Comparative experimental analysis of non edible vegetable oil as cutting fluid - a review by IRJET Journal

Comparative experimental analysis of non edible vegetable oil as cutting fluid - a review

Ms. Madhuriya jadhav1 , Dr. Sachin Agrawal 2

1PG Student Department of Mechanical Engineering, DIEMS, Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra, India

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, DIEMS, Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra, India

Abstract - Cutting fluids have three main benefits: they remove chips during machining processes, lubricate at the chip-tool contact, and evacuate heat. However, there is rising worry regarding the sustainability, biodegradability, safety, and health of operators when using regular mineral oils as cutting fluids. Because of its environmental benefits, including resource renewal, biodegradability, and sufficient performance for a variety of applications, vegetable oil can now be employed as a lubricant in industrial settings Vegetable oils have generally been shown to be a good replacement for conventional mineral oil as working fluids when it comes to machining temperature, surface roughness, force, tool wear when performing various machining processes.

Key Words: Drilling operation, cutting fluid, Used oil,Blend of oils ,neem oil ,jatropha oil

INTRODUCTION

Theprocessofmachininginvolvesremovingmaterialtoalteritssize,shape,andsurface.Materialsthatcanbesynthesized throughheatevaporationorbyexertingpressureuntilthematerialcracks.Asmoothsurface,precisegeometry,sharpcorners, grooves, fillets, and excellent dimensional tolerances are just a few of the many important benefits of drilling ,turning , grinding, machining are the three most used types of machining. The term "Miscellaneous Activities" also refers to the followingoperations:planning,drilling,broaching,andcutting[1]

Various machiningprocessesplayanessential partintheproductionsector.Cost-cuttingmeasures havebeentakeninto accountineverymanufacturingprocess.Inthisregard,it'scrucialtochoosetherightmachiningsettings,suchas,cutting speed,feedrateanddepthofcut.Bychoosingthebestmachiningparameters,longersurfacefinish,increasedtoollife,anda greaterrateofmaterialremovalcanbeattained.

1.1 Function of cutting fluid

Coolingandlubricatingaretwoofcuttingfluid'sprimaryfunctionsintemperaturecontrol.Byremovingmetalshavingsand otherparticlesfromthetoolandcuttingarea,cuttingfluidalsoimprovesthequalityoftheworkpiece.Asthecuttingfluidis appliedduringthemachiningoperation,itdrainsheatfromthecuttingtool-workpieceinterface.Toolsmaintainthemselves withintheircriticaltemperaturerangebythecoolant'scoolingeffect,whichkeepsthetoolfromsofteningandwearingout quickly. Theuseofcuttingfluidalsolessensthelikelihoodofbuilt-upedges.Metalparticlesthatsticktothetool'sedgeduring themachiningofparticularmetalsarereferredtoasbuilt-upedges.Incertainprocedures,fluidtransparencyorclaritymaybe thedesirablepropertyinacuttingfluid.

1.2 Cutting fluid

Inthemanufacturingindustry,cuttingfluidsareemployedaslubricantsandcoolantsformetalworkingapplications.Theymay alsobeknownaslubricants,coolants,cuttingoils,machiningfluids,ormetalworkingfluidsaswellasthemachiningprocesses. Forbothtools,cuttingfluidisusedtoreducetheharmfuleffectsofheatandfrictionaswellasthetaskitemF.Taylorreally publishedthefirstpaperontheuseofcuttingfluidsinmetalworkingin1894.Hediscoveredthatbystronglymistingthe cuttingzone,itisfeasibletoachieveacutspeedofupto33%withoutshorteningthetool'slifespan.Threepracticaladvantages ofcuttingfluidarethatithelpswithmachining,chiptoolcontactlubrication,heatevacuationchipremoval.

Types of Cutting fluids:

Cuttingfluidsareoftendividedintofourgroups:watersolubleoils,synthetics,semi-synthetics,andstraightoils.

