and more efficient educationaljourney.
E-Governance initiatives also foster transparency and accountability within the higher education system. Digital platforms provide real-time access to academic information, course materials, and examination results, allowing students and stakeholders to monitor their progress continuously [17]. This transparency ensures fairness in the academic process and allows for timely interventions when needed. By being able to track their academicjourney,studentscanidentifyareasthatrequire improvement, facilitating more proactive academic planningandbetteroutcomes.
Furthermore, e-Governance facilitates more effective resource management within educational institutions. Digital systems streamline various administrative tasks, such as timetable scheduling, library management, and inventory control, leading to the more efficient use of resources [8]. This optimization not only results in cost savings but also enhances operational efficiency. By allocating resources more effectively, institutions can ensure that facilities and materials are utilized to their fullest potential, ultimately improving the overall educationalenvironment.
However, the implementation of e-Governance in higher educationisnotwithoutitschallenges.Oneoftheprimary obstacles is resistance to change and a lack of digital literacy among faculty and staff [18]. Overcoming this challenge requires comprehensive training programs and awarenesscampaignstoensurethesuccessfuladoptionof digital platforms. Resistance to new technology can impedethetransitiontoe-Governance,makingitessential toprovidecontinuoussupportandtrainingforfacultyand stafftofacilitateasmoothandeffectivetransition.
Data security and privacy concerns also pose significant challenges in the implementation of e-Governance. As these systems involve the collection and storage of sensitive student and institutional data, robust data protection measures are crucial [8]. Educational institutions must prioritize data security to safeguard confidential information and maintain trust among stakeholders. Implementing stringent cybersecurity protocols and ensuring compliance with data protection regulations are vital steps in protecting the integrity of educationaldata.
Additionally, the digital divide among students, particularly in terms of access to technology and internet connectivity, presents a significant challenge to e-
Governance implementation [18]. Institutions must address this divide by ensuring equitable access to digital resources and fostering digital inclusivity. Providing all students with the necessary tools and connectivity to benefit from e-Governance initiatives is essential for the successofthesesystems.
5 RAJASTHAN’S HIGHER EDUCATION: A SNAPSHOT OF E-GOVERNANCE
The current state of e-governance in Rajasthan's higher education system highlights significant progress and transformative changes. The government has invested heavily in digital initiatives to improve governance and educational services. Technology has been embraced across the state's higher education institutions to streamline administrative processes, automate student enrolmentandadmissionprocedures,andfacilitateonline learning platforms. Key initiatives include the Student Academic Management System (SAMS) and the Online Admission Process System (OAPS), which have simplified admissions and registrations, making data handling more efficient and reducing paperwork for students and staff alike.
Moreover, the Higher Education Management System (HEMS) has been introduced to digitize administrative taskssuchasfacultyrecruitment,studentattendance,and examination management. These digital platforms have not only enhanced efficiency but also improved transparency, accessibility, and data management across the higher education sector in Rajasthan. The implementation of e-governance initiatives has led to positive outcomes in student enrolment, faculty management, and overall educational quality. By leveraging technology, Rajasthan has created a more efficient, transparent, and accessible higher education system, benefiting students, faculty, and the broader educationalcommunity.
6. E-GOVERNANCE: CATALYZING CHANGE IN RAJASTHAN’SHIGHEREDUCATION
The digital transformation of higher education in Rajasthan has significantly modernized administrative processes, enhancing accessibility, transparency, and overall educational quality. E-governance initiatives like the Student Academic Management System (SAMS) and the Online Admission Process System (OAPS) have streamlined tasks such as student admissions and record management, making these processes more efficient and transparent. The implementation of the Higher Education Management System (HEMS) has further reduced administrative burdens, increasing productivity and allowing faculty and staff to focus on more strategic activities.
Volume: 11 Issue: 08 | Aug 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072
In addition to improving administrative efficiency, these digital platforms have facilitated the digitization of educational content. Students now have access to a wide range of online resources, virtual libraries, and e-learning platforms,broadeningtheireducationalopportunitiesand enhancing learning outcomes. This access to digital tools and resources is crucial in preparing students for success inarapidlyevolvingdigitalage.
