Design of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna to Detect Cancer Cells in Thyroid Gland by IRJET Journal

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 11 Issue: 08 | Aug 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Design of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna to Detect Cancer Cells in Thyroid Gland

B. Loganayaki1, Dr.K. Jayanthi2

1PG Scholar, Department of Communication Systems Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Salem-11, Tamil Nadu, India.

2Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Salem-11, Tamil Nadu, India.

Abstract - The rectangular microstrip patch antenna (24.413mm x 15.769mm) is designed using FR-4 substrate material with a permittivity of 4.4 to detect cancer cells in the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland model is placed below the proposed antenna to detect cancer cells. The proposed rectangular microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is operating in ISM band with the resonant frequency of 5.73GHz. It is simulated using Ansys 2023 R2 HFSS software. The thyroid glandmodel withcancercells hasdifferentpropertiesbecause cancer cells have more water content. The parameters of rectangular MPA such as return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) are varied with and without cancer cells in the thyroid gland. By using these parameters cancer cells are detected in the thyroid gland. The return loss value of proposed rectangular MPA is below -10dB for thyroid gland model with and without cancer cells.

Key Words: Thyroid gland model, tumor (cancer cells), VSWR,returnloss,gain.

1.INTRODUCTION

Thethyroidisabutterfly-shapedglandlocatedatthebaseof the neck, just below the Adam's apple. Hormones that control blood pressure, bodytemperature,heart rate,and weightareproducedbythethyroid.Cellsbegintoproliferate in the thyroid and eventually become thyroid cancer. At initially,thyroidcancermaynotshowanysigns.However, when it gets bigger, it might produce symptoms and indicatorssuchneckswelling,voicechanges,andswallowing difficulties. When DNA alterations occur in thyroid cells, thyroid cancer results. A cell's DNA contains instructions thattellitwhattodo.Thealterations,knowntoscientistsas mutations, instruct the cells to proliferate and expand quickly.Whenhealthycellswouldnaturallyperish,thecells continuetoexist.Atumorisamassformedbythecellsthat areaccumulating. Thetumorhasthepotential todevelop, infiltratesurroundingtissue,andtravel(metastasize)tothe necklymphnodes.Occasionally,cancercellshavetheability to travel to other areas of the body, including the lungs, bones,andneck.TumorisdetectedusingproposedMPAby placingthyroidglandmodelbelowantenna[1].

Fig -1: Thyroidglandwithtumor(cancercells)

Theradiospectrumorgroupofradiobandsknownasthe industrial,scientific,andmedicalradioband(ISMband)is set aside worldwide for the use of radio frequency (RF) energyforindustrial,scientific,andmedicalpurposesonly, notforcommunication.5.725–5.875GHzisoneoftheISM bandsandtheproposedrectangularMPAisoperatinginthis band.

A 3D electromagnetic (EM) simulation program called AnsysHFSSisusedtodesignandsimulatehigh-frequency electronic products, including printed circuit boards, antennaarrays,RFandmicrowavecomponents,high-speed interconnects,filters,andconnectors.

2.RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA DESIGN

1.1 Equations for microstrip patch antenna design

WidthoftherectangularMPApatch,

LengthoftherectangularMPApatch,

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 11 Issue: 08 | Aug 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Lengthofthemicrostrippatchantennasubstrate, ->(3)

Widthofthemicrostrippatchantennasubstrate, ->(4)

where C denotesthevelocityoflight, denotesresonantfrequency, denotesrelativepermittivity, denoteseffectiverelativepermittivityand

Hs denotesheightofthesubstrate[2]

1.2 Calculations for microstrip patch antenna design

 Byusingequation(1), WidthoftherectangularMPApatch, =15.769mmiscalculated.

 Byusingequation(2), LengthoftherectangularMPApatch, =24.413mmiscalculated.

 Byusingequation(3), Lengthofthesubstrate, =48.826mmiscalculated.

 Byusingequation(4), Widthofthesubstrate, =31.538mmiscalculated.

 Widthofthefeedline, Wf=3mmiscalculated.

 Lengthofthefeedline, Lf=12.2065mmiscalculated.

Table -1: Designparametersanditsvalueofrectangular microstrippatchantenna

-2: Topviewofrectangular

Fig -3: FrontviewofrectangularMPAwiththyroidmodel

Fig-2showstopviewrectangularmicrostrippatchantenna whichisdesignedwithvaluesmentionedinTable-1.Fig-3 showsFrontviewofrectangularMPAwiththyroidmodel.

3.DESIGN OF THYROID MODEL

The thyroid model consists of five layers such asskin, fat, muscle,boneandthyroidgland.Withtumor,ithassixlayers.

Table -2: Thyroidglandmodeldesignparametersandits values

Fig

MPA

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 11 Issue: 08 | Aug 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

-5: ThyroidglandmodelwithMPA

Fig-4andFig-5showSideviewofthyroidglandmodeland ThyroidglandmodelwithMPArespectivelywhichare designedusingvaluesinTable2.

4.RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA WITH THYROID MODEL

Fig -6:RectangularMPAwithouttumorthyroidgland model

Fig -7:RectangularMPAwithtumorthyroidglandmodel

Fig-6andFig-7showsrectangularmicrostrippatchantenna without tumor (cancer cells) thyroid gland model and rectangular microstrip patch antenna with tumor (cancer cells)thyroidglandmodelrespectively[3]

5.RESULTS OF RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR THYROID MODEL WITHOUT AND WITH TUMOR

Fig-8(a),(b)andFig-9(a),(b)showsthereturnlossplotof proposedrectangularMPAinAnsys HFSSsoftwareand in linechartplot.At5.73GHz,theproposedrectangularMPA givesreturnlossof-13.93dBand-12.97dBwithoutandwith tumorrespectively.

Return loss below -10dB is obtained in this proposed antenna.Insertionlossisminimumwhenreturnlossbelow10dB.

Fig -4: Sideviewofthyroidglandmodel

Fig

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 11 Issue: 08 | Aug 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Fig-10(a),(b)showstheVSWRplotofproposedrectangular MPA in Ansys HFSS software and in line chart plot. At 5.73GHz,theproposedrectangularMPAgivesVSWRof1.50 without tumor. Fig-11(a), (b) shows the VSWR plot of proposedrectangularMPAinAnsys HFSSsoftwareand in linechartplot.At5.73GHz,theproposedrectangularMPA givesVSWRof1.57withtumor.

(b)

Fig -8: ReturnLossofMPAforthyroidmodelwithout tumor

(a)

(b)

Fig -9: ReturnLossofMPAforthyroidmodelwithtumor

(a)

(b)

Fig -10: VSWRofMPAforthyroidmodelwithouttumor (a)

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 11 Issue: 08 | Aug 2024 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

(b)

Fig -11: VSWRofMPAforthyroidmodelwithtumor

Fig-12andFig-13showsthegainofproposedrectangular MPA.TheproposedrectangularMPAgivesmaximumgainof 2.32dBand2.96dBwithoutandwithtumorrespectively.

Fig -12: GainofMPAforthyroidmodelwithouttumor

Fig -13: GainofMPAforthyroidmodelwithtumor

6.CONCLUSION

The proposed rectangular microstrip patch antenna has different return loss, gain, and VSWR values for thyroid

gland with and without tumor. The variations in these parameters helps to detect the cancer cells in the thyroid gland.The proposedantenna usesedgefeeding technique anditiseasytodesign.TheproposedrectangularMPAhas low profile and low cost. The proposed rectangular MPA withvariousfrequencieswillbedesignedtodetectcancer cellsatsomeearlierstagesinfuture.

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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

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