1) StraightOil

These are essentially mineral-based petroleum oils, so named because they don't contain any water. They might contain additives intended to bring forth specific qualities in them. The superior lubrication that straight oils provide over the

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workpieceandcuttingtoolisoneoftheirmainadvantages.However,theseareparticularlyusefulforlow-speed,low-clearance taskswhenasuperiorsurfacepolishisrequired.Theyareapplieddirectlyandaren'tdilutedpossessexcellentlubricating qualities,strongcorrosionresistance,andbiodegradationresistance,yetthere.Thecoolingpropertiesofthistypeofmetal workingfluidarenotquiteaseffectiveasthoseofothervarieties.

2) SolubleOil

Theterms"emulsions,""watersolubleoils,"or"emulsibleoils"refertoentitiesthatsimulatesoap.Typically,theyconsistof emulsifiers,additionaladditives,and60–90%mineralorpetroleumoil.Oncetheemulsifiersaremixedtogetherandtheoilis dispersedthroughoutthewater,astableoilemulsionisproduced.Becausesolubleoilscombinewithwatertoformalubricant, theyhaveahighercoolingcapacity.Theycanleaveaprotectiveoillayeronthemovingelementsofequipmentandtools,and theyfrequentlyhavetheabilitytoemulsifygreaseorfrictionoils.Ontheotherhand,solubleoilsaremore vulnerableto bacterialdevelopmentanddegradation,evaporationoilcontamination,andoillosswhenthereiswaterpresent.

3) SyntheticsFluids

Alkalineinorganicandbiologicalelementsconstitutesyntheticfluidsratherthanthebaseofmineraloilorpetroleum.Basedon their chemical composition, natural fluids can also be classed as simple, complex, or emulsifiable substances. Light duty grindingprocessesarethemainapplicationsforsimplesyntheticconcentration,alsoreferredtoasarealsolution.Emulsifiable syntheticscanhandleheavy-dutygrindingandcuttingoperationsontough,challenging-to-machine,andhigh-temperature metallicmaterialsbyvirtueoftheirwettability,excellentcooling,andlubricity.Syntheticscanstillfoamorformfinemists undermoderatetohighagitationconditions,eveniftheyarelessimmunetoissueswithoil-basedfluids.

4) Semi-syntheticsFluids

Semi-chemicalfluids,alsoknownassemi-syntheticfluids,areessentiallycomposedofablendofsolubleoilsandsynthetic materials.Smallmineraloildispersionsarepresentinawater-dilutableconcentrate,typicallyrangingfrom2to30percent. Semisynthetic lubricants are far lower maintenance than soluble oils and are useful in a wide range of machining applications.Theyhavesuperiorwettingandcoolingqualitiesoversoluble.oilsthatprovideeffectivelubricationforheavyduty applicationswithamoderaterateofconsumptionbyenablinguserstoreduceandfeedfaster.Becausesemisyntheticsare madeoflesssmokeandoilmist,theyaresuperioratpreventingbacterialHardwaterdeposits,however,canoccurasaresult ofthestabilityofsiliconesbeingalteredbywaterhardness.Theyalsohavealongerlifeexpectancythansolubleoilsandare typicallysoldatalowerpriceforlubricatinglessoilthanpureorliquidoilsbecauseofhoweasilytheyfrothduetotheir cleaningingredients.strongresistancetocorrosion.

1.3 Standard Mineral Oils

Eco-friendlylubricantswereexpectedtogrowatapaceof7%to10%annuallyin2002.USmarketforafewyears,althoughthe overallgrowthrateofthelubricantbusinesswasonly2%.IntheJournalofScientificandEngineeringResearch,MbishidaMA etal.reportedlypublishedapaperin2018.In2005,theworld'slubricantconsumptionwasestimatedtobe38milliontonnes, withanexpectedgrowthrateof1.2%peryearoverthenexttenyears.Metalworkingfluids(MWFs)arebecomingmoreused inthemachiningsectorduetotheirbenefits.Atleasttwothirdsofthe320,000tonnesofMWFsthatareconsumedyearlyinthe EuropeanUnionaloneneedtobedisposedof.Growingawarenessofthepotentialnegativeeffectsofusingmineraloil-based lubricants has led to the implementation of laws prohibiting their use in countries such as the Austrian Empire, Canada, Budapest,Japan,PolandandSwitzerland

1.4 The existing challenges related to conventional cutting fluids

Conventional metalworking fluids have challenging chemical compositions that are used to complete various machining processactivities.Despitetheirwidespreadusage,theyrepresentasignificantrisktotheenvironmentandpublichealth. Hazardsduringtheirentirelifecycle.

