MNEMONIC PRACTICE
02 Mnemonic Practice: Hybrid Urban Village as Reconstruction of Memory of Places (M.Arch Thesis; Published on Proceeding Conference and presented at International Urban Design Conference: FUTURE CITIES IN ASIA, Seoul, November 2012; Upcoming Publication by Beijing Planning Review 2013) irwan soetikno / ishenstudio@yahoo.com
Does Architecture still matter? Are traditional and vernacular values still important to be explored and can they be embodied into the modern architecture--driven by scientific and technological development--which has occupied modern Asian metropolis following post-colonialism, capitalism and globalization? In this thesis, to re-thinking the meaning and values of traditional and vernacular, I propose phenomenology as point of departure, and mnemonic practice as design methodology. By analyzing the phenomenon of the modern and traditional environment, which I encountered in different polarity of Indonesian mythical traditional environment (Hindu Temple in Java and Bali) and Chinese historical and modern environment (Chinese Garden & Shanghai metropolis), I develop a theoretical proposition which is central to the dichotomy of formal dimension and transcendental dimension (refer to Husserl, who divided two dimensions from which every system derives its meaning). I believe, in order to restore our modern city and community within the corridor of critical regionalism, we
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have to look back again, and learn from the traditional built environment which is capable to integrate both dimensions. In this condition, place is experienced beyond merely physical perception, and ʻidentityʼ and ʻsense of placeʼ is resonated and registered deep into our memory through different means and meanings. To test out this theoretical proposition, I propose design thesis of Hybrid Urban Village. Itʼs a design intervention on urban village at the Suzhou Creek, Shanghai following the postindustrialization, by adopting the hybrid building typology. Hybrid Urban Village is a new community which offers diversity to generic modern Shanghai urban environment. It is envisioned as a catalyst for Suzhou Creek urban redevelopment. And finally, itʼs a reconstruction of my personal memory of places: a locus of tradition and modernity.
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PART 1:
The objective of this research is to develop a
THEORETICAL PROPOSITION
the exhaustive rigid modern design theory and
new perspective for Asian Urbanism, beyond planning--which focus on speculative quantitative analysis & projection, sustainability and other complexity--while are unable to restore social dimension and cultural
1.1 INTRODUCTION
identity. The research attempts to ‘fill in the gap’ within the large scale urban fabric, by
Regionalism and globalization remains as a
focusing on micro scale urbanism and aiming
polemic issue in the twenty-first century,
to address the issue of identity and sense of
especially in the developing Asian region with
place.
its rapid urbanization with tremendous influence from role model of modern cities in the Europe and North America. ‘Roman operating system’ as elucidated in Mutations 1,
1.1.1 Urbanization & Globalization
has become a generic principle of the modern
There are at least two theories which justify
cities in the West and continue to spread its
the global phenomenon of the world
influence as a model in global modern
metropolis. First, dealing with the urbanization,
metropolis. Ancient Asian cities such as
viewed as an internal factor within a city.
Beijing, Kyoto and Mandurai, on the other
During the course of urbanization, the
hand, as theorized by Kevin Lynch in Good
metropolis evolved out of a collection of
City
Form2
was built on the foundation of
individualized programmatic structures
cosmic theory.
strewn across the landscape.3 Second, as the
After decades of development and
external pressure, every cities need to develop
modernization following the post-colonialism,
a strategy to keep up with change, globally
many Asian Cities attempt to repositioning
and locally, and to maintain the advantages
themselves amid the tension between
and competitiveness that they need for
globalization and regionalism. The tension
survival. In China, since the economic
often occurs as a result of rapid transformation
reformation after the Deng Xiaobing era,
and social-political transition, as the cities
government has taken a strategy of building
strive to maintain its cultural values and
Urban Mega Projects (UMPs).4 As an obvious
regional identity, while at the same time need
result of this strategy, there are massive UMPs
to absorb the modernity as the promise for its
which emerge as a collection of individualized
prosperity and success in globalized world.
programatic structures within the metropolis urban fabric, such as Shanghai and Beijing.
