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This volume is dedicated to Domenico Faccenna who passed away on 15th October 2008
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Founded by Giuseppe Tucci
A QUARTERLY PUBLISHED BY THE ISTITUTO ITALIANO PER L’AFRICA E L’ORIENTE
IsIAO Vol. 58 - Nos. 1-4 (December 2008)
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CONTENTS Michelina Di Cesare, New Sources for the Legend of Mu∆ammad in the West................ G.R.H. Wright, The A vatta Tree on the Vatican Hill ..................................................... Jacqueline Calzini Gysens, Interim Report on the Rabbathmoab and Qaßr Rabbah Project Simonetta Schiena, The False Smerdis. A Detective Story of Ancient Times: The Reconstruction by Ilya Gershevitch ............................................................................. Farid Ullah Bezhan, The Enigmatic Authorship of Tårikh-i Badakhshån........................ Akira Miyaji, Iconography of the Two Flanking Bodhisattvas in the Buddhist Triads from Gandhåra. Bodhisattvas Siddhårtha, Maitreya and Avalokite vara .................... Elisa Freschi, Structuring the Chaos: Bh円a M¤måæså Hermeneutics as Depicted in Råmånujåcårya’s ‡åstraprameyapariccheda. Critical Edition and Annotated Translation of the Forth Section .................................................................................. Tiziana Lorenzetti, The Am®tagha†e- vara Temple in Tamil Nadu. A Complex Example of Cø¬a Architecture ..................................................................................................... Donatella Rossi, An Introduction to the mKha' 'gro gsang gcod Teachings of Bon......... Saerji, The Inscriptions of the Great Stupa of Gyantse. A Review of Their Transcription in Giuseppe Tucci’s Indo-Tibetica and a Remark on the Calligraphic Conventions Used in the Inscriptions ............................................................................................... Angelo Andrea Di Castro, The Mori Tim Stupa Complex in Kashgar Oasis .................... Francesco D’Arelli, The Chinese College in Eighteenth-Century Naples ......................... Roberto Ciarla, The Thai-Italian ‘Lopburi Regional Archaeological Project’ (LoRAP). Excavation at Khao Sai On-Noen Din 2008: Preliminary Report ............................... Fiorella Rispoli, Off the Beaten Track: 2007 Italian-Indonesian Archaeological Investigations at Gua Made (East Java).......................................................................
9 33 53 87 107 123
157 185 213
235 257 283 313 337
Brief Notes and Items for Discussion Nicola Laneri, Hirbemerdon Tepe. A Middle Bronze Age Site in Northern Mesopotamia ..... Fabrizio Sinisi, Another Seal of a Sasanian D¤wån ............................................................ Rebecca Beardmore, Gian Luca Bonora and Zholdasbek Kurmankulov, Preliminary Report on the 2007-2008 IAEK Campaigns in the Syrdarya Delta ............................. Max Klimburg, A Former Kafir Tells His ‘Tragic Story’. Notes on the Kati Kafirs of Northern Bashgal (Afghanistan) .................................................................................. Massimo Vidale, Post Scriptum to The Collapse Melts Down, June 2008 ....................... R.K.K. Rajarajan, Identification of Portrait Sculptures on the Påda of the Någe vara Temple at Kuæbhako∫am ........................................................................................... Giuseppe Vignato, Chinese Edition of Giuseppe Tucci’s Indo-Tibetica ..........................
365 377 385 391 403 405 415
Obituaries Oscar Botto (1922-2008) (Lionello Lanciotti) ...................................................................
423
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Domenico Faccenna (1923-2008) (Pierfrancesco Callieri) ................................................ Grigorij Maksimovich Bongard-Levin (1933-2008) (Gherardo Gnoli) .............................
425 453
Book Reviews by Alberto M. Cacopardo, Pierfrancesco Callieri, Lionello Lanciotti, Nicola Laneri, Erberto Lo Bue, Beniamino Melasecchi ....................................................................
457
Books Receveid ...................................................................................................................
482
List of Contributors ............................................................................................................
485
Table of Contents ...............................................................................................................
