A REVIEW OF THE NOVEL CORONA DISASTER IN INDIA by IRJMETS

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A REVIEW OF THE NOVEL CORONA DISASTER IN INDIA Gunasekaran Suriyakala*1, Sivaji Sathiyaraj*2, Purushothaman Kavitha*3, Ranganathan Babujanarthanam*4 *1,2,4Nano

and Energy Bioscience Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore-632115, Tamil Nadu, India.

*3Department *4,

of Biochemistry, KMG College of Arts and Science, Gudiyattam, Vellore-632602.

Head & Associate Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore-632115, Tamil Nadu, India.

ABSTRACT The emerging infection namely Covid-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first found in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and later spread to the rest of the world. India received itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Covid -19 case on 30th January 2020 from the state of Kerala through the three students who came from Wuhan, China. The first death case due to Covid-19 in India was in Karnataka which gave an alarm to the whole nation. Now, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Delhi were the most influenced states with the highest number of confirmed and deaths cases in India. The Indian government is doing lots of endeavours to control the transmission of the virus that spreads expeditiously among humans. Strategies of Indian Government like social distancing, self-quarantine, and countrywide lockdown have helped to minimize the spread of virus, which could otherwise have spread enormously. We have highlighted the overview of Covid-19, the viral outbreak in India, and the government's efforts to fight against the deadly disease. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, India, lockdown, social distance.

INTRODUCTION

A series of cases of a novel human-infected respiratory virus was observed in patients in December 2019, after they had visited a local market in Wuhan, China [1]. On January 7, 2020, researchers isolated a novel virus from infected pneumonia patients. The virus was characterized by using Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and next-generation sequencing [2]. On 11 February 2020, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses named this virus as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [3]. On the same day, the World Health Organization (WHO) named the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 as coronavirus disease-19 (Covid-19) [4]. In the previous two decades, SARS-CoV-2 is the third coronavirus (CoV) infection after severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) [5]. As of July 29, 2020, around 1,68,99,009 confirmed and 6,63,539 mortality cases have been reported globally and India has around 15,33,936 confirmed and 34,240 mortality cases due to Covid-19 [6]. Now, SARS-CoV-2 has spread all over India, nearly every nook and corner of the country. This review reveals the viral outbreak of the novel virus and its effect in the Indian society and various efforts put forth by our government to control it.

II.

HISTORY

Coronaviruses are named for the crown-like spikes on their surface. Human CoV was first observed in the mid-1960s. There are nearly seven CoVs identified namely, 229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, MERS-CoV, SARSCoV, and SARS-CoV-2. The people around the world are generally infected by Human CoV 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1. CoV that infect animals can sometimes develop and make people sick and become a new human CoV. The SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV are three recent examples of that [7]. In 2002â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2003 a new CoV of the beta genera was identified in bats which infected humans in the Guangdong www.irjmets.com

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province of China by using palm civet cats as a host. This virus referred to as SARS-CoV, affected 8,422 humans largely in China and Hong Kong which resulted in 916 fatalities (11%) before being controlled. After a decade, in 2012, the MERS-CoV, also of bat origin, affected 2494 humans causing 858 deaths (34%) in Saudi Arabia. The MERS-CoV used dromedary camels as a host and infected humans [8]. In December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 was first discovered in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, after several cases developed viral pneumonia that appeared similar to SARS. The identified cases had similar disclosure to the Huanan seafood wholesale market in Wuhan, which sells live animals, including birds and other mammals. These mammals are believed to act as an intermediate host, similar to other CoV, and to have transmitted the virus to humans even though the specific animal species is still unknown [9].

III.