1 Koolhas, Rem. Mutations: Harvard Project in the City, Barcelona, Actar 2000. 2 Lynch, Kevin. Good City Form, Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press 1984. 3 Nijenhuis, W. ‘City Frontiers and Their Disappearance’, Architectural Design, v.64, n.3/4, 1994, p15-16 4 Chen, Yawei. Shanghai Pudong, Urban Development In An Era of Global-local Interaction. TU Delft, 2007
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The collection of individual UMPs has caused
Collective Memory, which attempted to
a segregation and discontinuation within the
maintain and reconstruct the identity of place /
city’s urban fabric which created a problematic
city.
issue. Linked Hybrid in Beijing by Steven Holl
During the globalization, these two precedents
is an attempt to resolve this issue by creating a
from European and American cities are widely
porous urban fabric. Linked Hybrid is
adopted by Asian Cities which are undergoing
comprised of eight hybrid buildings with multi
unprecedented development. One extreme
function / programatic requirement, which are
case is Singapore which is experiencing the
linked by series of bridges, making this
major transformation and development based
development an independent city within a city.
on tabula rasa--described by Koolhaas as
However, this operation works in the large
thirty years of tabula rasa; a representation of
scale, and connected bridges act as a new
unique ecology of the contemporary.5
infrastructure which do not resolve the scale for human habitation.
Shanghai Pudong as the center of the new metropolis was also established on tabula rasa
Therefore, one of key issues that we should
and gained its new identity from generic
pay attention here is how to mitigate the gap of
collective iconic towers which marks its
large scale urban fabric with the human scale
economic establishment and prosperity.
habitation? I believe at this period after the
Following the tabula rasa, collective memory
decades of urbanization and globalization, we
emerges a ‘new trend’ signified by many
need to ‘fill in the gap’ in-between the large
conservation projects in major China
scale individualized development by
metropolis, including Shanghai, which is based
rebuilding, reconnecting and redirecting micro
on European model. One of the most notable
scale urban development which is important to
project, Xintiandi redevelopment, was a pilot
restore the human life, social structure and
project in Shanghai which gained a success
cultural identity.
and set a precedent for other similar conservation projects across China. If Gehry’s Bilbao is capable to become catalyst for Bilbao
1.1.2 After Tabula Rasa & Collective
economic development, and often recognized
Memory, What Next?
as Bilbao Effect, then Xintiandi in Shanghai is
The Modernism design strategy and operation
inclined to promote similar Xintiandi Effect for
of Tabula Rasa in the last past decades in
conservation projects in China which is
European and American cities have been
directed for commercialization. This tendency
proved guilty as this strategy eradicated the
of conservation and preservation which is
identity and history of place. Later during
directed for commercial purpose and profit
postmodernism era in the European context,
should be further questioned and examined,
Aldo Rossi with his Neo-rationalism defended
as it does not fundamentally restore the
the importance of history and memory of
collective memory and historical identity of city.
place, and proposed a new strategy of
Furthermore, most of these projects only serve
5 Koolhaas, Rem. S,M,L,XL, 1998,
p1011.
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certain group of people and are accessible for
1.1.3 Iconic, Identity, & Sense of Place
certain class of society with power and
The proliferation of iconic buildings as a
particular interest.
strategy to establish an identity / brand
In terms of the spatial organization, most of the
following the globalization is a common
conservation projects which are directed by
phenomena in Asian metropolis. Responding
commercialization purpose did not restore the
to regional and cultural identity, these iconic
spatial identity and meaning. The memory and
buildings are often decorated with local form /
historical identity are simply represented by old
ornament / attribute which attempt to signify
material, symbol, ornament, or old skin of the
the genius loci of particular place / city.
building without necessarily restore the spatial
Symbolism, analogy, and narrative of
organization and meaning of the old
traditional, historical and cultural values are
architecture. This condition is noticeable, for
also often embedded into the modern iconic
example, in the case of commercial hutong of
building, often simply as a strategy; to justify
Beijing Nan Luoguxiang. In this old linear
its existence and position in the city with
hutong, shops are built along the corridor,
unique historical and cultural background, and
decorated and installed with shiny facade,
to rationalize the meaning of its form and
enclosing the old un-restored courtyard house
physical gesture.