487
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Iconography of the Two Flanking Bodhisattvas in the Buddhist Triads from Gandha-ra Bodhisattvas Siddha- rtha, Maitreya and Avalokites´vara
by AKIRA MIYAJI
Some Gandharan reliefs show peculiar iconographic compositions that appear as a sort of compromise between the isolated images of Buddha or Bodhisattva and the narrative reliefs depicting scenes of the Buddha’s life story. They can be divided into two main groups: the Buddhist Triads, where a seated Buddha is simply flanked by two Bodhisattvas, and the representations of Pure Lands, where a seated Buddha is surrounded by a number of small figures of Buddhas, Bodhisattvas and worshippers. These reliefs have common iconographic elements, as for instance the main seated Buddha, the mudrå he displays and the way he is dressed, the types of Bodhisattvas, the blooming tree, the small figures of Buddhas and worshippers, which represent a peculiar feature of Gandharan art. As for the reliefs where a central Buddha is represented seated on a lotus throne, in dharmacakramudrå and with the saæghå†i that leaves the right shoulder uncovered, A. Foucher interpreted them as the Miracle at ‡råvast¤ (Foucher 1917), i.e. the event described in the Pråtihåryas∑tra, the Divyåvadånå XII, when ‡åkyamuni magically produced thousands of replicas of himself for defeating heretics. Actually, this iconographic composition, with the two någaråjas supporting the great lotus emerging from the pond, the Buddha on that lotus throne placed in the centre and the figures of small Buddhas and worshippers surrounding him, has some elements in common with the Miracle at ‡råvast¤. However, it is necessary to notice the presence in such reliefs of Bodhisattva figures of the same kind we find in many Buddhist Triads. Many arguments have been raised against Foucher’s identification of those reliefs as the Miracle at ‡råvast¤. According to some scholars these kinds of reliefs are an * The present article is based on my previous studies published in 1985 and re-elaborated in 1992 (see References at the end of the article). This English version was written in 2003 for the Prof. M. Taddei Memorial Volume. I am sorry to mention that the issue has been delayed because of certain unforeseen reasons. Therefore I could not include the later relevant references relating to this study, especially of Prof. J. Rhi and others (Rhi 2003, 2006; Luczanits 2005; Quagliotti 2008; Schmidt 2008; etc.). I am deeply thankful to Ms. Yuko Fukuroi who helped the translation into English.
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Fig. 4 - The left flanking Bodhisattva in the Buddha Triad (a detail of Fig. 2). (Photo by the Author). Fig. 5 - The left flanking Bodhisattva in the Buddha Triad (a detail of Fig. 1). (Photo by the Author).
mudr책s and attributes can help us to better understand them. Starting from the analysis of the flanking Bodhisattvas listed in the Table, we can now discuss them.
Group A = Bodhisattva Maitreya It is worth noticing that, excepting the damaged figures, out of twenty-six Bodhisattvas of Group A, twenty-five hold a water flask in their left hand. One exceptional example shows a Bodhisattva performing a pensive gesture with the left [5]
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Fig. 12 - Cult of the Turban. From Gandh책ra. Pesh책war Museum. (Photo by the Author).
Group B (sub-type b) = Bodhisattva Avalokite vara Now, another question arises about the identity of the garland-bearingBodhisattva who stands to the right in our relief (Fig. 11). As observed above, garland- or lotus-bearing Bodhisattvas are repeatedly represented as a counterpart of Bodhisattva Maitreya in the Buddhist Triads, so that one can infer that those images impersonate a particular nature. As far as I know there is no evidence that the garland-bearing-Bodhisattva represents a specific personality, different from the lotus-bearing-Bodhisattva. We can reasonably assume that they both refer to one and the same personality. It clearly appears from the about twenty specimens of independent statues of seated Bodhisattvas in pensive attitude with one pendent leg. 134
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The Amr. taghat. e-s´vara Temple in Tamil Nadu A Complex Example of Co- l.a Architecture
by TIZIANA LORENZETTI
The Structure On the road that crosses Tamil Nadu from Cidambaram southwards, at about thirty kilometres from the city of ‡iva Na†aråja, a muddy pathway cuts sharp away from the main thoroughfare, plunging into the thick vegetation. Eventually it runs through the village of Melakkadambur (in the South Arcot District) to peter out in an orderly clearing. Here abruptly appears a sturdy enclosure wall, within which rises up the interesting Am®tagha†e- vara templei(1) dedicated to ‡iva and belonging to the late Cø¬a period (1070-1270 A.D.). The temple is aligned on an east-west axis and faces east (Fig. 1). A single gopura with two projecting levels, as is usual retaining the form of a truncated pyramid and crowned with ålå, pavilion with a barrel shape roof (Fig. 2), leads into the sacred area where the temple rises. Extraordinarily, it conserves intact its ancient splendour since, although still in use, it seems largely to have escaped the gaudy refurbishing one might normally expect (Fig. 3). Of modest proportions, Am®tagha†e- vara temple is not completely unknown, having been generally described by S.R. Balasubrahmanyam (1963: 47-55; see also Meister & Dhaky 1983, I: 296-98), but no specific study has been dedicated to it. Clearly quite ancient in its original core, it can be dated to the times of the ‡aiva saint Appari(2) (around 7th century A.D.). However, it seems that hardly anything remains of the original sanctuary, celebrated in the hymns of Appar with the name of Karakkøyil, the present edifice – as an inscription in old Tamil language tells us (Balasubrahmanyam 1979: 119) – being a reconstruction made in the late Cø¬a period, during the reign of the sovereign Kuløttu¥ga I (1070-1122 A.D.). The entire sanctuary, surrounded by an enclosure wall (pråkåra), on whose east and west side runs a covered arcade, consists of the following structures: (1) According to local traditions, Indra is said to have worshipped the Lord (‡iva) here and so obtained the nectar (am®ta) of immortality: hence the temple is called Am®tagha†e- vara (cf. Balasubrahmanyam 1979: 119). (2) Appar, who most probably lived between the end of 6 th and beginning of the 7th century, was one of the major of the sixty-three masters of Tamil ‡aivism (Nåyan-mår).
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garbhag®ha antaråla ardhama∫∂apa dev¤ sanctuary na†aråja sanctuary nandin Fig. 1 - Layout of the Am®tagha†e- vara temple. (Drawing by the Authoress).
