Kezdő vállalkozókat és KKV-kat támogató törekvések az Európai Unióban

? R t @@ @?K L? e ^ ??tে? e e EK( eL eO[ ?t ^ ? h[LX 2 hF2L F

?ǓΦǏȌ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ǔș ǷǷΚেǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ȠȉȖǓǷΚǔșǓǷ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆLjƺǿ

Φ ƺ ǷȉǿΡΚ ƺ vȅǾǓǿ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖș ^ȣȒȒȅȖȠǩǿǠ eȖǩLjȣǿǓ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǷǓȖǓȠǔLjǓǿ ǷǔșΦȧǹȠॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǷȉǹȠșǔǠǓǩǦǓΦ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆ ȖƺșǾȣș੼ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƺ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠঀ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ǔș ƺ eȉȖȉǷ FǓǾΦǓȠǩ 2ȖȅǏƺ ǿǓǾ ȠǓǦǓȠȌ ǟǓǹǓǹȌșșǔ ƺ ǷǩƺǏΚƻǿΡLjƺǿ ǟȅǠǹƺǹȠƺǷ LjƻȖǾǩǿǓǾȪ ǟǓǹǦƺșΦǿƻǹƻșƻǔȖȠঀ

^ΦǓȖǷǓșΦȠȌǷॸ EȣșȠƺǟƺ |2@E শ^(?ষ ΡȜǓǿȣȖ K) F শ^(?ষ ǓǿǩΦ 8 ? 8 শ^(?ষ ?ȉΦȖǓǾȪǷȉǏȌǷॸ ǿǩȠƺ e [2F( [ শ2e^eh |ষ FǓȖǾǩǿ e @ | শ h8? ষ EǓȖΚǓ a?h[e শ8a?h[ষ ^ǹƺΚΡƺǿǷƺ ^eK|?Kt শ v ে^ @ F ষ (ǓȖǾƺǿƺ (2[ @@2 শE e [ /h ষ 2

Tartalomjegyzék 2ঀ ǹȌșΦȆ

ࢸ

22ঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠLjƺǿ

ࢲࢲ

22ঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș 22ঀ ࢳঀ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷ 22ঀ ࢴঀ =ȅǠǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖ 22ঀ ࢵঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ 22ঀ ࢶঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ 22ঀ ࢷঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆইǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ 22ঀ ࢸঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ

ࢲࢳ ࢲࢸ ࢲࢹ ࢳࢴ ࢴࢱ ࢴࢸ ࢵࢱ

222ঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆLjƺǿ

ࢵࢴ

222ঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș 222ঀ ࢳঀ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷ 222ঀ ࢴঀ =ȅǠǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖ 222ঀ ࢵঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ 222ঀ ࢶঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ 222ঀ ࢷঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆইǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ 222ঀ ࢸঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ

ࢵࢵ ࢵࢶ ࢵࢹ ࢵࢺ ࢶࢸ ࢷࢲ ࢷࢴ

2tঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ

ࢷࢺ

2tঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș 2tঀ ࢳঀ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷ 2tঀ ࢴঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ 2tঀ ࢵঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ 2tঀ ࢶঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆ ই ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ 2tঀ ࢷঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ

ࢸࢱ ࢹࢵ ࢹࢸ ࢹࢹ ࢺࢱ ࢺࢳ

tঀ FȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻLjƺǿ

ࢺࢸ

tঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș tঀ ࢳঀ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷ tঀ ࢴঀ =ȅǠǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖ tঀ ࢵঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ

ࢺࢹ ࢲࢱࢳ ࢲࢱࢶ ࢲࢱࢹ 3

tঀ ࢶঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ tঀ ࢷঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆইǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ tঀ ࢸঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ

ࢲࢲࢱ ࢲࢲࢵ ࢲࢲࢶ

t2ঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ

ࢲࢲࢺ

t2ঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș t2ঀ ࢳঀ Φ ȅȖșΦƻǠ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓ t2ঀ ࢴঀ =ȅǠǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖ t2ঀ ࢵঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ t2ঀ ࢶঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ t2ঀ ࢷঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆইǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ t2ঀ ࢸঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ

ࢲࢳࢱ ࢲࢳࢲ ࢲࢳࢴ ࢲࢳࢵ ࢲࢳࢸ ࢲࢴࢳ ࢲࢴࢷ

t22ঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ

ࢲࢴࢺ

t22ঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș t22ঀ ࢳঀ Φ ȅȖșΦƻǠ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓ t22ঀ ࢴঀ =ȅǠǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖ t22ঀ ࢵঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ t22ঀ ࢶঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ t22ঀ ࢷঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆইǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ t22ঀ ࢸঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ

ࢲࢵࢱ ࢲࢵࢲ ࢲࢵࢳ ࢲࢵࢵ ࢲࢵࢹ ࢲࢶࢳ ࢲࢶࢷ

t222ঀ ?ȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȠǓȠǔșǓǷ

ࢲࢶࢺ

2{ঀ [ǓǟǓȖǓǿljǩƻǷ

ࢲࢷࢴ

ࢵ

ࢶ

ࢷ

2ঀ ǹȌșΦȆ

ࢸ

Mustafa Yilmaz ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆॹ ȣȖșƺ eǓȖȧǹǓȠǩ eƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾLjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻș ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ șΦǓǹǹǓǾॹ ƺǾǩ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ǠΡȅȖș ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșȠ ǾȣȠƺȠॹ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠ ǩș ǓǹǷǓΦǏȠǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǓǹǿǩঀ hǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǓȖȌǟǓșΦǫȠǔș ǔș ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠȅȠȠ ǓǹȌǿΡȉǷ ǓǹǹǓǿǔȖǓ ǩș ǾǩǿǏȉșșΦǓ ࢹઔ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿঀ ੈ ȣȖșƺ eǓȖȧǹǓȠǩ eƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾLjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșǩ 2ǠƺΦǠƺȠȆșƻǠ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǷȅȅȖে ǏǩǿƻǹȠॹ ǦǔȠ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡȖǓ ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓǏȌ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔș ǷǓȖǓȠǔLjǓǿ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșȣǹȆॹ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ vঀ ঀ^ঀeঀ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦ ǓǠΡ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾȅȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ljǔǹǴƺ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǓ ƺΦȅǿ ǿȌǷ ǷȉȖǔLjǓǿॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǿǓǾ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿƺǷॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǟǓǿǿǾƺȖƺǏƻșƻǿƺǷॹ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔǿǓǷ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƺ ȅǹΡƺǿ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷȅǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹǿǓǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ǷǷΚেȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷ șΦȧǷșǔǠǹǓȠǓǩǿǓǷঀ ੈȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșȠ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠ ǾƺǴǏ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷǿǓǷॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ Κƺǿ ǓǠΡ ȉȠǹǓȠȧǷॹ ǏǓ ǿǓǾ ȠȣǏǴƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡƺǿ ǷǓΦǏǴǓǿǓǷ ǦȅΦΦƻ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƻǿƺǷॹ Κƺে ǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșȖȌǹ ƻǹǾȅǏȆ ǷǷΚেȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷǿƺǷॹ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǓǠΡǓș ǟƻΦǩșLjƺǿঀ Φ ƺੈǷȉǿΡΚ ৅ ƺੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǓǹșȌ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓ ৅ ǟȅǿȠȅș ǟȅȖȖƻș ƺੈǹǓǓǿǏȌ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾǦȅΦঀ ੈǷǩে ƺǏΚƻǿΡॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ȠȉȖȉǷॹ ȅǹƺșΦॹ LjȅǹǠƻȖ ǔș ǾƺǠΡƺȖ F(KেǷ শƺΦƺΦ ǿǓǾ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡΦƺȠǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷষॹ ǷȉΦǩǠƺΦǠƺȠƻșǩ ǔș ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșǔǿǓǷ ǓȖǓǏǾǔে ǿΡǓǷǔǿȠ ǴȉȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǷǩȠǔȖ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾȤǹȠǴƻȖƺ ǔș ǴǓǹǓǿǔȖǓॹ ǾǓǠǾȣȠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǩǠƺΦǩ ƺȖljƻȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠȖƺ ǔș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠে Ȗƺ ǠΡƺǷȅȖȅǹȠ ǦƺȠƻșƻȠঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ǔș ǷǷΚেȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǓǠǩ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǓॹ ƺੈșΦƻǾȣǷȖƺ ȒȅΦǩȠǫΚ ǾǓǠǷȧে ǹȉǿLjȉΦȠǓȠǔșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠȆ ǴȆ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷॹ ƺੈǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǾǔȖǔșǔȠ șǓǠǫȠȌ ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǓǷॹ ƺੈǷȉΦǩǠƺΦে ǠƺȠƻșǩ ǔș F(KেșΦǩǿȠȪ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠ ǾȣǿǷƺ ȣǠΡƺǿljșƺǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǓǹǿǓǷ ƺੈǷȉǿΡΚLjǓǿঀ ^ΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǷ ǷȉșΦȉǿǓȠǓȠ ǾȅǿǏƺǿǩ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈLjƺȖƻȠƺǩǿǷǿƺǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹȠƺǷ Ǔ ǷȉǿΡΚ ǓǹǷǔșΦǫȠǔșǔǦǓΦॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈvঀ ঀ^ঀeঀ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǦǓΦॹ ƺǾǩΚǓǹ ljǔǹȣǿǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȤȠǾȣȠƺȠƻșșƺǹॹ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșșƺǹ ȠȉLjLj ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǷǫǿƻǹǴȣǿǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ǔș ǾȣǿǷƺƺǏȆǷǿƺǷ ƺੈ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșȖǓॹ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșȖǓॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ LjǔǷǔșǓLjLj ǔș LjǓǴǓǹǓǿȠǓȠȠ ǾȣǿǷƺǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǓȠ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠșȣǿǷ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆǷǿƺǷঀ

8

Hartyányi Mária ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆॹ ǩe^ȠȣǏΡ KǷȠƺȠȆে ǔș ?ȣȠƺȠȆǷȉΦȒȅǿȠ ?ǟȠঀ ^ΦƻǾȅș ǷȣȠƺȠƻș șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦƻǾƺ ΚǩǹƻǠșΦǓȖȠǓ ǿȉে ΚǓǷșΦǩǷॹ ƺǿǿƺǷ ǓǹǹǓǿǔȖǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș LjǓǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦ șΦȧǷșǔে ǠǓș ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷ ǾǓǠșΦǓȖΦǔșǓ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ șΦǩǿȠǓ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȅȖে șΦƻǠLjƺǿ ǿǓǦǓΦǓLjLj ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǿƺǷঀ ǠΡॹ ƺੈ EƺșȠǓȖljƺȖǏ ƻǹȠƺǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȅȠȠ ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȖȆǹ șΦȆǹȆ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǔș* ȖƺǿǠșȅȖȠ ƻǹǹǫȠ ǟǓǹ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ǓǠΡ ȉșșΦǓȠǓȠȠ ǾȣȠƺȠȆșΦƻǾ শEƺșȠǓȖljƺȖǏ ǿȌǩ Κƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǩǿǏǓΠষ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ƺੈȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǦȉΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșȠȌǹ ƺੈǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓǿ ƻȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻǿƺǷ ǦǩΚƺȠƺǹȅș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻǩǠ ȉșșΦǓșǓǿ ࢲࢲॹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻǿƺǷॹ ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǩȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ƺǏƺȠLjȆǹ șΦƻǾȅǹǿƺǷঀ ੈࢳࢱࢲࢹেLjƺǿ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠ ǟǓǹǾǔȖǔș șΦǓȖǩǿȠ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻে șȅǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǷȉΦǓǹ ࢴࢱઔ শljșƺǷǿǓǾ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǦƺȖǾƺǏǩǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿLjƺǿ Κƺǿষॹ ƺǾǩ ȒǓȖșΦǓ ǿǓǾ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǩ ƺΦȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLj ƺǷƺǏƻǹǹΡƺǹ ǷǓǹǹǓǿǓ ǾǓǠǷȧΦǏǓǿǩȧǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș LjǓǩǿǏǫȠƻșƺǷȅȖॹ ǾǩǿȠ Ǿƻș ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷLjƺǿঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƻȠ ȠǓǷǩǿȠΚǓ ƺΦ ࢶࢸ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺੈࢲࢳঀ ǦǓǹΡǓǿ ƻǹǹȣǿǷॹ ǏǓ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓșǫে ȠǓȠȠ ȖƺǿǠǹǩșȠƻǿ ƺੈǾƻȖ ǴȆΚƺǹ ǷǓΚǔșLjǔ ǓǹȌǷǓǹȌ ࢵࢲঀ ǦǓǹΡ ƺੈǾǩǔǿǷঀ Φ ƺੈ ǦǓǹΡǓΦǔș ƺȖȖƺ ȣȠƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾƺǠΡƺȖ ǿȌǷǿǓǷॹ șȅǷ Ǿƻș ȅȖșΦƻǠLjǓǹǩ ǿȌȠƻȖșƺǩǷǦȅΦ ǦƺșȅǿǹȆƺǿॹ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ șȅǷǷƺǹ ȠȉLjLj ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȠ ǷǓǹǹ ǹǓǷȧΦǏǓǿǩȧǷ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǹǩǿǏǫȠșƺǿƺǷ ǔș ǟǓǿǿ ǩș ȠȣǏǴƺǿƺǷ ȠƺȖȠƺǿǩ ǓǠΡ șǩǷǓȖǓșǿǓǷ ǫǠǔȖǷǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠঀ ȒȒǓǿ ǓΦǔȖȠ ǟȅǿȠȅș șΦƻǾȣǿǷȖƺ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ vঀ ঀ^ঀeঀ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ȤǴƺLjLj ǓșǔǹΡȠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠ ƺੈǾƺǠΡƺȖ ǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ șƺǴƻȠ ǔȖȠǔǷǓǩǷǓȠॹ ǓȖȌșșǔǠǓǩǷǓȠ ǟǓǹǩșǾǓȖΚǓॹ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǷƺǹ șΦǓǾLjǓǿǩ ǦƻȠȖƻǿΡƺǩǷƺȠ ȠȣǏƺȠȅșƺǿ ǟǓǹΚƻǹǹƺǹΚƺॹ ǏǓ ƺΦȅǷ ǓǹǹǓǿ ǷȧΦǏΚǓॹ Ǿǩǿǔǹ ȠȉLjLjǓǿ șǩǷǓȖǓșǓǿ ǷƺǾƺȠȅΦȠƺșșƻǷ ƺੈǷȖǓƺȠǩΚǩȠƻșȣǷƺȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅে ΦȆǷǔǿȠ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠLjǓǿঀ

ॴੌEƺșȠǓȖljƺȖǏ 2ǿǏǓΠ ȅǟ vȅǾƺǿ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖș শE2v ষ ࢳࢱࢲࢹॹ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইǿǓΛșȖȅȅǾঀǾƺșȠǓȖljƺȖǏঀ ljȅǾইΛȒেljȅǿȠǓǿȠইȣȒǹȅƺǏșইࢳࢱࢲࢹইࢱࢴইE2v উࢳࢱࢲࢹউ'ǩǿƺǹউ[ǓȒȅȖȠঀȒǏǟ

ࢺ

ࢲࢱ

22ঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠLjƺǿ

ࢲࢲ

22ঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș Eƺ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ΚǩǹƻǠșΦǓȖȠǓ ƺǹȠǓȖǿƺȠǫΚ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǿǓǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǩǷॹ ǔș ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ǿƺǠΡ ǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȠ ǦǓǹΡǓΦǿǓǷ ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻȖƺ ƺੈǟǓǴǹȌǏȌ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷLjƺǿঀ ੈ tǩǹƻǠLjƺǿǷ ǩǿǟȅ ǓΚ ǾȣǹȠǩেǏȅǿȅȖ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƺ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈ ǟǓǴǹȌǏȌ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȅǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩȠॹ ǷȣȠƺȠƻșșƺǹ ǔș Ǿƻș ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǩǠΡǓǷșΦǩǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǿǩ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șǩǷǓȖǓșșǔǠǔȠॹ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆș ǷȉΦȒȅǿȠȅǷƺȠ ǦȅΦ ǹǔȠȖǓ ǿȌǷ ǔș ЙƺȠƺǹ ǹƻǿΡȅǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺঀ ੈ K^E শ ȅǾȒǓȠǩȠǩΚǓǿǓșș ȅǟ ǿȠǓȖȒȖǩșǓș ƺǿǏ ^Ǿƺǹǹ ƺǿǏ EǓǏǩȣǾেșǩΦǓǏ ǿȠǓȖȒȖǩșǓșষ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷॹ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǔȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ hেȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƺ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǓȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔș ȉȠǹǓȠǓǷ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦ ƺǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǴȉǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ǔș ǴƺΚȣǹǴȅǿ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƺǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷLjƺǿঀ Φ ৙K ǷȉΦȒȅǿȠ Κƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦƻșȅǷǔȖȠॹ ǷǷΚেǷǔȖȠॹ ȖǔǠǩȆǷǔȖȠ ǔș ΚƻȖȅșȅǷǔȖȠ৛ ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșॹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ǔș ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡȠǓȖǓǾȠǔș ǾȅȠȅȖǴƻǿƺǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǩॹ ƺੈ@ শ@ȅljƺǹ ljȅǿȅǾǩlj ƺǿǏ ǾȒǹȅΡǾǓǿȠ ǓΚǓǹȅȒǾǓǿȠষ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǔș Ǿƻș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷॹ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷ ǓǹǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻΚƺǹ ȤǴ ȧΦǹǓȠƻǠƺǷƺȠ ǦȅΦ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǿΡǦǫȠșǓ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡ ǓǹΚǓșΦȠǔșǔΚǓǹ ǴƻȖȆ ȒȖȅLjǹǔǾƻǷƺȠ ǔș ƺΦ ǓǾLjǓȖǓǷǿǓǷ ǴȅLjLj ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǿΡȤǴȠșȅǿঀ Φ ࢲࢺࢹࢱেƺș ǔΚǓǷ ȣȠƻǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǾǓǿȠƺǹǩȠƻș ǠΡȅȖș ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǿǓǷ ǩǿǏȣǹȠॹ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǟȌ ȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșǩ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǴǔΚǔ ΚƻǹȠॹ ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦ ΚǩǹƻǠȅǿ ǾǓǠΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠΚƺ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆǷ ǏǓǾȅǠȖƻЙƺǩ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǩȠॹ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ǦƺȠƻșȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖȅǹΚƺ ƺੈǿȌǷȖǓ ǩșঀ ǾǫǠ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖǩ ǟȅȖȖƺে ǏƺǹǾƺȠ ǾǓǠǓǹȌΦȌǓǿ ƺੈǿȌ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠƺ ƺΦ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǦƻΦȠƺȖȠƻșȠ ΚǓΦǓșșǓǿ ǔș ǠȅǿǏȅșǷȅǏǴȅǿ ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏȖȆǹॹ ƺੈǿȌǷ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠLjǓ ΚƺǹȆ LjǓǹǔȒǔșǔΚǓǹ ǹƻȠǦƺȠȆLjLjƻ ΚƻǹȠƺǷ ƺΦȅǷ ƺΦ ƺǿΡƻǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǓǠΡǓǏȧǹ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠǴƻǷ ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏ ǾǓǠǔǹǦǓȠǔșǔȠঀ Φ ȣȠȆLjLjǩ ǔΚǓǷLjǓǿ ƺΦ ƺੈȠǓǿǏǓǿljǩƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǓǠΡȖǓ ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ƺȖƻǿΡLjƺǿ ƻǹǹǿƺǷ ǾȣǿǷƻLjƺ ƺੈǟǓǴǹǓȠȠ ǔș ǟǓǴǹȌǏȌ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷে Ljƺǿ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠॹ ƺΦ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠǩ ǹǔȠȠǓǹ șΦǓǾLjǓǿ ǓǹȌǿΡLjǓǿ ȖǔșΦǓșǫȠǩǷ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ șΦǓǾǔǹΡǓș ǾǓǠȠƺǷƺȖǫȠƻșƺǩǷȖƺ ƺǹƺȒȅΦΚƺॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ LjƺǿǷǩ ǷȉǹljșȉǿȉǷ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ΚƺǹȆșǫȠƺǿƺǷ ǾǓǠॹ ǔș ǫǠΡ Ƿǩ ȠȣǏǴƻǷ ƺǷǿƻΦǿǩ ȠǓǦǓȠșǔǠȧǷǓȠॹ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩǹƺǠ ǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿǓǷǷǔ ΚƻǹǿƺǷॹ ǔș ȖȣǠƺǹǾƺș ǹǓșΦ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǩǏǓǴȧǷঀ ੈ ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ ǓǠǔșΦǓǿ ǾȅșȠƺǿƻǩǠ ǿǓǾ ǷǓΦǓǹȠǔǷ Ƿȧǹȉǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠॹ ƺǾǩ ƺੈ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻșLjƺǿ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǔșǔLjǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƻΚƺǹ ǾƺǠΡƺȖƻΦǦƺȠȆঀ ੈȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ ȠȤǹǿΡȅǾȆ ȠȉLjLjșǔǠǓ ǟǔȖЙƺǷȖȆǹ șΦȆǹॹ ƺǾǩ ƺΦȠ ƺੈǹƻȠșΦƺȠȅȠ ǷǓǹȠǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ƻǹȠƺǹƻLjƺǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷȖƺ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌȒǩƺljȖƺ ǹǔȒǔșǔΚǓǹ ƺΦȅǿLjƺǿ ȤǴ ǏǩǾǓǿΦǩȆ ƺǹƺǷȣǹȠ Ƿǩঀ

ࢲࢳ

ȅΛǓǿ ǔș /ǩșȖǩljǦ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅΦȠƻǷ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǩȠॹ ǔș ƺȖȖƺ ǴȣȠȅȠȠƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƻǹȠƺǹƻLjƺǿ ǴȆǹ ǩșǷȅǹƻΦȅȠȠƺǷ শLjƻȖ ǿǓǾ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿষআ Ǿƻș ǿȌǷǿǔǹ ǟǔȖЙƺșƺLjLjƺǷ ΚƺǠΡ șȠƺLjǩǹƺLjLj ƺΦ ǔȖȠǔǷȖǓǿǏǴȧǷআ ǿƺǠΡ ΚƺǹȆșΦǫǿȪșǔǠǠǓǹ ƺΦ ƺȒǴȣǷ ǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆআ ǠΡƺǷে Ȗƺǿ ǓǹșȌșΦȧǹȉȠȠǓǷ ΚƺǠΡ ǓǠΡǷǔǷআ ǷǓΚǔșLjǔ ǔȖǏǓǷǹȌǏǿǓǷ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷ ǩȖƻǿȠॹ ƺǦȅǹ ǟǔȖЙǏȅǾǩǿƺǿljǩƺ ƺੈǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌॹ ȠȉLjLjǿΡǩȖǓ ǟǔȖǴǓΦǓȠȠǓǷআ ȖǩȠǷƻǿ Κƺǿ ǿƺǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷॹ ǔș șΦȧǷșǔǠȧǷ Κƺǿ ȠȅΚƻLjLjǷǔȒΦǔșȖǓ ǓΦǓǿ ƺੈȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ

tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ

EȅȠǩΚƻljǩȆ ǟȅȖȖƻșƺ

ΦǔȖȠ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǿǓǷ Ǿǩǿǔǹ ȠȉLjLjǓȠ ǓǹǔȖǿǩॹ ǾǓȖȠ ǿǓǾ ǦƺǠΡǴƻǷ ȌǷǓȠ ǟǓǹǓǾǓǹǷǓǏǿǩ

ੈǴȉΚȌ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƺॹ ȠȣǏƺȠȅș ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻșƺ

tƻǹȠƻș ȅǷƺ

ੈǾȣǿǷƻǴȣǷǷƺǹ ΚƺǹȆ ǿƺǠΡǟȅǷȤ ǓǹǔǠǓǏǓȠǹǓǿșǔǠঀ Φ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅে ΦƻșLjƺǿ ƺੈǷȅȖƻLjLjǩƺǷǿƻǹ ǿǓǦǓΦǓLjLj ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȅǷǷƺǹ șΦǓǾLjǓșȧǹǿǓǷ

ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ƺੈǴǓǹǓǿǹǓǠǩ ǾȣǿǷƻে ǴȣǷǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ ǓǠΡ ƺǹȠǓȖǿƺȠǫΚƺॹ ǦȅLjLjǩ

ǿΡƺǠǩ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻș ƺΦ ǩǿǏȣǹƻșǦȅΦ

^ΦǓǾǔǹΡǓș ΚƺǠΡȅǿ ǔș ǾǓǠȠƺǷƺȖǫে ȠƻșȅǷ

^ƺǴƻȠ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷॹ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǷॹ LjƺǿǷǩ ΚƺǠΡ șΦǓǾǔǹΡǩ ǦǩȠǓǹ

^ΦǓǾǔǹΡǩșǔǠǴǓǠΡǓǷ

ǹƺljșȅǿΡ ƺΦ ȉǿLjǓljșȧǹǔșȧǷॹ ǔș ੈǿȌǷǷǓǹ ȉșșΦǓǦƺșȅǿǹǫȠΚƺ ǾƺǠƺে ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǿƻǹ ǴȅLjLjƺǿ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌ ȖƻǴȣǷ LjǩΦȠȅșƺLjLjƺǷॹ ȖȣǠƺǹǾƺșƺLjLjƺǷ ǔș ƺੈșΦƺLjƻǹΡǷȉΚǓȠȌ ǾƺǠƺȠƺȖȠƻș ȠȅǹǓȖƻǿșƺLjLjƺǷ