at the back. On the other case, in Shanghai
Therefore, how could we restore the meaning
Xintiandi, the spatial organization within the old
and identity place / city, beyond the spectacle
historical housing is articulated and used for
of iconic building which have been employed
new commercial functions & activities.
in modern Asian cities for many decades? This
Looking at this new direction of Asian Cities
thesis attempts to explore and challenge this
which adopted the tabula rsa and collective
issue, by looking at the other polarity of society
memory for these past decades, with various
within the Shanghai metropolis; Urban Village
direction and interpretation, this thesis will
at the post-industrialized Suzhou Creek.
attempt to challenge both approaches. After tabula rasa and collective memory, what are the next approach should we envision for Asian Cities in its unique regional and The Wisma Dharmala by Paul Rudolf (Left), with the unique form inspired by pitch roof form of
historical context?
regional urban character of Jakarta (Right).
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process is influenced by mnemonic practice of
1.2 DESIGN METHODOLOGY:
personal or collective memory. Though
MNEMONIC PRACTICE
research of this area is usually conducted outside architecture discipline, and still speculative, however it offers a new corridor
Mnemonic is any learning technique that aids
for design thinking and methodology which is
memory. To improve long term memory,
significant for architectural theory and practice.
mnemonic systems are used to make memorization easier. Mnemonics rely on
Frank Gehry’s famous Bilbao museum is a
associations between easy-to-remember
sample of architectural expression which was
constructs which can be related back to the
influenced by Gehry’s personal memory and
data that is to be remembered. This is based
obsession to fish form, fluid, and sail’s
on the observation that the human mind much
surface.7 The fluid, iconic and sculptural form
more easily remembers spatial, personal,
is not necessarily derived from a rational
surprising, physical, sexual, humorous, or
design thinking / problem solving, but it’s
otherwise meaningful information, as
rather an evolution of Gehry exploration to fish
compared to retrieving arbitrary sequences.6
form and his personal memory of phenomenon of fluid, seas, sails and wind effects.
In this research context, I propose Mnemonic Practice as a design methodology to
Peter Eisenmann’s Memorial to the Murdered
investigate the phenomenology of vernacular
Jews of Europe in Berlin, is a monument which
and traditional environment, and to reconstruct
was designed as an attempt to reconstruct the
those memories into modern environment of
collective memory of the past tragedy. The
Hybrid Urban Village. Therefore, Mnemonic
array of massive concrete block with the
practice in this research is a thesis for design
sequences of paths and spatial narrative is a
methodology, which I believe is an important
form of mnemonic practice which represents
device to capture the phenomenon of physical
an important event in the past and registered
and transcendental dimension.
in the collective memory of the people.8
On the architectural practice, we could find example of several buildings of which design
6 Wikipedia 7 See Gehry Talks, Rizzoli, 1999, where Gehry himself explained his design process and thinking. 8 Nielsen, Kasper Lægring. Exploring the Mnemonic Dimension of Architecture through Recent Holocaust Memorials in Europe, 2007.
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In the urban context, I propose Shanghai as
1.3 THEORETICAL
the study case to examine the meaning of
PROPOSITION :
‘sense of place’ and identity in the middle of its
ABSTRACT REALITY
rapid transformation and social transition. Ruin, as the physical evidence of its
In investigating the vernacular and traditional
development and transformation, in my view is
environment versus the modern urban
a significant phenomenon which signify its
environment, I propose a theoretical
‘image of the city’. Among those ruins, urban
proposition of ‘abstract reality’ which captures
village appears as an interesting phenomena
the phenomenon of built environment including
which reveals the human resistance against
its intangible ‘abstract’ aspect which I believe
the deterioration and destruction of building
essential in constructing the unique sense of
physical elements due to aging process. And
place within many traditional environment.
to further understand this issue, I took a
The collection of ‘reading’ and investigation of
comparative study of dwelling of village in rural
this phenomenon are focusing on comparative
Shanghai and traditional Balinese village.
study of urban environment and traditional environment, of city and village, of global and regional: of Indonesia and China context. Indonesian Hindu temple in Java and Bali are among the objects of study which represent ancient, traditional and vernacular aspect. While Chinese Garden, is a parallel case study of Chinese culture which is significant to represent phenomenology in architecture.
