CRP Critical Research Paper
KUL11350692 MA ISD CHELSEA COLLEGE OF ARTS UAL 2017/2018
IN TRANSIT The awareness of air pollution in transitional space
WRITTEN BY Isada Kultavarakorn
Introduction This research paper focuses on transitional space by
looking
into
people’s
movement
and
behaviour, specifically at Underground and train stations. King’s Cross Station, which is related to the current pollution problem in the area, is chosen as the research site base. The project is divided into 4 parts. First, “people’s awareness” concerns with how one is too focused on one thing and become unaware of his or her own surrounding or the fact that he or she is being looked at. Continuous observation of people’s behaviour on train and at the train station waiting area led me to the next question: what do people do while they are in transit? Therefore, in the second part, a survey and observatory study was conducted to explore people’s thought and behaviour while they are in transit both on tube and at the train station. The
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part aims to find problems that need to be solved and concerns that users have and want to be improved. The third part further explores the environment and pollution problems, specifically smell, in the waiting area of King’s Cross Station. Common smell that can be sensed in outdoor seating area, including cigarette, dust, food, drink, pee, among others, were recorded, along with the potential effects of these smell on overall health. The last past explores the vernacular architecture and technology of air purifiers, which can be applied to and help with design process of the project site. It also includes a study of people’s flow and movement, particularly in this transit between King’s Cross Station and the outdoor waiting area in front of the station.
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Objectives 1. To encourage people in transit to be more aware of their own surrounding 2. To raise people’s awareness of pollution, especially smell pollution, in transitional space
Research Questions 1. How to raise people awareness of pollution problem in London.
Expected Final O utcom es 1. An installation space where people can stay in for a minute or longer for clean air. A sudden change of air quality is the key point of making them realise of how dirty the air outside is.
Literature review In this part, all the materials, exhibitions, and literature relevant are presented to show how
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the research concept has been developed. The 3 main topics include awareness, pollution, and context.
1. Awareness The idea of gazing and awareness, how people are looking at something or being started at has received more attention recently because these days almost everyone has a smart phone with a camera function, making it possible to record moving videos or still images of oneself and others. That is how people have become so used to staring and being stared that they do not get affected by these formerly intrusive actions.
To explore this issue, an observation on people was conducted and recorded with a mobile phone: most people didn’t noticed they are being recorded, but some who did pay no attention
to
it.
Besides,
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a
psychological
experiment
that
tested
seven
participants’
awareness1 by asking them to focus on a boy in white t-shirt passing a ball in the video. However, later, the volunteers were instead asked if they saw a monkey: all didn’t see it. However, rewatching, they recognized a person in the monkey
costume.
This
proves
that
when
focusing on one detail, they tend to ignore other details in the environment. The body movement was also explored in Malcolm Le Grice’s film showing the director himself stands in front of a projector, while slowly moving his arms to create shadow movement on to the wall.2
At an Exhibition “Same Same but Different” in East London, a talk with Sally Booth, one of the artists at display, explores another side of
Dothetest., (2008), ‘Test Your Awareness: Do The Test’, YouTube 2 Grice M., (1971), ‘Horror Film 1’, Vimeo 1
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people’s awareness in transit: privacy and conciseness. Her series of sketches on random people on a train (Fig.1).
.
Figure 1 Author, (2017), ‘Same Same But Different’, Hackney’s Guest Project, (Visited date: 12 November 2017)
The most interesting part was her CCTV in the tube station, which narrate how privacy is such a big thing in Britain that we are not allowed to
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take photos of others without permission. Ironically, we have been under surveillance all the time by CCTV.
In a book by Rebecca Fortmun, a series of drawings of children under the concept of ‘Dream
and
Imperative’.
The
artist
asked
children to close their eyes while being drawn to block the artist from reading their mind. In this case study is focusing on parent and their child. And also talking about different glazing between adult and children. As you can see there are two portraits here one had been done after the other. To show the different in a moment that your face expression changed as you think. The artiest interested in what are their thought while they are closing their eyes by knowing that they are being look at. She said “I found myself feeling almost beckoned by some of these children, as if they did not want to keep me out
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and were a little lost in their closed-eyed world.”3
Figure 2 Fortmun R. (2013), ‘Reflection on Dream and Imperative’, Cornerhouse, Publications.