– An entrance open hypostyle room (ardhama∫∂apa) with three rows of composite columns, alternatively divided in cubical blocks, sixteen-sided sections and octagonal bands (Fig. 4)i(3). In the middle of the ardhama∫∂apa, aligned on the garbhag®ha, there is the usual statue of the couchant Nandin while, on the northern side, appear the little sanctuaries of Pårvat¤ and Na†aråja, both consisting only of the garbhag®ha. – A small rectangular room, probably a vestibule (antaråla)i( 4), which houses superb bronzes. Attached to the southern face of the antaråla there is a (3) Balasubrahmanyam 1963: 47 and Meister & Dhaky 1983, I: 296. (4) Balasubrahmanyam (ibid.) and Meister & Dhaky (ibid.) refer to this room as a closed ma∫∂apa. But there are not any pillars inside.
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Fig. 3 - Am®tagha†e- vara temple, vimåna and ikhara. (Photo by the Authoress).
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Fig. 11 - Va††uvånkøvil cave temple (Kallugumalai), detail of the vimåna. (Photo by the Authoress).
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An Introduction to the mKha' 'gro gsang gcod Teachings of Bon by DONATELLA ROSSI
Introduction Several publications dealing with the teachings of gcodi(1), and focused in particular on the figure and heritage of the female master Ma-gcig Lab-sgron (c. A.D. 1055-1153) have appeared since the second half of last centuryi(2); with their varying degrees of value and merit, they have all contributed to provide deeper knowledge and understanding of this historico-religious phenomenon. However, for what concerns the teachings of gcod pertaining to the Bonpo tradition, there is still quite a lot of basic and comparative research that needs to be undertaken. Bon-po teachings on gcod are traditionally said to have been transmitted by sTon-pa gShen-rab. Generally speaking, they are divided into four types: the pacifying form (zhi ba'i gcod), known as Zhi gcod 'phrul gyi lde mig, or as A dkar zhi gcod; the expanding form (rgyas pa'i gcod), for increasing long life, merits, fortune, and capacity, called gCod chen ri rgyal lhun po, and also known as Drung mu gcod chen; the controlling one (dbang gi gcod), used for taming the Eight Classes, and other various kinds of demons and spirits, including beings of the intermediate state, referred to as the mKha' 'gro gsang gcod yid bzhin nor bu; and the wrathful one, known as Drag gcod gnam lcags thog mda', which is mainly utilised by the New Bonpos. So far, the oldest reference to gcod teachings in the Bon tradition seems to be represented by the one contained in the second of the three series of the Bonpo Mother Tantras (for which see Martin 1994), which were revealed by Gu-ru rNonrtse (b. 1136) (see KvÌrne 1971: 231) at Dung-phor of rTa-nag in gTsang. This gter ston is also credited with the discovery of rNying-ma texts, and was known in Buddhist circles as A-ya Bon-po lHa-'bum (see Karmay 1972: xxv, xxxvii, 166-67, 191). The second series of the Mother Tantras, namely the one called Lam mngon sangs rgyas pa'i rgyud, which focuses on the Pathi(3), includes a chapter styled gNyan (1) The meditative system implying the dissolving of the ego through the visualized offering of one’s transformed body to enlightened and sentient beings. (2) For bibliographic references see e.g. the review of Sorensen 2006 to Harding 2003. (3) The other two being the one of the Basis, gZhi ye sangs rgyas pa'i rgyud, and the one of the Fruit, gSang mchog mthar thug ma rgyud thugs rje nyi ma 'bras bu rdzogs sangs rgyas pa'i rgyud.
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Fig. 1 - mKha'-gro-ma Thugs-rje Kun-grol. Private collection, Rome.
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APPENDIX DAILY RITUAL PRACTICE OF THE MKHA' 'GRO GSANG GCOD TRANSLITERATIONi(10) 355 mkha' 'gro gsang gcod kyi dmigs bskor las rgyun khyer nyams len ltar gyi brjed tho bsdus pa zur tsam bzhugs so // 356 (dang po sngon 'gro dngos gzhi rjes kyi bya ba dang gsum las / xxx sems bskyed ni / ngag tu xxx) na mo bdag dang bdag gi drin can pha ma gtsor byas pas / nam mkha'i mtha' dang mnyam pa'i sems can thams cad rdzogs pa'i sangs rgyas thob par bya ba'i ched du / mkha' 'gro gsang gcod yid bzhin nor bu'i gdams pa zab mo 'di nyams su blangs bar bya'o // PHAT : (de nas khra ther bskyed pa ni) rang nyid 'dug pa'i khra ther 'od kyi gzhal yas khang / gru bzhi sgo bzhi cog … 356 - 357… dang ldan pa / chon thags [sic] gzha' tshon gyi thags [sic] pa / chon phur mchod 'bul gyi lha mo lnga la bskyed / bon nyan pa'i tshul du yod par bsgom / gzhal yas khang de'i dbus su seng glang rta 'brug khyung gi khri dang nyi zla padma'i gdan gyi steng du / kun tu bzang po sku mdog dkar po gzhal gcig phyag