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Ruin of Gedong Songo Temple, Central Java, Indonesia. (Left, Photo by author) The Spatial organization of Balinese temple. The element of water & sound, aroma & smell, visual of ornaments and nature, tactility of material and natural phenomenon altogether compose the perception of place (Above, photo by author). The layers & illusion of space/ the formal dimension (Below, photo by author).
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Comparative study of perception and characteristic of Urban and Village .
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PART 2 : DESIGN
banks, a multitude of warehouses and
INTERVENTION
region close to the river a significant industrial
factories were built at this time, making the area. Later after Shanghai rapid urbanization and transformation, the industries were withdrew from urban center, left the
2.1 INTRODUCTION
warehouses and factories abandoned and creates several issues related to sustainability
2.1.1 Suzhou Creek
and conservation. The heavily polluted water
A 125km long river, originated from Lake Tai,
of Suzhou river, affected by industry and
cutting through the center of Shanghai
domestic waste water, has also become a
metropolis and flowing into the Huang Pu
major concern.
River at the northern end of prominent urban
Since 1992, Shanghai Municipal Government
promenade, The Bund, in Huang Pu district.
has been pursuing a redevelopment of the
The poetic memory, hope, and fantasy of
area. In 1998, authorities launched the Suzhou
Suzhou Creek as depicted in movie Suzhou
Creek Rehabilitation Project, a 12-year-
River 9, has become essential aspect of
program to improve the water quality, mitigate
Shanghai imageability10 and history. In the
flood impact, introduce wastewater and water
past, this 50m wide river has become a
resource management and push for urban
boundary separating different political
revitalization and a higher living standard in
influences throughout Shanghai’s history.
the desolated areas along Suzhou River. In the
In 1842 when Shanghai became international
meantime, Suzhou River is considered clean
trade port, the river formed the boundary
enough to host annual rowing competitions.
between the British concession (Southern bank) and the American settlement (Northern bank) until both concessions were merged into the International Settlement in 1863. In 1937, during the Japanese occupation, the river formed the boundary between the International Settlement (South) and the Japanese concession (North). As a major consequence of Shanghai development as international trading port, Suzhou Creek emerged as an important shipping route, facilitating the transport of goods into the interior of China. Along the river 9 Suzhou River (苏州河, 2000) is a tragic love story movie set in contemporary Shanghai, directed by Lou Ye. 10 First coined by Kevin Lynch, the term refer to quality in a physical object which gives it a high probability of evoking a strong image in any given observer (The Image of The City, P9).
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Residential: old low rise typology, urban village
Residential: old low rise, row housing typology
Residential: private anting golf villas
Park: privatized marine park
Residential: private high rise apartment
Residential: private high rise apartment blocks
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Park and privatized residential; high rise
Privatized residential; medium to high rise
Agriculture
Industry
Promenade: confluence of two rivers
Form and pattern; density and tabula rasa
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2.1.2 Urban Village
problems. However, they are also among the liveliest areas in some cities and are notable
Urban Village is an urban planning and urban
for affording economic opportunity to
design concept which refers to urban form,
newcomers to the city. 12
typically characterized by medium density development with mixed use zoning, provision
In Shanghai, the existence of urban village is
of good public transit, pedestrian and public
mainly related to social and economic issue
space. The ideas of the urban commentator
which can be traced back from the emergence
Jane Jacobs are widely regarded as having
of Modern Urban Housing process since
had the largest influence on the urban village
1840-1910. 13 In general there are three main
concept. Jacobs rejected the modernist views
groups of residents which determine the
that dominated urban planning and
polarization of urban housing and living
architecture in the 1950s-60s and constructed
condition. Based on occupation and income
an alternative philosophy that values traditional
level, they are divided into Upper Level, Middle
neighborhoods and the role of the inner city.