Fortmun R., (2013), ‘Self Contained’, Cornerhouse Publications.
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2. Art on Underground In the New York subway, there is this art installation that installed inside the subway tunnel.
Created by Bill Brand in an abandon
subway tunnel in Brooklyn in 1980. In the New York subway, there is this art installation that installed inside the subway tunnel. Created by Bill Brand in an abandon subway tunnel in Brooklyn
in
1980. He
used
the
zoetrope
technique but in reverse to create the piece. He installed the images on the tunnel wall so when the train moves the image will be moving as well.4
In this book, ‘Ways of Curating’ there is a paragraph that talking about movable classroom on train. It was proposal in 1700s called ‘Price’s Project’ by Josiah Wedgwood, Josiah Spode and the Mason family. The proposal was to design a
4
Brand J., (2015), ‘Masstransisope by Bill Brand’
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mobile university system, which has a movable classroom, laboratories and research centres included in the train lines. “It still had an extensive train network from the days in which train were the main way to get freight from factory to market.”5
3. Pollution The poster on the left is a 2018 campaign on Pollution in Underground by Mayor of London, showing a powerfully persuasive image of a coffee cup covered in dust at Pimlico Station. Looking at it while holding a coffee up in my hand, I couldn’t help doubting how much dust fell into it. In 2017, there was also a similar poster displayed on London Tube Station: a cup of coffee with milk foam covered in dust along with
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Obrist H.U., (2014), ‘Ways of Curating’, Penguin UK.
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other drinks like a glass of beer, a bottle of baby milk and a bottle of water in the same condition.
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Major cities worldwide share the same problem as London. In China, Beijing, one the most polluted area in Asia7, is working on the aircleaning machine in collaboration with Daan Roosegaarde, a Dutch artist and innovator, expected to be complete by September, 2018. If successful, the scale of this machine can be very useful for the equally dense, pollution-infested London.
Chinese performance artist in Beijing is also trying, in his own way, to contribute to cleaning the air pollution in Beijing as well by using smog
Chaplain C., (2017), ‘Hard-hitting air pollution posters to go on display on London's Tube network’, Evening standard, 7 Smith O., (2017), ‘Mapped: The world’s most polluted countries’, Telegraph 6
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to create an artwork. He used a vacuum cleaner to collect dust and smog in the air, the making a brick out of this filth. He later told CNN that the goal of his project is ‘to raise awareness by turning pollution into something tangible that you can hold in the palm of your hand.’8 His idea of turning something invisible to something concrete to substantially raise people awareness and makes the issue “real” is a prime concept in my project.
Another work that aims at raising people’s awareness of pollution was “The social mirror” by Mierle Laderman Ukeles (1983) displayed in New York City Art Parade. Although using a different method with a different underlying concept than the previous brick work, the artist here achived his goal by using a mirror as a tool
Rivers M., (2015), ‘Chinese artist uses vacuum cleaner to turn smog into brick’, CNN,
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to reflect people’s behaviour directly, forcibly9 coercing the viewers to be aware of the problem caused by us humans to make them accept that we are responsible for the environment.
To explore specifically into smell pollution, an article about sniffing the air shows the close connection between smell and cities. Kate Mclean, a part of this research team, created “Smellfies Map” of London and Barcelona, using social media like Flickr and Instagram, where people tagged pictures with caption or words describing what they could “smell” in those photos: words like car, petrol or exhaust, are common. The sample of air was also collected to double check the air quality indicator for each street before creating this smelly map, which illustrates five common smells: emissions, nature,
Unknown author, (2012), ‘Mierle Laderman Ukeles And Maintenance Art At Freshkills Park’, Freshkills Park,
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food, animal and waste.
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An expert in olfactory
evolution, Dr. Kara Hoover said, “Now today we’re not interacting with the environment and we’re in very polluted places. Pollution is disrupting our sense of smell.” and “Traffic pollution, uncollected rubbish and messy homes are all having a harmful effect on the nose”
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In
conclusion, despite many parks in big cities, like London,
pollutions
are
still
everywhere,
especially in highly crowded parts with little interaction with green, such as King’s Cross Station or Liverpool Street Station.