=ǓǹǹǓǾΦȌ ǔǹǓȠǷȅȖ

ࢴࢶেࢵࢱ

ࢳࢶেࢴࢶ

=ǓǹǹǓǾΦȌ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠ

ȉǹljșǔșΦǷƺȖȅǿॹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾে ΚƺǠΡ ȠǓȖǾǔșΦǓȠȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡǩ ǷƺȖȅǿ ȠƺǿȣǹȠƺǷ

EȪșΦƺǷǩ ΚƺǠΡ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿ ΚǔǠǓΦȠǓǷ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷƺȠ

eƻǾȅǠƺȠȆǷ

ǹșȌșȅȖLjƺǿ ƺੈȒƺȖȠǿǓȖȧǷॹ ǓΦȠ ǷȉΚǓȠǩǷ ƺੈǷȉΦǓǹǩ LjƺȖƻȠȅǷॹ ǔș ljșƺǷ ǦƺȖǾƺǏǩǷ ǦǓǹΡǓǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈșΦƺǷে Ǿƺǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ

ǹșȌșȅȖLjƺǿ ƺੈȠƺǿƻljșƺǏȆॹ ƺΦ ȧǠΡে ΚǔǏ ǔș ƺੈǷȉǿΡΚǓǹȌॹ ǾƻșȅǏșȅȖLjƺǿ ȒǓǏǩǠ ƺੈǟǓǹǓșǔǠȧǷ

eǩȒǩǷȣș ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǩ ?ǩșǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾॹ X[ ǔș ȅǷȠƺȠƻș ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠ

(ΡƻȖȠƻșॹ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓে ǹǓǾ ǔș ǾȅǏǓȖǿ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺ

1. ábra: তȞȫȈ dzȸ Ǿdzȵϫ ͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬȥȖ ȓDzȘȘDzȝͬȫȈ /ȈȸȵȈǨȅ dzȸ XDzȿDzȵȸ dzȵȿDzȘȝDzͬdzȸdzǧDzȞ

ੈǴȅǠǩ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȠǓȠǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƻLjƺ ƻǹǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ǟǓǹȠȪǿȌǓǿ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǩ ǠƻȠǴƺঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢴে Ljƺǿ ࢲࢵࢴ ȅȖșΦƻǠLjȆǹ ࢲࢳࢹেLjƺǿ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȠƺǷ ǹǓǠƺǹƻLjLj ǓǠΡ ǴȅǠǩ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȠǓȠǔșȠঀ 2ǹΡǓǿ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈǿȌǷ LjǩΦȅǿΡȅș ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷǦǓΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșǔǿǓǷ ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦƻșƺ শșΦǓǾǔǹΡǩ ǩǠƺΦȅǹΚƻǿΡ ǾǓǠșΦǓȖΦǔșǓॹ ǦǩΚƺȠƺǹȅș ȧǠΡǓǷ ǩǿȠǔΦǔșǓ șȠLjঀষॹ ǩǿǠƺȠǹƺǿ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿǴȅǠƻǿƺǷॹ ǦƺșΦǿƻǹƺȠƻǿƺǷ ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦƻșƺॹ ǦǩȠǓǹǟǓǹΚǔȠǓǹ ΚƺǠΡ ǾȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹƻș ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦƻșƺঀ ࢲࢶ ȅȖে șΦƻǠLjƺǿ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ șΦȧǷșǔǠ Κƺǿ ƺੈ ǟǔȖǴ LjǓǹǓǓǠΡǓΦǔșǔȖǓ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǿȌ ǾȣǿǷƻȠ ࢲࢴ

ΚƻǹǹƺǹǴȅǿঀ ^ȅǷ ǦǓǹΡǓǿॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈ?ȉΦǓǹে?ǓǹǓȠǓǿ ǔș șΦƺǷে ǟȖǩǷƻLjƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǴȅǠǩ ǾǓǠșΦȅȖǫȠƻșȅǷ ǓǠǔșΦ șȅȖƻǿƺǷ ǦƺȠƻșƺǩΚƺǹ ǷǓǹǹ șΦǓǾLjǓǿǔΦǿǩȧǷঀ ੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾLjƺǿ ǷǓȠে ȠȌș ǾǔȖljǓ ǔȖΚǔǿΡǓșȧǹॹ ǔș ƻǹȠƺǹƻLjƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠ ǔȖǩ ǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅș ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȠǓȠǔșঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾȠƺǹƺǿ ǷǩǦǫΚƻșșƺǹ șΦǓǾLjǓșȧǹǿǓǷ ƺੈljǔǠƺǹƺȒǫȠƻș ǔș েǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǔș șȅে Ȗƻǿঀ ƻȖ ǓΦǓǿ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȅǷ ȠȉLjLjșǔǠǓ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǔș ǿȌǷ ǓșǓȠǔǿ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠ ǟǓǹǾǓȖȧǹॹ ǾȅșȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦǓǾșΦȉǠǔLjȌǹ ΚǩΦșǠƻǹǴȣǷ ǓΦǓǷǓȠ ƺੈȒȖȅLjǹǔǾƻǷƺȠঀ FȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷȉȖǔে LjǓǿ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠ ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ƺΦȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǴƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚǩǹƻǠșΦǓȖȠǓ ǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ȒȖȅLjǹǔǾƻǷǷƺǹ ǷȧΦǏǓǿǓǷॹ ǏǓ ƺੈȒȖȅLjǹǔǾƺ ǿƺǠΡșƻǠƺ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿǷǔǿȠ ǓǹȠǔȖȌॹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓș ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǟǓǴǹǓȠȠșǔǠǩ șΦǩǿȠǴǔȠȌǹॹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩেǷȣǹȠȣȖƻǹǩș ǟǓǹǔȒǫȠǔșǔȠȌǹॹ ȠȉȖȠǔǿǓǹǾǩ ǦƻȠȠǓȖǔȠȌǹ șȠLjঀ ǟȧǠǠঀ ੈǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ǔș ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ǠΡƺǷȖƺǿ ǿǓǾ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ ΚƻǹƻșƻȠ ƻȖ ƺΦ ȣȠȆLjLjǩ ǔΚȠǩΦǓǏǓǷLjǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺ ΚǩǹƻǠƻLjƺǿ ΚƺǹȆ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǔș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻে Ǡǩ șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșƺ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓǿ ǓȖȌșȉǏȉȠȠॹ ƺੈǿǓǠƺȠǫΚ ǿǓǾǩ șΦȠǓȖǓȅȠǫȒǩƻǷ ǟǓǿǿǾƺȖƺǏȠƺǷঀ ੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǓǠΡ șȅȖ ȅǹΡƺǿ ƺǷƺǏƻǹǹΡƺǹ ǷǓǹǹ șΦǓǾLjǓșȧǹǿǩȧǷ ƺੈǾȣǷƺǓȖȌȒǩƺljȖƺ ǹǔȒΚǓॹ ƺǾǓে ǹΡǓǷ ƺੈǿǓǾȧǷǷǓǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅșƺǷ শȒǹঀ ǿǓǾǩ șΦǓȖǓȒǓǷǷǓǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș ǟǓǹȠǓΚǔșǓǷষঀ

2. ábra: ত͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬȥ ȸͬDzȘȘDzȝ ȿǚȵȸǙǮǙȘȝȈ ȝDzǿȊȿdzȘdzȸDz ǙতȞȫȖ ȖȨȵdzǧDzȞ࣓ ȵdzǿȈȥȞȖdzȞȿȈ ǧȤȞȿǚȸǧǙȞ࣓ Ǚতࠌࠓडࠑࠏ dz͠Dzȸ ȞȫȈ ȿǚȵȸǙǮǙȘȤȝ ȸͬǚͬǙȘdzȖǚǧǙȞ

ੈǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǿǓǾǩ șΦǓȖǓȒǓǷ ȅǷȅΦǦƺȠǴƻǷ ƺΦȠ ǩșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠLjǓǿॹ ƺੈΚƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǩǷLjǓǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷȖǓ ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦΦƻǷ ǾƺǠȣǷƺȠॹ ƺǾǩǷ ৙ǓǹǿȌǩǓșǓে ǏǓȠȠ৛ șΦƺǷǾƻǷॹ șΦǓǷȠȅȖȅǷॹ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ΚƺǠΡ ƺੈǠȅǿে ǏȅΦȆǩ șΦƺǷǾƻǷঀ ੈǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ ǿǓǾǓǷ ΚǩșǓǹǷǓǏǔșǓǩȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǿȅȖǾƻǷ ȣǠΡƺǿljșƺǷ ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦǦƺȠǴƻǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ শǦȣǾƻǿॹ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǔș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩষ ȠȌǷǔǦǓΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșǔȠঀ ࢲࢵ

Φ ǓǠΡǩǷ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ƺȠȠǩȠȪǏȉǷ ǾǓǠǾȣȠƺȠǷȅΦǿƺǷॹ ƺੈǷȣǏƺȖljǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻƻǹǹƻșঀ ੈ ǿȌǷ ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷǿƻǹ ȠȉLjLjșΦȉȖ ǦǩΚƺȠǷȅΦǿƺǷ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǷȣǏƺȖljȠȆǹ ΚƺǹȆ ǟǔǹǓǹǓǾ ǾǩƺȠȠ ǿǓǾ ΚƻǠǿƺǷ LjǓǹǓ șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșLjƺঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǔșΦǹǓǹǩǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǦǩƻǿΡƻȠ ੈǿȌǷ ƻȠǹƺǠȅș ǟȅȖǾƻǹǩș ǩșǷȅǹƻΦȅȠȠșƻǠǩ șΦǩǿȠǴǓ ǓǠΡȖǓ ǩǿǷƻLjLj ǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǩ ΚƺǠΡ ǾǓǠǦƺǹƺǏǴƺ ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷǔȠঀ hǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLj ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠȠƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǿǓǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠǓȖǔǿ ǔș ȠȅΚƻLjLjȖƺ ǩș ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLj ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǷƺȒǿƺǷ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ȒȅΦǫljǩȆǷে Ljƺǿॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷॹ ƺǾǩ ǠƻȠȅǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔǿȠ ǦƺșΦǿȅșǫȠǦƺȠȆ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ȠƺȒƺșΦে ȠƺǹƺȠȖƺ ǔș ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷȖǓ ȠǓǠΡǓǿǓǷ șΦǓȖȠঀ ੈǿȌǷ ȤǠΡ ǠȅǿǏȅǹǴƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷǓΚǔșLjǔ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦে ǿǓǷ ƺΦȅǷǷƺǹ ƺੈǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷǷǓǹॹ ȠȣǏƻșșƺǹ ǔș ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠȠƺǹॹ ƺǾǩ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșǦȅΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓșঀ eȅΚƻLjLjƻ ȤǠΡ ȠȪǿǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǿǓǦǓΦǓLjLj ǓǹșƺǴƻȠǫȠƺǿǩȣǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷǓȠঀ Φ ǓǠΡǓș ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡȅǷ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓॹ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǓǹșƺǴƻȠǫȠƻșƻȠ ljǔǹΦȆ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠ ΚǓΦǓȠȠǓǷ LjǓঀ ǿǿǓǷ ǓǹǹǓǿǔȖǓ șΦǩǿȠǓ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ h ȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾȖƺ ǩǠƺΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷȉΦȧǹ ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLjǓǿ ƻǹǹǫȠǴƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌǷ șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦ ǔș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǦǓΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷঀ

3. ábra: ͬȤȞ ࠌࠓ dzȸ ࠑࠐ dz͠ ȖȨͬȨȿȿȈ ǾDzȘȞȫȿȿDzȖ ǙȵǚȞͧǙ࣓ ǙȖȈȖ Ǚͬȿ ȝȤȞǮȓǚȖ࣓ ȅȤǿͧ वȵDzȞǮDzȘȖDzͬDzȝ Ǚত͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬǚȸȈȞǮȊȿǚȸȅȤͬ ȸͬɆȖȸdzǿDzȸ ȖdzȸͬȸdzǿDzȖȖDzȘ࣓ ȿɂǮǚȸȸǙȘ dzȸ ȿǙȱǙȸͬȿǙȘǙȿȿǙȘष࣓ Ǚতࠍࠋࠌࠋडࠍࠋࠌࠏ ȖȨͬȨȿȿȈ ȈǮȫȸͬǙȖǧǙȞ

ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǿǓǦǓΦǓLjLjǓǿ ǴȣȠǿƺǷ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ੈ ǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǷǓΚǔșLjǔ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌǷ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșǦȅΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷঀ Φ ƺੈǾǓǠƻǹǹƺȒǫȠƻș ǾǩǿǏǓǿ hেȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾLjƺǿ ǦǓǹΡȠƻǹǹȆॹ ǔș ȠȉLjLj ȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ǩș ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ƺੈșΦƺǷƺǏǔǷঀ ࢸ hেȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾLjƺǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ࢲॹࢶেșΦǓȖ ǠΡƺǷȖƺLjLjƺǿ ƻǹǹǫȠȅȠȠƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌ șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșॸ ࢲࢶ

KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠ শࢳॹࢴেșΦȅȖষॹ 4ȖȅȖșΦƻǠ শࢲॹࢹেșΦȅȖষॹ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ?ǩȖƻǹΡșƻǠ শࢲॹࢸেșΦǓȖষॹ 'ǩǿǿȅȖșΦƻǠ শࢲॹࢷেșΦȅȖষॹ 'ȖƺǿljǩƺȅȖșΦƻǠ শࢲॹࢷেșΦȅȖষॹ ^ΦǹȅΚǔǿǩƺ শࢲॹࢷেșΦȅȖষ ǔș FǔǾǓȠȅȖșΦƻǠ শࢲॹࢶেșΦǓȖষঀ ੈȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǿǓǦǔΦ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ƺΦȠ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓΦǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ƺȖƻǿΡLjƺǿ LjƻȠȅȖȠƺǹƺǿȅǏǿƺǷ Ǔǹॹ Ǧƺ ǷȉǹljșȉǿǩǠǔǿΡǹǔșȖȌǹ Κƺǿ șΦȆॹ Ȓǹঀ ǿǓǾ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǹǿǓǷ ǷȉǹljșȉǿȉǷǓȠॹ ǾǓȖȠ ƺΦȠ ǠȅǿǏȅǹǴƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ǿǓǾ ǦǓǹΡǔǿΚƺǹȆॹ ΚƺǠΡ ǦȅǠΡ ȤǠΡșǓǾ ǹǓșΦǿǓǷ șǩǷǓȖǓșǓǷঀ /ƺ ƺΦ h^ েLjƺǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȣǠΡƺǿƺǿǿΡǩ ȠȌǷǔΚǓǹ ǩǿǏȣǹǿƻǿƺǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷॹ ࢶ ǔΚǓǿ LjǓǹȧǹ ȖǓǿǠǓȠǓǠॹ ǾǩǿȠǓǠΡ ࢷ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠǓǿǔǿǓǷ ৅ ǔș ǓLjLjȌǹ ࢳ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ǾƻȖ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ǔΚLjǓǿ ȖǓƺǹǩΦƻǹȆǏǿƺঀ ੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ǷǩșǓLjLj ǔș ǷǓΚǔșLjǔ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȣǷ [ǔǠȆȠƺ ǔȖΚǔǿΡǓș ǾǓǠƻǹǹƺȒǫȠƻșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠǩ ǦƻǹȆǩ ǷǩșǓLjLjǓǷ ǔș ǿǓǾ ȅǹΡƺǿ șȅǷșΦǫǿȪǓǷ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔঀ ੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƺǩ ȉșșΦǓȠǔে ȠǓǹȧǷLjǓǿ ǩș ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦǿǓǷ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǔȠȆǹআ șȅǷǷƺǹ ǩǿǷƻLjLj ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌॹ ǦȅǠΡ ljșƺǹƻǏȠƺǠȅǷǷƺǹॹ LjƺȖƻȠȅǷǷƺǹ ǔș ȅǷȠƺȠȆǷǷƺǹ ƻǹǹǿƺǷ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠLjƺǿॹ ǿǓǾ ȒǓǏǩǠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠȆǷǷƺǹॹ ΚƺǠΡ Ǿƻș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǷƺǹঀ ȖȖƺ ǩș Κƺǿ LjǩΦȅǿΡǫȠǔǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƺǩǿƺǷ ǾǩǿȌșǔে ǠǓ ǩș ljșǓǷǔǹΡǓLjLjॹ ǔș ǓΦ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȅΦǦƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșȠॹ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșȠॹ ǾǓȖȠ ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǓșǓȠǔǿ ƺੈǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠǩ ǦƻǹȆǷ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǴǓǹǹǓǠȪ ȠƺǿƻljșƺǏƻș ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻș ǹǓǠǠΡƺǷȖƺLjLjƺǿ ǦƺșΦǿƻǹȠ ǔș ǾǓǠLjǫΦǦƺȠȆǿƺǷ ǫȠǔǹȠ ǟȅȖȖƻșƺǩঀ ੈǷȅȖƻLjLjǩ ǾȣǿǷƺȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠǿƺǷ ǔș ƺੈȠƻȖে șƺǏƺǹǾǩেǷȣǹȠȣȖƻǹǩș ǿȅȖǾƻǷǿƺǷ ǷȉșΦȉǿǦǓȠȌǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǷȖǓ ǷǓΚǔșLjǔ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ șΦǓǾǔǹΡǓǷǷǓǹ ƻǹǹǿƻǿƺǷ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠLjƺǿॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǷȖǩȠǩǷȣș ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷƺȠ ǷǓΦǓǹǿǓǷ শ ȖȣșǦ ǓȠ ƺǹঀॹ ࢳࢱࢱࢵষঀ ΦΦǓǹ șΦǓǾLjǓǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ƻǹȠƺǹƻLjƺǿ ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj șΦȅljǩƻǹǩș ǔș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǓȖȌȠ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹȌ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠǩ ǦƻǹȆΚƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǿǓǷॹ ƺǾǩ ǓǹȌǿΡȉș ǹǓǦǓȠ ƺΦ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆǠΡȪǴȠǔșॹ ƺੈǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷ ǟǓǹǷȣȠƺȠƻșƺ șΦǓǾȒȅǿȠǴƻLjȆǹ ǔș LjǓƺǴƻǿǹƻșȅǷ ǓșǓȠǔǿঀ ੈljșƺǹƻǏȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺ ǔș ƺΦ ƺǏȆȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǷ ǓǹΚǓǦǓȠǩǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷǓǏΚǔȠ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌে Ȓǩƺljȅǿ ΚƺǹȆ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹȠȌǹॹ LjǓǹǓǔȖȠΚǓ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻȠ ǩș ੈșΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǴȆǹǔȠǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖॹ ƺΦ ƺǏȆȒȅǹǩে ȠǩǷƻǷ ǔș ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǷ ǦƺȠƻșșƺǹ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǷȉǹȠșǔǠǓǩȖǓ ǔș ǟǓǿǿে ȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠƻȖƺঀ ΦȅǷ ƺΦ ƺǏȆȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǷǓȠȠȌș ǷǓȖǓșȌǩ ǾȅǏǓǹǹȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿƺǷॹ ǿƺǠΡ ΚƺǹȆșΦǫǿȪșǔǠǠǓǹ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǩǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺljǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔȠ ǔș ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠে LjǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ șΦǓȖǓȒǹǔșǔȠঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ƺΦ ǩș LjǓǟȅǹΡƻșȅǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǹΡǓǿ șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ȠȣǏǿƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǓǹǓǠǓȠ ȠǓǿǿǩ ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏǩ ǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠșǔǠǓǩǷǿǓǷ ȤǠΡॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏȅǿ ǷǫΚȧǹ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿƺǷঀ ?ǩǟǓǴǓΦǓȠȠǓǿ ƺΦȅǷLjƺǿ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷLjƺǿ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡ ǓΦॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǿǓǾǩ șΦǓȖǓȒǓǷ ǷǔΦ ƺੈǷǔΦLjǓǿ ǴƻȖǿƺǷ ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿে ΚƺǠΡ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǟǓǹȧǠΡǓǹǓȠǩ ǔș ǩǏȌș ে ǠȅǿǏȅΦƻșǩ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ǦǩƻǿΡƻΚƺǹঀ ΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ƺੈ șΦȧǹǔșǩ șΦƺLjƺǏșƻǠǠƺǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ǩș LjǩΦȅǿΡǫȠǦƺȠȆƺǿ ǦƺȠƻșșƺǹ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƻȖƺঀ ࢲࢷ

22ঀ ࢳঀ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷ ੈhF vȅǾǓǿ শhǿǩȠǓǏ FƺȠǩȅǿș ǿȠǩȠΡ ǟȅȖ (ǓǿǏǓȖ ȕȣƺǹǩȠΡ ƺǿǏ ȠǦǓ ǾȒȅΛǓȖǾǓǿȠ ȅǟ vȅǾǓǿ ৅ ƺΦ F^ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǠǓǹ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ǟǓǹǓǾǓǹǷǓǏǔșǔΚǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹে ǷȅΦȆ ǓǠΡșǔǠǓষ ǴȆΚƻǦƺǠΡȠƺ ƺੈࢳࢱࢲࢹ৅ࢳࢱࢳࢲেƺș ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ eǓȖΚǓȠঀ Φ ǷȉȖΚȅǿƺǹƺΦΦƺ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ljǔǹȅǷƺȠ ǔș ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ࢳࢱࢴࢱেǩǠ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿে ǴȅǠȤșƻǠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǔș ǹƻǿΡȅǷ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ǴȅǠȅǷǷƺǹ ΚƺǹȆ ǟǓǹȖȣǦƻΦƻșƺঀ EǩǿǏȉșșΦǓ ࢲࢴ ǔΚ Κƺǿ ǦƻȠȖƺ ƺੈ'ǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ 'ǓǴǹȌǏǔșǩ ǔǹȅǷ ǓǹǔȖǔșǔǩǠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺΦȠ ǫǠǔȖǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ șǓǿǷǩȠ ǿǓǾ ǦƺǠΡǿƺǷ ǹǓǾƺȖƺǏǿǩॹ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǿȌȠ ǔș ǹƻǿΡȠ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ǴȅǠȅǷǷƺǹ ȖȣǦƻΦǿƺǷ ǟǓǹॹ ǏǓ ƺΦ ǓǹȌȖǓǦƺǹƺǏƻș Ǔ ȠǔȖǓǿ ǹƺșșȤॹ ǿǓǾ ǓǠΡǓǿǹǓȠǓșॹ ǔș ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷ Κƺǿ ǷǩȠǔΚǓঀ ੈǴǓে ǹǓǿǹǓǠǩ ȠǓǿǏǓǿljǩƻǷ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ƺੈȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻLjƺǿ ΚƺǹȆ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠǔLjǓǿ ࢹࢳॹ ƺੈǷȉΦǔȒǟȅǷȤ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșLjƺǿ ȒǓǏǩǠ ࢺࢶ ǔΚ ǷǓǹǹǓǿǓ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǹǔȖǴȧǷ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǓȠআ ǔș ࢲࢸࢱ ǔΚȖǓ ǹǓǿǿǓ șΦȧǷșǔǠ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠǓǷ ǾǓǠșΦȧǿȠǓȠǔșǔǦǓΦঀ Φ hF vȅǾǓǿ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ȠǓȖΚǓ ȉȠ ǟȌ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡȠ ǷȉȖΚȅǿƺǹƺΦॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦΦƻǷ ƺੈ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔȠॹ ƺੈ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșȣǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ȤȠǴƻLjƺǿ ƻǹǹȆ șȠȖȣǷȠȣȖƻǹǩș ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȅǷ ǟǓǹșΦƻǾȅǹƻșƻȠঀ eǓșΦǩǷ ǓΦȠ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȠǓȠȌ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǓǷ ǦƺȠƻǹΡȅǿ ǷǫΚȧǹ ǦǓǹΡǓΦǔșǔΚǓǹॹ ƺੈ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȠǓȠȌ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǿȅȖǾƻǷ ǔș șΦȠǓȖǓȅȠǫȒǩƻǷ ƻȠƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƻΚƺǹॹ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ ǾǓǠǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǔΚǓǹ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻΚƺǹ ƺǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌǓǿ ȠȣǏǴƺǿƺǷ ǷǩșΦȅǹǠƻǹǿǩ ǿȌǷǓȠ ǔș ǟǔȖЙƺǷƺȠঀ Φ ȤǴ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ȠǓȖΚLjǓǿ ƺΦ hF vȅǾǓǿ ƺΦ ƺǹƻLjLjǩƺǷƺȠ ǫǠǔȖǩॸ ॷ eȅΚƻLjLj ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ǾǩǿǏƺΦȅǿ ǓȖȌǟǓșΦǫȠǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈǠǹȅLjƻǹǩș ǿȅȖǾƻǷ ƻȠǟȅǠȆ ǔș ǏǩǿƺǾǩǷȣș ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǔǿǓǷ ǾǓǠǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǔȠ ǔș LjǓΚǓΦǓȠǔșǔȠ ljǔǹȅΦΦƻǷআ ॷ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ΚǓΦǓȠȌ șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ȠȉǹȠșǓǿǓǷ LjǓ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡΦƺȠǩ șΦǓȖΚǓǷ ǾȣǿǷƻǴƻLjƺǿॹ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓǠΡǓǿǓǷ ƺΦ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻșLjƺǿ ǔș ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ǾǔȖȠǔǷLjǓǿ ȖǔșΦǓে șȧǹǴǓǿǓǷ ǓΦǓǿ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǓǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠȅȠȠ ǴƺΚƺǷLjȆǹআ ॷ ƺ ǿȌǷ LjǩΦȠȅș ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǓǾǾǓǹॹ ȠǩșΦȠǓș ǾȣǿǷƻΚƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦΦǓǿǓǷॹ ǔș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻে ǠǩǹƺǠ ǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿǓǷ ǹǓǠΡǓǿǓǷআ ॷ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ǿȌ ǔș ǹƻǿΡ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǟƺǴȠƺ ǓȖȌșΦƺǷȠȆǹ ǾǓǿȠǓșॹ șΦƺLjƺǏ ǔǹǓȠǓȠ ǔǹǴǓǿআ ǔș ॷ ƺ ǿȌǷ ǔș ǹƻǿΡȅǷ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹǴƺǿƺǷ ǔș ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ǦƺȠƻșșƺǹ ǹǓǠΡǓǿǓǷ ƺੈ ǟǓǿǿে ȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ LjǔǷǓ ǔș ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǷȅǏƻșǩ ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦॹ ǔș ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ǾǔȖȠǔǷLjǓǿ ΚǓǠΡǓǿǓǷ ȖǔșΦȠ ƺੈȠǓȖǾǔșΦǓȠǩ ǷƺȠƺșΦȠȖȆǟƻǷॹ ǷȅǿМǩǷȠȣșȅǷ ǾǓǠǓǹȌে ΦǔșǔLjǓǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǓǾLjǓȖǩ ǴȅǠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷLjǓǿঀ

ࢲࢸ

22ঀ ࢴঀ =ȅǠǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖ Φ ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǓǷॹ șΦƺǷȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǷ ƺΦȅǿ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǩ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷ ǷȉΦǔ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩȣǷ ǷǓǹǹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșȠঀ =ǓǹǓǿǹǓǠ ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǓǷǓȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǓǷǓȠ ǟǓǹΚƻǹȠΚƺ ǦƺșΦǿƻǹǴƻǷঀ ǹȌșΦȉȖ @ȣǿǏșȠȖȉǾ ǔș ^ȠǓΚǓǿșȅǿ ȠǓȠȠǓǷ ǓȖȌǟǓșΦǫȠǔșǓǷǓȠ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƻȠǟȅǠȆƺǿ ǏǓЙǿǩে ƻǹǴƻǷ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺ ǟȅǠƺǹǾƻȠॹ ΚƺǠΡǩș ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈ ǹǔȒǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ƺੈ Κƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǾǓǠȠǓǿǿǩ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠ șȅȖƻǿॹ ƺΦ ǩǿǏȣǹƻș ǓǹȌȠȠॹ ƺΦ ǩǿǏȣǹƻșǷȅȖॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǩǿǏȣǹƻșȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȌ ǷȅȖƺǩ șΦƺǷƺșΦLjƺǿঀ Φ ǓǹșȌǏǹǓǠǓș ljǔǹ Ǿǩǿǔǹ ȠȉLjLj ǓǾLjǓȖȠ LjƻȠȅȖǫȠƺǿǩ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǓǠǟȅǿȠȅǹǴƺ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǹǓে ǦǓȠȌșǔǠǔȠॹ ǾǓǠșΦȧǹǓșșǓǿ ƺΦ ȉȠǹǓȠॹ ǔș ȠȅΚƻLjLj ǹǔȒǴǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩǿǏǫȠƻșॹ ǾƺǴǏ ƺੈǷȅȖƺǩ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǾȪǷȉǏǔș șΦƺǷƺșΦƻLjƺঀ ੈǷȅȖǾƻǿΡǿƺǷ ƺੈǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠLjƺǿ ǷƺȠƺǹǩΦƻȠȅȖșΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ǷǓǹǹ LjǓȠȉǹȠǓǿǩǓঀ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ȠǓȖΚǓȠ ǦȅΦ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠǴƺ ƺੈΚǫΦǩȆȠॹ ƺǷȠǩΚǩΦƻǹǴƺ ƺੈǷȣǹljșșΦǓȖǓȒǹȌǷǓȠॹ ǔș ǓǹǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠǓǿ LjǩΦȠȅে șǫȠǴƺ ƺΦ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷƺȠ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻǿƺǷॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǾǓǠǹǔΚȌǷ ǏǩǿƺǾǩǷȣș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǔǦǓΦঀ Φ ƺੈǟǓǴǓΦǓȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻȖƺ ǾȣȠƺȠ ǴȆ ȒǔǹǏƻǷƺȠ ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠ ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ ȅȖșΦƻǠƺǩLjȆǹঀ 2ǿǏȅǿǔΦǩƺ 2ǿǏȅǿǔΦǩƻLjƺǿ ƺੈ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǓǷ ljǔǹǴƺ ƺΦ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƻȖƺ ǷȅǿljǓǿȠȖƻǹȆǷǔঀ ^ΦƻǾȅș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅȠ LjǓΚǓΦǓȠȠǓǷ ƺੈǾǩǿǩșΦে ȠǔȖǩȣǾȅǷȅǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔȖǓঀ FǔǦƻǿΡ ǓΦǓǷ ǷȉΦȧǹॸ lΦǹǓȠǩ 2ǿǷȣLjƻȠȅȖ ?ȉΦȒȅǿȠ শ ȣșǩǿǓșș 2ǿljȣLjƺȠȅȖ ǓǿȠǓȖষ Φ 2ȒƺȖǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǓȠȠ ǷȉΦȒȅǿȠ ƺੈȠǓǹǓǾƺȠǩǷƺ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿ ȠǓΚǔে ǷǓǿΡǷǓǏȌ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ƺǏ ȠǓȖǓȠॹ Ƿȧǹȉǿȉș ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠǓǹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǷǓǿॹ ǩǿǷȣLjƻ ে ljǩȆș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ șȅȖƻǿ ǷǩǷǔȒΦǓȠȠǓǷȖǓঀ ੈljǔǹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǿ ΦƺǴǹȆ ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹে Ǿǩ ǟȅȖǠƺǹȅǾLjƺ ǦȅΦƺȠƺǹƺॹ ȤǴ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǷ ȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓ ǔș ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔș ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǷॹ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖ șΦǓȖǓȒǹȌǩॹ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ǔș ƺੈǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ǷȉΦȉȠȠঀ Φ 2ǿǷȣLjƻȠȅȖ ?ȉΦȒȅǿȠ ΚǫΦǩȆǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǩǿȠǓǠȖƻǹǴƺ ƺΦ ǓǹǾǔǹǓȠǩ ȠƺǿƺǿΡƺǠȅȠ ǔș ƺੈșΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅȠ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖLjƺǿ শƺ ȠǓȖΚǓΦǔșLjǓǿॹ ƺੈǠΡƻȖȠƻșLjƺǿ ǔș ƺੈȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșǩ ȒȖȅLjǹǔǾƻǷȖƺ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠ ǾǓǠȅǹǏƻে șȅǷ ȠǓȖǔǿষঀ ੈljǔǹ ȅǹΡƺǿ ΚǔǠΦȌșȉǷ ǷǩǿǓΚǓǹǔșǓॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǷǔșΦǓǷ ǓǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǓǹǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻȖƺॹ ǾǓǿȠȅȖȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷLjƺǿ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǿǓǷ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖ șΦǓȖǓȒǹȌǩΚǓǹ ΚƺǠΡ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹে

ࢲࢹ

ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǷƺǹॹ ǔș șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ ǿΡȤǴȠƺǿƺǷ ǿǓǷǩǷॹ ǓǹșȌșȅȖLjƺǿ ƺΦ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆ ȠǓljǦে ǿȅǹȆǠǩƺ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿॹ ƺΦ ƺǏȅȠȠ ȠǓȖǾǔǷ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿঀ 'ǩƺȠƺǹ EǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƻșΦ (ǓǿǓȖƻljǩȆ শ(ǓǿǓȖƺșǩ EȣǏƺ XǓȖȠƺǿǩƺǿষ ੈ ЙƺȠƺǹ ǠǓǿǓȖƻljǩȆ ǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǩȖƻǿȠǩ ǔȖǏǓǷǹȌǏǔșǔȠॹ ƺΦ ǓǦǦǓΦ ǷƺȒljșȅǹȆǏȆ ǷǔȒǓșে șǔǠǓǩȠ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǩȠ ǦǩΚƺȠȅȠȠ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƺǿǩॹ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓǿǩঀ ΦȠ ƺੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅȠ ƺੈEǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǦȅΦȠƺ ǹǔȠȖǓ ƺΦΦƺǹ ƺੈșΦƻǿǏǔǷǷƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹ ǠƺΦǏƻǷ ǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿljǩƻǩȠ ǟǓǴǹǓșșΦǔǷ ƺੈ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺॹ ƺੈ ǾǓǿǓǏΦșǾǓǿȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ ȠȌǷǔǦǓΦ ǔș ƺੈ ȒǩƺljȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ȠǓȖǔǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓΦƻǹȠƺǹ ȒȖȅǏȣǷȠǫΚॹ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚॹ ǷȖǓƺȠǫΚ ǔș ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓș ȒȖȅЙ ǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ ΚƻǹǴƺǿƺǷॹ ǠǹȅLjƻǹǩș ȠƻΚǹƺȠȅǷǷƺǹঀ Φ ǓǠΡǩǷ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠȧǷ ƺੈEǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ?ǔȒΦǔș eƻLjȅȖ শ e ে ǠȖǩljȣǹȠȣȖƺǹ eȖƺǩǿǩǿǠ ƺǾȒষॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ șȅȖƻǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠȣǏƻșȠ ǔș ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǓǷǓȠ șΦǓȖǓΦǦǓȠǿǓǷ ƺΦ ǩșǷȅǹƻș ǠΡǓȖǓে ǷǓǷॹ ƺǾǩ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǾǓǠǿȌ ƺΦ ǔȖǏǓǷǹȌǏǔșȧǷ ƺੈǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǩȖƻǿȠ ǔș ǿƺǠΡȖƺ LjǓljșȧǹǩǷ ƺΦȠঀ ੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ljǔǹǴƺǩॸ ࢲঀ ƺ ЙƺȠƺǹ ǠǓǿǓȖƻljǩȆ șΦǓȖǓȒǔǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ ƺੈǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔLjǓǿॹ ࢳঀ ǩǿȠǓǠȖƻǹǿǩॹ ǓǠΡǓșǫȠǓǿǩ ƺੈǾǓǠǹǔΚȌ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷƺȠ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹȅǷ ǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺে șƻǠǩ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƻΚƺǹॹ ࢴঀ ȤǠΡ LjǓǾȣȠƺȠǿǩ ƺੈǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ΚǩǹƻǠƻȠ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹ ǠǓǿǓȖƻljǩȆǿƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǩșǾǓȖǴǔǷॹ șΦǓȖǓșșǔǷ ƺੈǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȅȠ ǔș ǔȖǏǓǷǹȌǏǴǓǿǓǷ ǩȖƻǿȠƺॹ ࢵঀ ЙƺȠƺǹॹ ȒȖȅǏȣǷȠǫΚॹ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚॹ ǷȖǓƺȠǫΚ ǔș ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓșॹ ǠǹȅLjƻǹǩș ȠƻΚǹƺȠȅǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿে ǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ȒȖȅЙ ǠƺΦǏƻǷƺȠ ǷǩǿǓΚǓǹǿǩঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ XȖȅǠȖƺǾ শX [ /hষ iǴȅǿǿƺǿ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠঀ eǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓ ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓǏ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșȖƺॹ ȠǓljǦে ǿǩǷƺǩ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǿΡȤǴȠƻșȖƺॹ ȉșΦȠȉǿǏǫǴȖƺॹ ǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹƻșȖƺ ǔș ȠȌǷǓȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠȖǓॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺǾǩǹΡǓে ǿǓǷ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺΦȅǷ ƺΦ ǩǿǷȣLjƻljǩȆș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷLjǓǿ ƺੈȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǩșে ǾǓȖǓȠǓǷǓȠ șΦǓȖǓΦǿǓǷॹ ǾȅȠǩΚƻljǩȆǴȣǷ ǿȌॹ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǩǷ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǿǓǷঀ ੈȒșΦǩljǦȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ȠǓșΦȠǓȠ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠȌ ȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌǷ ǓΦ ǓșǓȠLjǓǿ ǿǓǾ ȠȌǷǔȠ ǷƺȒǿƺǷॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ȠȌǷǓȒƺȖȠǿǓȖȠঀ ǔǹে?ȅȖǓƺ 'ǩƺȠƺǹ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ^ȠƺȖȠȣȒ ǷƺǏǔǾǩƻǴƺ শ|ȅȣǿǠ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖș ^ȠƺȖȠȣȒ ljƺǏǓǾΡষ ࢳࢱࢲࢲেLjǓǿ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƺ ǓǠΡ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ƻǹȠƺǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȅȠȠॹ ǿȅǿȒȖȅЙȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠॹ ƺੈ^Ǿƺǹǹ ૭ EǓǏǩȣǾ ȣșǩǿǓșș ȅȖȒȅȖƺȠǩȅǿঀ ੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǷǩǟǓǴǓΦǓȠȠǓǿ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹॹ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺƺǹƺȒȤ ࢲࢺ

șȠƺȖȠȣȒȅǷƺȠ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩ ƺੈǠΡƻȖȠƻșLjƺǿ ǔȖǏǓǷǓǹȠॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ȠȣǏƻșƺǹƺȒȤ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷLjƺǿ ƺΦΦƺǹ ƺੈ ljǔǹǹƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǔȖȠǔǷǿȉΚǓǹȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǿǓΚǓǹǴǓǿǓǷ Ƿǩঀ ΚǓǿȠǓ ǷǩΚƻǹƺșΦȠƺǿƺǷ ǓǠΡ ljșȅȒȅȖȠǿΡǩ ࢴࢺ ǔΚ ƺǹƺȠȠǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǾǩǿǩǾƻǹǩș șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠȠƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹে ǷǓΦǿǓǷ শΚƺǠΡ ƺǿǿΡǩΚƺǹ șǓǾষॹ ǔș ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷLjƺǿ ȖǔșΦǓșǫȠǩǷ ȌǷǓȠ ƺੈșȠƺȖȠȣȒ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠ șȅȖƻǿॹ ȠȉLjLjǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ƺǏǿƺǷ ƺੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǷȉǹȠșǔǠ ࢸࢱઔে ƻǩǠॹ ΚƺǠΡ ǾƺΠǩǾȣǾ ࢲࢱࢱ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ΛȅǿǩǠ শ/?੢ࢸࢲࢱॹࢱࢱࢱষঀ 2ȖȅǏƺǩ ǟǔȖȌǦǓǹΡǓȠॹ șΦǓǾǔǹΡǓș ljȅƺljǦǩǿǠȅȠ ǔș ȠǓljǦǿǩǷƺǩॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠেȠƺǿƻljșƺǏƻșȠ ǩș ǿΡȤǴȠƺǿƺǷঀ ࢲࢱࢱࢱ 'ǩƺȠƺǹ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ শ|ȅȣȠǦ ȣșǩǿǓșș ࢲࢱࢱࢱষ ੈljǔǹǴƺ ƺੈࢳࢱ ǔș ࢴࢺ ǔΚ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ৅ ƺΦȅǷǔॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ ȤȠȠȉȖȌ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǩǷ ΚƺǿǿƺǷॹ ǏǓ ǿǩǿljș ȠȌǷǔǴȧǷ ƺΦ ǩǿǏȣǹƻșǦȅΦঀ EǩǿǏǓǿ ǔΚLjǓǿ ǷǩΚƻǹƺșΦȠƺǿƺǷ ࢲࢱࢱࢱ Κƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦȆȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǦƺΚǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ শǾƺΠǩǾȣǾ ࢲ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ Λȅǿ ৅ /?੢ࢸॹࢲࢱࢱੈ ৅ ǔȖȠǔǷLjǓǿষॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǓǠΡ ǔΚȖǓ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșȠ ǷƺȒǿƺǷ ǓǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǩǿǷȣLjƻȠȅȖǷȉΦȒȅǿȠǦȅΦঀ ΦǓǿ ǩǏȌșΦƺǷ ƺǹƺȠȠ ǾƻȖ LjǓǟȣȠȅȠȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹǴƻǷ ƺੈȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌǷǓȠঀ ੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǓǠΡǔLj ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ljșȅȒȅȖȠȅșȣǹƻșȅǷȠȆǹ ǩș ǷƺȒ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ȉǿǷǔǿȠǓș ƺǹƺȒȅǿ ǾǓǠȅșΦȠǴƻǷ ƺੈljǔǠƺǹƺȒǫȠƻșșƺǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠƺǩǷƺȠঀ ǾǓȖǩǷƺǩ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ǹǹƺǾȅǷ ^ 2 শ^Ǿƺǹǹ ȣșǩǿǓșș 2ǿΚǓșȠǾǓǿȠ ȅǾȒƺǿΡষ ࢲࢺࢶࢹেLjƺǿ ƺੈ?ȅǿǠȖǓșșΦȣș ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȅȠȠ ǓǠΡ ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠșǓ ƺੈ ǦȅșșΦȤȠƻΚȤ ȠȌǷǓ ƻȖƺǾǹƻșƻȠ ƺΦ ƺǾǓȖǩǷƺǩ ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǦȅΦঀ Φ ^ 2 XȖȅǠȖƺǾ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǩǷǓ ƺΦȅǿ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠȆ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺΦ h^ েLjƺǿ ȅȖșΦƻǠșΦǓȖȠǓ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌǷঀ ੈ ^Ǿƺǹǹ ȣșǩǿǓșș ǏǾǩǿǩșȠȖƺȠǩȅǿ ǿǓǾ ƺǏ ǷȉΦে ΚǓȠǹǓǿȧǹ ȠȌǷǔȠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷॹ ǓǦǓǹΡǓȠȠ ǾƺǠƻǿLjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǷǷǓǹ ƻǹǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠLjƺǿঀ ^ǓǠǫȠșǔǠȧǷǷǓǹ ȠȌǷǔșǫȠǩǷ ƺੈǴȆǹ ǾǓǿǓǏΦșǓǹȠ শ^ 2 ș ǿǔΚǓǿ ǩșǾǓȖȠষ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ƺǹƺȒȅǷƺȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǾȪǷȉǏǔșǔȠ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠǴƻǷঀ /ǩȠǓǹǓΦȌǷǓȖǓșȌ শ@ǓǿǏǓȖ EƺȠljǦষ 2ǿǠΡǓǿǓș ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǓșΦǷȉΦॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ȉșșΦǓǷȉȠǩ ƺੈ ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ƺੈ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾLjƺǿ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓΚȌॹ ^ ੈ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǴȆΚƻǦƺǠΡȅȠȠ ǦǩȠǓǹǓΦȌǷǷǓǹঀ ੈ ǷȉǹljșȉǿȠ ǩǠǔǿΡǹȌǿǓǷ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ LjǓ ǷǓǹǹ ǾȣȠƺȠǿǩƺ ƺੈșΦȧǷșǔǠǹǓȠǓǩȠঀ ΦȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȌǓǿ ǷǔȠ ǿƺȒȅǿ LjǓǹȧǹ ȠƺǹƻǹǿƺǷ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǦǩȠǓǹǓΦȌȠॹ ƺǷǩ ǔȖǏǓǷǹȌǏǩǷ ƺੈljǔǠ ǩȖƻǿȠॹ ǔș ȉșșΦǓǷȉȠǩǷ ƺ ǷǔȠ ǟǓǹǓȠঀ ੈǦǩȠǓǹǓΦȌ ǔș ƺੈǷȉǹljșȉǿȠ ǩǠǔǿΡǹȌ ǟǓǹে ΚǓșΦǩǷ ƺੈǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅȠॹ ǓǠΡǓΦȠǓȠǩǷ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǷǓȠॹ ǏǫǴƺǷƺȠ șȠLjঀ Φ ǩǠǔǿΡǹȌ LjǓǿΡȤǴȠǴƺ ƺੈǷǔȖǓǹে

ࢳࢱ

ǾǔȠ ǔș ƺੈǷƺȒljșȅǹȆǏȆ ȒƺȒǫȖȅǷƺȠঀ 2ǹΡ ǾȆǏȅǿ ƺΦȅǷॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ ǷȉǹljșȉǿȖǓ Κƺǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠȧǷॹ ǷȉǿǿΡǓǿ ǴȣȠǿƺǷ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦঀ FȌǩ eȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȤ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ 2ȖȅǏƻǴƺ শKГljǓ ȅǟ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ȣșǩǿǓșș KΛǿǓȖșǦǩȒ ৅ Kv Kষ eƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔȠ ƺੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔǹǓȠLjǓǿॹ Ƿȧǹȉǿȉș ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠǓǹ ƺΦȅǷȖƺॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅșƺǿ ǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅș ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠȪǓǷ ΚƺǠΡ ǷǩȖǓǷǓșΦȠǓȠȠǓǷঀੈ?ȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƺǩ শvȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ȣșǩǿǓșș ǓǿȠǓȖș ǩȖǓljȠȅȖΡॹ șșȅljǩƺȠǩȅǿ ȅǟ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ȣșǩǿǓșș ǓǿȠǓȖșॹ FƺȠǩȅǿƺǹ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ȣșǩǿǓșș ȅȣǿljǩǹॹ ^ K[ ষ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȒে ΦǔșȠ ǔș ȠƺǿƻljșƺǏƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠƺǿƺǷॹ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșȠ ǦǩȠǓǹǓǷǦǓΦ ǔș ȠȌǷǔǦǓΦॹ Ȓǩƺljǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷে ǦǓΦॹ LjǓǹǓǔȖȠΚǓ ƺΦ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ șΦǓȖΦȌǏǔșǓǷǓȠ ǩșঀ ?ȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǓȠ ǩș ǷǫǿƻǹǿƺǷॹ ȤǠΡǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ ȖǓƺǾ ȣǩǹǏǓȖ শ ǹȅǾ ȒǫȠȌষ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǷȣȖΦȣșȠ ΚƺǠΡ ƺੈvȅǾǓǿ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖș ^ȣǾǾǩȠ ^ǓȖǩǓș [ǓȒȅȖȠȅȠ শǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȉșșΦǓǴȉΚǓȠǓǹǓǩǿ ǷǔșΦȧǹȠ LjǓșΦƻǾȅǹȆǷ șȅȖȅΦƺȠƺষঀ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ?ǩȖƻǹΡșƻǠ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠȅȠȠ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǿȌॹ ǓǠΡȖǓ ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ǹǓে ǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǷǫǿƻǹǷȅΦǿƺǷॸ ǠΡƺȖƺȒșΦǩǷ ƺΦȅǿ ǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƺॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ ǿƺǠΡșΦǓȖȪ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǩǷ ΚƺǿǿƺǷॹ ǏǓ șΦȧǷșǔǠȧǷ Κƺǿ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠȖǓ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ șǩǷǓȖȖǓ ΚǩǠΡǔǷ ȌǷǓȠঀ /ƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ȣǠΡƺǿȅǹΡƺǿ ȧȠǓǾLjǓǿ ǩǿǏǫȠƺǿƻǿƺǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷॹ ƺǷǷȅȖ ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ?ǩȖƻǹΡșƻǠLjƺǿ ǓǠΡǾǩǹǹǩȆΚƺǹ ȠȉLjLj ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǹǓǿǿǓঀ ੈǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷȖȌǹ ǔș ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷȖȆǹॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦȅǿ ǷȅȖে ǾƻǿΡΦƺȠǩ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷ ǔș ȠƺǿƻljșȅǷ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌșǔǠǔȖȌǹॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȠ ǦǩΚƺȠȅȠȠƺǷ șΦȅǹǠƻǹǿǩঀ ǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǿƺǷ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ șƺǴƻȠȅș ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅȠॹ ƺǾǓǹǹΡǓǹ șǓǠǫে ȠǩǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔȠ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌȒǩƺljȅǿঀ ǿǠǹǩƻLjƺǿ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ࢴেࢵ ǔΚǓș ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷ ǴȅǠȅșȣǹȠ ǩǿǠΡǓǿǓș ȅǷȠƺȠƻșȖƺ ΚƺǠΡ ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǟǓǹȧǠΡǓǹǓȠȖǓঀ tƺǿǿƺǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ࢲࢶ ȆȖƻǿΡǩ ǩǿǠΡǓǿǓș ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǟǓǹȧǠΡǓǹǓȠǓȠ ΚǓǦǓȠǿǓǷ ǩǠǔǿΡLjǓঀ ੈ ǦǩǹǏljƺȖǓ ȣșǩǿǓșș (ȖƺǿȠș ^ljǦǓǾǓ ǷǓȖǓȠǔLjǓǿ ƺΦȅǷ ƺǷǩǷ șƺǴƻȠ ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǟǓǹȧǠΡǓǹǓȠǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔে ǿǓǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦǿǩॹ ੯ࢲࢱࢱࢱেǩǠ ȠǓȖǴǓǏȌ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșLjƺǿ ȖǔșΦǓșȧǹǦǓȠǿǓǷঀ