By leveraging technology, Rajasthan has created a more efficient, effective, and inclusive higher education system that benefits students, faculty, and administrative staff. This shift towards e-governance represents a significant step forward in making education more adaptable to the needs of the modern world, ensuring that the state's higher education system remains competitive and relevant.
7. SHAPING HIGHER EDUCATION IN RAJASTHAN: THE IMPACT OF E-GOVERNANCE
Reflecting on various stakeholder insights, it is clear that e-governance has significantly enhanced the efficiency, accessibility, and overall quality of higher education in Rajasthan. Students are benefited from streamlined admission processes and improved access to educational resources through online platforms, resulting in a more inclusive and efficient learning experience [9]. Faculty members have found that the automation of administrative tasks allows them to devote more time to teaching and research, thereby improving educational outcomes.
Administrators have emphasized the increased transparency and accountability brought about by digital systems, which have facilitated better governance and more effective decision-making in higher education institutions. These digital platforms have simplified the management of student data, faculty performance monitoring, and administrative workflows, leading to moreefficientandeffectiveinstitutionalmanagement.
The collective perspectives of students, faculty, and administrators highlight the transformative impact of egovernance on higher education in Rajasthan. By integrating digital solutions into both administrative and academic functions, the state has made significant progress in modernizing its educational infrastructure. This digital transformation is a vital step towards establishingamoretransparent,accountable,andstudentcentriceducationsysteminRajasthan.
8. OPTIMAL STRATEGIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR E-GOVERNANCE IN RAJASTHAN’SHIGHEREDUCATION
Thesuccessfulimplementationofe-governanceinitiatives in Rajasthan's higher education system has highlighted
several best practices and led to important recommendations for continued progress. One notable best practice is the integration of digital platforms for student enrolment and admission processes, such as the Student Academic Management System (SAMS) and the OnlineAdmissionProcessSystem(OAPS).Theseplatforms have streamlined application processes, making them more efficient and transparent for both students and administrators [18]. Additionally, the automation of administrative tasks through the Higher Education Management System (HEMS) has significantly boosted productivity and reduced the administrative burdens on facultyandadministrators(HigherEducationDepartment, GovernmentofRajasthan).
The development of comprehensive online learning platforms and resources, including virtual libraries and elearning materials, has further enhanced access to educational content. These digital resources have expanded the learning environment beyond traditional classrooms, providing students with flexible and diverse educational opportunities (Rajasthan Education Portal). Thisshifthasallowedstudentstoengagewitheducational content more flexibly, accommodating different learning stylesandschedules.
To build on these successes, several recommendations have been proposed. First, it is essential to continue investinginrobustdigitalinfrastructure,ensuringreliable connectivity and accessibility for all stakeholders. This includes upgrading internet facilities and providing necessary technological tools to both urban and rural areas[19].Withoutstronginfrastructure,thebenefitsofegovernance cannot be fully realized, especially in remote regionswhereaccesstotechnologymaybelimited.
Secondly, ongoing training and capacity-building programs should be implemented to empower faculty members, administrators, and students to effectively utilize digital platforms and tools. Such programs will ensure that all users are proficient in navigating and maximizingthebenefitsofe-governancesystems.Training initiatives can bridge knowledge gaps and encourage the adoption of new technologies across the educational spectrum.
Lastly, it is crucial to establish regular evaluation and feedback mechanisms to monitor the effectiveness of egovernanceinitiativesandidentifyareasforimprovement and innovation [19]. By systematically assessing the impact of these digital solutions, higher education institutions can refine and enhance their e-governance strategies continuously, ensuring sustained progress and adaptation to emerging technological trends. This approach will help maintain the relevance and effectiveness of e-governance initiatives, keeping pace withtherapidevolutionofeducationaltechnologies. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056 Volume: 11 Issue: 08 | Aug 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072
9. CONCLUSION
Theimplementationofe-governanceinRajasthan'shigher educationsystemhasresultedinsubstantialprogressand positive outcomes. By introducing digital platforms such astheStudentAcademicManagementSystem(SAMS),the Online Admission Process System (OAPS), and the Higher Education Management System (HEMS), the government has revolutionized administrative processes, improved accesstoeducational resources,and enhanced theoverall learning experience. These initiatives have streamlined admission procedures, simplified administrative tasks, andbolsteredtransparencyandaccountability.Asaresult, student enrollment, faculty management, and the overall quality of education in the state have seen significant improvement. Stakeholders including students, faculty, and administrators have acknowledged the transformative impact of e-governance, highlighting gains in efficiency, accessibility, and educational quality. To maintainandbuildonthesesuccesses,itisrecommended to continue investing in digital infrastructure, offer ongoing training and capacity-building programs, and implement evaluation and feedback mechanisms. These measures will help identify opportunities for further enhancement and innovation, ensuring that Rajasthan's higher education system continues to thrive through egovernanceadvancements.