4. Air cleaning technologies Studies on the technical part of the ventilation system and innovations available these days provides a basis for the final outcome of this
McGrath M., (2017), ‘Can city 'smellfies' stop air pollution?’, BBC 11 Unknown author, (2017),‘Health at risk as sense of smell is damaged by pollution, expert warns’, Express 10
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research, the installation King’s Cross Station area.
Exploring
vernacular
architecture
for
a
sustainable ventilation system that would be applicable for the station first led me to “bioclimatic solution,’ the understanding of the climate and the surrounding where it sits. Material, throughout the whole house, is the next important element to the ventilation system.
One
of
the
most
widely-used
techniques, common in Spanish regions of Fermoselle and Sayago, is “evaporative cooling process,” which uses water to cool down air before entering the building. Rock and soil are used as the main waterproof materials while absorbing water and wetness from ground up to walls, making the house cooler. To find out what is
possibly
applicable
to
this
project,
I
investigated air purifier comprising vertical walls
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with fans installed to draw air into the first enclosure and blow out to the other end.12 Inside, a HEPA filter, standing for “highefficiency particulate absorber”,13is a type of filter that absorbs dust of 0.3 microns or greater and removes up to 99.97 per cent of the dust; sometimes there is additional carbon filter to remove odour as well. The disadvantage, however, is that this filter needs to be changed regularly.14
The feeling of freshness isn’t just about how clean
the
air
is;
the
humidity
and
the
temperatures are also the key factors affecting the quality of the air cleaner. The feeling of getting on the top of the mountain is refreshing
Rakocy W., Hsu J., Glenn N.R., (1999), ‘Air Purifier and filter assembly therefore’, United State Patent 13 ,Unknown, The Free Dictionary, http://www.thefreedictionary.com/HEPA 14 Rakocy W., Hsu J., Glenn N.R., (1999), ‘Air Purifier and filter assembly therefore’, United State Patent 12
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feeling because of cool, humid air there, so is the feeling of dry heat in a hot dry country like Spain. However, hot and humid air like in some countries in Asia, instead, is stuffy and thick. Such differences in air affects the cleanliness one feels and the method of air cleaning as shown by an experiment on four types of air cleaningcarbon air cleaner, negative ion air cleaner, photo-catalytic
air
cleaner,
and
ozone
air
cleaner- in 3 different room with different temperature and humidity. Low temperature and mid-humidity, about 20 Celsius and 50 percent relative humidity, is the ideal condition for carbon air cleaner, negative ion air cleaner, and photo-catalytic air cleaner. Ozone air cleaner, however,
works
well
with
slightly
higher
temperature, about 30 Celsius with 50 per cent of relative humidity.15
Chao-Heng T., Chi-De H., Shiao-Shing C., (2005), ‘The Removal of Indoor Formaldhyde by Various Air
15
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Moreover, two other factors, prevailing wind and sunlight16 are also very important, having great effect on temperature. When standing or sitting in the shade or shadow, one can feel cooler although
the
temperature
hasn’t
changed.
Similarly, heat from standing in the middle of the field with a direct sun can be reduced with the coming wind. According to BBC, the most frequent wind direction in the UK is from South West through the Atlantic Ocean, which brings warm and moist air to the land.17
Cleaners’, Institute of Enviroment Planning and Management, National Taipei University of Technology 16 Mileto C., Vegas F., Garcia S. L., Cristini V., (2014), ‘Vernacular Architecture: Towards a Sustainable Future’, CRC Press. 17 Unknown author, (2014), ‘Factors affecting climate’, BBC
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Fortunately, these clean room technologies already existed and usually use in hardware industry such as producing computers, hard drives and integrated circuits, or in medicine and other biotechnology industry. However, to install any of them in clean room, the concerns mentioned above, temperature and humidity, need to be taken into account. Besides, such enclose space has to have zero bacteria, viruses and other pathogens.18
Context This project started out from a task in the first semester:
finding
relationship
between
a
painting and advertisement. People’s reactions to an object in relation to where it was placed were recorded, which later was developed into how people moved around in a space, a transit,
18
Margaret R., (2006), ‘Clean room’, Whatis.com
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what do they feel, and what problems they are facing to bring design into everyday life and use design to fix everyday problem.