gnyis mnyam gzhag thugs khar a dkar po gcig bsam / de las 'od zer 'phros pas / gnas gdon lus gdon gyi … 357 - 358 … gtsor byas pas / snang srid kyi lha 'dre rnams / xxx sbur rlung gis gtsug pa bzhin du / gzhal yas kyi nang du phyin pa bon nyan nas yod par bsam // PHAT : rang nyid yum chen mkha' 'gro kye ma 'od mtsho sku mdog dmar ser gzi mdangs dang ldan pa zhal gcig phyag gnyis spyan gsum zang thal du gzigs pa / phyag yas pas mi lpags kyi g.yang gzhi nam mkha' la phyar ba / g.yon pas mi rkang gi gling bu 'dzin pa de la rang 'dra ba'i mkha' 'gro grangs med par 'phros pas gnyan pa'i lha 'dre bros gab byer gsum rnams / mtha' yas lcags ri rgya mtsho'i 'gram / ri rab kyi khong gseng steng 'og … 358 - 359… phyogs bzhi mtshams brgyad gar yod gar gnas kyang / g.yang gzhi pa la brdab cing rkang dung bus pas ra phag ser bas ded pa bzhin tu rang dbang med par dbang du bsdud nas bdag gi mtha' la bskor nas de bka' nyon gsung sdod byed par bsam // PHAT : byang chub mchog tu sems bskyed la / nad dang gdon la snying rje bskyed / mdun gyi mda' gang nam mkha' la / shel gyi seng ge'i khri steng na / nyi zla padma'i gdan steng du / mkha' 'gro kye ma 'od mtsho ni/ sku mdog dmar ser gzi mdangs ldan / 'od sku zla ba nya ba'i tshul / spyan gsum zhi ma khro … 359 - 360… tshul gzigs / dbu skra sil las sky rgyab non / sku la rus pa'i rgyan gyis brgyan / phyag g.yas bstan pa'i rgyal mtshan bsnams / phyag g.yon zhal bu xxx 'dzin / rigs lnga'i mkha' 'gro ma tshogs ni / 'bum mtsho lnga'i 'khor gyis bskor / mdun gyi phyogs bzhi mtshams brgyad du / dur khrod chen po gnas brgyad ni / shar rab 'jigs gtum pa'i dur khrod dang / byang tshang tshing 'khrigs pa'i dur khrod dang / nub 'ur 'ur 'bar ba'i dur khrod dang / lho 'jigs su rung ba'i dur khrod dang / lho shar nag tshal 'khrigs pa'i dur khrod dang / byang shar dbang ldan bkod (10) Text in italics and in brackets refers to interlinear notes; ‘xxx’ stands for unclear or unreadable.
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The Thai-Italian ‘Lopburi Regional Archaeological Project’ (LoRAP)
Excavation at Khao Sai On-Noen Din 2008: Preliminary Report by ROBERTO CIARLA
The excavation season of the joint Thai-Italian LoRAP at the Noen Din (ND) site in the Khao Sai On (KSO) archaeological district (Ban Nikhom 3, Amphoe Muang, Changwat Lopburi) was carried out from November 2nd to December 27th 2008i(1). The site (14°47'17"N – 100°44'22"E; 45 m asl.) is located on the Lopburi Plain, 1.5 km NE of a limestone outcrop known as Khao Sai On, with veins of metalbearing ores located at the point of contact with layers of intrusive rock (Cremaschi et al. 1992). Previously LoRAP had carried out surface reconnaissance and stratigraphic excavation at different locations in the area of Khao Sai On in 1988-92, 2006, 2007 (Ciarla 2007). The area where the sites of the Khao Sai On archaeological district are located, c. 4.5 km south of the Khao Chin Lae massif which stands out as the major local landmark, marks the transition from the Lopburi Palaeozoic limestone hilly region to the low humic gley soils of the Saraburi region, in the moist/dry hot tropical climatic macro-zone (Fig. 1). The main focus of our investigation was a relatively large area in a residual patch of tropical moist deciduous forest, interspersed with large bamboo stands, and bounded, to the East, by cultivated fields (sorghum and sunflowers) and, to the south, by rows of palm and teak trees (Fig. 2). In order to asses the extent, chronology and nature of the archaeological remains preliminarily tested in 2006 (TT1) and more extensively investigated in 2007 (Op. 1: 12 × 4.5 m) (Ciarla 2007: (1) The Thai-Italian LoRAP is under the aegis of the Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente (IsIAO) and the Archaeology Division-Department of Fine Arts of Thailand with the collaboration of the ‘Giuseppe Tucci’ National Museum of Oriental Art (MNAOr), Rome. The project is funded by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with contributions by the IsIAO and the MNAOr. The author gratefully aknowledge the National Research Council of Thailand for granting permission to carry out our field research, the 4th Regional Office of the Department of Fine Arts for the assistance generously provided to the project, and Prof. Surapol Natapintu (Faculty of Archaeology-Silpakorn University) for his longlasting advice and collaboration. Sincere thanks go to Dr Vincent C. Pigott for providing stimulating comments on the archeometallurgical aspects of this paper; any remaining issues or problems are my own responsibility.
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Fig. 1 - Map of the Lopburi Capital District showing the location of Khao Sai On (KSO) archaeological district.
