International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 08 | Aug 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
TRENDS
IN THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF
BOX CULVERTS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Salman Ilai Biradar1 , R. Shreedhar2 , Shradha Hiremath3
1PG Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, SGBIT, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
2Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, SGBIT, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
3Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, SGBIT, Belagavi, Karnataka, India ***
Abstract - The study of box culverts is a vital area of civil engineering, particularly in the design and analysis of hydraulic structures. Over the years, various researchers have explored the factors influencing the performance, durability, and costeffectiveness of box culverts. This review synthesizes the key findings from the literature in chronological order, highlighting the evolution of understanding and approaches in the field. The review also identifies several research gaps and suggests potential directions for future studies, emphasizing the need for updated standards, advanced materials, and consideration of dynamic loading conditions.
Key Words: Box-culvert, Pressure Coefficient, Load Dispersion, Cushion, Braking Force, etc
1.INTRODUCTION
Box culverts play a critical role in civil engineering, particularly in water management, road infrastructure, and railway operations.Asastructuralelement,theboxculvertmustwithstandvariousloadingconditions,includingdeadloads,liveloads, soilpressureandhydraulicforces.Thisreviewpaperaimstoprovideacomprehensiveoverviewoftheresearchconductedon boxculverts,focusingontheevolutionofdesignandanalysismethodologies,keyfindings,andtheidentificationofresearch gapsthatcanguidefuturestudies.
2 EVOLUTION OF BOX CULVERT RESEARCH
Researchonboxculvertshasevolvedsignificantlyoverthepastfewdecades,withvariousstudiescontributingtoadeeper understandingoftheirdesignandanalysis.
2.2 Early Studies and Foundational Research
KomalS.KattimaniandR.Shreedhar(2013)wereamongtheearlyresearcherstoinvestigatekeydesignparametersforbox culverts.Theyfocusedonthedepthofthecushionplacedontopoftheslab,theangleofliveloaddispersion,andtheearth pressurecoefficient.Theirworklaidthefoundationforunderstandingthecriticalroleofcushiondepthandlateralpressurein preventingstructuraldeformation.
KetanKishorSahuandShraddhaSharma(2015)expandedonthisbyanalysingRCCboxculvertswithvaryingnumbersofcells. Theyemphasizedtheimportanceofconsideringbothcostandoptimalthicknessinthedesignprocess,underscoringtheneed forcarefulplanningtoachievecost-effectivenesswithoutcompromisingstructuralintegrity.
2.2 Advances in Structural Analysis and Design
Subsequentresearchfocusedonthestructuralcomponentsofboxculverts,particularlyundervariousloadingconditions.Mr. AfzalHanifSharif(2016)providedadetailedstudyofthestructuralcomponentsofboxbridges,highlightingtheresistanceto shearforceandbendingmoment,whicharecriticalforthesafeoperationofboxbridges.
KriteeChhetrietal.(2016)exploredthedynamiceffectsonculvertanalysis,findingthatspan-to-heightratiossignificantly influenceinternalforcesandbendingmoments.Thisresearchemphasizedtheimportanceofconsideringdynamicfactorsin boxculvertdesigntoensurestructuralintegrity.
2.3 Modern Software Tools and Comparative Analysis
TheuseofadvancedsoftwaretoolssuchasSTAADProbecameprominentinthelate2010s.ResearcherslikeZamanAbbas Kazmietal.(2017)andSauravandIshaanPandey(2017)highlightedtheefficiencyandcost-effectivenessoffiniteelement
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 08 | Aug 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
analysis(FEA)inthedesignofboxculverts.Theirworkdemonstratedtherelevanceofusingbothcomputationalandmanual methodstoensurecomprehensiveanalysisanddesign.
AjayR.Polraetal.(2017)emphasizedtheimportanceoffactorslikecushiondepth,earthpressurecoefficient,andliveload dispersionangleinboxculvertdesign.Theirresearchsuggestedpracticaladjustmentstosimplifytheconstructionprocess oversoftfoundations.
2.4 Recent Studies and Emerging Trends
Recentstudieshavecontinuedtoexplorenewdimensionsinboxculvertdesignandanalysis.Forexample,ImranBhuttoetal. (2023)identifiedaresearchgapintheanalysisofboxculvertswithdifferentskewangles,advocatingfortheinclusionofboth 2-celland3-cellboxculvertlayoutstoenhanceaccuracy.
MezieE.O.andOkolie,J.O.(2023)contributedtothehydraulicdesignaspectbydeterminingthedimensionsofcircularbox culverts.Theirstudyunderscoredtheimportanceofsoftwaretoolsinmoderncivilengineeringdesign.
3. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW
Theanalysisrevealedthatshearforcesandbendingmomentsonthetopslab,sidewalls,andbottomslabofboxculvertsare significantlyhigherinscenarioswithoutsoilinteraction.Themostcriticaldesignconditionsarisewhentheculvertisempty. TheuseofsoftwaretoolslikeSTAADProhasproventobemoreefficientandaccuratecomparedtotraditionalmethodslikethe momentdistributionmethod(MDM).Theresearchalsohighlightedtheadvantagesofmulti-cellboxculvertsintermsofarea savingsandreducedbendingmoments.
