UNIT 2: THE PRIMARY SECTOR 3RD ESO
ISABEL GARCÍA-VELASCO teachermsisabel.com
WHAT ARE WE GOING TO STUDY IN THIS UNIT? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
The economic sectors. Agriculture. Livestock farming. Forestry. Fishing. Changes in rural areas.
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Glossary Let's start creating our own glossary of terms. In a new sheet of the folder, we are going to add the terms that we explain along the unit. The glossary should be at the end of the notebook. WORDS FOR THE GLOSSARY WILL BE IN PINK.
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1. THE ECONOMIC SECTORS
Hello! Do you know what are the economic sectors? 5
1.1 THE THREE SECTORS Economic activities are grouped into three sectors: ✗ Primary: includes the economic activities related to obtaining resources directly from nature (fishing, agriculture, farming, forestry and mining). ✗ Secondary: is the economic sector refers to the economic activities related with construction and industry. ✗ Tertiary sector or service sector: are those activities that instead of producing goods offer services.
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1.2 THE PRIMARY SECTOR ✗ AGRICULTURE: is the cultivation of land to obtain different kind of plants in order to provide food for people and animals . ✗ LIVESTOCK FARMING: is the breeding of animals to obtain products for human use, such as food and raw materials for industry (milk, meat, eggs…) ✗ FORESTRY: it consists on managing forests in order to obtain natural products (such as wood for paper), rubber and resins. ✗ MINING: is the extraction of minerals and other geological materials from the earth.
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2. AGRICULTURE
Its main goal is to obtain resources from nature. To do this we need agricultural spaces, which are natural areas modified by humans. Agriculture depends on many factors, including physical and human factors.
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PHYSICAL FACTORS
1. The influence of the climate→ growth of plants depends on the temperature, the humidity of land and the amount of light they received. 2. The influence of the land relief→ the mountainous areas are much harder to cultivate. In fact, farming and forestry are better able to adapt to mountainous terrace. 3. The influence of soil and the vegetation→ soil depends on the depth and the texture which influences water retention. 9
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HUMAN FACTORS Population growth →more population, more space needed to grow crops and to be used for pasture (deforestation). Technological progress →in traditional societies, farmers use very simple tools, while developed ones use technology: machinery, selection of seeds.
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2.3
THE AGRICULTURAL SPACE Consists on cultivated and inhabited space. The cultivated space is divided in plots or fields and can be classified in different ways, according to its:
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Size: small (less than 1 ha), medium (between 1 and 10) and large (more than 10 ha). Shape: regular or geometrical or irregular. Boundaries: bocage (with any type of fences) or openfields, without them.
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2.4 ★
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FARMING SYSTEMS Depending on the use of water: ○ Irrigated agriculture. ○ Rain-fed agriculture. Depending on the utilization of the soil: ○ Intensive agriculture. ○ Extensive agriculture. Depending on the variety of species: ○ Monoculture. ○ Mixed cropping.
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2.5 AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES Agriculture uses the 40% of the world’s land area as well as 70% of global freshwater withdrawals. It is also responsible for a third of all greenhouse gas emissions. It changes the landscape: TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES
DEVELOPED AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES
Itinerant or slash and burn agriculture.
Agriculture of the new world countries: plantation agriculture.
Monsoon irrigation agriculture.
Greenhouse agriculture. Market agriculture. 13
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Define the different types of agricultural landscapes and the countries where you can find them.
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3. LIVESTOCK FARMING
3.1 TYPES OF LIVESTOCK FARMING. 1. ★
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Depending on the capital investment and labour: Extensive livestock farming:capital investment is limited and productivity low. The livestock is mostly cattle and sheep, and grazes on large pastures in the open air. Intensive livestock farming: capital investment, labour and productivity are high. Mostly cattle, poultry… are farmed. 17
2. Depending on the food and feeding methods: ★ Grazing livestock: animals are feed with grass. ★ Confined livestock:animals are kept in sheds and covered pens, and eat feed. ★ Semi-confined livestock:the animals eat grass or if there is no grass, they eat feed.
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3. Depending on the mobility of livestock: ★
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Nomadic herding: herders are constantly moving with their families and their animals in search of good pasture. Transhumance: herders move their animals several times a year between winter and summer pastures. Sedentary livestock farming:farmers give the food to their animals.
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4. FOREST EXPLOITATION
Some of the most common forest products are timber, cork and resin. Forestry uses agricultural practices such as special machinery and selection of seeds and fertilizers.
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5. FISHING AND THE USE OF SEA
It’s the practice of catching fish and other marine species for food or as raw materials for industry.
5.1 TYPES OF FISHING ✗
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Coastal fishing: small boats are placed near the coast during one or several days and can catch sardines, squid, clams… Offshore fishing and deep sea fishing: large boats or freezer factory boats are placed in deep sea during several weeks or months and can catch cod, swordfish, tuna… 23
5.2 TYPES OF FISHING TECHNIQUES ● ● ●
Longline fishing: fishing technique in which fish are caught using a long line held. Trawling: fishing technique in which one or two boats drag a net along the bottom of the sea. Lift-netting: fishing technique in which one or two boats surround fish with a net and then closes around them.
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5.3 USE OF THE SEA We can obtain food, minerals and drinking water from the sea. We can also use the sea as a source of energy and a transportation route. In coastal areas industries, ports and tourist facilities have been built.
5.4 AQUACULTURE To avoid the depletion and fishing grounds, aquaculture has been developed: the reproduction of salt and freshwater plants and animals in fish farms. 25
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6. CHANGES IN RURAL AREAS
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Demographic changes: in many areas foreign workers have been contracted. Changes in agricultural landscapes:for example, fields with low productivity have been abandoned, the use of greenhouses has increased, crops grown for personal use have been replaced by cash crops… Development of new activities: ○ Industry: Recently, innovative industries like electronics have been set up in the rural areas near some cities. ○ Tourism:attractive rural areas have become tourist destinations. Changes in construction: in many rural areas close to big cities new housing and second homes have been built.
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Analyze the environmental consequences of the primary sector.
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SUMMARIZING... It's time to summarize, review the unit and organize all the information. To do that you’ll have to create a diagram in your notebook, with the most important information about the unit.
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That’s the end of this unit!
Any questions? You can find me at: ✗ ✗
@teachermsisabel contactme@teachermsisabel.com
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