1. Human hazard

Skincontactwithmetalworkingfluids(MWFs)waslinkedtoover80%ofalloccupationaldiseasesreportedbyoperators, accordingtoresearchfindings.Itisbelievedthatbetween70,000andamillionworkersintheUSarevulnerabletoMWFs. Cuttingfluidsmaybeunpleasantorallergicduetotheircomplexchemicalcomposition.Thebacteriaandfungipresentcanalso createmicrobialtoxins,particularlyinwatersolubleMWFsthatposeagreaterrisktooperators[14].Inhalingaerosolsfrom processfluidscancauseavarietyofhealthproblemsformetalworkingmachineworkers,includingallergies,skindiseases,

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cancer,hypersensitivitypneumonitis,andchronicbronchitis[15].Toaddresstheseconcerns,tribologistsandscientistsare currently looking into a variety of alternatives to mineral-based MWFs. About 85% of all lubricants used worldwide are mineral-basedoils[16].

2. EcologicalRiskandBiodegradability

Theabilityofeachcomponenttobreakdownthroughtheactionofmicroorganismsdetermineshowbiodegradableitis.Ifthe percentageofbreakdownofanoilpassesapredefinedlevelinastandardtest,itisdeemedbiodegradable[16].Theextensive useofmineraloilshashadanumberofnegativeeffectsontheenvironment.Theirusehasseveralnegativeeffects,includingair pollution,soilerosion,groundwaterandsurfacewatercontamination,andthefollowingdegradationofagriculturalandfood products [17]. Public interest in environmentally friendly lubricants is rising as a result of the connection between conventionalmineraloil-basedlubricantsandenvironmentalissues[14].Numerousadditives,suchasantiwear,detergents, dispersants,antifoams,severepressureagents,frictionmodifiers,andviscosityimprovers,areincludedwithmineraloil-based lubricants. Certain chemicals pose a threat to wildlifeand human health due to their toxicity and negative effects on the environment.Theenvironment'stoxicityIssueswithmineraloil-basedlubricantsandtheadditivestheycontain,aswellas growingcosts duetoa global shortageOnceagain,vegetableoilssuchascanola,coconut,sunflower,andsoybeanoilare becomingmoreandmorepopular.Sesameoil,castoroil,andsoon.

1.5 Additional challenges consist of:

1. Unrenewability:Thisisthefluid'spropensitytodiminishherselfafteruseandnotreplenish.

2. Foaming:Usually,itisproducedbymechanical,chemical,orair-blockingprocessesinthefluid.Foranyconventionalfluid toremainbiostable,effectivecorrosionprevention,andcuttingperformance,itmustmeetaminimumconcentrationlevel. Forthefluidtofunction,aspecificconcentrationrangeisrequired.Theminimummayfallbelowthisconcentrationlevel foranextendedlengthoftimeifthisisthecaseforanumberofreasons,includinglowpH,emulsioncracking,corrosionof ferrousalloys(redrust),bio-instabilityandbio-massformation,poorcuttingperformance,and,lastly,thehandlingof metalremovalfluid.

2. The effect of fluid cutting on the parameters for machining

Numerousscholarshaveexaminedtheimpactofconventionalandnon-edibleoilsonmachiningparameterssuchascutting force,workingshapecreation,machinetemperature,andtoolwear.Thisreporthighlightstheprimaryfindingsfromthese investigations.