Level and Lower Level.14 This lower level of
Proponents believe that urban villages provide
group which will later form the cluster of urban
a viable alternative to the social ills that
village following the rapid urbanization and
characterize modernism in cities, such as
development. Since 1894 there were flow of
freeways and high-rise
estates.11
workers from mainly rural area to fill in the demand of occupation of the docks and
In this research we look at the urban village in
Chinese & foreign enterprises related to
China context which is different from the
industry, transportation and other public
previous meaning as influenced by Jacobs.
undertaking. Together within this flow were
Urban villages (Chinese: 城中村;
people worked as carpenters, tailors,
literally:"village in city") are a unique
launderers, shop assistant, women servants
phenomenon that formed part of China’s
and clerks. All this group of people constituted
urbanization efforts. The villages appear on
a bulky working class at the lower level of
both the outskirts and the downtown segments
society. With the limited income which could
of major cities, including Beijing, Shenzhen
barely covered the basic living expenses, they
and Guangzhou. They are surrounded by
live in the extremely crude and simple living
skyscrapers, transportation infrastructures,
environment. They often occupied the low
and other modern urban constructions. Urban
standard worker houses built in the area with
villages are commonly inhabited by the poor
factory concentration or even form a slum
and transient, and as such they are associated with squalor, overcrowding and social
11 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_village 12 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_village_(China) 13 See Chapter One: The Emergence of Modern Urban Housing (1840-1910); Lu Junhua, Modern Urban Housing in China, 1840-2000. 14 Ibid.
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which first appeared in late nineteenth century
translated into “workers new villages,” which
at Shanghai docks. 15
refer to the main housing settlements in urbanized Shanghai for mostly factory workers
From sociology point of view, a research
and their families from the 1950s through the
conducted by Prof. Xiaming Chen from
early 1980s. From the early 1990s, these
University of Illinois-Chicago,16 categorized
residential villages became a main destination
Shanghai neighborhood into 6 types;
for many lower-income people in the old urban
agricultural village, town center, urban
neighborhoods (type 4) displaced by rapid
residential village, old urban settlement, new
urban redevelopment in Shanghai.17
commercial housing complexes, and luxury flats & villas. Both agricultural village and town
Urban Village in this research mainly refers to
center are located at the boundary of
‘urban residential village’ and ‘old urban
Shanghai municipality. At the urban centre,
settlement’ which remain along the post-
urban residential village are the lowest
industrial area along the Suzhou Creek. These
hierarchy of living environment. The urban
Urban Villages are surviving in various
residential village in this categorization refers
condition; decayed, destroyed, desolated and
to original Chinese term gongren xincun,
entrapped among the new residential apartments and commercial towers.
15 Ibid. 16 “Untangling a global-local nexus:Sorting out residential sorting in Shanghai”, 2007. 17 Ibid.
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MNEMONIC PRACTICE
Monolith Hybrids-programmatic elements
2.2 HYBRID URBAN VILLAGE AS
being subsumed into a continuous envelope.18
A CATALYST FOR URBAN
As a common phenomenon in American cities,
REDEVELOPMENT
Hybrid Buildings were breed to accommodate 2.2.1 Proposed Site & Its Context
the complexity of the programmatic requirements in modern urban fabric. Recently,
The context of the project is situated on
the Linked-Hybrid by Steven Holl, in Beijing,
Suzhou Creek in Shanghai, a historical
has attempted to create a development which
territory within urban center which offers
act as porous urban fabric. The bridges--
problematic issue of nature and city, history
connected eight main towers--tie the complex
and future, post-industrialization and
program into a single hybrid building. However,
transformation which reflect instability or
this connectivity operates in the large scale
uncertainty.
which at the end acts as a new infrastructure
The proposed research site is located within
of the complex and yet does not necessarily
the Shanghai urban area at Changning district.
dissolve the spatial quality at the micro scale.