From
that
point,
the
initial
concept
and
objectives were expanded and enriched via frequent visits to National Gallery: on the way back and forth, there, in Victoria Station, struck my interest. It brought upon viewers’ viewpoint to both the painting and the advert, showing how people react to an object rather than themselves being ‘objects’. The photo (Fig.4, 5) shows people are ignoring both the painting and the advert. After observing people and the space they are in, I deduced that people are ignoring these two objects because they were in “transitional space.” Instinctively, People behave differently when entering each new different surrounding. For example, in church, they tend to be quite and well-behaved compared to when
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they are in a pub or bar. This leads back to previous focus on transitional space: how do people behave there and why? However, first, “transitional space� has to be defined. It could be a small corridor in one building or a big waiting area at an airport. This research chose to focus on such space in tube and train station, where people are in a hurry to get somewhere, on their phone looking at map, or text someone they are meeting. Busy doing their own things, they are unaware of what is happening around.
That is how context, a place or space one finds himself or herself in, is very important in determining how one would behave and move. Combined with the level of pollution attached to a particular space, it is assumed that people would react differently to pollution, especially very abstract smell, when being in different
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context, although the level of sensitivity to such stimuli can be subjective.
M ethodology
This research relies on data gathered at different phases since the first semester. Preliminary data used to develop the questions and scope were primarily derived from observation, research on past relevant literature, art exhibition visits, and various displays accidentally encountered. However, the nearly all data gathered for actual development of the final installation came from the survey and observations as detailed below
Online Survey
Respondents:
5o people commuting regularly
by London tube Questionnaire and Data collection:
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That conversation with Sally Booth inspired the idea that Tube or train in general would be an interesting
transitional
space
to
look
at.
Therefore, an online survey was created and passed around my peer, asking about what they do while they are traveling on Underground. Out of 50 people who did the survey, 96 per cent are regular tube users. More than half of the respondents are listening to music;15 percent are reading; and only 5 percent are playing games, while 15 percent answered others, including chatting with their friend or just do nothing.
The next question asked whether and how they had ever felt uncomfortable traveling alone on the Tube. The majority answers included being bored and getting awkward when they catch stranger eyes.
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Therefore, I started looking at possibility to make a Tube journey more pleasant and less boring by exploring art on Underground. There are some stations in London where an artist or a designer collaborate with TFL (Transport of London)19 but all of them are on platform and people usually spend only a few mintutes there until the next train comes. By constrast, on the train, average passengers spend 30-40 mintutes to travel from west to east. There was an open question: if they could improve one thing about the tube, what would that be? The results are shown in the pie chart: 30 percent concerned about cleanness; 25 percent about air pollution; and 15 percent complaining about overcrowded platform. The results from this survey led me to think about
19
Unknown author, ‘Art on The Underground’
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bigger concerns than just boredom on the train. As
a
result,
intervention,
instead I
of
would
like
creating to
a
small
add
some
controversy to my work. Looking at a bigger picture, I started to look into these suggested problems from users. To complete the survey findings, I visited the Clapham Junction Station to check the conditions on areas that most respondents wanted to improve: cleanness, air pollution, and overcrowd during rush hour. I checked the waiting area built as an extension afterwards to reduce the number of people on the platform. An information screen stands there to inform the arrival time of the coming train, a clever idea but not always uniformly practical due to certain regulations and budget constraints.
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Observation
Observation 1: at Naitonal Gallery. Outcomes: Many people sitting on benches, focusing on their phone. It seems they were using National Gallery as a waiting space as Trafaga Square is one of the landmarks people use as a
meeting point. However, when it is
rainy or cold, people prefer to wait inside. Therefore, some people might be here for other purposes than to visit the gallery: some are looking at painting, while some just use the public seat as a wating area. It is surprising, from my observation, how much time one could spend in the this supplosed waiting are. This led me to think of the actual function of space itself and how people use it. It isn’t just A to B. There are more activities happening either on the platform of the underground or in the waiting room.