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ǔǹে ǟȖǩǷƺ 2șǩΚƺǿǏǓ FȌǷ ǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ শ2șǩΚƺǿǏǓ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș 'ȣǿǏ ৅ 2v'ষ ੈ ǷȧǹȉǿǹǓǠǓș ƺǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ ljǔǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǟǓǷǓȠǔǷ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟǓǹΦƻȖǷȆΦƻșƻȠ ǟǓǹǠΡȅȖșǫȠșƺ ƺੈǾȅșȠƺǿǩǿƻǹ ǾǓǠЙΦǓȠǦǓȠȌLjLjॹ ǦƺșΦǿƻǹǦƺȠȆLjLj ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠΚƺঀ Φ ǓȖǓǏǓȠǩ ljǔǹে ljșȅȒȅȖȠ ǿȌǷ ΚȅǹȠƺǷॹ ǏǓ ƺΦȣȠƻǿ ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǓȠȠǔǷ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǏǔǹেƺǟȖǩǷƺǩ ǟǓǷǓȠǓ șΦǓǾǔǹΡȖǓঀ Φੈ2v'ੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșƺǩΚƺǹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șǩǷǓȖǓșșǔǠǔȠ ǦǩΚƺȠȅȠȠ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǓǿǩঀ ^ȠƺȖȠȣȒ ȅǷ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșƻΚƺǹॹ ǓΠȒƺǿΦǩȆΚƺǹॹ ȖǓǦƺLjǩǹǩȠƻljǩȆΚƺǹॹ ǟȖƺǿljǦǩșǓেΦƺǹ ǔș ƻȠǦǩǏƺǹȆ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅে Φƻșșƺǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠঀ Φ ƺǹƺȒȅȠ ƺੈ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ǔș 2ȒƺȖǩ 'ȌȅșΦȠƻǹΡ ǾǓǠLjǫΦƻșƻLjȆǹ ƺΦ 2ȒƺȖǩ 'ǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ eƻȖșƺșƻǠ ǷǓΦǓǹǩ ǓǠΡ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩƺǹƺȒেǷǓΦে ǓǹȌǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹঀ ?ǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦǿƺǷ ƺΦΦƺǹ ƺੈljǔǹǹƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǔǹে ǟȖǩǷƻLjƺǿ ȉǿǾƺǠȣǷƺȠ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠƺǿǩ ǷǔȒǓșॹ ǟǓǷǓȠǔǷ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿƻLjƺǿ ǹǓΚȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǦȅΦΦƺǿƺǷ ǹǔȠȖǓঀ ੈ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșȠ ǩǠǔǿΡǹȌ ljǔǠǓǷǿǓǷ ǿΡȤǴȠƺǿƺǷ ǓǹșȌșȅȖLjƺǿ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ǓǠΡǔLj ǴǓǹǹǓǠȪ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠঀ FƺȠǩȅǿƺǹ ǾȒȅΛǓȖǾǓǿȠ 'ȣǿǏ ৅ F 'ষ ^ΦǓȖǓȒǓ ƺੈ ǟǓǷǓȠǔǷ șΦǔǹǓșǷȉȖȪ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǴȅǠȅǷǷƺǹ ΚƺǹȆ ǟǓǹȖȣǦƻΦƻșƻǿƺǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ শ ȖȅƺǏে ƺșǓǏ ǹƺljǷ ljȅǿȅǾǩlj ǾȒȅΛǓȖǾǓǿȠॸ ে ষঀੈ ǾǫǠ ƺੈΚǩȠƺ ȠȅΚƻLjLj ΦƺǴǹǩǷ ƺȖȖȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩLjȌǹ ǩș ȠǓΚȌǏǩǷ ȉșșΦǓ ƺੈșȅǷƺȠǾȅǿǏȆ ǔș ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ে ॹ ƺੈF ' ǴȉΚȌLjǓǹǩ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǩ ǔș LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǷǓȠ ƺΦȅǿȅșǫȠॹ șǓǠǫȠΚǓ ǟǓǷǓȠǓ ǓǠΡǔǿǓǷǓȠॹ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ƺLjLjƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǓǠ ȠȣǏǴƻǷ ΚƺǹȆșǫȠƺǿǩ ƺੈ=Ȇ (ΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ ?ȆǏǓΠǔǿǓǷ শ ȅǏǓș ȅǟ (ȅȅǏ XȖƺljȠǩljǓষ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǓǹǓǾǔȠঀ ΦǓǷǦǓΦ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǩǷ ƺੈǷǓǏΚǓΦে ǾǔǿΡǓș LjǓșΦǓȖΦǔșȖǓ ΚƺǹȆ ǷȅǿljǓǿȠȖƻǹƻșॹ ƺੈ ǟǓǷǓȠǓ ȖǔșΦΚǔǿΡȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿ ǦƺȠȆǷȉȖǔǿǓǷ Ƿǩে ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǔșǓॹ ƻȠƺǹƺǷȣǹƻș ƺੈΚǓΦǓȠȌșǔǠ ǔș ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆǷ ǷȉȖǔLjǓǿॹ ǔș ƺੈǟǓǷǓȠǓ ȖǔșΦǓșǓǏǔș ǟǓǹǦǫǠȣǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ǾǓǠǓǹȌΦǔșǓঀ ੈ F ' eȉȖΚǔǿΡ শFƺȠǩȅǿƺǹ ǾȒȅΛǓȖǾǓǿȠ 'ȣǿǏ ljȠ Fȅ ࢲࢱࢶ ȅǟ ࢲࢺࢺࢹষ ƻǹȠƺǹ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠ FƺȠǩȅǿƺǹ ǾȒȅΛǓȖǾǓǿȠ 'ȣǿǏ শF 'ষ ƺੈǟǓǷǓȠǔǷ ǠƺΦে ǏƺșƻǠLjƺǿ ΚƺǹȆ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔȠ șΦȅȖǠƺǹǾƺΦΦƺ ǔș șǓǠǫȠǩ ǓǹȌ ƺΦƻǹȠƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǔș ǓǠΡǔLj ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ȅǹΡƺǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷLjǓǿ ǟǓǷǓȠǔǷǓȠ ǦƺȠƺǹǾƺΦǿƺǷ ǟǓǹআ ǓǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩॹ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǩ ƺੈǾǓǠȠƺǷƺȖǫȠƻșǩॹ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƻȠ ƺੈǟǓǷǓȠǔǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠঀ

22

22ঀ ࢵঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ FȌǷ ǔș ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ Φ K েȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǾǩǿǏǓǠΡǩǷǔLjǓǿ ǾƺǠƺșƺLjLj ƺȖƻǿΡLjƺǿ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǿƺǷ ǟǔȖЙƺǷƺȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ǿȌǷǓȠঀ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿॹ EǓΠǩǷȆLjƺǿॹ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿॹ (ȉȖȉǠȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿॹ ^ȒƺǿΡȅǹȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ǔș @ǓǿǠΡǓǹȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLjॹ ǾǩǿȠ ࢶࢱઔেƻǿƺǷ Κƺǿ ЙΦǓȠǓȠȠ ƻǹǹƻșƺॹ ǾǫǠ 2ΦǹƺǿǏȅǿॹ FȅȖΚǔǠǩƻLjƺǿॹ ƻǿǩƻLjƺǿॹ ^ΚǔǏȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ǔș ^ΚƻǴljLjƺǿ ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ࢸࢱઔেȣǷ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷঀ ੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ǔș EǓΠǩǷȆLjƺǿ ƺੈǹǓǠǷǩǓǾǓǹǷǓǏȌLjLjॹ ǏǓ =ƺȒƻǿLjƺǿॹ ?ȅȖǓƻLjƺǿ ǔș 4ȖȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ǩș ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșঀ

ࠏࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ ͬ ǙȖȿȊ͠ ȖȤȵɃ ȞȫȖ dzȸ ǾdzȵϫǙȖ ǾȤǿȘǙȘȖȤͬȿǙȿȤȿȿȸǚǿǚȞǙȖ ȸͬǚͬǙȘdzȖȤȸ ȝDzǿȤȸͬȘǚȸǙ

FȌǩॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ǟǔȖЙ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƺ ੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșƺǩǿƺǷ ǿΡȅǾȅǿ ǷȉΚǓȠǔșǔȖǓ ȠȉLjLjǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ șȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷƺȠ ǦƺșΦǿƻǹǴƻǷঀ ΦǓǷLjǓǿ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ǿǓǾǩ ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠǓǷ ǾȣȠƺȠǷȅΦǿƺǷ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠॹ Ƿȧǹȉǿȉș ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠǓǹ ƺΦȅǷȖƺॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǾƺǠȣǷ ǩș ǾȣǿǷƻǹȠƺȠȆǷঀ ੈࢳࢹ hেȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺΦ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷǷƺǹ ǩș ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ Κƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ǾǩǿǏȉșșΦǓ ࢳࢶઔেƺ ǿȌঀ

23

ࠐࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ ͬ ȨȞǾȤǿȘǙȘȖȤͬȿǙȿȥ ȞȫȖ dzȸ ǾdzȵϫǙȖ ǙȵǚȞͧǙ

ੈǿȌǷ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿƻLjƺǿ ǹǔΚȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠǫȒȣșƺǩ ৅ ǾǔȖǓȠॹ ǴȅǠǩ ǟȅȖǾƺॹ LjǓΚǔȠǓǹ ΚƺǠΡ ǓǠΡǔLj ǾȣȠƺȠȆǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ȅșΦȠƻǹΡȅΦΚƺ ࢳࢱࢱࢺেLjǓǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿƻLjƺǿ ǹǔΚȌ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ শƺΦƺΦ ǷǩΦƻȖȆǹƺǠȅș ȠȣǹƺǴে ǏȅǿȤ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷষ ƻȠǹƺǠȅș ǟȅȖǠƺǹǾƺ ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷǔǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ ǾǩǿǏȉșșΦǓ ࢲࢹઔ ΚȅǹȠ /ȅǹǹƺǿǏǩƻLjƺǿॹ ࢳࢷઔ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿॹ ࢴࢹઔ EǓΠǩǷȆLjƺǿ ǔș ࢵࢵઔ 'ǩǿǿȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿঀ ΦǓǷ ƺੈǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠǓǷ ǾǔǠ șΦǓǾLjǓȠȪǿȌLjLjǓǷॹ Ǧƺ ЙǠΡǓǹǓǾLjǓ ΚǓșșΦȧǷ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ শΚƺǠΡǩș ƺΦ ȅǹΡƺǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ǴȅǠǩ ǟȅȖǾƻǴƺ ǿǓǾ ǷǩΦƻȖȆǹƺǠȅș ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿষ ǷȉȖǔȠ ǩșঀ Φ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ǹǹƺǾȅǷ ࢳࢱࢱࢸেǓș ǟǓǹǾǔȖǔșǔLjȌǹ șΦƻȖǾƺΦȆ ƺǏƺȠȅǷ ƺΦȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǴƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ȠȉLjLjșǔǠǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȤ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺੈ ȠǓǹǴǓș ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǔș ࢴॹࢶઔেƻȠ ȠǓȠȠǔǷ Ƿǩॹ ƺǾǩ ƺੈЙΦǓȠǓȠȠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠȅȠȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦে ȠƺȠƻș ࢷॹࢵઔেƺঀ ੈǹǓǠǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǷȉΦȧǹ ljșƺǷ ǿǔǦƻǿΡƺȠ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠ ǿȌঀ Φ K ƺǏƺȠƺǩ șΦǓে ȖǩǿȠ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿॹ ƺǦȅǿǿƺǿ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșȖǓ ƻǹǹǿƺǷ ƺǏƺȠȅǷॹ ƺੈǹǓǠে ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ǓșΦǷȉΦǔȖȠǔǷȪ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLjॹ ǾǩǿȠ ࢲࢶઔেƻǿƺǷ Κƺǿ ǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƺঀ

ࢳࢵ

ǠƺΦƺȠȅǷ ǔș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷLjǓǿ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǴǓǹǓǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ

ࠑࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ ͬ ȨȞǾȤǿȘǙȘȖȤͬȿǙȿȥȖ ȈȱǙȵǚǿǙȖ ȸͬDzȵȈȞȿȈ ȝDzǿȤȸͬȘǚȸǙ࣓ ࠍࠋࠌࠐ ऒ'Ȥȵȵǚȸ࣒ ɂȵȤȸȿǙȿ ऒࠍࠋࠌࠑओ࣓ @ǙǧȤɂȵ 'ȤȵǨDz ^ɂȵ͠Dzͧ

Φ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǿȌǷ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǿƻǹ ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ΚƺǹȆșΦǫǿȪșǔǠǠǓǹ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿƺǷ ƺੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹে ȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖLjƺǿॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈ ǿƺǠΡে ǔș ǷǩșǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾLjǓǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǩǏǓǠǓǿে ǟȅȖǠƺǹȅǾLjƺǿ ǔș Ǿƻșॹ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡ ǷǔȒΦǓȠȠșǔǠǓȠ ǷȉΚǓȠǓǹȌ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷǓǿঀ Φ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠ ǿȌǷ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓǿ ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLjǓȠ ǷǓȖǓșǿǓǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ࢳࢶ

ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷঀ ΦȠ șΦƻǾȅș ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌ ǾƺǠΡƺȖƻΦǦƺȠǴƺॹ LjǓǹǓǔȖȠΚǓ ƺੈȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠȧǷ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǩȠ ǔș ƺੈȠǔǿΡǹǓǠǓșǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȖƺ ǟȅȖǏǫȠȅȠȠ ǩǏȌȠঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ǏȣȒǹƺ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠǷȉȖȖǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǿǓǷ শΚƺǠΡǩș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷƺȠ ǔș ƺੈǦƻΦȠƺȖȠƻșȣǷƺȠ ǓǠΡǩǏǓǴȪǹǓǠ ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǩǷষॹ ƺǾǩ ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦǦƺȠǴƺ ƺΦȠ ƺΦ ǩǏȌȠॹ ƺǾǩȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷȖƺ ȠȣǏǿƺǷ ǟȅȖǏǫȠƺǿǩॹ ǔș ƺΦȠ ǩș LjǓǟȅǹΡƻșȅǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǹΡǓǿ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠƺǿƺǷॸ ǓǹǓΚǓ ǷǩΦƻȖǴƻǷ ƺΦ ǩǏȌǩǠǔǿΡǓșǓLjLj ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǩ ǷȉȖȉǷǓȠঀ ǓΚǔȠǓǹǓǷ ৅ ǿȌǷ ǔș ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠǓǷ Φ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǿȌǷ ƻǹȠƺǹƻLjƺǿ ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLjǓȠ ǷǓȖǓșǿǓǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǟǔȖЙƺǷঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢲেLjǓǿ ƺΦ hেȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾȅǷLjƺǿ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǿȌǷ ǷȉȖȧǹLjǓǹȧǹ ǷǔȠে ǦƺȖǾƺǏƻȠ ǷǓȖǓșȠǔǷ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǾǔǿǓǷঀ FǔǦƻǿΡ ȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ șΦȠȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿॹ șΦǩǿȠǓ șǓǾǾǩǹΡǓǿ ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠ ǿǓǾ ΚȅǹȠ ǓLjLjǓǿ ƺੈȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠLjǓǿ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠঀ ΦȅǿLjƺǿ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ǷǔȠșΦǓȖǓșǔȠ ǷǓȖǓșে ȠǔǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǾǔǿǓǷ (ȉȖȉǠȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ শࢳॹࢶেșΦȉȖȉșǔȠষॹ /ȅǹǹƺǿǏǩƻLjƺǿ শࢳॹࢴেșΦȅে ȖȅșƻȠষ ǔș ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ?ǩȖƻǹΡșƻǠLjƺǿ শࢳॹࢳেșΦǓȖǓșǔȠষঀ ੈ ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠ șΦƻǾȅș ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌΚǓǹ ǾƺǠΡƺȖƻΦǦƺȠȆॸ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠȅȠȠ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠǓǷǷǓǹॹ ƺੈ ǹǓǏȅǹǠȅΦȅȠȠ ȆȖƻǷ șΦƻǾƻΚƺǹॹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ǾȅȠǩΚƻljǩȆǷǷƺǹॹ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆș ljǔǹȅǷǷƺǹॹ ƺΦ ǓΠȒȅȖȠȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǠǓǹ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ șΦƻǿǏǔǷǷƺǹঀ

7. ábra: ͬ ȨȞǾȤǿȘǙȘȖȤͬȿǙȿȥȖ ǧDz͠dzȿDzȘDzȈ ࠍࠋࠌࠌणǧDzȞ ऒ তࠌࠓ dzȸ ࠑࠏ dz͠ ȖȨͬȨȿȿȈ ȨȞǾȤǿȘǙȘȖȤͬȿǙȿȥȖ dz͠Dzȸ ǚȿȘǙǿȖDzȵDzȸDzȿDz Ǿȫ ȿDz͠dzȖDzȞͧȸdzǿɆȖ DzȸDzȿdzǧDzȞओ

ࢳࢷ

ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺॹ ƺੈǾǓǠșΦȪǿǔș ȅǷƺǩ EǩΚǓǹ șȅǷǷƺǹ ȠȉLjLj ȅǹΡƺǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș Ǵȉǿ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǿǩǿljșǓǿǓǷ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǩॹ ǓΦǓǷǿǓǷ ȠȣǏǦƺȠȆ LjǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেLjǓǿ ȉșșΦǓșșǔǠǔLjǓǿ ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLj ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡ ǴȉȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓঀ

ࠓࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ ত ȞDzȝ ȝɂȞȖǚȘȿǙȿȥȖdzȞȿ dzȸ Ǚত ȝɂȞȖǚȘȿǙȿȥȖdzȞȿ ȝɉȖȨǮȫ ͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬǚȸȤȖ ȸͬǚȝǙ ऒȸͬǚͬǙȘdzȖȤȸǙȞ࣓ ࠍࠋࠌࠏणǧDzȞ ͠Ǚǿͧ ǙতȘDzǿɂȿȥǧǧȈ࣓ ǙǮǙȿȤȖȖǙȘ ȵDzȞǮDzȘȖDzͬȫ dz͠ǧDzȞओ

ࢳࢸ

Φ K ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȅǷLjƺǿ ƺੈǹǓǠȠȉLjLj ȤǴॹ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ࢲেࢵ ǟȌ ǾȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆΚƺǹ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷঀ Φ ǩȒƺȖLjƺǿ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ǾƺǠƺșƺLjLj ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠƺǷ ƻȠǹƺǠȅș șΦƻǾƺॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖLjƺǿঀ ੈ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠȆǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖLjƺǿ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓș ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷLjƺǿ ǾǔȖǓȠȖǓ ǿƺǠΡǴƻLjȆǹ ȣǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖƻǷ ƺΦ ȤǴȅǿǿƺǿ ƺǹƺǷȣǹȠॹ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷƺȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷॹ ǏǓ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖLjƺǿ ǾƻȖ ǿƺǠΡȅLjLjƺǷ ƺੈ ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠǓǷঀ Φ ȤǴॹ ǩȒƺȖǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƻȠǹƺǠȅș ǾǔȖǓȠǓ ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ǹǹƺǾȅǷLjƺǿ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেLjǓǿ ǦƻȖȅǾșΦȅȖȅșƺ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ȅǹƺșΦ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǔȖǓȠǔǿǓǷঀ ^ΦǩǿȠǓ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ȠȉLjLj ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș șΦȧǹǓȠǩǷ ƺΦ ǔȒǫȠȌǩȒƺȖǩ ǔș ƺੈ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșǩ ƻǠƺΦƺȠLjƺǿॹ শǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺΦ ǩǏǓǠǓǿǟȅȖǠƺǹȅǾLjƺǿ ǔș ƺΦ ǔǹǓǹǾǩșΦǓȖǩȒƺȖLjƺǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǔș ǾȪșΦƺǷǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿষ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖLjƺǿॹ ƺǾǩ ƺΦ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡƺLjLj ЙΠ ȠȌǷǓLjǓে ǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ǷȉǹȠșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ȠȧǷȖȉΦǩঀ ੈǾǓǠșΦȪǿȌ ljǔǠǓǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ǾƺǠƺșƺLjLj ƺΦ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷǷƺǹ ǿǓǾ ȖǓǿǏǓǹে ǷǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǓșǓȠǔǿॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦȅǷǿƻǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠǴƺǩǷॹ ƺǾǩ ȠȧǷȖȉΦǩ ƺΦ ǓǹȌLjLjǩ ǠΡƺǷȖƺǿ LjǩΦȅǿΡȠƺǹƺǿ ǴǓǹǹǓǠǔȠঀ hǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƻǹȠƺȠȆǷǔǿȠ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǓǠșΦȪǿǔșǓ ƺੈǹǓǠȠȉLjLj ȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ǾǔȖȠǔǷLjǓǿ ǴƻȖȣǹ ǦȅΦΦƻ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǷ ǓǹΚǓșΦȠǔșǔǦǓΦঀ Φ ǓǠΡǓș ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷLjƺǿ ƺΦ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǓǠșΦȪǿǔșǔǿǓǷ ƻȠǹƺǠȅș ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǿƺǠΡǴƻLjȆǹ ǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ƺੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖLjƺǿॹ ǏǓ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖLjƺǿ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠǓǷ ΚƺǿǿƺǷঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেLjǓǿ ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ǹǹƺǾȅǷLjƺǿ শࢴࢶষ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖLjƺǿ ƺΦ ǩǹΡǓǿ Ƞǫে ȒȣșȤ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǓǠșΦȪǿǔșǔǿǓǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ȠǫΦșΦǓȖǓșǓ ΚȅǹȠ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠǩ ȠƻȖșƺǩǔǿƺǷঀ Φ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǓǠșΦȪǿǔșǩ ȖƻȠƻǴƺ ƺΦ ǔȒǫȠȌǩȒƺȖǩ ǔș ƺੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖLjƺǿ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ǾƺǠƺșƺLjLjॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖLjƺǿঀ

28

9. ábra: ȘȖǙȘȝǙͬȤȿȿǙȖȖǙȘ ȵDzȞǮDzȘȖDzͬȫ dzȸ ȞDzȝ ȵDzȞǮDzȘȖDzͬȫ ͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬǚȸȤȖ ȝDzǿȸͬɉȞdzȸDz ऒȸͬǚͬǙȘdzȖǧǙȞ࣓ ࠍࠋࠌࠏणǧDzȞ࣓ ͠Ǚǿͧ ǙতȘDzǿɂȿȥǧǧȈ ȤȘͧǙȞ dz͠ǧDzȞ ǙȝȈȵȫȘ ͠ǙȞȞǙȖ ǙǮǙȿȤȖओ

ࢳࢺ

22ঀ ࢶঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ ǠΡȖǓ ȠȉLjLj ǿȌ ǴǓǹǓǿȠ ǾǓǠ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌȒǩƺljȅǿॹ ǔș ǓȖȖǓ ȖǓƺǠƻǹΚƺ ƺΦ ࢲࢺࢸࢱেǓș ǔΚǓǷLjǓǿ ǓǹǩǿǏȣǹȠ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔǿǓǷ șΦƺǷȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺঀ ΦȆȠƺ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅșșƻ ΚƻǹȠƺǷ ǾǩǿǏ ƺੈǟǓǴǹǓȠȠॹ ǾǩǿǏ ƺੈǟǓǴǹȌǏȌ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷLjƺǿঀ ƻȖ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ƺΦ ǓǹȌȖǓǹǔȒǔș ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƺǷȅȖ ǟǓǹǾǓȖȧǹȌ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȅǷ ǹǓǠΡȌΦǔșǔLjǓǿॹ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ǠƻȠǹȆ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ȠȅΚƻLjLjǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǓȠ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǹǿǓǷঀ Φ ǓǠΡǓș ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡȅǷ ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǓǩǿǓǷ ǷȅǿǷȖǔȠ ljǔǹǷǩȠȪΦǔșǓǩ ǓǹȠǔȖȌǷॹ ǏǓ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ƺΦ ƺǹƻLjLjǩ ȠǔǾƻǷȖƺ ȠǓȖǴǓǏǿǓǷ Ƿǩॸ ࢲঀ ੈȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșǩ ǷȉȖLjǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ ƺǹȣǹȖǓȒȖǓΦǓǿȠƻǹȠșƻǠ ǷǔȖǏǔșǔǿǓǷ ǷǓΦǓǹǔșǓআ ࢳঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺljȖƺ ȠȉȖȠǔǿȌ LjǓǩǹǹǓșΦǷǓǏǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǩǿǓǷ ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƺআ ࢴঀ ੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿșǔǠ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǔǿǓǷ ǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǓ ȖǔΚǔǿআ ࢵঀ ੈǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡȠǓȖǓǾȠǔș ǔș ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓআ ࢶঀ Φ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǔș ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǩǿȠǓǠȖƻljǩȆ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǔșǓআ ࢷঀ ੈșΦǓǠǔǿΡșǔǠ ljșȉǷǷǓǿȠǔșǓআ ࢸঀ Φ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦॹ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷǦǓΦ ǔș ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠȅǷǦȅΦॹ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǦǓΦ ǔș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌLjLj ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓআ ࢹঀ Φ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǾǓljǦƺǿǩΦǾȣșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƺঀ FǔǦƻǿΡॹ ƺΦ K ƻǹȠƺǹ ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷȣșȅǷǿƺǷ ljǫǾΦǓȠȠ ǴƺΚƺșǹƺȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ȠǔǾƺǷȉȖǔLjǓǿॸ ੈȒȅΦǩȠǫΚ ǦȅΦΦƻƻǹǹƻș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ șΦǓȖǓȒǾȅǏǓǹǹǓǷ ǔș ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǓǷ ȖǔΚǔǿ ǔǹॸ ੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ƺȠȠǩȠȪǏȉǷ ǔș ǷȣǹȠȣȖƻǹǩș ǿǔΦǓȠǓǷ ȠȅΚƻLjLjȖƺ ǩș ǿǓǠƺȠǫΚƺǿ LjǓǟȅǹΡƻșȅǹে ǴƻǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠȉȖǓǷΚǔșǓǩȠॹ ȉǿLjǩΦƺǹǾƻȠঀ ੈșΦƺǷȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǟǓǹǦǫΚǴƺ ƺੈЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆșΦǓǹǹǓǾLjǓǿ ȖǓǴǹȌ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷȖǓॹ ǔș ǿȉΚǓǹǴǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǾȅȠǩΚƻljǩে ȆǴƻȠ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻȖƺॹ ǾǓǠǹǔΚȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƺǩǷ ȠȅΚƻLjLjǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȖǓঀ ΦΦǓǹ ǓǠΡǩǏȌLjǓǿ șΦǔǹǓș ǷȉȖLjǓǿ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǓǿǩ ǷǓǹǹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǩȠ ƺੈǾȣǿে ǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺljȅǿ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹǦƺȠȆ ǿǓǾǩ șΦȠǓȖǓȅȠǫȒǩƻǷ ǹǓǷȧΦǏǔșǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓ ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷ ǔș ǾǓǿȠȅȖȅǷ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ǔǹॸ Φ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ șΦǔǹǓș ǷȉȖǔȠ ǩǠǔǿΡǹǩॹ LjǓǹǓǔȖȠΚǓ ƺੈǷȅljǷƻΦƺȠǷǓΦǓǹǔșȠ ǔș ƺੈ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǟǓǹǩșǾǓȖǔșȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǾǓǿǓǏΦșǾǓǿȠ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷǓȠঀ ੈ ǿȌǷ ǴȅLjLjƺǿ ǔȖΦǔǷǓǹǩǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǦǩƻǿΡƻȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷॹ ǔș ǠΡƺǷȖƺǿ ƺੈǾȣǿে ࢴࢱ

ǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺljǩ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠȣǷ ǩș ǓǹȠǔȖȌঀ ǾǩƺȠȠ ƺੈ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLj ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠȧǷ Κƺǿ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚǓΦǓȠȌ ȒȅΦǫljǩȆLjƺ ǷǓȖȧǹǴǓǿǓǷঀ ੈșΦƺǷȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺ șǓǠǫȠǦǓȠ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ƺੈǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȅǷ ǹǓǷȧΦǏǔșǔLjǓǿॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠȖǔǿǩǿǠǓǷ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșǔΚǓǹॹ ljȅƺljǦǩǿǠ ǔș ǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹƻș ȖǔΚǔǿঀ ੈ șΦƺǷȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ǏȉǿȠǔșǦȅΦȆǷ ǓǠΡȖǓ ǩǿǷƻLjLj ȅǹΡƺǿ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷȖƺ ǟȆǷȣșΦƻǹǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǦǓΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷȖǓ ǷȅǿljǓǿȠȖƻǹǿƺǷঀ ੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ǾǓǠǷȉǿǿΡǫȠǔșǓ ƺੈȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǓǷLjǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǔΚǓǹॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǷǓǹ ǔǹॸ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǟȌ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȠ ƺੈЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔে Ȗǔș ǴǓǹǓǿȠǩঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșǔȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǷ ƺੈȒǩƺljǩ ǦǩƻǿΡȅșșƻǠȅǷ ǷǓΦǓǹǔșǔȖǓॹ ȠȉLjLjǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺΦ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆș ƺșΦǩǾǾǓȠȖǩƻǷȖƺ ǔș ƺੈЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǩ ȖǔșǓǷȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹǿƺǷঀ XǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈǦǩȠǓǹȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠ ǿǔǹǷȧǹǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǩ ȖǔșșǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǦǓȠǿǓǷঀ ੈǏȉǿȠǔșǦȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ƺੈȒǔǿΦȒǩƺlj ǾǩǿǏǷǔȠ ȅǹǏƺǹƻǿ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǷǓΦȌ ǷǩǦǫে ΚƻșȅǷƺȠ ǷǓΦǓǹǿǩȧǷ ǷǓǹǹঀ 'ȅǿȠȅșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǩș ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǴǓǿǓǷ ƺੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷǦȅΦॹ ǏǓ ȣǠΡƺǿǩǹΡǓǿ ǟȅǿȠȅș ƺੈȒǩƺlj ǾǓǠΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠƻșƺ ǩș ƺǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷে Ƿƺǹ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǷ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǓΦǦǓșșǓǿǓǷঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƺ ǔș ƺੈǟȌLjLj ǩǿǟȖƺșȠȖȣǷȠȤȖƻǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǷƺȒে ljșȅǹȆǏƻș LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƺ ǔǹॸ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷLjƺ ΚƺǹȆ LjǓǷƺȒljșȅǹȆǏƻș ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ǟȅǿȠȅș ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔǦǓΦॹ ǾǩΚǓǹ ǓΦǓǷ ȣȠƺȠ ǿΡǩȠǿƺǷ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǷǦǓΦॹ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǓǷǦǓΦॹ ȧǠΡǟǓǹǓǷে ǦǓΦॹ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǦȅΦॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ șǓǠǫȠǓǿǓǷ ƺੈȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠȅǷ ǔș ƺੈȠȣǏƻș ǾǓǠȅșΦȠƻșƻLjƺǿঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ƻǹȠƺǹƻLjƺǿ ǷǩșǓLjLj ǔș ǷǓΚǔșLjǔ ǟȅȖǾƻǹǩș ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƺǩǷ ΚƺǿǿƺǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ǟǔȖЙ ȠƻȖșƺǩǷǿƺǷঀ ǿǿǓǷ ǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȠǔLjǓǿ ǷǩșǓLjLj ΚƺǹȆșΦǫǿȪșǔǠǠǓǹ ƻǹǹǿƺǷ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠLjƺǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǓǾLjǓȖǓǷǷǓǹॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ ȖƻǦƺȠƻșȣǷ Κƺǿ ǷȣǹljșǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠȤ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷȖƺঀ ੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȖǩȠǷƻLjLjƺǿ ljșƺȠǹƺǷȅΦǿƺǷ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ȠƻȖșȣǹƻșȅǷǦȅΦॹ șȒǓljǩƻǹǩș ǔȖǏǓǷljșȅে ȒȅȖȠȅǷǦȅΦ ǔș Ǿƻș ǟȅȖǾƻǹǩșॹ ǿƺǠΡ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷǦȅΦঀ ΦǔȖȠ ǟȅǿȠȅșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈșΦƺǷȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ǏȉǿȠǔșǦȅΦȆǷ ǷǩșΦǔǹǓșǫȠșǔǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǔȖǓ ƻǹǹȆ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷ ǷȉȖǔȠॸ LjȌΚǫȠșǔǷ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȣǷƺȠॹ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǔȒǫȠȌ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷǓȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦΦǓǿǓǷ ǔș ȅǿে ǹǩǿǓ ǟǓǹȧǹǓȠǓȠ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠșƺǿƺǷॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷȉǿǿΡǓǿ LjǓ ȠȣǏǿƺǷ ǷƺȒljșȅǹȆǏǿǩ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠLjǓঀ

ࢴࢲ

ੈǾȣǿǷƺ ǔș ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿǔǹǓȠ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓॹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ΚǔǏǓȠȠșǔǠ ǔǹॸ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿ ƺੈșΦƺǷȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ǏȉǿȠǔșǦȅে ΦȆǷǿƺǷ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ ǩș ǠȅǿǏȅșǷȅǏǿǩȣǷ ǷǓǹǹ ȖȆǹƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏে ǔș ƺǏȆȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǷ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅșে șƻǠLjƺǿ ȠƻǾȅǠƺșșƻǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺljǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔȠঀ Φ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǩ ǓǠΡȖǔșΦȠ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǾǓǠȠȅȖǹȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ ǷǩǷȧșΦȉLjȉǹǔșǔȠ ƺΦ ƺǏȆে ǔș ǓǹǹƻȠƻșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǓǷLjǓǿॹ ǾƻșȖǔșΦȠ ƺੈ ǠȅǿǏȅΦƻșǩ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǓǹǹƻȠȆ ǾȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆǷƺȠ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǩǿǟȖƺে șȠȖȣǷȠȤȖƺ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƻȠঀ ΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ljǔǹΦȅȠȠ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǓȠ ǹǓǦǓȠ ȠǓǿǿǩ ƺǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔে LjǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏেॹ ƺੈșΦȅljǩƻǹে ǔș ƺΦ ƺǏȆȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺ ǿǓ ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȠǓșșǓ ǾǓǠ ǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅșƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠঀ

22ঀ ࢶঀ ࢲঀ ǹǹƺǾǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ LjLjǓǿ ƺੈȖǔșΦLjǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷȖǓ ȠƺǹƻǹǦƺȠȆǷ ȒǔǹǏƻǷॹ ǔș ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ǴȆ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȖȆǹ ǩș ȅǹΚƺșǦƺȠȣǿǷ ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȠƻǴƻȖȆǹঀ ^ȒƺǿΡȅǹȅȖșΦƻǠ ^ȒƺǿΡȅǹȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ǾȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆȠ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩǷ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȖƺॹ ǿǩǿljș Ƿȧǹȉǿ ǿȌǷȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴȣǷঀ hǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ƺΦ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǴǓǹǹǓǾে ΦȌǓǿ ǴȅLjLj ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǷǓȠ ǷǫǿƻǹǿƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓLjLj ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ ΚƺǠΡ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡƺLjLj ǦǩȠǓǹǷƺǾƺȠǹƻLjƺǷƺȠঀ ੈ șȒƺǿΡȅǹ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ƺੈ ࢴࢶ ǔΚǓǿ ǟǓǹȧǹǩ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǿȌǷ শΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ࢴࢱ ǔΚ ƺǹƺȠȠǩ ǟǔȖ ЙƺǷǿƺǷষ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾLjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșǩ ǴƻȖȣǹǔǷƻȠ ǷǔȠ ǔΚǓǿ ƻȠ ǾǔȖșǔǷǹǩঀ ੈࢴࢶ ǔΚ ƺǹƺȠȠǩ ȉǿে ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǿȌǷ ࢴࢱ ǦȆǿƺȒǩǠ ǴȅǠȅșȣǹȠƺǷ ljșȉǷǷǓǿȠǓȠȠ șΦȅljǩƻǹǩș ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹƻșȠ ЙΦǓȠǿǩঀ Φ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǓǹșȌ ǦƺȠ ǦȆǿƺȒǴƻLjƺǿ ƺੈ ljșȉǷǷǓǿȠǔș ǾǔȖȠǔǷǓ ࢹࢱઔॹ ƺੈ ࢸ৅ࢲࢳঀ ǦȆǿƺȒLjƺǿ ࢶࢱઔॹ ƺੈ ǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ࢲࢹ ǦȆǿƺȒLjƺǿ ȒǓǏǩǠ ࢴࢱઔॹ ǾƺǴǏ ࢴࢱ ǦȆǿƺȒ ǓǹȠǓǹȠǔΚǓǹ ǾǓǠșΦȪǿǩǷঀ ੈࢴࢱ ǔΚ ƺǹƺȠȠǩ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ȣǠΡƺǿǓLjLjǓǿ ƺੈǷǓǏΚǓΦǾǔǿΡLjǓǿ ȖǔșΦǓșȧǹǿǓǷঀ ǦǩǹǓ ੈ^ȠƺȖȠেhȒ ǦǩǹǓ ƺੈljǦǩǹǓǩ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǔș ƺੈeǓȖǾǔǷǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ eƻȖșƺșƻǠ শ K['Kষ ƻǹȠƺǹ ࢳࢱࢲࢱেLjǓǿ ǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺΦΦƺǹ ƺੈljǔǹǹƺǹ ǴȉȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǔǹে ǾǓȖǩǷƻLjƺǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆș ǷȉΦȒȅǿȠȅȠ ƺǹƺǷǫȠșȅǿ Ƿǩॹ ǔș ǾǓǠΚƻǹে ȠȅΦȠƺșșƺ ƺੈǹƺǷȅșșƻǠ ǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅǏƻșǾȆǏǴƻȠঀ ੈ^ȠƺȖȠেhȒ ǦǩǹǓ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖȠǓǿ ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǹǓǠǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡƺLjLj ȉșΦȠȉǿΦȌ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƺॹ ǔș ࢳࢱࢲࢶেLjǓǿ ƺੈtǩǹƻǠǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ 'ȆȖȣǾ ƺੈǷȅȖƺǩ 32

șΦƺǷƺșΦLjƺǿ ǹǓΚȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǹǓǠǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚƺLjLj ȅȖșΦƻǠƺǷǔǿȠ ȧǏΚȉΦȉǹȠǓ ǦǩǹǔȠঀ ࢲࢴࢱࢺ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠ ࢶࢲઔেƺ ǟǓǿǿǾƺȖƺǏȠ ǔș ࢴࢺઔ ǦǩǹǔLjǓǿ ǾƺȖƺǏȠॹ ࢲࢶࢷࢳ ǟȌȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠΚƺঀ Φ ^ 'ƺljȠȅȖΡ ȉȠǹǓȠǓ ȅǿǿƺǿ șΦƻȖǾƺΦǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ^ȠƺȖȠেhȒ ǦǩǹǓ ǾƻșǩǷॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǷȅȖƺǩ șΦƺǷƺșΦƻȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƻLjƺǿ শ^ǓǓǏষ ǿǓǾ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹȠǓȠȠǔǷ ǾƺǠȣǷƺȠ ƺੈǿȌǷঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢶেLjǓǿ ƺΦ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ࢹࢶઔেƻȠ ǟǔȖЙƺǷॹ ࢲࢶઔেƻȠ ǿȌǷ ΚǓΦǓȠȠǔǷঀ EǩΚǓǹ șΦǓȖǓȠȠǔǷ Κȅǹǿƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦȌ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌǷ ǹǓǠΡǓǿǓǷॹ ƺੈ^ȠƺȖȠেhȒ ǦǩǹǓ ࢳࢱࢲࢶেLjǓǿ ǓǹǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠƺ ƺΦ ^ 'ƺljȠȅȖΡȠॹ ȅǹΡƺǿ ΚǓে ΦǓȠȌ ȒȅΦǫljǩȆǴȤ ǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLj ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠȠƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǿǓǷঀ ੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǹǔǿΡǓǠǩ ǓǹǓǾǓ ƺΦ ȉǿLjǩΦƺǹȅǾেǔȒǫȠǔș ǔș ƺੈ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƺ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿȌǩ ljǔǠƺǹƺȒǫȠȆǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ƺΦ ȉȠǹǓȠǟƻΦǩșLjƺǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷॹ ΚƺǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǷȅȖƺǩ șΦƺǷƺșΦƻLjƺǿॹ ǾǩǿǩǾƻǹǩșƺǿ ǔǹǓȠǷǔȒǓș ȠǓȖǾǔǷǷǓǹঀ ੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅȠ ȤǠΡ ƺǹƺǷǫȠȅȠȠƻǷ Ƿǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷǩǟǓǴǓΦǓȠȠǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȆ ǿȌǷȖǓ ǷȅǿljǓǿȠȖƻǹॹ ǿǓǾ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȖƺॹ ǔș ǿǓǾ ǩș ƺΦȅǷȖƺ ƺੈ^ȠƺȖȠেhȒ ǦǩǹǓ ȠƺǠȅǷȖƺॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ ǾƻȖ ǔȖǓȠȠǓLjLj șΦƺǷƺșΦLjƺ ǹǔȒǓȠȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƺঀ ੈ^ȠƺȖȠেhȒ ǦǩǹǓ ǔș ƺੈ^ǓǓǏ ȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌǩȠȌǹ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠ ǓǹΚƻȖǴƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǹƺে ȠǩǿেƺǾǓȖǩǷƺǩ Ȓǩƺljȅǿ ǩș ǹǓǠΡǓǿǓǷ ǴǓǹǓǿঀ ੈΚǩǹƻǠșΦǩǿȠȪ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǔȠȖǓ ȠȉȖǓǷΚȌ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾLjƺ ƺੈȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌǷǓȠ ƺੈΚǓΦǓȠǔșǩॹ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠȧǷ ǔș ƺǾLjǫljǩȆǩǷ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠǴƻǷ Ƿǩॹ ljȖȅΛǏșȅȣȖljǩǿǠ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾȅǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹॹ ƺǦȅǹ ǾȣǿǷƺȠƻȖșƺǷॹ ȉȖǓǠǏǩƻǷȅǷॹ ǩȒƺȖƻǠǩ șΦƺǷǔȖȠȌǷ ǔș ǾǓǿȠȅȖȅǷ ƺੈ LjǫȖƻǹȆǷঀ ǏǏǩǠ ǿǔǠΡ ȠǓǹǴǓș ǠǓǿǓȖƻljǩȆ শljșƺȒƺȠষ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƺ ΦƺǴǹȅȠȠ ǹǓॹ ƺǾǩ ȉșșΦǓșǓǿ ࢹࢶ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠঀ ࢳࢱেࢴࢱ ȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌȠ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠƺǿƺǷ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǓǠΡǓș ljșƺȒƺȠLjƺ ƺੈ ǿǔǠΡ ǦȆǿƺȒȅǿ ƻȠ ΦƺǴǹȆ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȖƺঀ Fǩǿljș șΦȧǷșǔǠ șƺǴƻȠ ȠȌǷǔȖǓॹ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ࢲࢱ ࢱࢱࢱ ࢱࢱࢱ ljǦǩǹǓǩ ȒǓșȆȠ ƺǏǿƺǷ ǹǔȠǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠƻșǩ ǷȉǹȠșǔǠǓǩǷ ǔș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǴǓǹǹǓǠȪ ǷǩƺǏƻșƺǩǷ ǟǓǏǓΦǔșǔȖǓঀ ੈǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșȠ ǔș ƺੈǷǫșǔȖǹǓȠǓΦǔșȠ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩ ƺੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾআ ƺੈljșƺে ȒƺȠȅǷǿƺǷ ǷȅljǷƻΦƺȠȅȠ ǷǓǹǹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǿǩȣǷ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩȣǷ ǷǓǹǹ ǓǠΡǾƻșȠঀ ੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ƺੈǷƺȒƺljǩȠƻșLjȌΚǫȠǔșȖǓ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșƻȖƺ ȉșșΦȒȅǿȠȅșǫȠ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷǓǿॹ ƺǦȅǹ ǦǩƻǿΡȅșșƻǠȅǷ ǾȣȠƺȠǷȅΦǿƺǷঀ Φ ^ 'ƺljȠȅȖΡ ȠƺǠǴƺǩ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓǦǓȠǿǓǷ ƺੈ ^ȠƺȖȠেhȒ ǷƺǏǔǾǩƺ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƺǩǿॹ LjǓǹǓǔȖȠΚǓ ƺੈ ǦǓȠǩ ǾǓǠLjǓșΦǔǹǔșǓǷǓȠ ǔș ΛȅȖǷșǦȅȒȅǷƺȠঀ Φ ^ੈ'ƺljȠȅȖΡ ǓǹΚƻȖǴƺ ǿǔǾǩ ΚǩșΦȅǿΦƻșȠॹ ǫǠΡ ƺੈȠƺǠȅǷǿƺǷ ȖǔșΦȠ ǷǓǹǹ ΚǓǿǿǩ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǦƺȠƻșȤ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷLjǓǿ ǩșॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ȠǔȖǓǿ ƺǹȣǹ ȖǓȒȖǓΦǓǿȠƻǹȠ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǔȖǩǿȠǓǿǓǷঀ Φ ^ੈ'ƺljȠȅȖΡ ȠƺǠȅǷ ljșƺȠǹƺǷȅΦǦƺȠǿƺǷ ǟȅǿȠȅș ^ȠƺȖȠেhȒ ǦǩǹǓ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷǦȅΦॹ ǷȉΦȠȧǷ ƺੈEǓǿȠȅȖǩ /ƻǹȆΦƺȠǦȅΦॹ ƺੈ ǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǷ ?ǹȣLjǴƻǦȅΦॹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠLjƺ ȠȣǏǿƺǷ ǹǔȒǿǩ ǦǓǹΡǩ ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǓǷǷǓǹॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǓǠΡ ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ࢵࢱࢱࢱ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆLjȆǹ ƻǹǹȆ ȉȖǓǠǏǩƻǷেǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȠƺǹঀ

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2ǿǏǩƺ 'ǓǹǩșǾǓȖΚǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ǔș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔǿǓǷ ǟȅǿȠȅșে șƻǠƻȠ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǓ ǔș ǴȆǹǔȠǓ șΦǓǾȒȅǿȠǴƻLjȆǹॹ ƺΦ ǩǿǏǩƺǩ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠȅȠȠƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǓǠΡǓș șΦƺǷȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǔȠঀ ੈǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ǿȌǷǓȠ ǷǩǓǾǓǹȠǓǿ ǷǓΦǓǹǩ ƺΦ ǩǿǏǩƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƻLjƺǿআ Ƿȉǹljșȉে ǿȉǷǦȉΦॹ ȒǩƺljȅǷǦȅΦ ǴȣȠȠƺȠǴƺ ȌǷǓȠॹ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǔș ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷǓȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦ șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓǏΚǓȠ ǔș ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆȠ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦȌ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǷȉΦȧǹ ǿǔǦƻǿΡॸ ੈǿȌǷ ǷǔȒΦǔșǔȠ ǔș ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșƻȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ শ^e Xষ ੈ^e Xॹ ƺǾǩȠ 2ǿǏǩƺ FȌে ǔș (ΡǓȖǾǓǷȧǠΡǩ 'ǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾƺ ǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠॹ ȅǹΡƺǿ শǟȌǹǓǠ ΚǩǏǔǷǩষ ǿȌǷ ǷǔȒΦǔșǔȖǓ ǷȅǿljǓǿȠȖƻǹॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǿǓǾ ȠȣǏǿƺǷ ƺੈ ǟȅȖǾƻǹǩș ȅǷȠƺȠƻșLjƺǿ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓǿǿǩঀ ੈ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔș ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ࢲࢷ ǔΚ ǟǓǹǓȠȠǩ ǩǿǏǩƺǩ ǿȌ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌঀ ੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ șΦƻǾȅș ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅȠ ǔȖǩǿȠॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȅȠॹ ƺੈǷǓȖȠǔșΦǓȠǓȠॹ ƺΦ ǔǹǓǹǾǩে șΦǓȖেǟǓǹǏȅǹǠȅΦƻșȠॹ ƺੈǷǔΦǩ șΦȉΚǔșȠॹ ǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǾǓșȠǓȖșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ৅ੈȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈǦǫǾΦǔșȠੈ৅ॹ ƺΦ ȣȠƺΦƻșȠ ǔș ȠȣȖǩΦǾȣșȠॹ ƺੈΚǓǿǏǔǠǹƻȠƻșȠॹ ƺੈșΦƻǾǫȠƻșȠǓljǦǿǩǷƻȠ ǔș 2e șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠঀ ੈǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾǦǓΦ ǷƺȒljșȅǹȆǏȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǿΡȤǴȠƻș ǔș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔș শe[ ষ ੈǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅș ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠȪ ǿȌǷ ǦǩȠǓǹǦǓΦ ǴȣȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǷȖǩȠǩǷȣș ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǩȖǓ ΚƻǹƺșΦȣǹ ƺੈe[ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ljǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǓǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠǴƺ ƺੈ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷƺȠঀ ੈ ǿȌǷ ljǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷȠȌǹ ǷȉǹljșȉǿȠ ǷƺȒǦƺȠǿƺǷॹ ȠƺǿƻljșƺǏƻșȅǿ ǔș ȅǷȠƺȠƻșȅǿ ΚǓǦǓȠǿǓǷ ȖǔșΦȠॹ ƺǾǩ ǦȅΦΦƻșǓǠǫȠǩ ȌǷǓȠ șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷ ǓǹǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦॹ ȣȠƺȠ ǿΡǩȠΚƺ șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺ ƺੈǾǓΦȌে ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȅǿ ǷǫΚȧǹǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǹǔঀ ^ȠƺǿǏেhȒ 2ǿǏǩƺ ੈࢳࢱࢲࢶেLjǓǿ ǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠ ^ȠƺǿǏেhȒ 2ǿǏǩƺ ljǔǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅș ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠȪǓǷ ǩș ǷƺȒǦƺșে șƺǿƺǷ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǩ ǦǩȠǓǹȠॹ ǔș ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǷƺșΦȠȅǷ ǔș ȠȉȖΦșǓǷ ǩș ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹǦƺșșƺǿƺǷ 2ǿǏǩƺ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǔǦǓΦॹ ȖǔșΦǓșȧǹΚǓ ƺΦ ǓΦΦǓǹ ǴƻȖȆ ǴƺΚƺǷLjȆǹঀ ljǔǹLjȆǹ ǹǓǠƺǹƻLjLj ǓǠΡ ǿȌ ǔș ǓǠΡ ǷƺșΦȠে ΚƺǠΡ ȠȉȖΦșLjǓǹǩ șΦǓǾǔǹΡ ࢲ ǔș ࢲࢱ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ [ș ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ȉșșΦǓǠȪ ǷȉǹljșȉǿȠ ǷƺȒ ƺੈ ǠΡƻȖȠƻșॹ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻș ΚƺǠΡ ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿ ǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠ ΦȉǹǏǾǓΦȌș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƻǦȅΦঀ ੈ^ȠƺǿǏেhȒ 2ǿǏǩƺ ȒȅȖȠƻǹ ƺੈǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦȆǷ ǏǩǠǩȠƻǹǩș ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾǴƺǷǔǿȠ ǾȪǷȉǏǩǷॹ ǔș ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺੈЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșȖȆǹ ǔș ƺੈǦǩȠǓǹǠƺȖƺǿljǩƻȖȆǹঀ