REFERENCES
[1] Grigalashvili, V. (2022). E-government and Egovernance: Various or Multifarious Concepts. International Journal of Scientific and ManagementResearch, 5(01),183-196.
[2] Panigrahi, S. K. (2020). E-GOVERNANCE IN INDIA: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES. International Journal of BusinessEthicsinDevelopingEconomies, 9(1),1.
[3] Abdulnabi, S. M. (2024). Issues and challenges of implementing e-governance in developing countries: a comprehensive analysis of civil service models. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1), 2340579.
[4] Sharma, P. K. (2021). E-Governance in India: Concept,initiativesandchallenges. ACADEMICIA:An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 11(4),1022-1028.
[5] Aziz, Z. A., & Sallow, A. B. (2022). Concepts of Egovernance development: A review.Eurasian JournalofScienceandEngineering,8(1),51-64.
[7] Muradov, İ. (2022). Problems of e-governance in governmentagenciesandtheirsolutions.
[8] Rao,S.,andRao,G.(2018). E-GovernanceinHigher Education: An Overview. International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJSRCSEIT),3(5),1299-1303.
[9] Grigalashvili, V. (2022). E-government and Egovernance: Various or Multifarious Concepts.International Journal of Scientific and ManagementResearch,5(01),183-196.
[10] Suri, P. K. (2022). Effectiveness of strategy implementation and e-governance performance.EvaluationandProgram Planning,92, 102063.
[11] Wierzbowski, M., Galán-Vioque, R., Casado, E. G., Grzywacz, M., & Sokołowski, M. M. (2021). Challengesandprospectsofe-governanceinPoland and Spain. Electronic Government, an International Journal, 17(1),1-26.
[12] Cahlikova,T.,&Bundi,P.(2020).Managingtherise of the digital state: implementation of digital education by local government. Jahrbuch der SchweizerischenVerwaltungswissenschaften, 11(1).
[13] Demir,A., Maroof,L., SabbahKhan,N. U.,& Ali,B. J. (2021). The role of E-service quality in shaping online meeting platforms: a case study from higher education sector. Journal of Applied Research in HigherEducation, 13(5),1436-1463.
[14] Mensah,I.K.(2020).Impactofgovernmentcapacity and E-government performance on the adoption of E-Government services. International Journal of Public Administration. 43. 1-9. 10.1080/01900692.2019.1628059.
[15] Rachmad, Y. E. (2024). Future-ProofGovernance:EGovernment Innovations in 2024. Scientific Reports Book Publisher, Professional London Special Issue, 2024.
[16] Erlangga, D. T. (2022). Student problems in online learning: solutions to keep education going on. Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning, 3(1),21-26.
[17] Sharma, S. (2017). E-Governance in Higher Education: Opportunities and Challenges.
[6] Umbach, G., & Tkalec, I. (2022). Evaluating egovernance through e-government: Practices and challenges of assessing the digitalisation of public governmental services. Evaluation and program planning, 93,102118.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 08 | Aug 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072
InternationalJournalofResearchinEngineering,IT andSocialSciences,7(4),7-14.
[18] Chhangani, Manoj K. S., & Hussain, S. I. (2023). Digital Transformation of Higher Education: Leveraging e-Governance in India. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 10(7),390-399.
[19] Rani, S., & Gautam, S. (2024). Role of E-governance in Promoting Transparency and Accountability in Higher Education Institutions. Sampreshan, ISSN: 2347-2979