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As a result, I started looking at other popular meeting points, such as Piccadilly Circus or Trafaga Square to see what is stated in the handbook of interior architecture and design, “Today exhibition design is changing like never before:
museum
are
changing,
and
the
combined force of the leisure, retail and entertainment industries is setting the pace.”20 I started observing a longer journey on train to see more activities people could do.
I did an observation on people at stations, both tube and train, finding a significant difference because time on the train is longer. I observed Earl’s Court Station and Victoria Station for the underground and Wimbledon, Clapham and
Brooker G., Weinthal L., (2013), ‘The Handbook of Interior Architecture and Design’, A&C Black.
20
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King’s Cross Station.21 When I was at the station there was a guy standing in the middle giving out free water. And it was a good thing to see how people reacted to that in order to understand how they would react or interact with my installation. (Fig. 3) Most people are walking diagnose from where they are to where they want to get to unless there is something on their way. Instinctively, people would take the shortest way or the easiest way to get to anyway.
All the observations resulted in a video and a diagram of people moving around within that particular spot.
21
Author., (2018), ‘Observation’, YouTube
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BUS STOP
KING’S CROSS STATION EXIT / ENTRANCE
TUBE EXIT / ENTRANCE
TUBE EXIT / ENTRANCE
Figure 3, Authors, ‘Flow Chart’
An expert says that most people would avoid the longest lines and tend to the walk towards left or walk in a clockwise direction, especially, most sport tracks and horse and car race lanes go counter
clockwise.22
APS
researcher
group
studied the use of dominant hands to test
Laurie L. D., (2017), ‘Do people Tend to Walk in Predictable, Clockwise Paths?’, Science How Stuff Works
22
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whether left-handed prefer left side and the right-handed prefer right or not by asking people to choose two products on the left and on the right. The results showed that people who are lefties tend to choose the one on the left and also righties tend to choose one on the right. Interestingly, according to Islamic law, Muslims should use their right hand to eat and drink because right refer as “good” and left as “bad”. So language and culture do have and influence on these pattern. But yet there is not a clear explanation for these.23 So I think it would be interesting to play this these idea also. As much as I want to put an installation in the middle of the walk but I also want to give them a choices on ways to walk around it and see their
Unknown authors, (2011), ‘When Left Is “Right”: Motor Fluency Shapes Abstract Concepts’, (APS) Association for Psychological Science, Sade publication
23
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reaction, if they want to pause to look at it or even go inside or just going around it.24
Selected Site
The starting point was looking for polluted areas which link to Underground or train stations. I came across this article from Evening Standard news saying that Northern line was one of the dirtiest Tube lines in 2016. I also found a site that shows a diagram of hotspot-polluted area in London: King’s Cross Station and Euston are the two most
polluted
areas
according
to
the
government website (Fig.5) from 2013 – 2015 and (Fig.6) from 2016 – present.
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Therefore, I went to King’s Cross Station to
Author., (2018), ‘Site Research’, YouTube. author, ‘Where are the pollution hotspots?’
24
25 Unknown
31
survey the area and found a potential site, the outdoor waiting area in front the station. I noticed that people use this waiting area as a smoking area. The majority of people who are waiting are actually inside where the timetable screens are. Since King’s Cross Station is one of the most polluted areas in London, the waiting area in King’s Cross and the outdoor area was my main focus because, despite being designed as a seating area, from what I see, people have turned this place into a big smoking area.
Figure 4, 5 Illustration by Author, ‘Polluted map’
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The Smellfie Map mentioned earlier also shows that King’s Cross Station is in the red zone and more than 50 percent of the area smell of emissions and less than 10 percent of the natural smell.
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After King’s Cross Station was chosen as the main area of study, three potential spots there were explored. There, I observed everything related to all my developed concepts, such as wind direction, sunlight, people flow during peak time and off-peak. In the end, I chose only one spot where is the most polluted and has a ventilation block that lets out all the bad air from underground.