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Fig. 31 - Hypothetical reconstruction of a smelting installation formed by a furnace chimney, a crucible and a pit lined by an insulating clay coat.
consideration the possibility of an intermediate, somewhat transitional, method half way between ‘pure’ crucible smelting and ‘pure’ bowl-furnace smelting, where the crucible was still in use for the smelting, but placed in a clay lined pit associated with the furnace chimney (Fig. 31). From a thermodynamic point of view the advantage of keeping the ore charged crucible protected inside the refractory ‘chamber’, formed by the chimney and the bowl, is evident. Moreover, slag, once skimmed from the crucible, would adhere to the nearest portion of the insulating bowl: the rim and the wall, not the bottom, presumably occupied by the base of the crucible and protected by the burning residue of the fuel. This is an hypothesis in need of further testing, but, at this preliminary stage, it provides a reasonable explanation to the recurrent association of fragments of furnace chimney, crucible, copper ore/gangue bits and of ‘slag-skins’. In conclusion, what makes the findings at Noen Din of particular relevance is the fact that this is a single period site, formed within the span of few decades between the end of the 1st millennium B.C.E. and the beginning of the 1st millennium C.E. Therefore, we can state, probably for the first time, that the metallurgical artefacts discovered at ND were certainly part of the same tool-kit and used during the same period. Furthermore, the nine moulds recovered from G.6 not only demonstrate, more eloquently than the many fragments of bivalve moulds [23]
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Off the Beaten Track: 2007 Italian-Indonesian Archaeological Investigations at Gua Made (East Java) by FIORELLA RISPOLI
Introduction The field work of the ‘Italian Archaeological Project to Indonesia (IAPI)’i(1) began in 2007 with the excavation of a unique monumental site in the eastern province of the island of Java, some 50 km southwest of the well-known port city of Surabaya. The region, for which the Brantas river acts as the main economic and trade axis, was the focal point of three ancient kingdoms, the succession of which is conventionally taken to mark the history of East Java: Kadiri (1049-1222 A.D.), Singhasari (1222-1292 A.D.), and Majapahit (1292-c. 1527 A.D.). The latter reign was dominant over the entire East Java and extended its influence over the whole Indonesian archipelago. For more than two centuries it brought economic, cultural and political prosperity to the region, until the conclusion of the slow but relentless Islamic expansion, which was closely followed by the aggression of the European colonial powers.
Off the Beaten Track The archaeological site of Gua Made (7°24'7.3'' S; 112°19'5.7'' E), in the vicinity of the village of Made (Jombang Regency, Kudu-Made District, East Java Province), is situated on a narrow low-lying plain between two watercourses running North of Bantras, the Kali Kromang and the Kali Marmoyo (Figs. 1-2). The site is currently covered by replanted teak and mahogany trees associated with low bush and tobacco fields. (1) I should like to gratefully recall that the project was funded by the General Direction for the Promotion of Cultural Cooperation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, by the Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente (IsIAO) and by a private sponsor, the Hettabretz Company. I would like to thank Dr Vincent C. Pigott (UCL-UK) who provided helpful comments on the draft of the manuscript and helped me shaping the English version of this paper.
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discovered and left in situ (Fig. 5). In attempting to enter Shaft 4 (S4), instead of removing the brick roof covering in a controlled and reversible fashion it was rashly decided to open a narrow passage on the side of the roofing, cutting obliquely through the natural sandstone layer. After entering Shaft 4, the excavators began to remove the deposit inside the shaft and the corridor until they came across a fifth structure (Fig. 6). Here the excavation work ran into serious difficulty Fig. 4 - The ‘hut’ protecting Shaft 3. due both to the lack of ventilation in the hypogeal room, which was also partially invaded by the mud produced by percolating and perhaps aquifer water, as well as to the instability of the roof bricks supported by the highly friable natural rock walls.
Fig. 5 - Shaft 4 with the original brick roofing; at its back the narrow entrance to the shaft cut (2006) obliquely through the natural sandstone layer.
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Fig. 23 - Sketch section of the shafts and corridors at Gua Made. 1 = topsoil. 2 = alluvional sediment (coarse tufaceous sandstone). 3 = water table. 4 = impermeable layer (clayey marl).