4. RESEARCH GAPS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Despitetheextensiveresearchconductedonboxculverts,severalgapsremain:
Dual Earth Pressure Coefficient Analysis:Theimpactofthedualcoefficientofearthpressureforafrictionangle(Φ) of30°needsfurtherexploration.
Load Dispersion with and without Cushion:Acomprehensiveanalysiscomparingscenarioswithandwithouta cushionisneededtoenhanceunderstandingofloaddispersion.
Impact of Braking Force:Theeffectsofbrakingversusnon-brakingforces,particularlyinnon-cushionedscenarios, havenotbeenfullyexplored.
Assessment of Box Sizes:Theinfluenceofdifferentboxsizesontheimpactofbrakingforcesandreinforcement requirementsneedsfurtherinvestigation.
Skew Angles:Moreresearchisrequiredonhowvaryingskewanglesaffectstructuralintegrity,especiallyunder diverseloadingconditions.
Dynamic Load Effects:Theinfluenceofdynamicloadingsituations,suchasseismiceventsorheavytraffic,onthe long-termperformanceofboxculvertsrequiresfurtherstudy.
Advanced Material Use: Research on innovative materials or hybrid designs could enhance durability and performanceunderextremeconditions.
Updated Technical Regulations:Thereisaneedforupdateddesignstandardsthatincorporatethelatestfindingsin loadanalysis,materialscience,andconstructiontechniques.
Environmental Impact and Sustainability: Research on eco-friendly design approaches, the lifecycle impact of materials,andsustainableconstructionpracticesisneeded.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Theliteratureonboxculvertsprovidesacomprehensiveoverviewofthevariousfactorsinfluencingtheirdesign,analysis,and construction.Asthefieldcontinuestoevolve,futurestudiesshouldfocusonfillingtheidentifiedresearchgaps,exploringnew materials,innovativedesignapproaches,andadvancedanalysistechniquestofurtherenhancetheperformanceandlongevity ofboxculverts.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 08 | Aug 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
REFERENCES
1. Kattimani,K.S.,&Shreedhar,R.(2013)."DesignandAnalysisofRCCBoxCulvert."InternationalJournalofEngineering Research&Technology,2(10),1125-1134.
2. Sahu, K. K., & Sharma, S. (2015). "Cost and Optimal Thickness Analysis of Box Culvert." International Journal of Scientific&EngineeringResearch,6(7),1017-1024.
3. Sharif, A. H. (2016). "Structural Analysis of RCC Box Bridges." International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology,7(6),415-424.
4. Chhetri,K.,etal.(2016)."DynamicAnalysisofBoxCulverts."InternationalJournalofResearchinEngineeringand Technology,5(2),244-252.
5. Kazmi,Z.A.,etal.(2017)."ComparativeAnalysisofBoxCulvertUsingSTAADPro."InternationalJournalofCiviland StructuralEngineeringResearch,5(2),180-188.
6. Pandey,I.,&Saurav.(2017)."FiniteElementAnalysisofBoxCulverts."InternationalJournalofInnovativeResearchin Science,EngineeringandTechnology,6(3),4113-4120.
7. Polra,A.R.,etal.(2017)."DesignConsiderationsforRCCBoxCulverts."InternationalJournalofCivilEngineeringand Technology,8(4),594-602.
8. Nirmalkumar, D., & Mahendran, N. (2018). "Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts Using Finite Element Method."InternationalJournalofCivilEngineeringandTechnology,9(11),1234-1243.
9. Rao,M.B.,&Rao,S.S.(2018)."ImpactofLiveLoadsonRCCBoxCulvertDesign."InternationalJournalofRecent TrendsinEngineering&Research,4(10),320-328.
10. Patel,R.K.,etal.(2019)."DesignofRCCBoxCulvertforVaryingSoilConditions."InternationalJournalofRecent TechnologyandEngineering,8(3),1151-1158.
BIOGRAPHIES
Salman Ilai Biradar is currently pursuing his post-graduation in Structural Engineering at Department of Civil Engineering at S.G. Balekundri Institute of Technology, Belagavi affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi. He is actively involved in the field of Bridge Design and Modelling.
Dr. R.Shreedhar is currently working as Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at S.G. Balekundri Institute of Technology, Belagavi affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi. He is a postgraduate from National Institute of Technology, Surathkal and completed his Ph.D. in Integral Bridges. His research interests include SoilStructure interaction, Finite Element analysis, Bridges and Hydraulic Structures.
Shradha Hiremath is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at S G Balekundri Institute of Technology, Belagavi affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi She is a postgraduate from SGBIT, Belagavi Her research interests include Concrete Structures and Bridge Design and Modelling