ࢴࢵ

^ΚǔǏȅȖșΦƻǠ ੈ(ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔș [ǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș FȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǩ lǠΡǿȉǷșǔǠ শeǩǹǹΚƾΠȠΚǓȖǷǓȠষ ࢳࢱࢱࢸ ȆȠƺ ǾȪে ǷȉǏȠǓȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅȠॹ șΦƻǾȅș Ǿƻș șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠȠǓǹॹ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅșॹ ȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș ǔș ǦǓǹΡǩ șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ șΦǓȖǓȒǹȌǷǷǓǹ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏΚǓঀ ࢳࢱࢱࢹেLjƺǿ ࢹࢹࢱ ǿȌȠ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠȅȠȠƺǷ ^ΚǔǏȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǿǓǷঀ RǷ ȒǔǹǏƺǷǔǿȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹǿƺǷॹ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȣǷ ƺΦ ǔȖǏǓǷǹȌǏǔș ǟǓǹǷǓǹȠǔșǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ǿǩǿǔǹ ȠȉLjLj ЙƺȠƺǹ ǿȌ ǟȅǿȠȅǹǴƺ ǾǓǠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǔȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ǔǹǓȠǷǔȒǓș ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠঀ ੈ ࢳࢱࢲࢲ ǔș ࢳࢱࢲࢵ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǩǏȌșΦƺǷLjƺǿ Ƿȧǹȉǿȉș ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ǷƺȒȠƺǷ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻȠȅȖ ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓে ȠǓǷॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖLjƺǿঀ ੈ ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǓǷ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǷȅȅȖǏǩǿƻȠȅȖƺ ƺੈ eǩǹǹΚƾΠȠΚǓȖǷǓȠঀ EǩǿǏǓǿ ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠ ǔΚǓǿȠǓ ǷȉȖȧǹLjǓǹȧǹ ǿǔǠΡ ȉǿǷǔǿȠǓș ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȅȠ Κƻǹǹƺǹॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ǓǹȌƺǏƻșȅǷƺȠ ȠƺȖȠ ǩșǷȅǹƻǷLjƺǿ ǔș ǓǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǷǓǿॹ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡǩ ǹƻȠȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷ ΚƺǠΡ șΦǓǾǔǹΡǓș ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷǓȖǓȠǔLjǓǿॹ ȉȠǹǓȠে ǔș ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠljșǓȖǓ ljǔǹǴƻLjȆǹঀ ੈǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓে ȠǓǷ ȒǔǹǏƺǷǔȒǓǷॹ ǾǓǠȅșΦȠǴƻǷ șƺǴƻȠ ȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠǓǩǷǓȠॹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠƺǩǷƺȠॹ ǓΦƻǹȠƺǹ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠLjǓǿ ǔș ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾLjƺǿ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠ ǟȅǿȠȅș șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ȠȉǹȠǓǿǓǷ LjǓঀ ੈǿƺǠΡǷȉে ΚǓȠǓǷ ƺੈȠǓǹǴǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾƺȠ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǩǷঀ /ȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹǿƺǷ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ǿǩǿǔǹ ȠȉLjLj ǿȌ Ǔǹ ȠȣǏǴƺ ǷǔȒΦǓǹǿǩ ǾƺǠƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔǿȠॹ ǔș ǷȉΦΚǓȠǫȠǩǷ ƺΦ ȧΦǓǿǓȠǓȠॹ ǾǩșΦǓȖǩǿȠ ǓǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǔșǓ ǩǠǓǿǩș ǴƻȖǦƺȠȆ ȤȠঀ ੈࢳࢱࢱࢹ৅ࢳࢱࢲࢲেǓș ǩǏȌșΦƺǷLjƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǓǷ ǾǩǿȠǓǠΡ ࢲࢱࢸ ǓΦǓȖ ǓǾLjǓȖȖǓǹ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦȠƺǷ ǾȣǿǷƻǴȣǷ șȅȖƻǿঀ

22ঀ ࢶঀ ࢳঀ ǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ F^ FȌǷ শhF vȅǾǓǿষ ੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƺ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǔǿǓǷ ǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǓ ljǔǹǴƻLjȆǹ ǴȉȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǷȧǹǏǓȠǔșǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔș ǹƻǿΡȅǷ șΦȧǷșǔǠǹǓȠǓǩǿǓǷ ǷǩǓǹǔǠǫȠǔșǔȠ ΚǩǹƻǠে șΦǓȖȠǓ ǟǓǹǠΡȅȖșǫȠșƺঀ Φ F^ FȌǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺΦ F^ েȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾȅǷƺȠ ƺLjLjƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǠǹȅLjƻǹǩș ǿȅȖǾƻǷƺȠ ǦƺȠƻȖȅΦΦƺǿƺǷ ǾǓǠ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǓǹǔȖǔșǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿॹ ǔș ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉে ǏǩǷ ƺੈǷȅȖǾƻǿΡȅǷǷƺǹ ǔș ƺੈljǩΚǩǹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾǾƺǹ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǓǷॹ ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǓǷॹ ȒȖȅǠȖƺে ǾȅǷॹ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ǷǩǏȅǹǠȅΦƻșƻLjƺǿॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈǿȅȖǾƻǷ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦƻșƻǦȅΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓșǓǷॹ ǔș ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ΚƺǹȆLjƺǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǔș ǹƻǿΡȅǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǓǩȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹǴƻǷ ΚǩǹƻǠșΦǓȖȠǓঀ ੈ ΚǩǹƻǠșΦǩǿȠȪ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ƺΦȅǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǩ ǓǹǷǔȒΦǓǹǔșǓǷ ΚƺǹȆșƻǠǠƻ ΚƻǹǴƺǿƺǷॹ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔȠ ƺΦ ǔǹǓȠ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿॹ ȉȠ ǟȌ ȠǔǾƻȖƺ ȉșșΦȒȅǿȠȅșǫȠΚƺॸ

ࢴࢶ

ॷ ॷ ॷ ॷ ॷ

ƺ ǿȌǷ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ șΦǓȖǓȒǔǿǓǷ ǔș ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓআ ƺ ǿȌǷǷǓǹ șΦǓǾLjǓǿǩ ǓȖȌșΦƺǷ ǾǓǠșΦȧǿȠǓȠǔșǓআ ƺ ǿȌǷ LjǓΚȅǿƻșƺ ƺੈLjǔǷǓে ǔș LjǩΦȠȅǿșƻǠǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦƻșƻLjƺআ ƺ ǿȌǷ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟǓǹǓǾǓǹǷǓǏǔșǔǿǓǷ ǟȅǷȅΦƻșƺআ ƺ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǷǔȖǏǔșǔǿǓǷ ǷȉΦǔȒȒȅǿȠLjƺ ǦǓǹΡǓΦǔșǓ ƺੈǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷ ǔș ǷȉǹȠșǔǠΚǓȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷ ǷǩǏȅǹǠȅΦƻșƺǷȅȖঀ

Φ F^ FȌǷ ǷȅȅȖǏǩǿƻǹǴƺ ǔș ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩ ƺΦ F^ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǠǓǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș ǾȣǿǷƻǴƻȠॹ ƺੈࢳࢱࢴࢱেǩǠ ǓǹΚǔǠΦǓǿǏȌ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȅǷǦȅΦ শࢳࢱࢴࢱ ǠǓǿǏƺষ ȠƺȖȠȅΦȆ ΚƺǹƺǾǓǿǿΡǩ ǓǠΡǓΦȠǓȠǔș ǔș ǾǓǠƻǹǹƺȒȅǏƻș șȅȖƻǿঀ ੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿে ǹȌșǔǠǓȠ ƺǹƺȒΚǓȠȌ ǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠȤǿƺǷ ȠƺȖȠǴƺ ƺੈ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ljǔǹǷǩȠȪΦǔșǓǩǿǓǷ ǔș ƺੈLjǓǟȅǠƺǏȆLjLj ΚǩǹƻǠǿƺǷ ƺੈǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦঀ (ȖƺǾǓǓǿ ƺǿǷ ੈ șΦǓǠǔǿΡǓǷ LjƺǿǷƻȖǴƻǿƺǷ ǿǓΚǓΦǓȠȠ ǷȉΦǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȠȣǏȆșॹ EȣǦƺǾǾƺǏ |ȣǿȣș ࢲࢺࢸࢸে LjǓǿ ǾǓǠƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƺ ƺੈ (ȖƺǾǓǓǿ ƺǿǷȅȠ শșΦȆ șΦǓȖǩǿȠǩ ǟȅȖǏǫȠƻșLjƺǿ ƺੈ ǟƺǹȣșǩ LjƺǿǷȅȠষॹ ƺੈșΦǓǠǔǿΡșǔǠ ǓǹǹǓǿǩ ǷȧΦǏǓǹǓǾ ǔș ƺੈLjƺǿǠǹƺǏǓșǩ ǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅș ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠȪ ǹƺǷȅșșƻǠ ȠȌǷǔǦǓΦ ǴȣȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǾǓǠǷȉǿǿΡǫȠǔșǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿঀ |ȣǿȣș ȒȖȅǟǓșșΦȅȖ ǾƻȖ ǹǔȠǓΦȌ ǷȅǿljǓȒljǩে ȆǷȖƺ ǔȒǫȠȌ ǾȣǿǷƻǴƺ ΚƺǹȆǏǩ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ƻȠȠȉȖǔșȠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǓȠȠঀ ࢳࢱࢱࢶেLjǓǿ ǷȉΦǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȠƺǿǩ FȅLjǓǹেǏǫǴƺȠ ǷƺȒȅȠȠॹ ǾƺǴǏ ࢳࢱࢱࢷেLjƺǿ ǓǹǿΡǓȖȠǓ ƺੈ FȅLjǓǹেLjǔǷǓǏǫǴƺȠঀ EȣǦƺǾǾƺǏ |ȣǿȣș ǾȅǏǓǹǹǴǓॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ΚǩǹƻǠșΦǓȖȠǓ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǿƺǷॹ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓșΦǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǹǓǠșΦǓǠǔǿΡǓLjLjǓǷ Ƿǩș ȉșșΦǓǠȪ ǦǩȠǓǹǓǷǷǓǹ ǿΡǓȖǓșǔǠǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǩǿǏǫȠǦƺȠǿƺǷঀ ੈ(ȖƺǾǓǓǿ ƺǿǷ ƺLjLjƺǿ ǩș ǓǠΡǓǏȧǹƻǹǹȆॹ ǦȅǠΡ ࢺࢵઔেLjƺǿ ǾǩǷȖȅΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅে ǿƻLjƺǿ ƻǹǹॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ ƺੈȠȉLjLjșǔǠǓ ǿȌঀ ੈLjƺǿǠǹƺǏǓșǩ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ljșƺǷ ƺੈǟǓǿǿǾƺȖƺǏȆ ࢷઔেȅȠ LjǩȖȠȅǷȅǹǴƺॹ ƺǾǩ ǓȖȌșǫȠǩ ƺੈLjƺǿǷ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǦǩȠǓǹǓșșǔǠǔȠ ǔș ǓǠΡȤȠȠƺǹ ǠƺȖƺǿȠƻǹǴƺ ǟȧǠǠǓȠে ǹǓǿșǔǠǔȠঀ ΦȠ ƺੈȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖȠ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ șΦǓǠǔǿΡ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ ȠƺǹƻǹȠƻǷ Ƿǩ ǓǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅș șȠȖȣǷȠȤȖƻǴƺ ǾǩƺȠȠ ǷǩșΦȅȖȣǹǿƺǷ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠLjȆǹॹ ǿǓǾ ȠȣǏǿƺǷ ǾǓǠLjǩȖǷȆΦǿǩ ƺੈLjƺǿǷǩ LjȧȖȅǷȖƻljǩƻΚƺǹॹ ǾǓȖȠ ǿǓǾ ȠȣǏǿƺǷ ǦǩȠǓǹǟǓǏǓΦǓȠǓȠ ǟǓǹǾȣȠƺȠǿǩঀ ੈ(ȖƺǾǓǓǿ ƺǿǷ ǿǓǾ ǓǠΡǔǿǓǷǓȠॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ljșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠঀ ǿǿǓǷ ȅǷƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ șΦǓǠǔǿΡ ǓǾLjǓȖ ǓǠΡǓǏȧǹ ǷǩșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠȅȠȠǿƺǷ ǔȖΦǩ ǾƺǠƻȠॹ ƺੈ ljșȅȒȅȖȠǦȅΦ ȠƺȖȠȅΦƻș ǔȖΦǔșǓ ǓΦΦǓǹ șΦǓǾLjǓǿ ƺੈ LjǩΦȠȅǿșƻǠ ǔȖΦǓȠǔΚǓǹ ǴƻȖ ǓǠΡȧȠȠঀ ΦǓǿ ǟǓǹȧǹ ƺੈ ljșȅে ȒȅȖȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ǔș ƺੈ LjƺǿǷ ǟǓǹȌǹ ǔȖǷǓΦȌ ǿΡȅǾƻș ǾǓǠLjǫΦǦƺȠȆLjLj ǦǩȠǓǹȧǠΡǟǔǹǹǔ ȠǓșΦǩঀ /ƺșȅǿǹȆ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩেǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ șȠƻȠȣșΦȤॹ ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ ljșƺǹƻǏȅǷǦȅΦ ȠƺȖȠȅΦȆॹ ǏǓ ƺΦȅǿȅș ǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅǏƻșǾȆǏȤ ǓǠΡǔǿǓǷLjȌǹ ƺǹƺǷǫȠƺǿƺǷ Ƿǩ ࢶ ǟȌș ljșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷƺȠঀ ΦǓǷ ƺੈljșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷ șȒǓljǩƻǹǩș ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǿ ΚǓșΦǿǓǷ ȖǔșΦȠॹ ƺǦȅǹ ǓǹșƺǴƻȠǫȠǴƻǷ ƺੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǾȪǷȉǏǔșǩ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅǷƺȠঀ ǾǩǷȅȖ ƺੈljșȅȒȅȖȠ ǷǔșΦǓǿ ƻǹǹॹ ǷǔȖǓǹǾǓΦǩǷ ƺੈǷȉǹljșȉǿȠঀ ǹȌșΦȉȖ ƺੈljșȅȒȅȖȠ ࢳ ࢴࢷ

ȠƺǠǴƺ ǴȣȠ ǦǩȠǓǹǦǓΦॹ ǾƺǴǏ Ǧƺ ࢷ ǦǔȠǓǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǓșǓǿ ЙΦǓȠǩǷ ƺੈȠȉȖǹǓșΦȠǔșȠॹ ȠȅΚƻLjে Ljǩ ǷǔȠ ȠƺǠ ǩș ǷƺȒ ǷȉǹljșȉǿȠঀ @ǓǠΚǔǠȧǹ ƺੈljșȅȒȅȖȠ ǓǹǿȉǷǓ ǷǓȖȧǹ șȅȖȖƺঀ /ƺ ƺੈljșȅȒȅȖȠȠƺǠȅǷ ǓǠΡǩǷǓ ǿǓǾ ЙΦǓȠॹ ƺੈljșȅȒȅȖȠ ȠȉLjLjǩ ȠƺǠǴƺ șǓǾ ǷƺȒ ǦǩȠǓǹȠঀ eǓǦƻȠ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǩǷ ȠƺǠǿƺǷ ǠȅǿǏǴƺ ƺǷƺǏ ƺੈΚǩșșΦƺЙΦǓȠǔșșǓǹॹ ƺੈȠȉLjLjǩǓǷǿǓǷ ǔȖǏǓǷȧǷ ǷȉΦȉș ǾǓǠȅǹǏƻșȠ Ƞƺǹƻǹǿǩঀ 'ȣȠȣȖȒȖǓǿǓȣȖ ƺǿƺǏƺ ੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ǷǔȠ ǔΚȠǩΦǓǏǓ ȠƻȒǹƻǹǴƺ ƺੈȠȧΦǓȠ ЙƺȠƺǹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷLjƺǿঀ Φ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓȠǹǓǿ ȅȖșΦƻে Ǡȅșॹ ǿȅǿȒȖȅЙȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩॹ ǾǓǿȠȅȖǩ ǔș ǓǠΡǔLj ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǓȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ࢲࢹ৅ࢴࢺ ǔΚǓș ljǔǠȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷǿƺǷঀ FǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩǹǓǠ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖȠ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƺ ȉșșΦǓǷȉȠǩ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹ Κƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ǓǠΡ ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ࢳࢹࢱࢱ șΦƺǷǔȖȠȌLjȌǹ ƻǹǹȆ ȉǿǷǔǿȠǓș ǾǓǿȠȅȖǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȠƺǹঀ ੈ'ȣȠȣȖȒȖǓǿǓȣȖ ƺǿƺǏƺ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ Κƻǹǹƺǹ ƺੈࢲࢹ৅ࢴࢺ ǔΚǓș ǷƺǿƺǏƺǩƺǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅে ΦȆǷǔǿȠ șΦǓȖΦǓȠȠ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠƺǩLjƺǿ ƺΦƻǹȠƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșȠ ǔș ǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ șǓǠǫȠǓǿǓǷ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻLjƺǿ ǔș ƺΦ ǔȖȠǔǷȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșLjǓǿঀ ੈࢳࢱࢳࢱেƺș ǷƺǿƺǏƺǩ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ȠǓȖΚLjǓǿ ǾǓǠǟȅǠƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠ ljǔǹȅǷ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌǷॸ ॷ ǾǓǠǔȖȠǓǿǩ ǔș ȖǓƺǠƻǹǿǩ ƺੈ ЙƺȠƺǹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǹǓǠǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ǷǩǦǫΚƻșƺǩȖƺॹ ǴǓǹǓǿে ȠȌșǓǿ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹΚƺ ƺੈșǩǷǓȖǓǩǷǦǓΦআ ॷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩॹ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦǿǩ ǔș ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦǿǩ ƺੈ'ȣȠȣȖȒȖǓǿǓȣȖ ƺǿƺǏƺ ȠƺǠȅǷ Κƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦƻșƺǩ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅǷƺȠআ ॷ ǾƺΠǩǾƺǹǩΦƻǹǿǩ ƺੈǷǫǿƻǹȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ǦƺȠƻșƻȠॹ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠƻȠ ǔș ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠে ǦƺȠȆșƻǠƻȠআ ॷ LjǓΚȅǿΦƺǿǩॹ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǿǩ ǔș ȠȅΚƻLjLjǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓǿǩ ƺੈǹǓǦǓȠȌ ǹǓǠǴȅLjLj ǔș ǹǓǠȅǷȅșƺLjLj ǾȣǿǷƺȠƻȖșƺǷƺȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ȉǿǷǔǿȠǓșǓǷǓȠঀ

22ঀ ࢷঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆইǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖঀljȅǾ Φ ǩǿșȒǩȖƻljǩȆ ǔș ƺΦ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆ ǿƺȒǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșƺǷǔǿȠ ƺΦ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖঀljȅǾ ȅǹΡƺǿ Κƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦȆǷȖȆǹ șΦȆǹॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǿƺǠΡ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ΚǩșΦǿǓǷ ΚǔǠLjǓॹ ǔș ƺǷǩǷ ǾƺǿƺȒșƻǠ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻে ȖȅΦΦƻǷ ƺੈ৙ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ৛ ǟȅǠƺǹȅǾ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǔșǔȠঀ tƺǿǿƺǷ ǷȉΦȠȧǷ ȅǹΡƺǿȅǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ƺੈșǓǾǾǩLjȌǹ ǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠƺǷ Ǔǹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠॹ ǏǓ ǩǏǓ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǿƺǷ ƺੈǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǩ ǾǔǏǩƺ LjǹȅǠǠǓȖǓǩॹ ƺੈȠǓǹǴǓে șǫȠǾǔǿΡ ǦƺȠƻȖƺǩȠ ǟǓșΦǓǠǓȠȌ șȒȅȖȠȅǹȆǷ ǔș ƺੈ ǿƺǠΡΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅǏƻșȤ ǾȣǿǷƺȠƻȖșƺǩ ǩșঀ Φ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖঀljȅǾ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǷǓȠ ǔș ȤȠǾȣȠƺȠȆȠ Ƿǫǿƻǹ ƺੈȠǓǿǿǩ ΚƻǠΡȆ ǓǾLjǓȖǓǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺঀ ࢴࢸ

vȅǾǓǿ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖঀljȅǾ Φ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖঀljȅǾ ǿȌǩ ƻǠƺ ƺੈǾƻȖ ƺǷȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦǿǩ șΦƻǿǏǔǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ șΦȆǹঀ [ǔșΦǹǓȠǓș șǩǷǓȖȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠǓǷǓȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǿƺȒȖƺǷǔșΦ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǩ Ƞƺǿƻে ljșȅǷƺȠ ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦঀ K^^ শ ȖǩǿǠǩǿǠ KȣȠ ^ȣljljǓșșǟȣǹ ^ǩșȠǓȖșষ ?ȧǹǏǓȠǔșȧǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓ ǔș ƺੈǷƺȖȖǩǓȖljǔǹȅǷ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƺঀ KǿǹǩǿǓ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǿȌǩ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ȠƺǠǴƺǩ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ljșǓȖǔǹǿǓǷॹ ȠƻǾȅে ǠƺȠǴƻǷ ǓǠΡǾƻșȠॹ ǔș ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǔȒǫȠǓǿǓǷ ȅǿǹǩǿǓॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡǓǷ ǷǓȖǓȠǔLjǓǿঀ ੈ K^^ FǓȠΛȅȖǷ ƺੈǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠǔȒǫȠǔș ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǔȠ ǿΡȤǴȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ƺੈǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿ ǔș șǩে ǷǓȖǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ ΚƻǹƻșǦȅΦ ΚǓΦǓȠȌ ȤȠȅǿঀ Φ ƺΦ ǓǠΡșΦǓȖȪ ljǔǹ ΚǓΦǔȖǹǩ ȌǷǓȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǔș ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅȠ ǔȒǫȠșǓǿǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǴȆ ƺǹƺȒ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƺΦ ǔǹǓȠ Ǿǩǿে ǏǓǿ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿ ǔȖǓΦΦǔǷ ƺੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠঀ ੈ K^^ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ ljǔǹǴƺ ƺੈǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǔșǓ ƺΦƻǹȠƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠƺǠǴƺǩǿƺǷ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǿΡȤǴȠॹ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷƺȠॹ ǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠ ǔș ȒȖȅǾȆljǩȆș ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠঀ ੈ K^^ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƺ ǾǓǠΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖȆǹ ƺǹǷȅȠȅȠȠ ǷǔȒǔȠॹ ǔș ǓǠΡȖǓ ǩǿǷƻLjLj ǟȅȖȖƻșǷǔǿȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ljǔǹljșȅȒȅȖȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚǔǹǓǾǔǿΡΚǓΦǔȖǓǷঀ ੈ K^^ ǿȌǩ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠ ƻȒȅǹǴƺ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆșΦǓǹǹǓǾǓȠॹ ǔș ƺȖȖƺ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩ ƺੈșǩǷǓȖǓș ǿȌǷǓȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǴǓǿǓǷॹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺșșƻǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ǠǓǿǓȖƻljǩȆে ǴƻȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠƺǩǷ ǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǔǿ ǟƻȖƺǏȅΦǿƺǷঀ ੈǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ ljǔǹǴƺ ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷॹ șΦǓǾǩǿƻȖǩȣǾȅǷॹ ǴȆȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠǩ ǔș ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǔȒǫȠǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƺ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠƺǩǷ LjȌΚǫȠǔșǔȖǓ ȠȉȖǓǷǓǏǿǓǷঀ ੈǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ ȖƻǩȖƻǿΡǫȠǴƺ ƺੈЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ǓΦǓǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔȖǓॹ ȅȒȠǩǾƻǹǩș ǹƻȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠȅȠ LjǩΦȠȅে șǫȠΚƺ ƺΦ ƺǏȅȠȠ ǾƻȖǷƻǿƺǷঀ ੈv শvȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ȣșǩǿǓșș ȅȣǿljǩǹষ E ੈশEǓǿ ș ǦƺǿǠǓ ǠǓǿȠș ljȠǩȅǿ (ȖȅȣȒষ ƺǷljǩȆljșȅȒȅȖȠǴƺ Φȅǿ ǟǔȖЙ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǷ șΦƻǾƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǔȖǓ ǟȆǷȣșΦƻǹॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǔǹǓǿ ǴƻȖǿƺǷ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƻLjƺǿ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǷǓǿঀ KǹΡƺǿ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƺǩǷ ǩș ΚƺǿǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǓে ǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ƺੈǷǓȖǓȠǔLjǓǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ șΦȒȅǿΦȅȖǷǔǿȠ ǔș ǾǓǿȠȅȖǷǔǿȠ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǷǓǏǿǓǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚǓΦǓȠȌ șΦǓȖǓȒǔǿǓǷ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺ ǔș ƺੈǷȣǹȠȣȖƻǹǩș ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƺ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿঀ ੈljșȅȒȅȖȠ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǓȖȌȠǓǹǴǓș ǟǔȖЙ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǷ LjǓǾȣȠƺȠƻșƻΚƺǹ ǷǫΚƻǿ ȒǔǹǏƻȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǿǩॹ ƺǷǩǷ ƺǷে ȠǫΚƺǿ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔȠঀ ȖȖƺ ȠȉȖǓǷǓǏǿǓǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǔȖȠǔǷǓș șΦǓȖǓȒǔȠ ƺȒƺǷǔǿȠ ǔș ǠȅǿǏȅΦȆǷǔǿȠ ǩș ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠșǔǷঀ 38