GENOMIC STRUCTURE AND MODE OF ACTION OF INFECTION

The SARS-CoV-2 is a beta coronavirus which is a large, spherical, enveloped, non-segmented, positivesense single-stranded RNA virus consisting of approximately 30 kb of genome. SARS-CoV-2 consists of 4 major structural proteins, such as spike glycoprotein (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins [10]. S protein inhibits the activity of neutralizing antibodies that are primarily involved in blocking viral particles from interacting with the host cell to infect cells. S protein comprises S1 and S2 domains, and interaction between the S1 domain and a particular host cell receptor called Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE-2) promotes compliance changes in the S protein [11,12]. The SARS-Cov-2 mainly infects the lower respiratory tract hold to ACE-2 on alveolar epithelial cells. SARS-CoV and SARSCoV-2 are triggering the production of inflammatory cytokines which results in cytokine storm or cytokine cascade which causes organ damages. The early onset of expeditious viral replication may lead to huge epithelial and endothelial cell apoptosis and vascular leakage, triggering the liberation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Additionally, infection with SARS-CoV-2 can also induce pyroptosis in macrophages and lymphocytes. A major number of patients (82.1%) who experienced SARS-CoV-2 have induced peripheral blood lymphopenia in which lymphocytes are damaged by apoptosis or pyroptosis [13, 14].

IV.

SYMPTOMS AND DISEASE TRANSMISSION

Covid-19 symptoms are typically explicit as increased body temperature, dry cough, and fatigue. Few infected people may have mild symptoms such as headache, muscle ache, runny nose, sore throat, or diarrhoea. Many patients with Covid-19 can experience extreme pneumonia, organ failure (e.g., kidney), acute respiratory tract infection, and septic shock, which may cause death. Some infected people, however, develop no symptoms and those people are called carriers of a symptoms. Covid-19 is mostly found in the aged people, children (below 12 years), pregnant ladies, and persons with chronic illness like obesity, heart attacks, diabetes, kidney and liver diseases, as well as immune compromised people including cancer patients, HIV, autoimmune disorders and smokers [15]. The main form of transmission is now considered as human-to-human transmission. The infection may also be spread by individuals who remain asymptomatic while symptomatic people are therefore the most common cause of infection. Transmission occurs through the spread of the respiratory droplets by coughing or sneezing. The research revealed that close contact between humans further leads to the transmission of infection [16, 17].

COVID-19 IN INDIA

India is the world's second-most populous country. India is an immediate neighbour of China and is thus more likely to transmit infectious diseases. In India, the first Covid-19 case was confirmed on 30th January 2020 in three students of the state of Kerala who returned from Wuhan, China. The first death in India due to Covid-19 was a man of 76 years old in Kalaburagi district, Karnataka on 11 March 2020 [18]. Reports of confirmed cases from other Indian states began to increase progressively. As of July 29, 2020, approximately 15,33,936 confirmed cases were recorded in India with 34,240 mortality due to Covid-19. The highest cases appeared in Maharashtra (3,91,440), followed by Tamil Nadu (2,27,688), www.irjmets.com

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Delhi (1,32,275), Andhra Pradesh (1,10,297), Karnataka (1,07,001), and Uttar Pradesh (73,951). These were the most affected sates (67%) containing 10,42,652out of overall confirmed cases of Covid-19 [19]. The increased Covid-19 cases in each state of India were given in figure 1 and the total recovered, deaths due to Covid-19 in each state of India were given in Figure 2 and Figure 3.

VI.

