Nr. 2 2017 February
Welcome to the best space magazine you will ever read! In this magazine we will tell you everything from black holes to space physics. But our main subjects in this magazine is: Space Physics, Space Stations, Black Holes, Saturn and finally Mars and the Mars mission. We hope that you will read through the whole magazine and enjoy everything about it. Space. 2
Guide To The Universe
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International Space Station 5-6 Picture of a supernova shot by the Hubble space telescope.
Balck Holes
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Saturn - A Gas Giants With Rings 11-12 Mars And Future Exploration
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Guide to the universe. Physics and planets. Picture of ”irregular galaxy” In today’s guide, we will cover space and physics, how it works, how planets and galaxies work. Have you ever wondered how it all works? School does not help you enough. Is your English teacher not good enough to tell you this? Well i understand your feeling but English teachers does not know these complicated things because they teach English. One of the easiest subjects in school. That is why I am going to teach you about space today. What is space? How does a planet move? How does the galaxies work? Look no further, I will give you the answer for these questions. What is space made out of? To understand what space is made up of we need to know how it all started. How did the universe start? It is a topic that we do not really know the answer yet, there are many theories out there explaining how it all started. I think the most popular theory is the big bang theory, and no, it has nothing to do with the big bang theory show. So now, to explain the big bang, it is easy to do, as there are not many things that actually happened., The process of the big bang was that before it happened the universe was in a very dense and very hot temperature state, and then exploded because of anti-matter and normal matter which both will destroy each other on impact, these 2 matters did make the universe expand at a rapid rate. What space consists of is three different substances, What matter is, is that it is something that takes up mass and volume, which can be everything from a small bug to a star. This is what normal matter is, which is about 5% of what universe is made out of. Soo the rest of the universe is made out of dark matter and dark energy Dark energy is an unknown energy, which we do not really know much about it that it is a big part in the expansion of the universe. We also know that dark energy makes up about 60% to 68% of the universe. You would not think because when you think about space you think about a lot of nothingness, but there’s actually a lot of things that exists but we cannot actually see them In addition, the last thing that makes up the universe is the Dark matter, this matter is in one way the same as dark energy that it is unknown and we do not really know a lot about it. In addition, the reason for that is that it does not emit light, which means that we cannot actually see it even though it is there. This matter makes up about 27% of the universe. Space. 4
Picture of the ”Spiral Galxy”
Picture of ”Dark Matter”
How does the galaxy work and how does the planets move? How does a planet work? Therefore, the main reason planet earth actually moves does the sun cause the gravitational pull. This gravity is the same that keeps the moon moving around earth. Now how does a galaxy work exactly? Therefore, our galaxy, the Milky Way is a spiral galaxy with stars going through the middle. The way our galaxy and all other galaxies work is that there (which is yet to be proven) is a super massive black hole in the middle, which will cause a gravitational pull the same one as the sun but with a much bigger force. This force makes the galaxy move around, there are many different types of galaxies, which are much different, from ours and these are Elliptical galaxies which are formed as an egg these galaxies often contains older and lower mass stars because it lacks a great deal of star making gas and dust clouds. These galaxies differs from ours because they do not have a black hole in the middle moving them around. The other galaxy type is the irregular galaxy. Soo what these galaxies are hence the name; they are galaxies with weird irregular shapes. These galaxies often looks like a chaotic mess of stars and clouds. Some fun facts about space. The hottest planet in our solar system is not mercury event though it is the closet planet to the sun, as mercury does not have an atmosphere, which means it cannot keep the heat on the planet. The hottest planet in our solar system is actually Venus. Sunsets on mars are blue Pluto is smaller than the moon Our moon is 4.5 billion years old. Thank you for reading my guide to the universe. Space. 5
International Space Station What Is the International Space Station? The International Space Station (ISS) is a large space station. It orbits around Earth. In addition, it is a place where astronauts live where they have their laboratory. Many countries worked together to build the space station and it approximately costed 150 billion USD. The space station is floating 400 km over the earth. Can you guess how fast it takes the space station to do a complete circuit around the earth? At the fast travelling speed of a wrapping speed 28 800 km/h it will only take an hour and a half (90min). How close were you. They started the missions 1889 205h November and it is still going on and new missions. How did they build the space station? Building the ISS on earth and then sending it into space would have been impossible because there is no rocket big or powerful enough to carry it into space. Therefore, they did send the station piece by piece and it took more than 40 missions to assembly it. How do they get oxygen on the ISS? Most people can only survive a couple of minutes without oxygen and low oxygen intake can cause tiredness or even worse blackouts. So how do they do it when there is no oxygen in space and how do they get rid of all the carbon dioxide and other gases from science experiments. Most part of oxygen comes from a process called “electrolysis” and this process works by using the electricity from the solar panels on the ISS to split water into hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2). The oxygen we breathe here on earth also comes from splitting water but it is not a mechanical process as they do on the ISS. On earth, we have plants, plankton and algae and they split water molecules as a part of photosynthesis. “Monsi Roman” which is a project leader and life support and much more said it would be great if they could use plants on the ISS to produce oxygen and they would get a by-product as food too.