ੈv ǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȅΦȠƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓ ȠȤǹ ǦȅșșΦȤ ǩǏǓǩǠ ΚȅǹȠ ǷǩΦƻȖȆǹƺǠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ȧǠΡǓঀ ǹǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠǓǷ ƺǾǓǹǹǓȠȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǿȉΚǓǹǴǔǷ ƺੈΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǓǹȌে ǾȅΦǏǫȠȆ ǟǔȖЙ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȠॹ ƺΦƻǹȠƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ȧǠΡǓȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǟǔȖЙ ΚǓΦǔȖǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆǷে ǿƺǷ ǷȖǩȠǩǷȣș ȠȉǾǓǠǔȠ ΚȅǿȣǹȠƺȠǴƻǷ ǟǓǹॹ ΚƺǹȆǏǩ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȠ ǓǹȌǩǏǔΦΚǓॹ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠΚǓ ƺੈǹƻǿΡȅǷ ǔș ǿȌǷ LjǓΚȅǿƻșƻȠॹ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔȠ ǔș ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖLjƺǿ ǾƺȖƺǏƻșƻȠঀ FȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǿƺȒǴƺ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ শvȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ƺΡ KȖǠƺǿǩșƺȠǩȅǿ ৅ v Kষ ੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ΚǩǹƻǠșΦǓȖȠǓ ƺΦǔȖȠ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǷǓǏǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔș ǹƻǿΡȅǷ ƺǷȠǫΚ ȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌǩ ǹǓে ǠΡǓǿǓǷ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǿƺǷঀ FȌǩ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǷॹ ǩǿǿȅΚƻȠȅȖȅǷ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ljșȅȒȅȖȠǴƺǩȠ LjȣΦǏǫȠǴƺ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ljǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǩǿǏǫȠșƺǿƺǷॹ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹǴƺǿƺǷ ƺੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǦǓΦ ǔș ΚǩǹƻǠșΦǓȖȠǓ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠșƻǷ ƺੈ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔȠঀ ǿǿǓǷ ƺੈ ǿƺǠΡȖƺȠȉȖȌ ljǔǹǿƺǷ ƺੈǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƺ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿ ƺੈv K ǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅǏƻșȤ ǓǠΡǔǿǓǷ ǔș șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǹǔȠǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠȤ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƺǩȠ ǔȒǫȠǩ ǔș ǷƺȠƺǹǩΦƻǹǴƺॹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǷ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǩǿǓǷ ȠǓǹǴǓș ǷǩƺǷে ǿƻΦƻșƺ ǔș ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠ ǾǓǠΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠƻșƺ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿঀ ੈ ǾȅΦǠƺǹȅǾ ǷǓȖǓȠǓǩǿ LjǓǹȧǹ ࢲࢵࢵ ȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ǔș ࢲࢲࢱ ǓǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǿ ȧǿǿǓȒǹǩǷ ǾǓǠ ǓΦȠ ƺੈǿƺȒȅȠঀ tƻǹǹƺǹƺȠΚǓΦǓȠȌǷॹ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡΦƺȠǩ ȠǩșΦȠΚǩșǓǹȌǷ ǔș ljǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǠΡȪǹǿǓǷ ǓǷে ǷȅȖ ȉșșΦǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǠΡȧȠȠ ǾǓǠȅǹǏƻșȅǷƺȠ ȠƺǹƻǹǴƺǿƺǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƺ ǷȖǩȠǩǷȣș ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǩȖǓॹ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻș ǔș ƺੈșΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠǓȖǔǿॹ ƺੈǿȌǷ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠLjǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺে ǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿঀ ੈ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ࢶࢱࢱ șΦǫȖǩƺǩ ǾǓǿǓǷȧǹȠ ǹƻǿΡ ǷƺȒȅȠȠ ƺǿΡƺǠǩ Ƞƻে ǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ =ȅȖǏƻǿǩƻLjƺǿ ǷȉΦǔȒǩșǷȅǹƻLjƺ ǴƻȖǦƺșșƺǿƺǷঀ KǾƻǿLjƺǿ ȒǓǏǩǠ ƺੈv K ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǓ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦȠǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǿǓǾǓȠ ǾȅǿǏǦƺșșƺǿƺǷ ƺΦ ǓǹȌȖǓ ǓǹȖǓǿǏǓΦǓȠȠ ǦƻΦƺșșƻǠȖƺঀ Φ ǓǹșȌॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেǓș v K ȆȠƺ ƺੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ȧΦǹǓȠƺșșΦȅǿΡȅǷ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƻΚƻ ǿȌȠȠǓ Ƿǩ ǾƺǠƻȠॹ ǔș ȠȉLjLjॹ ǾǩǿȠ ࢶ ǾǩǹǹǩƻȖǏ ǓǾLjǓȖȠ ǔȖȠ Ǔǹঀ FǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩ ƺੈǹǓǠǴȅLjLj ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷƺȠॹ ȉșșΦǓǷƺȒljșȅǹǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǓǷǷǓǹ ǔș ǟȅǠΡƺșΦȠȆǷǷƺǹॹ ΚǩǹƻǠșΦǓȖȠǓ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǓǷǓȠ ƺLjLjƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔǹǔȖǓ ƻǹǹǴƺǿƺǷঀ ੈvȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ƺΡ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖȅǹǏƺǹƺॹ ƺੈ ǦȅȅșǓvȅǾǓǿঀȅȖǠ ǩș ƺੈǟǓǿȠǩ ǷȧǹǏǓȠǔșǓǿ ƺǹƺȒȣǹআ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓșΦǩ ƺੈǟǓǹǦƺșΦǿƻǹȆǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷǓǏΚǓǿlj ΛǓLjșǦȅȒǴƺে ǩǷLjȆǹ ΚƻșƻȖȅǹΚƺ ƺੈǟȅȖǠƺǹȅǾ ǓǠΡ LjǩΦȅǿΡȅș ǦƻǿΡƺǏƻΚƺǹ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹǴƺǿƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅে ΦȆǷ ǾǩǷȖȅǦǩȠǓǹǓǩǿǓǷ ǟǓǹƻȖ ǿǔǹǷȧǹǩ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșƻǦȅΦঀ

ࢴࢺ

22ঀ ࢸঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ @ǩǴǴƺȠ XƺȒƺǏ ੈ@ǩǴǴƺȠ XƺȒƺǏȅȠ ǩșǷȅǹƻΦƺȠǹƺǿ ǿȌǷ ǦȅΦȠƻǷ ǹǔȠȖǓ ࢲࢺࢶࢺেLjǓǿঀ ੈ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓȠ ࢸ ȤȠȠȉȖȌ ǟƺǹȣșǩ ǿȌ ǦȅΦȠƺ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ƺǷǩǷ ࢵ ljșȅǾƺǠ Ȓƺে ȒƺǏ শǩǿǏǩƺǩ ȅșȠΡƺষ ǷǔșΦǫȠǔșǔΚǓǹ ǷǓΦǏȠǔǷঀ /ǩȠȧǷǓȠ ǔș ȠȧȖǓǹǾȧǷǓȠ șΦƻǾȅș ƺǹǷƺǹȅǾে Ǿƺǹ ȒȖȆLjƻȖƺ ȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺੈ ǷȉȖȧǹǾǔǿΡǓǷ ৅ ȒǔǿΦȧǷ ǿǓǾ ΚȅǹȠॹ ࢹࢱ [șেǿΡǩ ǷȉǹljșȉǿǿǓǹ ǩǿǏȣǹȠƺǷঀ ੈ Ǿƺǩ ^ǦȖǩ EƺǦǩǹƺ (ȖǩǦƺ hǏΡȅǠ @ǩǴǴƺȠ XƺȒƺǏ ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǷǓȠ ǠΡƻȖȠȆ ǿȌǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠॹ Ǿƺ ǾƻȖ ࢵࢴ ǓΦǓȖ ȠƺǠǠƺǹॹ șΦǓȖȠǓ 2ǿǏǩƻLjƺǿঀ ੈ @ǩǴǴƺȠ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪ ȒƺȒƺǏǾƻȖǷƺ 2ǿǏǩƻLjƺǿঀ ƻȖ ƺੈ ȠǔΚǔȖǓǷǹƻǾǴȣǷ ǿΡȣșΦǩǴƻȖƺ șȅǷƺǿ ǓǾǹǔǷǓΦǿǓǷॹ ƺΦȠ ǾƻȖ ǷǓΚǓșǓǿ ȠȣǏǴƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǾƻȖǷƺ ǹǔȠȖǓǴȉȠȠǔȠ ƺੈΚǩǏǔǷǩ ǿȌǷ ƺǷƺȖƺȠǓȖǓǴǓ ǔș ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșȧǷॹ ƺੈ^ǦȖǩ EƺǦǩǹƺ (ȖǩǦƺ hǏΡȅǠ ȠǓȠȠǓ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔঀ ੈࢹࢱ [ș ǷȉǹljșȉǿǿǓǹ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ șΦȉΚǓȠǷǓΦǓȠ ǔΚǓș ǟȅȖǠƺǹǾƺ Ǿƺ ǾǓǠǦƺǹƺǏǴƺ ƺੈࢴॹࢲ ǾǩǹǹǩƻȖǏȅȠঀ ȠǦǓǹ ȅЙǓ ȠǦǓǹ ȅЙǓ ƺΦ ƺǟȖǩǷƺǩ ǷȅǿȠǩǿǓǿș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ΚǩǹƻǠƻǿƺǷ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦȆ șΦǓȖǓȒǹȌǴǓ ƺੈȖǓǿǏǷǫΚȧǹ ΚǓȖșǓǿǠȌ ǔș Ǧƺে ǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅșƺǿ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǏȅǾǩǿƻǹȠƺ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǩȒƺȖƻǠLjƺǿঀ ^ƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠȌ ǓȖȌǟǓșΦǫȠǔșǓǩǿǓǷ ǷȉșΦȉǿǦǓȠȌǓǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺ ȠǓȖǔǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȆ ȒƻǿেƺǟȖǩǷƺǩ ǿȌǷ șǩে ǷǓȖǓș ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǔȒǫȠȌǴǓǷǔǿȠ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖƻǠ ƺȖljȣǹƺȠƻǿƺǷ ǾǓǠΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠƻșƻǦȅΦॹ ǔș ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅșƺǿ ǏȉǿȠȉǠǓȠǩ ƺੈȒǩƺljȖƺ ΚƺǹȆ LjǓǷǓȖȧǹǔș ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡƺǩȠঀ EƺǿƺȒșƻǠ ǟƻȖƺǏǦƺȠƺȠǹƺǿȣǹ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷ ƺΦȅǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ 2e ǔș ƺੈȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺ ǩȖƻǿȠ ǔȖǏǓǷǹȌ ЙƺȠƺǹ ǿȌǷ ǔǹǓȠǷǔȒǓș ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǹƻșșƺǿƺǷ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșLjƺǿॹ ǔș ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪে șǫȠǩ ƺੈ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠLjƺ șΦǓȖΚǓΦȌǏǔșǔǿǓǷ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǔǠǔȠঀ ৙^ȅǷƺȠ ǦǩLjƻΦȠƺǾ ȤȠǷȉΦLjǓǿॹ ǏǓ șȅǷ ǹǓljǷǔȠ ǾǓǠȠƺǿȣǹȠƺǾॹ ƺǾǩ ǾǓǠǷȉǿǿΡǫȠǓȠȠǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȤǴȖƺǷǓΦǏǴǓǾ ǔș ȠȅΚƻLjLj ȒȖȆLjƻǹǷȅΦΦƺǷঀ ੈǷǩȠƺȖȠƻș ȠǓǦƻȠ ǷȣǹljșǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠȤ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǟǓǴǹȌে ǏǔșǓǾLjǓǿॹ șΦƺǷǾƺǩǹƺǠ ǔș ȧΦǹǓȠƺșșΦȅǿΡǷǔǿȠ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠ৛ ৅ ǾȅǿǏǴƺঀ R ǩș ǓǠΡǩǷǓ ƺΦȅǿ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǦǩșΦǿǓǷ ƺLjLjƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠȣǏƻșȣǷǷƺǹॹ șΦƺǷে ǔȖȠǓǹǾȧǷǷǓǹ ǔș ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǩǷǷǓǹ ȒȅΦǩȠǫΚƺǿ ǴƻȖȣǹǿƺǷ ǦȅΦΦƻ ƺੈ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾǦȅΦঀ ࢵࢱ

ࢳࢱࢲࢱেLjǓǿ șΦƻǾȅș ǿƺǠΡ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǔǠȪ ƺǟȖǩǷƺǩ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȅȠȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈ ǿǩǠǔȖǩƺǩ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠƻșȅǷ șȅȖƻǿ ƺੈ 'ȅȖǏ ǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ ƻǹȠƺǹ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦȅȠȠ Κƻে ǹƺșΦȠƻșǩ ǾǓǠЙǠΡǓǹǔșǩ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǿॹ ΚƺǠΡ ƺੈ ǩǹǹ ǔș EǓǹǩǿǏƺ (ƺȠǓș ƻǹȠƺǹ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦȅȠȠ EȅLjǩǹȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺ ƺΦ ǠǔșΦșǔǠǔȖȠ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǿঀ Φ ȣȠȆLjLjǩ ǓșǓȠLjǓǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǾȅLjǩǹƺǹǷƺǹে ǾƺΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓȠȠǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈ (Ǧƻǿƺǩ ǠǔșΦșǔǠȧǠΡǩ ^ΦȅǹǠƻǹƺȠǿƻǹ șǓǠǫȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺੈΚƻȖƺǿǏȆș ƺǿΡƻǷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆǷǷƺǹ ΚƺǹȆ ǓǹǹƻȠƻșƻȠ ǔș ƺǏƺȠƺǩǷǿƺǷ ȠƻȖȅǹƻșƻȠॹ ǫǠΡ ǓǹȌΦΚǓ ǾǓǠ ƺੈǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǦƺǹƺǿǏȆșƻǠȅȠঀ ੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ȅǹΡƺǿƺǿǿΡǩȖƺ șǩǷǓȖǓș ΚȅǹȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ (ǦƻǿƻLjƺǿॹ hǠƺǿǏƻLjƺǿॹ eƺǿΦƻǿǩƻLjƺǿ ǔș 2ǿǏǩƻLjƺǿ ǩș LjǓΚǓΦǓȠȠǔǷॹ LjǩΦȅǿΡǫȠΚƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺ ΚƺǹȆLjƺǿ ǔǹǓȠǓǷǓȠ ǾǓǿȠǦǓȠঀ ȅЙǓ ƺੈ ^ǩǓȖȖƺ @ǓȅǿǓেǩ ȖǓƺǾ XǓȖǟǓljȠ ȠƺǿƻljșƺǏȆǴƺǷǔǿȠ ȤǴ ǾȅLjǩǹȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǾǓǠȅǹǏƻșȅǷǷƺǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȅȠȠঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেLjǓǿ LjǓΚƻǹƺșΦȠȅȠȠƻǷ ƺੈ ȖƺǿǠȅș vƺșǦǩǿǠȠȅǿ 'ǓǹǹȅΛșǦǩȒ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾLjƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ǹǹƺǾȅǷ ƺǷǷȅȖǩ ǓǹǿȉǷǓॹ ƺȖƺljǷ KLjƺǾƺ |ȅȣǿǠ ǟȖǩljƺǿ @ǓƺǏǓȖș 2ǿǩȠǩƺȠǩΚǓ শ| @2ষ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƻǿƺǷ ȖǔșΦǓঀ Φ ƺੈ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ȠȉLjLjॹ ǾǩǿȠ ࢶࢱࢱ ЙƺȠƺǹ ΚǓΦǓȠȌȠ ȣȠƺΦȠƺȠȅȠȠ ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ǹǹƺǾȅǷLjƺ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǷǔȒΦǔșȖǓॹ ȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǷȣȖΦȣșȅǷȖƺ ǔș ǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹƻșȖƺॹ ƺǾǩ ƺΦ ƺǟȖǩǷƺǩƺǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǓǠΡǓǏȧǹƻǹǹȆ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠ ΚȅǹȠ ƺΦ ȤǴ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠLjƺǿ ȠȉȖȠǔǿȌ ǓǹșƺǴƻȠǫȠƻșƻȖƺঀ Φ ȉșΦȠȉǿǏǫǴ ǷǓȖǓȠǔLjǓǿ ȠǦǓǹ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦȅȠȠ KLjƺǾƺ ǓǹǿȉǷǷǓǹ ǔș ƺੈȠȉLjLjǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌΚǓǹ ƺੈ vƺșǦǩǿǠȠȅǿ েLjǓǿ ȠƺȖȠȅȠȠ ǓǹǿȉǷǩ ljșȤljșȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦȆǿॹ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓȠȠ ǓǠΡ ǩǿȠǓǿΦǫΚ ȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǔș ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾLjƺǿ ƺੈ|ƺǹǓ ǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǿॹ ǔș ΚȅǹȠ ƺǹে ǷƺǹǾƺ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦǿǩ ƺੈǷȅȖǾƻǿΡΦƺȠǩॹ ljǩΚǩǹ ǔș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ șΦǟǔȖƺ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩΚǓǹঀ ੈΛƺșǦǩǿǠȠȅǿǩ ȉșΦে ȠȉǿǏǫǴ LjǓǟǓǴǓΦǔșǔȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȌǓǿ ȠǦǓǹ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǩǾǔǏǩƺেǷƺǾȒƻǿΡȠ ȠǓȖΚǓΦ ǩǿǏǫȠƺǿǩॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ șǓǠǫȠǩ ƺੈǠǦƻǿƺǩ ǩǏǓǠǓǿǟȅȖǠƺǹȅǾ ǟǓǹǹǓǿǏǫȠǔșǔȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǓ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦǿǩ ǓǠΡ ƺǟȖǩǷƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠȌ ǷȅljǷƻΦƺȠǩȠȌǷǓেƺǹƺȒȅȠঀ hǠΡƺǿljșƺǷ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেLjǓǿ ǩșǾǓȖȠǔǷ Ǔǹ ȠǦǓǹ ǾȣǿǷƻǴƻȠ ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ FǓǾΦǓȠǓǷ ^ΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓ শhFষ ǔș ƺੈFǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ eƻΚǷȉΦǹǔșǩ hǿǩȆ শ2ehষ ( E eǓljǦ ǏǫǴƻΚƺǹॹ ƺǦȅǹ ȠȉLjLjॹ ǾǩǿȠ ࢴࢷࢱ ǴǓǹȉǹȠ ǷȉΦȧǹ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠȅȠȠƻǷ LjǓ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ࢶ ǷȉΦǔ ƺੈFȌǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ƺΦ 2?e șΦǓǷȠȅȖLjƺǿ ǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻLjƺǿঀ FƺȒǴƺǩǿǷLjƺǿ ȠǦǓǹ ƺੈ (ǦƻǿƻLjƺǿ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ vȅǾǓǿ ǩǿ eǓljǦ ljșȅȒȅȖȠ ΚǓΦǓȠǔșǔΚǓǹॹ ƺੈvȅǾǓǿ ǩǿ eǓljǦ ǟȖǩljƺ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠ ǾǓǠƺǹƺȒǫȠƻșƻΚƺǹॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ șΦƻǾȅș ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹƻșƻΚƺǹ ǔș ȠƺǿƻljșƺǏƻșșƺǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ǟȖǩǷƻLjƺǿ ƺੈȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ƻǠƺΦƺȠ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩȠঀ

ࢵࢲ

LjǩǠƺǩǹ =ȅǦǿșȅǿ LjǩǠƺǩǹ =ȅǦǿșȅǿ ƺǾǓȖǩǷƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢵ ȆȠƺ ƺੈ'ǩǏǓǹǩȠΡ 2ǿΚǓșȠǾǓǿȠș ǓǹǿȉǷ Κ ǓΦǔȖǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆǴƺঀ R ƺΦ ǓǹǿȉǷǓ ƺੈ 'ǩǏǓǹǩȠΡ 2ǿȠǓȖǿƺȠǩȅǿƺǹǿǓǷ ǩșॹ ƺੈ'ǩǏǓǹǩȠΡ 2ǿΚǓșȠǾǓǿȠș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ȠǓșȠে ΚǔȖΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠƻǿƺǷঀ ੈǿƺǠΡƺȒǴƺॹ ǏΛƺȖǏ ঀ =ȅǦǿșȅǿ 22 ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠে Ƞƺ ƺੈ'ǩǏǓǹǩȠΡȠॹ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǓǠ ǩș ࢵࢺઔ ƺੈ=ȅǦǿșȅǿ ljșƺǹƻǏ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȖǔșΦǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠLjƺǿঀ ࢲࢳॹࢴ ǾǩǹǹǩƻȖǏ ǏȅǹǹƻȖȅș ΚƺǠΡȅǿƻΚƺǹ Ȍ ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǹǓǠǠƺΦǏƺǠƺLjLj ǿȌǴǓॹ ƺǷǩȠ ƺੈ'ȅȖLjǓș ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠ ǹǓǠǓȖȌȠǓǹǴǓșǓLjLj ǿȌǩ șΦǓǾǔǹΡǩșǔǠǓǩ ǷȉΦǔ șȅȖȅǹȠঀ LjǩǠƺǩǹ ǷǓȖȧǹǩ ƺੈǿΡǩǹΚƻǿȅșșƻǠȅȠॹ ǔș șΦǓȖǔǿΡ ǾƺȖƺǏȠॹ ƺǷƻȖljșƺǷ ƺΦ ƺȒǴƺঀ ǾǩǷȅȖ ǠΡǓȖে ǾǓǷǷȅȖƻLjƺǿ ǾǓǠǹƻȠȅǠƺȠȠƺ ƺΦ ƺȒǴƻȠॹ ΚȅǿΦȅȠȠƺ ȌȠ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈǦǓǹΡǩșǔǠǓǷǿǓǷ ƺΦ ǓǿǓȖǠǩƻে Ǵƺ ǔș ΦșǩLjȅǿǠƻșƺॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǔș ΦƺǴǹȅȠȠঀ ΦȅǿLjƺǿ ǿǓǾ ƺǷƺȖȠƺ ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦ ȒƻǹΡƺǟȣȠƻșƻȠ ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǿƺǷ șΦǓǿȠǓǹǿǩॹ ǓΦǔȖȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǿȅǷǷǔǿȠ ljșƺȠǹƺǷȅΦȅȠȠ ƺੈ'ǩǏǓǹǩȠΡǦǓΦঀ ੈ /ƺȖΚƺȖǏ ȣșǩǿǓșș ^ljǦȅȅǹ ǓǹΚǔǠΦǔșǔȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȌǓǿ ǓǹǓǾΦȌ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǿȅǷǷǔǿȠ ǷǓΦǏǓȠȠ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿǩ ƺੈ'ǩǏǓǹǩȠΡǿǔǹঀ ࢲࢺࢺࢸেLjǓǿ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺșƻǠ ȖǔșΦΚǔǿΡ ǏǩΚǫΦǩȆǴƻǿƺǷ ƺǹǓǹǿȉǷǓ ǔș ȠƻȖșে ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆǴƺ ǹǓȠȠঀ ࢳࢱࢱࢲেLjǓǿ ΚƻȖƺȠǹƺǿȣǹ ƺੈ 'ǩǏǓǹǩȠΡ ǓǹǿȉǷǔΚǔ ΚƻǹȠॹ ș ǓΦȣȠƻǿ ȤǴ ǩȖƻǿΡLjƺ ȠǓȖǓǹȠǓ ƺੈljǔǠǓȠঀ ੈljǔǠ ǓǹǿȉǷǓǷǔǿȠ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ǔΚLjǓǿ ǷȅljǷƻΦƺȠΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșȖƺ ǷǔșΦȠǓȠȠǓ ƺੈΚǓΦǓȠȌǷǓȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȤǴে ȖƺǔǹǓșșΦǔǷ ƺੈ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ƺǹƺȒȅǷƺȠঀ eȅΚƻLjLjǩ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǦȅΦΦƻƺǏƻșƻΚƺǹ ǾǓǠǹǓǦǓȠȌșǓǿ ǓǠΡșΦǓȖȪǓǿ ΚǩșșΦƺǿΡǓȖȠǓ ǷȅȖƻLjLjƺǿ ǓǹΚǓșΦȠǓȠȠ ȧǠΡǟǓǹǓǩȠঀ tǓΦǓȠǔșǓ ƺǹƺȠȠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠ ǓǠΡȖǓ ǩǿǷƻLjLj ȧǠΡǟǔǹǷȉΦȒȅǿȠȤΚƻ ΚƻǹȠॹ ǔș ƺੈ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡȠƻȖșƺǷ ȖȅșșΦ ǹǔȒǔșǓǩLjȌǹ ȒȖȅЙȠƻǹȠঀ eȉLjLjॹ ǾǩǿȠ ࢲࢱࢱ ǾǩǹǹǩƻȖǏ ǏȅǹǹƻȖ ǷǓȖȧǹȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ƺǹƺȒǴƺǩǦȅΦ ƺΦ Ȍ ΚǓΦǓȠǔșǓ ǩǏǓǴǔǿঀ LjǩǠƺǩǹ =ȅǦǿșȅǿ șΦǔǹǓș ǷȉȖLjǓǿ ǩșǾǓȖȠ ȅǷȅș ǹǔȒǔșǓǩȖȌǹ ǔș ǾǓȖǔșΦ ǏȉǿȠǔșǓǩȖȌǹঀ FΡǩȠȅȠȠ ƺੈǷȅljǷƻΦƺȠΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșȖƺॹ ǔș ƺੈΚƻșƻȖǹȆǷǿƺǷॹ ȧǠΡǟǓǹǓǷǿǓǷ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠ Ǿǩǿǔǹ ǴȅLjLj șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșে Ljƺǿ ǦǩșΦঀ ǿǿǓǷ ǓǹǹǓǿǔȖǓ ǷǓΚǓșǓȠ ǿΡǩǹƺȠǷȅΦǩǷॹ ǷǓȖȧǹǩ ƺੈǿΡǩǹΚƻǿȅșșƻǠȅȠ ǔș ƺੈǾǔǏǩƺǴǓে ǹǓǿǹǔȠǓȠঀ =ǓǹǓǿǹǓǠ ȠƺǠǴƺ ƺੈ ȠȌǷǓȒǩƺljǩ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșșƺǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ LjǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠǿƺǷॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ^2'E ੈশ^ǓljȣȖǩȠǩǓș 2ǿǏȣșȠȖΡ ૭ 'ǩǿƺǿljǩƺǹ EƺȖǷǓȠș șșȅljǩƺȠǩȅǿষ ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆȠƺǿƻljșƻে ǿƺǷঀ LjǩǠƺǩǹ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ǔș ǾǩǿǏǓǏǏǩǠ ǓǠΡǓȠǹǓǿ ǿȌ ƺੈXǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ^ΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ 'ȆȖȣǾƻǿঀ