Ademoh, et al., (2016) [1]Additionally,inalightsteelturningoperation,theefficacyofsolubleoils,watermelonseedoil,and neemseedoilasmetalcuttingfluidshasbeenevaluated.Moreover,considerationhasbeengiventocertainphysicochemical propertiesofcuttingfluids.37.33Cwasthelowesttemperaturemeasuredwhenmakinganemulsionconsistingof25%neem seedoiland75%water.Unlikeconventionalcuttingoil,allratiosofoilstowateremulsionsperformedadmirablyascoolants. SharafadeenKunleKolawale et.al [2].Theeffectivenessofgroundnutandpalmoilsincomparisontomineraloilcutfluidwas assessedwhileasoftsteelwasbeingmachined.Becausepalmoilhasthebestlubricatingqualities,ithasproducedthelargest totalthickness(0.26mm).Basedonthesefindings,powderednutoil,palmoilaresuggested aflexiblesubstituteformineraloil formachiningmildsteel.Thesamplebasedongroundnutoilhasthelowestviscosity,andatextremelyhightemperatures, ranges are closest. Low viscosity results in a high viscosity index and a propensity to flow at high temperatures during operation.

Jitendra Kumar Chandrakar et.al [3]Allmachinerywithmovingpartscanrunsmoothly,asdemonstratedbylubricants.It guarantees the dependability of machines' operations and lessens the likelihood of their failure. Vegetable bio lubricants provideexcellentlubricatingqualitiesinadditiontobeingnon-toxic,biodegradable,andrenewable.Thestudyonedibleoilsas acuttingagentwasreviewedbytheauthor.Inafewarticles,itwasusedanddemonstratedtobebeneficialasalubricantfor someoilsthatweren'tedible,includingcastormachiningoperations.

Obi, et al., (2013) [4].Confirmed the effectivenessofa fewvegetableoilsasanaluminiumcuttingfluid,includingpalm, groundnut,shearbutter,andcottonseedoil.Eachoilneedstobeusedaslubricantinaturningprocesswithvaryingspindle speeds,feedrates,andcuttingdepths.Thesurfacetemperature,surfacequality,andchipthicknessratiomustallbechecked. Theyhaveperformedremarkablywellwhencomparedtoconventionalclearoils.Ithasbeendemonstratedthatmachined componentsarecapableofperformingthesametasksasimportedones.

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Accordingto Lawal et al.[5],MWFsmadefrombio-basedoilhavebeenmodifiedtoworkwithavarietyofmaterialsand machiningsettings.TheirresearchshowsthatMWFsmadeofpalm,coconut,andsunfloweroilshavesuperiorlubricating characteristicsandperformonparwithmineraloilsintermsofcuttingforce,temperature,surfacefinish,andtoolwear.

Emel-Kuram et al [6] Weinvestigatedtheeffectsofvegetable-basedcuttingfluidsondrillingwear.Thisinitiativewasfocused ondevelopingvegetablecuttingfluids,orVBCFs,andmachiningproceduresthatmakeuseofthem.Whendrilling304AISI steelwithanHSSEtool,thefollowingparameterswillbeassessed:toolwear,thruststrength,andsurfaceroughness.The efficacyofthethreeVBCFs commercialseamlesscuttingfluid,refinedcanolaoil,refinedsunfloweroil,andrefinedcanola oil will be assessed. The testing findings show that the canola-based cutting fluid performs better due to its enhanced capacity.Thelubricatingpropertiesundercontinuouscuttingconditionsaresuperiortothoseofothercutfluids.

Bello and Yakubu [7]. Neemoilhasproducedaluminiummanganesealloybyarangeofmachiningprocesses.Theyexamined howwellNeemseedoilmachinedincomparisontosolubleoilanddryturningundervariouscuttingconditions.Comparedto solubleoils,theinvestigatorsfoundthatneemseedoilhada39%smoothersurface.Theresearchalsofoundthatusingneem oillowerstoolwearby56%whencomparedtosolubleoils.Itfollowsthatneemoilperformsbetterasacuttingfluidthan mineraloil.