Picture of the ”International Space Station” (ISS)
Photo from an astrounaut on the ISS
A picture from the ISS while holding the Olympic Torch.
Hygiene on the space station showers were too complex to have in space so there are no showers on the ISS instead they use water jet and wet wipes and soap which they have in container similar to toothpaste tube. The crew also gets edible toothpaste to save water by not needing to rinse the mouth and rinse less shampoo. There are two toilets on the ISS they both are designed by the Russians and they use a fan to suck the waste away since there is no gravity. How does your body affect in space since there is no gravity on the ISS they are weight less, which leads to a lot medical problem it makes your bones weaken and muscles weaken too and there is a lot more that affects the body. So how do they keep their skeletons strong and muscles, they prevent this by doing exercising 2 hours every day the ISS is equipped with 2 treadmills, stationary bicycle and ARED (advanced Resistive Exercise Device) which enables them to train weights. You may ask how do they use the treadmills if there is no gravity? They attach themselves too bungee cords to stay on the treadmill.
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Theres so much more than Earth!
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Black Holes What is a black hole? How is one formed? Well I have the answer just for you! A black hole is most commonly called “a dead star” while that is true, there are some other fun facts for you to know about black holes! A black hole is a place in space where the gravity pulls so hard that even light itself cannot get out, the gravity has become so strong that the matter(mass) in the sun, is being compressed or squeezed into a tiny space. and that can happen when a star is on its deathbed (dying). How come we see black holes, if no light can get out and space is already black? Well, the space telescopes that we have in our world have special tools. These tools can measure out how the stars around the black hole move a bit out of the ordinary than stars that are further away from black holes, thus we can pinpoint where a black hole is. How big are black holes, do they keep expanding forever? Well, black holes can be both big and small! So far, scientists believe that the smallest black hole is the size of an atom, but it has the “mass of a mountain” (mass is the amount of, stuff, in an object). There is also another kind of black hole, it’s called a “stellar”. Its mass can be up to 20 times MORE than a sun and a stellar black hole is believed to be “born” at the same time as their galaxy was born.
Another Picture of a Black hole
Picture of a massive Black hole
*Fun fact* The largest black hole known of as today, has the mass of 4 million suns. If you would take the size of the largest black hole and make an empty ball out of it, the ball itself could contain up to a few million planet Earths. Well now, I am scared, is it possible for a black hole to destroy our planet, Earth? No it is not possible. Black holes are not moving around in space like some kind of monster gulping up stars and planets in its way. In fact it stays where it is and sits there for the rest of its miserable life, poor black holes. Though it is not possible for our sun to collapse into a black hole because its mass is too small, even if it did, it would not eat planet earth. We would still be orbiting in the same way but instead of the sun, it would be a black hole. So what are black holes? A black hole is a dead star, a dead sun, to be more exact. A black hole’s gravitational pull is so strong that even light cannot escape it. The more mass a black hole has, the stronger the gravitational pull and size is. To be able to see black holes, scientists use a telescope with special tools to monitor how stars and gas move in space. Meaning if the stars are moving at random or orbiting around something that is how we can pinpoint or see a black hole. That is all I have to say about black holes!