millennium B.C. and later carried eastward by the Islamic expansion as far as the presentday province of Xinjiang as well as westward toward Morocco, the Iberian Peninsula and Sicily – where a decade or so ago a qanat was found in Palermo (Todaro 2003) – even extending, in the wake of Spanish colonization, as far as Peru and Chile (Butler 1933; Ward English 1968; Goblot 1969; Rahimi-Laridjani 1988; Covington 2006). A qanat (Fig. 22) consists of a series of vertical shafts linked by a gently sloping underground channel: this technique makes it possible to draw water from an aquifer and to transport it efficiently to the surface without any need for pumping; the water flows under the effect of gravity as the outlet is situated at a lower level than that of the intake. Although the shafts of Iranian qanats lie up to 20-30 m apart, the distance between one shaft and another is proportional to the work required to dig the shaft itself and to excavate the corridor or tunnel linking the shafts: the shallower the shafts the closer they are together and vice-versa. The tunnels are normally from 60 cm to c. 1 m wide and between 1 and 2 m high; in some cases, when the rock is too friable, the shaft is strengthened at the mouth by stone slabs or clay bricks, while the tunnels are reinforced by terracotta rings or stone slabs. Once the fault has been identified and its water flow rate tested by digging the ‘mother well’ (or trial shaft), the qanat is dug proceeding from the lower point, where the water must be brought to the surface and used, toward the highest point, that is, where the ‘mother well’ is located (Wulff 1967, 1973, 1988). Moreover, the shafts sometimes are provided with niches to house the light sources needed during the annual spring inspection of the water flow rate and cleaning the qanat, while the side benches facilitated the descent into the shaft. A comparison of the traditional structure of a qanat and the drawing of its cross section (Fig. 23) with the cross section of the hypogeal complex of Gua Made reveals a striking resemblance. The shafts of the hypogeal complex of Gua Made are actually quite shallow (max 7 m) and, as is normal in a qanat, are relatively closely spaced (between c. 7 and 12 m), also the size of the shafts and corridors are not dissimilar from those used in the Persian qanat. In the case of Shafts 2 and 3 niches are present that were possibly used to facilitate the descent inside the shafts and perhaps, as in the case of the Iranian qanat, support sources of illumination; moreover, the presence of [23]
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Chinese Edition of Giuseppe Tucci’s Indo-Tibetica by GIUSEPPE VIGNATO
A Chinese edition of Giuseppe Tucci’s Indo-Tibetica will be presented to the public conjointly by the School of Archaeology and Museology of Peking University, Shanghai Classics Publishing House and IsIAO, in Beijing in the autumn of 2009, marking the 25th anniversary of Tucci’s death. A considerable part of Tucci’s research was dedicated to Tibet, where he spent significant periods of his life. Most of the areas he visited and the material he studied were at the time unknown to the scientific world. Extensive fieldwork, ‘direct experiences, which at times are more useful to the understanding of a rite, of the inspiration behind a masterpiece, of the meaning of a doctrine, than simple familiarity with the texts’i(1), and a wealth of collated documentation, especially manuscripts and xylographs, were to form the solid bases of an astounding number of academic publications, of which Indo-Tibetica can be considered the first substantial one. Written in Italian, inadequately translated into Englishi(2), IndoTibetica has not enjoyed the fame of Tibetan Painted Scrolls, of which it can be considered the first part. More than three quarters of a century has passed since Tucci began exploring Western and Central Tibet; many of the important monuments, artefacts, inscriptions and ancient texts recorded and photographed by Tucci have long since disappeared, others are in a very poor state of conservation; the text, notes and photographs of Indo-Tibetica, four volumes, seven books, published by the Reale Accademia d’Italia between 1932 and 1941 can themselves be considered a relic to be studied. Tucci’s particular approach involved profound immersion in the life, faith, and spirit of the Tibetan people together with an investigation into their culture, especially Buddhism; his fieldwork, methodology and organization of the material can be taken as a guide even for today’s scholars. While translating Indo-Tibetica we have noted a development of the methodology in each successive volume. Starting with the study of pagodas and tsha tsha, effectively creating a solid archaeological frame of reference for the periodization of the material he was to meet in later expeditions, he reconstructed the historical and religious background of Western Tibet around the figure of rin chen bzan po, ‘one of the most important figures in the history of Tibetan Buddhism and a man distinctively representative of the period in which he lived’i(3). On this solid basis he described the temples of Western
(1) G. Tucci, Indo-Tibetica, I. ‘mC’od rten’ e ‘ts’a ts’a’ nel Tibet indiano ed occidentale, p. 7. (2) M. Vesci (transl.), Lokesh Chandra (ed.), English Version of Indo-Tibetica, New Delhi 19881989. (3) Tucci, Indo-Tibetica, II. rin chen bzan po e la rinascita del Buddhismo nel Tibet intorno al Mille, p. 5. Cf. English version.
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DOMENICO FACCENNA 1923-2008
On 15th October 2008 one of the first representatives of Italian archaeology in Asia passed away in Rome. Born to science in the field of Classical archaeology, he carried out most of his scientific activity in Pakistan, where the Classical heritage that is so strong in the Buddhist art of Gandhara had attracted him in the mid nineteen-fifties. With a unique competence in both fields, his biography moves along these two lines: and the more than 150 friends who signed the Tabula Gratulatoria on the occasion of his 80th birthday, belong both to Oriental and Classical studies. However, the great undertaking by Domenico Faccenna was the IsMEOIsIAO archaeological mission in Swat, which Giuseppe Tucci entrusted to him and that he was able to nourish and develop with the constant care of a loving father. He must therefore be remembered by his words as well as by his deeds, in which the many persons quoted in this memorial were led to take part with enthusiasm by his friendly but authoritative personality. Domenico Faccenna was born at Castel Madama, a village near Tivoli (Rome), on the 25th November 1923. He completed high school in Tivoli, assisted by the scholarly care of Attilio Rossi, a high ranking official of the Ministry of Education who may be remembered for the restoration of Villa d’Este and whose house at Castel Madama contained an impressive library. Faccenna then moved to the University of Rome, where he graduated in Classical Archaeology in 1946, with a dissertation on Methodology in the Study of Alexandrine Hellenistic Art (tutor Prof. Giulio Quirino Giglioli). From 1947 to 1952 he was Voluntary Assistant to the Chair of Classical Archaeology at the University of Rome. In 1948, rather than confirming his association with the University, he preferred to join the archaeological staff of the ‘Superintendency of Antiquities for Rome and Latium’, where in 1953 he was appointed Archaeologist Inspector, a position which he held until 1958: in his strong feeling for the State service, he preferred to be an officer of the Superintendency, as a representative of the institution rather than an individual scholar. He maintained excellent relations with his University colleagues, although he considered academics too exposed to personal ambition. While at the Superintendency, he carried out surveys, excavations and restorations concerning his homeland, the valley of the river Aniene, at Castel Madama, Tivoli, Villa Adriana, and Ciciliano, but also at Fianello Romano in the nearby district of Rieti and in the more remote Fondi (LT). From 1964 to 1967 he excavated at Artena (RM). Of this activityi(1) he remembered with more pleasure the work he carried out at Villa Adriana, not only the actual excavations but in particular the organization of the first nucleus of the Antiquarium, where, with deep insight, he re-ordered the considerable amount of dispersed antiquities.