The site is an urban village (approximately 62,000 sqm) adjacent to the north side of Suzhou Creek, surrounded by complexity of
2.2.3 Hybrid Urban Village
modern infrastructure (3 metro lines) and
It has been clear that government has taken
roads, modern high rise apartment, historical
series of action and effort to mitigate and
site of former St. John’s University (now East
resolve the issue on Suzhou Creek. Those
China University of Political Science and Law),
actions can be summarized into four main
Public Zhong Shan Park, and commercial
steps;
blocks.
1. WATER. Started in 1992 (12 years program), dealing with several effort to 2.2.2 Design Typology: Hybrid Building
improve the water quality, mitigate flood impact, and introduce wastewater and water
The concept of hybridization originates from
resource management.
genetics and refers to the cross breeding of different species. In Architecture, definition of
2. CONSERVATION. Established heritage
hybrid building is associated with the
zone and warehouses conservation
programmatic requirement. In 1985, Joseph
initiatives(1990). Suzhou Creek Art district
Fenton categorized American Hybrid buildings
(Moganshan Road Art District).
into three main categories: Fabric Hybrids-
3. TABULA RASA. Old factories and
volumetric infill into the city’s gridded fabric;
abandoned warehouses are cleared for a new
Graft Hybrids-which express each program in
privatized development.
the resultant form of the hybrid building; and
18 Fenton, Joseph. ʻHybrid Buildingsʼ in Pamphlet of Architecture no.11.p7
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MNEMONIC PRACTICE
4. RIVER FRONT. River front development; 1
intervention to the existing urban village at the
square kilometer park & commercial
edge of Suzhou Creek which endures
structures.
resistance against the pressure of economic development, high land price and physical
The final proposed design for this research will
border (the river). The outcome of the design
be the 5th stage of Suzhou Creek Urban
is a general master plan of selected site which
Redevelopment (following the 4 series of
addresses the problematic urban issues, and
government action for urban redevelopment,
architectural conceptual proposal which is
dealing with Water, Conservation, Tabula
expected to become a project prototype to
Rasa, and River Front). It is a hybrid
envision large scale transformation at the
development comprising of housing, work
particular area.
place & market place, social space & public facility. The hybrid development is a proposed
The proposal: Hybrid Urban Village.
Government’s action on Suzhou Creek.
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18
MNEMONIC PRACTICE
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CONCLUSION
lamentation to the past but it should be equally approached as a venture which could provide many practical solution to our complex urban and environmental issues, which cannot be
Hybrid Urban Village as a catalyst for Suzhou
solved by current technological achievement.
Creek Urban Redevelopment is not a prescriptive solution to current complex
It is a paradox to ponder on the story of radical
urbanism issue in China and Shanghai in
Japanese writer Junichiro Tanizaki. In his In
particular. However it offers a new challenge
Praise of Shadows19, Tanizaki exposed the
for current architectural and design practice
essence of traditional Japanese house, space
which has been too much preoccupied by
and tradition which has been continuously
technological mean, dictated by formal
replaced by modern western influence. Most of
dimension and has asserted full control to
his lamentation and criticism to this transition
physical environment. This thesis attempt to
was later contrasted to his final comment
showcase an opposite condition where in fact,
which rejected to live in the traditional house of
there are many hidden meaning and values in
his own imagination, as shown in the story
other parts of our city, where dynamic change
below:
is possible, transcendental aspect is still
“Mrs. Tanizaki tells a story of when her late
important and yet they are part of meaningful
husband decided, as he frequently did, to build
identity of a city.
a new house. The architect arrived and
This thesis also encourage many radical
announced with pride, “I’ve read your In Praise
attempt to explore and reinterpret traditional
of Shadows, Mr. Tanizaki, and know exactly
and vernacular values of many diverse Asian
what you want.” To which Tanizaki replied, “But
Cultures into modern urban context. These
no, I could no longer live in a house like
efforts should not be seen solely as a
that.”20
19 Tanizaki, Junichiro. In Praise of Shadows. 1977 20 Ibid., p 48.
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