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Saturn – A Gas Giant with Rings There are eight planets in our solar system and Saturn is the second biggest planet in it. Saturn is located sixth furthest from our Sun and is one of the four gas giants in our solar system (the four gas giants are Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune). Just like the other gas giants Saturn has rings around it, but Saturn’s rings are the most visible and complicated ones in our Solar system. These rings are divided in four main and three narrow groups (they are sectioned from A to G) and each group has thousands of smaller rings. These rings are mostly made up of water and ice. In these rings there are small particles and they can vary in size (from tiny micrometers to dozens of meters). This ringed planet has an almost perfect hexagonal cloud pattern around the North Pole and this is due to a six-sided jet stream on the North Pole of the planet. Each side of the hexagonal pattern is a bit wider than Earth according to NASA. This huge planet with a hexagonal shaped north pole is an oblate spheroid (it is slightly wider than a sphere) and its volume is 95 times as massive as our Earth’s. Its about 72 000 miles in Diameter and it’s about 900 million miles from our Sun. One day on this planet is about 10.7 Earth hours and a year is about 29 Earth years. This planet’s density is about 1/8th of the Earth’s and because of its small density; it is even able to float on water! Saturn does not have a solid surface because of it being around 94% hydrogen and 6% helium (with small amounts of methane and ammonia). Saturn is also the furthest planet a human could see with the bare eye (you cannot see the rings though).
Saturn in scale with earth
Galileo Galilei first observed Saturn (on July 1610) through his telescope; he thought that the planet had three bodies that were connected. A few years later (on 1616), when he looked at Saturn again he assumed that the rings around Saturn were arms of the planet. According to NASA, Christian Huygens solved this so-called mystery and described that what Galileo saw was a complicated ring system around the planet. Huygens also discovered Titan, the biggest moon that orbits Saturn and thus the probe explorer that was made to land on Titan was named after him. This moon is the second biggest in our solar system only rivaled by Ganymede (Jupiter’s biggest moon) and it is even bigger than the planet Mercury. Titan is also the only moon in our solar system with a planet-like atmosphere. It has now been confirmed that there are 62 moons orbiting Saturn. Saturn is the second biggest planet in our solar system and it has thousands of rings that are divided up in different sections. It has an almost perfect shaped hexagon on its north pole and it’s about 95 times as massive as the Earth. Galileo Galilei first discovered this planet on 1610.
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Mars And Future Exploration
Mars is a planet located in our solar system and is a neighbor planet to Earth. It takes about 75.3 million kilometers to which is not so far away compared to other planets. In comparison, Mars has only 53% of the Earth's size which is about 6.794 kms in diameter smaller. And it has a core size smaller than earth's, about 48% of the Earth's core size, that makes its gravity weaker and it equates to 38% of the Earth's gravity, meaning 100 kg on earth are 38 kg on Mars. Mars has a different orbital route making its full spin around the sun about 2 earth years and the day length about 24 hours and 40 mins. But the most important part is that mars is very close to the habitable zone in our solar system and that gives us a chance to try and study it and the possibility of colonizing it. Traveling to mars have been the interest of many scientists since the 28th of september 2015 after that nasa confirmed that liquid water flows on Mars and it could cover 20% of martian surface. At that time scientists started to get all excited about mars and more open to the idea of going to mars and explore it and terraform it. On the 16th of june 2016 Nasa signed an agreement to advance agencies to journey toward mars. Scientists estimate that we would be on mars by 2035. An organization called Mars one already started planning for this event to take place and they are preparing for it till then as well as spacex and nasa.
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Picture of �Mars�
The whole idea of the Mars mission is to explore the planet, study and analyze it and its history to learn more about it, figure out many of its unknown mysteries and also colonizing it. Many scientists proved that Mars can maintain life if it gets terraformed since it already has the basic ingredients such as water and an a atmosphere to start a new genesis. The idea of terraforming it, is easy to do in theory, but it takes much more than that to practically execute the plans and terraform it because transporting spaceships and landing can be a difficult task there are hundreds of problems that can occur and that needs to be studied. Even though mars is an earth-like planet it still has a different environment than earth's, not to mention that nasa is researching the EM-Drive, an extremely high-tech engine that uses new technology and concept that humans have never tried before. The terraforming idea is basically about making Mars as much Earth-like as possible. Starting with the temperature and the ice caps that are covering martian poles and by making the planet's temperature rise making all the trapped water get outside the soil. To do that we have to bombard the poles with extremely hot and big bombs to release co2 to make an atmosphere that would help the planet to warm up. Eventually make the temperature rise enough to make the ice caps on both poles melt and turn to liquid form. Then by sending bio-engineered plants and other organics to form the new martian soil and the plants would be using all the co2 and turning it into oxygen making the air breathable. Scientists suggest that asteroids could be redirected and used to collide with martian surface providing heat. This is only one of many ideas that we might use to colonize mars as a start along with hundreds of other ideas has been suggested, but only one of them will be used and that is up to the scientists involved in the mars mission. What the future really holds for Mars is up for the next generation to witness. Space. 15
Theres so much more than Earth!
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