Table -1: Reportofvariousarticlesaboutnonediblevegetableoilasmetalworkingfluid

1.1:Reportofvariousarticlesaboutnonediblevegetableoilasmetalworkingfluid

Sr.no Author Title Type of Machine Cutting Fluid W/P material O/P parameters I/P parameters

1. Sharafadeenk unlekolwale et.al fluid during the evaluation of groundnut and palm oil performances in comparison to mild steel cutting and machiningoperations basedonmineraloil

2. M.Susmitha et.al Impact of non-edible vegetable-basedoilas a cutting fluid on the force and roughness of the chips during mildsteeldrilling

3. M. Anthony Xavioret.al Assessing the impact of cutting fluids on surface roughness and tool wear when turning AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel

CNC drilling machine mineral oil-based cutting fluid, palm oil, and groundnut oil

CNC drilling machine Neem oil,karanja oil

Blend of neem and karanja

Turning Coconutoil

Solubleoil

Straight oilt

Mildsteel cutting depth (mm), feed rate (mm/rev), and cutting speed (rev/min)

AISI 1014 Mildsteel

4. Rasaq.A.Kaze emet.al Improvements in the use of cutting fluids basedonvegetableoil for environmentally friendly machining processes Turning drilling milling grinding

Non edible vegetable oils

5. G. Singh M.kumaret.al An experimental study examining the performance of Turning Vegetable oil

AISI 304 with carbide tool

Cuttingdepth, feed, and speed

Temp Surface roughness

Chip formation

feed, depth of cut, cutting speed.

Mineraloil MQL

Chip creation roughnessof the surface cutting power

Temperatue, cuttingforce, surface roughness, and flank wear

Temperature Surface roughness

Cuttingforce

Surface roughness

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mineralandvegetable oils when machining En-31 steel while using the least amountoflubricant

6. Gajrani,K.K. Using flood cooling and lowest quantity cutting fluid procedures, biodegradation and hard machining performance of mineral oil and ecofriendly cutting fluid arecompared.

7. Suhaili,S.N. Investigation of surface roughness andchipdevelopment in mild steel milling with vegetable-based oilaslubricant

8. Y.M. Shashidhara Using vegetable oils as a cutting fluid, experimental measurements of cutting power for turning and material remove rate for drillingofAA6061-T6 weremade.

9. Emelkuram, M.Huseyin Performance evaluation of cutting fluids made from developedvegetables using D-optimal experimental design intheturningprocess

10. N.Talib ,E.A.Rahim Assessment of chemically altered crude jatropha oil's performanceasabiobased metal working fluidformachining

3. CONCLUSIONS

Hard machining

Milling

Hardened AISI H13steel

Cutting force, feedforce Surface roughness, Coefficientof friction.

Sunflower oil Mildsteel Feedrate, Depth of cut.

Cuttingspeed. Surface roughness Chip formation

Drilling Jatropha, Pogammia pinnata,

Turning Sunflower oil

Canolaoil

AA 6061T6sheets HSS drill tool

AISI 304L material carbide tool7

Cuttingforce, Cuttingspeed

Feed

Depthofcut

Orthogonal cutting process

Crude jatrophaoil

AISI 1045 mildsteel

Feed

Depth of cut ,

Cuttingspeed

Material removalrate

Rake angle

MQLpressure supplied ,

Cuttingspeed

Feedrate

cutting and feed force , Surface roughness

Cuttingforce

cutting temperature

Numerousinvestigationshaveshownthatvegetableoilscanserveasmineralworkingfluidsinplaceofconventionalmineral oil.Thepossibledisadvantagesofutilisingconventionalmineraloilsascuttingfluidswerenotedinthisstudy,alongwiththe advantagesofswitchingtovegetableoil.Itseemsthatvegetableoilshavepotential.Howfartheyhaveprogressedintometal working fluids in terms of temperature reduction, tool wear, force, and surface roughness during a variety of machining procedures.

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Keyfindingsfromtheliteraturereview:

1.Bettersurfacesmoothnessandhighercuttingspeedswhilemachiningcomparedtotraditionalsolvents.

2.Usingenvironmentallyfriendlycuttingfluidsresultsinlongertoollife,lesssurfaceirregularity,andmoreprecisionbecause thereislessheatgenerated.

3.Theuseofcuttingfluidsbasedonvegetableoilduringmachiningresultsinlowcuttingforce.

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