McGrath M., (2017), ‘Can city 'smellfies' stop air pollution?’, BBC
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Analyses and Crystalization
All the research and ideas accumulated from personal
practice
were
combined
to
communicate the idea of people’s behaviour in three perspectives- general people, people looking at other people, and the person observing the first and the second- to reflex privacy in our society these days. The first view is (Fig. 7) from the screen: the video of two dancers dancing around is projected to represent the movement of people in space. The frame seen links to the second angle showing people behind the box that represents a camera or a television, through which the second viewer is looking at the first. (Fig. 8). What the second viewer sees is the mirror image of the front. The third, us the viewers, are people looking from the overview of a bigger picture and working
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with the dancer to get the better understanding of human movement.27
Figure 6, Author, (2017), ‘Model’
27
Author., (2018), ‘Dancer’, YouTube,
35
Figure 7, Author, (2017), ‘Model’
The idea of increasing people awareness is combining with bad air pollution by using this idea of making invisible thing visible. My idea is to play with sense of smell because it is something invisible, and to make them visible, my experiment tries to capture the smell. I thought about all of the common smells that could be sensed around there. The first is cigarette because there is a huge waiting area in front of the station where people are smoking since it is an outdoor area. I did an observation around there and started to see people eating
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their lunch next to a rubbish bin, coffee cup everywhere on the floor, and homeless people drinking beer, ad pee could also be smelled.
Figure 8 Author, (2018), Interim Show
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I made these four jars representing all the common smells found in King’s Cross Station and asked people to smell them. In the first jar, a cigarette was lit and left burning there to keep the smell and smoke within. In the second jar was dust collected from my vacuum cleaner at home. The third contained a mix of drink, including
alcohol,
coffee,
soft
drink
and
whipping cream. In the last jar were fruit, vegetable and cheese. All were kept for about two weeks before I asked some of my friends to smell it and filmed their reactions when they smelled each jar.28
Result
The ultimate objective of my design is to create a space where people could take a short break
28
Author., (2018), ‘Smelly Jars’, YouTube,
38
or pause for a moment to breathe in some fresh air. The idea behind this is for people to realise how polluting air can suddenly change the air quality. Besides, it would be nice to have a place where people could stay for five to ten minutes a day just to inhale clean air for better health.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this project is a study of people’s awareness during their time in transit at King’s Cross Station, focusing on the topic of air pollution, which is a current problem that people are unaware of. The purpose of this study is to raise people’s awareness of this problem, which is invisible to them but actually has tangible effects on people’s physical and mental health and is closer to them than they think. The obnoxious smells were used to make people feel awful in order for them to perceive the
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differences between polluted air they smelled and the clean air. The final product is an installation that has a clean room space which provide perceptual stimuli, including visual of the space and lighting, sound from water that can calm people down, and fresh feelings form the right temperature and humidity. I will also arrange some seats where people can sit down for a while to breathe in fresh air while they are waiting for their train.
By making a big contract to one of the busiest area like King’s Cross Station, I hope this will get people attention and prompt them to realise how polluted the air is and it is caused by us. Furthermore, I want this installation to act as an air purifier, into which people can walk and get some fresh, clean air released into the area. However, I still need to research and get help from the expert in engineering to ensure that the
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design, air-purifiers installed in the walls that I make as part of my installation display, will work as planned in the next step. If successful, this wall-purifier could be applied to any wall in any building or even on the exterior walls.
Figure 9 Author, (2018), ‘Clean Air Room’
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Images Figure 1 Author, (2017), ‘Same Same But Different’, Hackney’s Guest Project, London
Figure 2 Fortmun R. (2013), ‘Reflection on Dream and Imperative’, Cornerhouse, Publications. Figure 3 Authors, (2018), ‘Flow Chart’ Figure 4, 5 Illustration by Author, ‘Polluted map’, Information from http://www.howpollutedismyroad.org.uk/hotspot s.php
Figure 6 Author, (2017), ‘Model’
Figure 7Author, (2017), ‘Model’
Figure 8 Author, (2018), ‘Interim Show’
Figure 9 Author, (2018), ‘Clean Air Room’
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