(1) See his Bibliography as well as the obituary written by Lisa Lissi Caronna for the Rendiconti della Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia, 2008, in press.
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He also had a special affection for his excavation in Tivoli, where for the first time, next to the Rocca Pia, he brought to light parts of the Roman amphitheatrei(2) as well as (19531954) an Iron Age graveyard: the latter activity represented an important contribution to the knowledge of the proto-history of Latiumi(3). In this young Classical archaeologist who carried out with passion the excavation of a protohistoric site, we see the openness which characterised him throughout his life. He returned to protohistory with the publication of a chance discovery in Tivolii(4). One of his first projects (1950-1952) was that of the study of the ancient sculptures of Palazzo Spada, where he not only catalogued the important collection but, jointly with Federico Zeri who had the task of preparing the catalogue of paintings, also carried out an archive research which brought him to the study of old collectionism. His keen interest in ‘Italic-Roman art’, a provincial-Italic production so different from the Hellenistic approach of the official ‘Roman art’, led him to carry out an exploration, ‘zone by zone, village by village’, of some areas of Molise and Abruzzoi(5). He combined this research with a never abandoned love for folk heritage and for the rural environment in which he was born, choosing to walk on foot along the traditional pathways used by seasonal migrant shepherds, the ‘tratturi’. Part of the material he collected during this survey formed the subject of a more extensive article dedicated to several reliefs of gladiators which is indicative of his strong interest in popular art productioni(6). He also took part in a project to study terracottas from Graeco-Roman Egypt conserved in Italian museums and published a catalogue of these materials in the Vatican Museumsi(7). His roots in the archaeology of the Classical world were never forgotten, and from time to time, as we will see, he would come back to his first specialisation with an occasional contribution, often consisting of the publication of materials found during his first period of activity (see infra). *
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However, when in 1955 he met professor Giuseppe Tucci, president of the IsMEO, his destiny was to change abruptly, and to turn towards the East, to that part of Pakistan, the Swat Valley, at the time still ruled by the Wali Major General Miangul Jahanzeb. This marked the beginning of his association with the Institute and its successive presidents, Giuseppe Tucci, Sabatino Moscati and Gherardo Gnoli. Professor Tucci had decided to start archaeological activities in Swat following in the footsteps of the Buddhist Chinese and Tibetan pilgrims, and was in need of the archaeological skills he himself lacked, not being an archaeologist. He therefore asked the
(2) See in his Bibliography, no. 3. (3) No. 36; D. Faccenna & M.A. Fugazzola Delpino, ‘Tivoli’, in Civiltà del Lazio primitivo, Roma 1976, pp. 188-212. (4) No. 61. (5) No. 54, p. 50. (6) Ibid., pp. 37-75. (7) No. 40.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF DOMENICO FACCENNA
by Claudio Faccenna and Pierfrancesco Callieri
1948 1. Busto virile della Via Cassia. Bullettino della Commissione Comunale, 1946-48, pp. 79-82. 2. Roma (Via Cassia), Resti di un edificio romano con mosaici e rinvenimento di due ritratti. Notizie degli Scavi, 1948, pp. 271-77. 3. Tivoli, Prima notizia intorno al rinvenimento dell’anfiteatro romano. Notizie degli Scavi, 1948, pp. 278-83. 4. Tivoli, Resti di costruzione e tratto di strada romana. Notizie degli Scavi, 1948, pp. 283-84. 5. Castel Madama (Roma), Villa rustica romana. Notizie degli Scavi, 1948, pp. 284-86. 6. Castel Madama (Roma), Frammento di statua virile panneggiata. Notizie degli Scavi, 1948, p. 286. 7. Castel Madama (Roma), Resti di un complesso costruttivo romano in località ‘le Fratte’. Notizie degli Scavi, 1948, pp. 286-91. 8. Castel Madama (Roma), Rinvenimento nei pressi di Colle Monitola (Casa Maria). Notizie degli Scavi, 1948, pp. 291-94. 9. Ciciliano, Resti di una villa romana in località ‘Ospedale San Giovanni’. Notizie degli Scavi, 1948, pp. 294-306. 10. Ciciliano (Passo della Fortuna), Rinvenimento di una tomba a cappuccina. Notizie degli Scavi, 1948, pp. 306-307.