THE RESPONSE OF INDIA FOR DISEASE CONTROL

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare took instant action and issued a travel advisory, as travel restrictions to control the spread of infection. All foreign travellers arriving in the country were asked to undergo 2 weeks of self-quarantine. All travel visas to other countries have been cancelled till 15th April 2020. In India, all the states were required to follow the Epidemic Disease Act, which authorized officials to quarantine suspected cases and close places in public. An accelerated effort was launched which include guidelines for personal hygiene, surveillance, contact tracing, individual isolation, detection of viral spread, laboratory testing, and disease control. People have been counselled to evade mass gatherings. All medical management were asked to discontinue regular outpatient and inpatient services and continue with emergency services only. Physicians had been requested to use telemedicine services. Also, the Arogya Setu application (app) was launched to connect essential health services with Indian people to fight Covid-19. This app will reach out and inform users about the Covid-19 containment risk, best practices, and relevant advisories. Features such as railway train coaches, hotels, colleges, etc., have been transformed into quarantine facilities and large public places like stadiums have been transformed into isolation wards to handle an anticipated increase in cases. Some of the States have changed existing hospitals to treat Covid-19 patients exclusively. On 22 March, India's government launched a 14-hour lockdown process, followed by a lockdown in affected districts Covid-19 and a 3-week nationwide lockdown. Then the lockdown was extended for 2 weeks with some relaxation during the lockdown differentiating India into red (highest confirmed cases), orange (limited number of cases), and green zone (No confirmed positive cases for the last 21 days). The lockdown was extended further 14 days for 2 times in May (4 to 17th May 2020 and 18 to 31st May 2020), and the whole month in June and has now been extended for the sixth time till 31st July 2020. Long-term lockdowns in India could be more devastating than in wealthier countries such as the US, UK, and Australia which will lead to severe economic damage, increased hunger and poverty, and reduced resilience of the population to the infection [20]. Control of the disease is more important, and lockdown plays a major role in controlling Covid-19 and it is more effective when people obey the government's rules and regulations.

VII.

PRECAUTIONS

There is no vaccine or effective antiviral treatment available for the Covid-19 so being under precautions is safer than being under medication. The WHO and Centres for Disease Control and Prevention has recommended some precautions to prevent Covid-19 which are as follows; avoiding close contact with individuals and practicing social distance to reduce the chance of viral spread; using soap and hand sanitizers (60% alcohol) to maintain personal hygiene; washing hands for at least 20 seconds effectively (which kills coronavirus); avoiding unwashed hands to touch the eyes, nose, and mouth. If any kind of sickness is felt, it is advisable that people seek immediate medical help and stay as far as possible at home. It's recommended that people cover their nose and mouth while coughing. The use of a face mask is mandatory for the people infected [21].

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ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ANDHRA PRADESH ARUNACHAL PRADESH ASSAM BIHAR CHANDIGARH CHHATTISGARH DADRA AND NAGAR HAVELI DELHI GOA GUJARAT HARYANA HIMACHAL PRADESH JAMMU AND KASHMIR JHARKHAND KARNATAKA KERALA LADAKH MAHARASHTRA MANIPUR MEGHALAYA MIZORAM MADHYA PRADESH NAGALAND ODISHA PUDUCHERRY PUNJAB RAJASTHAN SIKKIM TAMIL NADU TELENGANA TRIPURA UTTAR PRADESH UTTARAKHAND WEST BENGAL

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2317 779 384 29217 1460 28107 3011 14378 38514 579 227688

NO. OF CASES

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1330 34947 43843 934 8257 982

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REPRESENTATION OF COVID-19 DATA

STATES OF INDIA

Fig-1: Confirmed cases in each state of India

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1612 194 198 20343 577 18061 1782 9752 27202 186

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599 5439 596

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NO. OF RECOVERED CASES

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STATES OF INDIA

Fig-2: Recovered cases in each state of India

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3659

1449

1497 70

480 21

830 5 154 47 336 644 1

0 5 0

67 6

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1148 3 88 269 14 46 2

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STATES OF INDIA

Fig-3: Fatalities caused by Covid-19 in each infected states of India.

IX.

CONCLUSION

The Covid-19 pandemic is a public health issue at the international level. A multifaceted approach is expected to tackle the emerging of the Covid-19 pandemic. The government, health sector, community, and every individual have a key role to play in preventing infection to be transmitted. Positive cases and death rate will definitely shoot up unless the Indian residents handle the situation with caution. Countrywide lockdown and social distancing measures have greatly contributed in restricting the rapid transmission of the disease. The experience achieved from the global efforts in dealing with Covid-19 should propel countries globally to be prepared for disease control for novel disease outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics of the future.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors thank Mrs. T. Malarvizhi, M.A., M.Ed., for her help in correcting the manuscript.

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