1949 11. Rappresentazione di Negro nel Museo Nazionale di Napoli. Archeologia Classica, I 2, 1949, pp. 188-95.
1950 12. Rilievi gladiatori. Bullettino della Commissione Comunale, 1949-50, Appendice, pp. 3-14. 13. Monumento funerario della Via Portuense. Bullettino della Commissione Comunale, 1949-50, pp. 215-33. 14. Una testa di Hermes in proprietà Greiner. Archeologia Classica, II 1, 1950, pp. 46-49. 15. Una statua di Sezze del Museo Nazionale Romano. Archeologia Classica, II 1, 1950, pp. 70-72. 16. Castel Madama (Roma), Titolo funerario. Notizie degli Scavi, 1950, p. 64. 17. Castel Madama (Roma), Cippo funerario. Notizie degli Scavi, 1950, pp. 64-65. 18. Castel Madama (Roma), Frammento di trapezoforo. Notizie degli Scavi, 1950, p. 65. 19. Tivoli, Iscrizione sulla roccia dell’arce. Notizie degli Scavi, 1950, p. 65. 20. Bagni di Tivoli (Roma), Erma di Hermes barbato e resti di costruzioni romane. Notizie degli Scavi, 1950, p. 67-69. 21. Review: V. Poulsen, Catalogue des Terres cuites, greques et romaines, Glyptothèque Ny Carlsberg, 2, 1949. Archeologia Classica, II.2, 1950, pp. 216-17.
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Dr Rebecca Beardmore, c/o IsIAO, Rome, Italy Dr Farid Ullah Bezhan, Monash Asia Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; faridullah. bezhan@adm.monash.edu.au Dr Gianluca Bonora, c/o IsIAO, Rome, Italy; gianluca.bonora6@unibo.it Prof. Alberto Cacopardo, c/o IsIAO, Rome, Italy; md6690@mclink.it - OM Prof. Pierfrancesco Callieri, Dipartimento di Storie e Metodi per la Conservazione dei Beni Culturali, Università degli Studi di Bologna (Ravenna), Italy; pierfrancesco.callieri@unibo.it - OM Dr Jacqueline Calzini Gysens, c/o IsIAO, Rome, Italy; gysens@yahoo.it - OM Prof. Carlo G. Cereti, Dipartimento di Studi Orientali, Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia, Università di Roma ‘La Sapienza’, Rome, Italy - OM Dr Roberto Ciarla, Museo Nazionale d’Arte Orientale ‘Giuseppe Tucci’, Rome, Italy; rispoli.ciarla@ gmail.com - OM Dr Francesco D’Arelli, c/o IsIAO, Rome, Italy; biblio.dir@isiao.it - OM Dr Angelo Andrea Di Castro, Asian Studies Monash Asia Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; angeloandrea.dicastro@adm.monash.edu.au Dr Michelina Di Cesare, Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz?’Max-Planck-Institut’, Florence, Italy; DiCesare@khi.fi.it Dr Claudio Faccenna, c/o IsIAO, Rome, Italy Dr Elisa Freschi, c/o IsIAO, Rome, Italy; elisa.freschi@gmail.com Prof. Gherardo Gnoli, c/o IsIAO, Rome, Italy - OM Prof. Max Klimburg, Stadiongasse 6-8, 1010, Vienna, Austria; max.klimburg@univie.ac.at Dr Zholdasbek Kurmankulov, Institute of Archaeology, Almaty Prof. Lionello Lanciotti, c/o IsIAO, Rome, Italy - HM Dr Nicola Laneri, c/o IsIAO, Rome, Italy; nicolalaneri@hotmail.com - OM Prof. Erberto F. Lo Bue, Dipartimento di Studi Linguistici e Orientali, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Italy - OM Dr Tiziana Lorenzetti, c/o IsIAO, Rome, Italy; tiziana.lorenzetti@libero.it - OM Dr Beniamino Melasecchi, c/o IsIAO, Rome, Italy - OM Dr Akira Miyaji, Ryukoku University, Nagoya, Japan; akiramiyaji@king.odn.ne.jp Dr R.K.K. Rajarajan, Department of Sculpture, Tamil University, Thanjavur 613 005, India Dr Fiorella Rispoli, c/o IsIAO, Rome, Italy; rispoli.ciarla@gmail.com - OM Prof. Donatella Rossi, Facoltà di Studi Orientali, Università di Roma ‘La Sapienza’, Rome, Italy; dtrossi@tiscali.it - OM
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Dr Saerji, Peking University, Dept. of Archaeology, Beijing 100 871, R.P. China; saerji@yahoo.com.cn Dr Simonetta Schiena, c/o IsIAO, Rome, Italy Dr Fabrizio Sinisi, Ă–sterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Numismatische Kommission; fabrizio.sinisi@oeaw.ac.at - OM Dr Massimo Vidale, c/o IsIAO, Rome, Italy; massimo.vidale@fastwebnet.it - OM Dr Giuseppe Vignato, Peking University, Dept. of Archaeology, Beijing 100871, R.P. China; joev@ email.it - OM Mr G.R.H. Wright, Domaine Bouchony, Ile de la Barthelasse, 84000 Avignon, France
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