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222ঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆLjƺǿ

ࢵࢴ

222ঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș ȣȖȆȒƻǿƺǷ ƺੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǓ ǔș ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǩ ǟȧǠǠǓǿǓǷ ƺȠȠȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷǔȒǓșেǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǔȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǿΡȅǾƻǿ ȤǴ ljǔǠǓǷ ǴȉǿǿǓǷ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ȤǴ ȒǩƺljȅǷ ǿΡǫǹǿƺǷ ǾǓǠॹ ȤǴ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ƺǹƺǷȣǹǿƺǷ Ƿǩঀ Φ h ǹǓǠǟȅǿȠȅșƺLjLj ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșƺǩ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ শǷǷΚেǷষঀ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ljǔǹǴƺ ƺΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦΦǓ ƺΦ ǓǾLjǓȖǓǷǓȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ ΚƻǹƻșȖƺॹ ǔș ǾǓǠǷȉǿǿΡǫȠșǓ Κƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻȠॹ ȠȅΚƻLjLjǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȠঀ Φ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǩǷ ƺΦ ȤǴ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǷ ǹǓǠǟȅǿȠȅșƺLjLj ǟȅȖȖƻșƻȠॸ ǔΚǓǿȠǓ ȠȉLjLjॹ ǾǩǿȠ ࢵ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ȤǴ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠǓǿǓǷ ȣȖȆȒƺ șΦǓȖȠǓঀ ࢳࢱࢱࢵ ȆȠƺ ƺΦȅǿLjƺǿ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȠ ƺΦ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠǩ ǹǔȠȠǓǹ șΦǓǾLjǓǿ ǓǹȌǿΡLjǓǿ ȖǔșΦǓșǫȠȌǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ƺੈࢳࢸ hেȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾLjȆǹ ࢳࢴেLjƺǿ ljșȉǷǷǓǿȠঀ EǫǠ ǦƻȖȅǾ ǔΚΚǓǹ ǓΦǓǹȌȠȠ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩƺǷ ࢵࢶઔেƻǿƺǷ ΚȅǹȠ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠƻșƺॹ ǾȅșȠƺǿȖƺ ǓΦ ƺΦ ƺȖƻǿΡ ࢴࢸઔেȖƺ ljșȉǷǷǓǿȠঀ Φ h^ েLjƺǿ ǔș ?ǫǿƻLjƺǿ ǓΦ ƺΦ ƺȖƻǿΡ ǴȆΚƺǹ ǾƺǠƺșƺLjLjॸ ࢶࢲઔॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ࢶࢷઔঀ [ƻƺǏƻșȣǹ ƺΦ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǩ ȧȠǓǾǓ ǩș ǹƺșșȤLjLj ƺΦ hেLjƺǿॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ h^ েLjƺǿ ΚƺǠΡ ƺੈǟǓǴǹȌǏȌ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷLjƺǿॹ ǔș ǷȉΦȧǹȧǷ ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLj ǷǓȖȧǹ LjǓ ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠ ǹǓǠǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ljǔǠǓǩǿǓǷ șȅȖƻLjƺঀ ੈ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ƺȖȖƺ ȠȉȖǓǷșΦǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ǿǩǿǔǹ ȠȉLjLj ǓǾLjǓȖȠ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦΦȉǿ șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻȖƺঀ ǠΡǓș ljșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷ ৅ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷॹ ƺੈ ljșƺǹƻǏǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷॹ ƺੈșΦƺLjƺǏǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȤƺǷॹ ƺੈǾǩǠȖƻǿșȅǷॹ ƺΦ ǩǏȌșǓǷ ΚƺǠΡ ƺੈșΦȅljǩƻǹǩș ǴǓǹǹǓǠȪ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ৅ ǾǓǠljǔǹΦƻșƻȖƺ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ǿƺǠΡ ǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȠ ǟǓǷȠǓȠঀ FǓǦǔΦșǔǠǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǷǓǹ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ șΦǓǾLjǓșȧǹ Φ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩƺǷǿƺǷ ǾǩǿǏȉșșΦǓ ࢴࢸઔেƺ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǓ ȉǿƻǹǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ǟȅǹΡে ȠƺȠǿǩॹ șΦǓǾLjǓǿ ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ǹǹƺǾȅǷLjƺǿ ǔș ?ǫǿƻLjƺǿ ǔǹȌ ǓǾLjǓȖǓǷ ࢶࢲઔেƻΚƺǹঀ FǔǦƻǿΡ ǿǓǦǔΦșǔǠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ǓΦǓǿ ƺੈȠǔȖǓǿ ǾǔǠ ǹǓ ǷǓǹǹ ǠΡȌΦǿǩॸ ॷ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǿƺǷ ǿǓǾ ƺǏ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ƺǹƺȒȅǷƺȠ ƺੈșǩǷǓȖǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǦǓΦআ ॷ ǿǓǦǔΦ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǿǩ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ǔș ȒǩƺljȅǷǦȅΦআ ॷ ǿǓǾ ǷȉǿǿΡȪ ƻȠȖȣǦƻΦǿǩ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠআ ॷ ƺ ǷȣǏƺȖljljƺǹ ǴƻȖȆ șΦƺǿǷljǩȆǷ ǟǔǹǓǹǾǓȠ ǷǓǹȠǓǿǓǷআ ॷ ƺΦ ƺǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƻljǩȆș ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠ ǿǓǦǔΦǷǓșঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǩ ǿǓǾ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌǓǷॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǿǓǷ ǩǿǏǫে Ƞƺǿǩॹ ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǿǩ ǔș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓǿǩঀ ǿǿƺǷ ǓǹǹǓǿǔȖǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȣȖȆȒƻLjƺǿ ȠȉLjLj ƺੈǿȌॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙॹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺΦ h ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆǩǿƺǷ ljșƺǷ ǓǠΡǦƺȖǾƺǏƻȠ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǩǷঀ ࢵࢵ

tƺǿ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ȠȅΚƻLjLjǩ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌ শȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǔș ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏǩ ǔǹǓȠ ȉșșΦǓǓǠΡǓΦȠǓȠǔșǓষॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǾǩƺȠȠ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǷǓΚǔșLjǔ ΚȅǿΦȆ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓঀ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǩǷ ƺΦ hেȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷǷƺǹ ƺLjLjƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǹǓǷȧΦǏǴǓ ǓΦǓǷǓȠ ƺੈǿǓǦǓΦǫে ȠȌ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷǓȠॹ ǔș Ǿǩǿǔǹ ȠȉLjLj ǿȌȠ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦΦȉǿ șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻȖƺঀ ੈǿȌǷ ƺੈȠǓǹǴǓș ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǿǔȒǓșșǔǠ ࢶࢳઔেƻȠ ȠǓșΦǩǷ Ƿǩॹ ǏǓ ƺΦ h ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆǩǿƺǷ ljșƺǷ ࢴࢵॹࢵઔেƺ ǿȌॹ ƺੈșȠƺȖȠȣȒȅǷǿƺǷ ȒǓǏǩǠ ࢴࢱઔেƺ ǿȌǷǔঀ ੈ ǿȌǩ ǷȖǓƺȠǩΚǩȠƻș ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȒȅȠǓǿljǩƻǹ ƺੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ǔș ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡȠǓে ȖǓǾȠǔș ǾǩǿǏǓǏǏǩǠ ǷǩǦƺșΦǿƻǹƺȠǹƺǿ ǟȅȖȖƻșƺঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǓǹȌȠȠ ƻǹǹȆ ǟȌ ǷǩǦǫΚƻșȅǷ ǓǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƺ ǔș ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǔșǓ șȅȖƻǿॸ ॷ ॷ ॷ ॷ ॷ

ƺ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșॹ ƺ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆǷ ǾǓǠșΦǓȖΦǔșǓॹ ǷǔȒΦǔșॹ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ljǔǹȤ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠǩ ǦƻǹȆǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ljșƺȠǹƺǷȅΦƻșॹ ƺ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǔș ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏǩ ǔǹǓȠ ȉșșΦǓǓǠΡǓΦȠǓȠǔșǓঀ

222ঀ ࢳঀ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷ ੈtƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǓǠǩ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǔȠ ljșƺǷ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩॹ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǔș ȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș șΦǩǿȠȪ ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓȖΚǓǷ LjƻȠȅȖ ǔș ȉșșΦǓǦƺǿǠȅǹȠ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǩΚǓǹ ǹǓǦǓȠ ǾǓǠΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠǿǩঀ ੈ ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ ƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈ ǷȉΦȉș ǟǓǹǹǔȒǔșǿǓǷ ƺੈ ȠǓȖΚǓॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǟǓǹșΦƺLjƺǏǫȠǴƺ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȒȅȠǓǿljǩƻǹȠॹ ǟǓǹșΦƻǾȅǹǴƺ ƺΦ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȅǷƺȠ ǔș ǟȅȖȖƺে ǏƺǹǾƺșǫȠǴƺ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƻȠঀ ǔǹǴƺ ƺΦ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻǿƺǷ ǾǓǠǷȉǿǿΡǫȠǔșǓ ǔș ǓǠΡ șȅǷǷƺǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆLjLj ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓ ƺੈ ǾƻȖ ǹǔȠǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠȅΚƻLjLjǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǦǓΦঀ ੈljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ ǦƻȖȅǾ ȒǩǹǹǔȖǓǿ ǿΡȣǠșΦǩǷॸ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȒΦǔș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓআ ƺੈǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓআ șΦǓȖǓȒǾȅǏǓǹǹǓǷ ǔș ǷȅǿǷȖǔȠ ljǔǹljșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷ LjǓΚȅǿƻșƺঀ ࢲঀ ȒǩǹǹǔȖॸ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȒΦǔș ƺੈǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻǿƺǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺে Ƞƻșƺ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿ ॷ iǴ ƺǹƺȒȅǷॸ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǷ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǔș ƺੈȠƺǿȣǹƻș ǾǩǿȌșǔǠǔে ǿǓǷ ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƺঀঀঀ ॷ ঀঀঀǔș ȤǴ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷॸ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȒΦǔș ƺੈǟǓǹșȌȅǷȠƺȠƻșLjƺǿঀ

ࢵࢶ

ࢳঀ ȒǩǹǹǔȖॸ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡLjǓǿ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ΚǩȖƻǠȅΦǦƺȠǿƺǷ ǔș ǟǓǴǹȌǏǦǓȠǿǓǷ ॷ ?ȉǿǿΡǓLjLj ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ƺੈȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦॹ ॷ ƺΦ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ƺΦ ǔǹǓȠljǩǷǹȣșȣǷ ǏȉǿȠȌ șΦƺǷƺșΦƺǩLjƺǿॹ ǿȉΚǓে ǷǓǏǔșȧǷ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǔșǓॹ ॷ ƺੈǏǩǠǩȠƻǹǩș ǷȅȖșΦƺǷ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠƺ ȤǴ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǷǩƺǷǿƻΦƻșƺॹ ॷ ljǔǠǓǷ ǷȉǿǿΡǓLjLj ƻȠȖȣǦƻΦǦƺȠȆșƻǠƺॹ ॷ ǷȣǏƺȖljLjȆǹ șǩǷǓȖॸ ǾƻșȅǏǩǷ ǓșǔǹΡ ƺੈljșȌǏLjǓ ǾǓǿȠॹ LjǓljșȧǹǓȠǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷॹ ॷ ƻȠǹƻȠǦƺȠȆLjLj ǔș ǓǠΡșΦǓȖȪLjLj șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșঀ ࢴঀ ȒǩǹǹǔȖॸ șΦǓȖǓȒǾȅǏǓǹǹǓǷ ǔș ǷȅǿǷȖǔȠ ljǔǹljșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷ LjǓΚȅǿƻșƺ ॷ iǴ ǟǓǹǟȅǠƻșॸ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǹǏƺǷǔȒǓǷॹ ॷ ȤǴ ȠƻΚǹƺȠȅǷॸ ƺੈǿȌǷॹ ƺΦ ǩǏȌșǓǷॹ ƺੈǾǩǠȖƻǿșȅǷॹ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǿǔǹǷȧǹǩǓǷ ǔș ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹȅǷ LjǓΚȅǿƻșƺঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ȠǓȖΚǓΦȌ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ ȠǩșΦȠƻLjƺǿ ǷǓǹǹ ǹǓǿǿǩȧǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ȒȖȅǠে ȖƺǾȅǷǷƺǹ ǔș ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǷǓǹঀ Φ ȤǴ ȠƻΚǹƺȠȅǷ ǷȣǹljșȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿ LjǓǹȧǹ ƺੈLjǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠșǔǠǓȠ Κƻǹǹƺǹ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦ ǓǠΡ ǓǠǔșΦ ȣȖȆȒƻȖƺ ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓǏȌ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ȠƺǿƻljșƺǏƻșǩॹ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ ǔș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠǔȒǫȠǔșǩ ȒǹƺȠে ǟȅȖǾȅȠॹ ƺǾǩ ȉșșΦǓǦȅΦΦƺ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǓǩȠ ǔș ƺੈǾǓǿȠȅȖǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷƺȠॹ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔș ȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔȠॹ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦΚǓ ƺੈLjǓΚƻǹȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ ǾǓǠȅșΦȠƻșƻȠ ƺੈȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠঀ ੈȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾȅǷƺȠ ǟǓǹǷǔȖǩǷ ȠȅΚƻLjLjƻ ॷ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǷ ǷǩǏȅǹǠȅΦƻșƻȖƺ ǔș ΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴȠƻșƻȖƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ljǔǹǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ΚǓΦǓȠǓȠȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓআ ॷ ƺǏƺȠȅǷ ǠΡȪǴȠǔșǔȖǓ ǿǓǾǓǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠǩ LjȅǿȠƻșLjƺǿॹ ǔș ǔΚǓșॹ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǷǩǾȣȠƺȠƻে șȅǷ ǷǔșΦǫȠǔșǔȖǓ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǔȖȌǹআ ॷ ƺ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǩ ǔș ǾǓǿȠȅȖǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƻǿƺǷ LjȌΚǫȠǔșǔȖǓআ ॷ ȅǹΡƺǿ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ǷǩǏȅǹǠȅΦƻșƻȖƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓșΦǩǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƺ ǔș ƺੈ ǾƺǠƻǿǔǹǓȠ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǔȠॹ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǔș ǾǓǠЙΦǓȠǦǓȠȌ ǓǹǹƻȠƻșȠ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠΚƺ ƺੈǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǓǷ ǔș ƺΦ ǩǏȌș ǓǹȠƺȖȠȅȠȠƺǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺΦ Et ੈশ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ EǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ tǩǏǔǷǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǹƺȒষॹ ƺΦ [' ੈশ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ [ǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș 'ǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǹƺȒষ ǔș ƺΦ ^ ੈশ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ^Φȅljǩƻǹǩș ǹƺȒষ ǷǓȖǓȠǔLjǓǿ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ȠǓǹǴǓș ǷǩǦƺșΦǿƻǹƻșƻΚƺǹঀ

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ੈǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖȆǹ șΦȆǹȆ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔș ੈeǦǓ ^Ǿƺǹǹ ȣșǩǿǓșș ljȠ শ^ ষ ƺΦ h Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ শǷǷΚেǷষ Κȅে ǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǩǿǓǷ ƻȠǟȅǠȆ ǷǓȖǓȠǓঀ ǔǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǴƺΚǫȠșƺ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǾǹǔǹǓȠǓȠॹ ǓǠΡșΦǓȖȪșǫȠșǓ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǔȠॹ ǔș ǾǓǠșΦȧǿȠǓșșǓ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔে șȧǷ ȠȅΚƻLjLjǩ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡƺǩȠঀ Φ ^ ੈƻȠǟȅǠȆ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșǩ ǷǓȖǓȠǓȠ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠ ƺΦ h ǔș ȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾƺǩ șΦƻǾƻȖƺঀ eǫΦ ƺǹƺȒে ǓǹΚ ΚǓΦǔȖǹǩ ƺΦ ȣǿǩȆș ǔș ȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾǩ șΦǩǿȠȪ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƻȠ ǔș ΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴȠƻșƻȠঀ ΦǓǷ ƺΦ ǓǹΚǓǷ ǓǹǓǿǠǓǏǦǓȠǓȠǹǓǿǓǷ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǦȅΦΦƻƺǏȅȠȠ ǔȖȠǔǷǓȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠșǓǿǓǷ ȣǿǩȆș șΦǩǿȠǓǿॹ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǷǓȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠșǓǿǓǷ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ǔș ǟǓǴǹǓșșΦǔǷ ƺੈǴȅǠǩ ǔș ƺǏে ǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƺȠǫΚ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǓȠ ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦ hেLjƺǿॸ 2ঀ KǹΡƺǿ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡLjǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǔș ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șǩǷǓȖǓșǓǷ ǹǓǦǓȠǿǓǷॹ ǔș ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǩǷ ȌǷǓȠ 22ঀ (ΡȅȖș ǾƻșȅǏǩǷ ǓșǔǹΡ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƺ ƺੈljșȌǏLjǓ ǴȣȠȅȠȠ ȠǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ 222ঀ ^ΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻș ƺΦ ǓǹȌLjLj ǷǩljșǩLjǓǿ ǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅΦΦ ǓǹΚ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ 2tঀ ੈǷǷΚেǷ șΦȧǷșǔǠǹǓȠǓǩȖǓ ȖǓƺǠƻǹȆ ǷȉΦǩǠƺΦǠƺȠƻș ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺ tঀ ੈ șΦƺǷȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǿǓǷ ƺੈ ǷǷΚেǷ șΦȧǷșǔǠǹǓȠǓǩǦǓΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǩǠƺΦǫȠƻșƺॸ ǓǹȌ ǷǓǹǹ șǓǠǫȠǓǿǩ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǷȉΦLjǓșΦǓȖΦǔșLjǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔȠॹ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷǿƺǷ ǴȅLjLjƺǿ Ƿǩ ǷǓǹǹ ǦƺșΦǿƻǹǿǩȣǷ ƺΦ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ t2ঀ ੈǷǷΚেǷ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșǔǿǓǷ ǾǓǠǷȉǿǿΡǫȠǔșǓ ǔș ƺੈǷǓে ȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ȠȖƺǿΦƺǷljǩȆǷ ǩǏȌLjǓǿ ȠȉȖȠǔǿȌ ǷǩЙΦǓȠǔșǓǩȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǴȅǠǩ ǔș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƺ t22ঀ ੈǷǷΚেǷ șǓǠǫȠǔșǓ ƺLjLjƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǴȅLjLjƺǿ Ƿǩ ȠȣǏǴƻǷ ǦƺșΦǿƻǹǿǩ ƺΦ ǓǠΡșǔǠǓș Ȓǩƺlj ƻǹȠƺǹ ǷǫǿƻǹȠ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠ t222ঀ ੈǷǔșΦșǔǠǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔș ǔș ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǟȅȖǾƻǴƻǿƺǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ƺੈǷǷΚ েǷLjƺǿ 2{ঀ ?ǔȒǓșșǔ ȠǓǿǿǩ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷƺȠ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǩ ǷǩǦǫΚƻșȅǷLjȆǹ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠșǓǿǓǷ {ঀ OșΦȠȉǿȉΦǿǩ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷƺȠ ƺLjLjƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǦƺșΦǿȣǷȖƺ ǟȅȖǏǫȠșƻǷ ƺੈȒǩƺljȅǷ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǔȠ Φ ^ ੈǴƺΚƺșǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦ ƺΦ ƺǹƺȒǓǹΚǓǷ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠLjƺ ΚƺǹȆ ƻȠȧǹȠǓȠǔșǔȖǓঀ ǴƺΚƺșে ǹƺȠȅǷ ǓǠΡǩǷǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǟȅȖǏǫȠșƺǿƺǷ ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ƺੈǹǓǓǿǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷȖƺॸ ǷƺȖȅǹǴƻǷ ǟǓǹ ƺΦ ǔȖǏǓǷǹȌǏȌ ǔș ȠǓǦǓȠșǔǠǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠॹ Ƿȧǹȉǿȉș ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠǓǹ ƺੈ ЙƺȠƺǹȅǷȖƺ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷȖǓॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǓǠΡșΦǓȖȪșǫȠșǔǷ ƺੈȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșΚƻǹȠƻș ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǩȠঀ ੈǿȌǷǷǓǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș ƺǹƺȒǓǹΚǓǷ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠLjƺ ΚƺǹȆ ƻȠȧǹȠǓȠǔșǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿ ƺੈLjǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦΦƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ Κƻǹǹƺǹে ࢵࢸ

ǷȅΦȆ ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǓǷ ȣǿǩȆș ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƻȠॹ ǾǓǿȠȅȖǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻȖƺ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩǷ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠॹ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǏǩȒǹȅǾƻș ǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔȠঀ Φ ^ ੈǿǔǦƻǿΡ ȒǔǹǏƻȠ ǩș ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦ ƺੈȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾȅǷ LjǓΚƻǹȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠƺǩLjȆǹॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǩǿșে ȒǩȖƻljǩȆȠ ƺǏǿƺǷ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ ΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴȠƻșƻǦȅΦঀ

222ঀ ࢴঀ =ȅǠǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖ ࢳࢱࢱࢹ ȆȠƺ ȣȖȆȒƺ ƺΦ ǓǹǾȤǹȠ ࢶࢱ ǔΚ ǹǓǠșȤǹΡȅșƺLjLj ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ΚƻǹșƻǠƻǿƺǷ ǦƺȠƻșƺǩȠȆǹ șΦǓǿে ΚǓǏॸ ǾȅșȠ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ࢳࢶ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ǓǾLjǓȖ ΚȅǹȠ ǾȣǿǷƺǿǔǹǷȧǹǩॹ ǔș ƺੈȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾȅǷ ȠȉLjLjșǔǠǔLjǓǿ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǿǓǾ ȠȣǏȠƺǷ ΚǩșșΦƺȠǔȖǿǩ ƺੈΚƻǹে șƻǠ ǓǹȌȠȠǩ șΦǩǿȠȖǓঀ Φ h ǫǠΡ ǦƺȠƻȖȅΦȅȠȠƺǿ ƺੈ@ǩșșΦƺLjȅǿǩ FȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǩ ǔș 'ȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ শ@ǩșLjȅǿ (ȖȅΛȠǦ ƺǿǏ =ȅLjș ^ȠȖƺȠǓǠΡষ ǷȉΦǔȒȒȅǿȠǴƻLjƺ ǦǓǹΡǓΦȠǓ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǩȠঀ ੈࢳࢱࢱࢶ ȆȠƺ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠǩ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔș ǷǔΦΦǓǹǟȅǠǦƺȠȆ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓǷǓȠ ǦȅΦȅȠȠঀ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆ ǷȧǹȉǿΚƻǹƺșΦȠȅȠȠƺ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷȖƺ ǔș ƺੈǷǷΚেǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǓǷǓȠঀ ǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȣȖȆȒƺ ΚǩșșΦƺȠǔȖǴǓǿ ƺੈ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǾǓǏȖǔLjǓॹ ǔș ǾƺǠƺșƺLjLj ǹǓǠΡǓǿ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠǩ ȖƻȠƺॹ ǾǔǠ ȠȉLjLj ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆȖƺ Κƺǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠঀ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ?ǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ 2ǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșljșȅǾƺǠǠƺǹ শ^ ੈ৅ ^Ǿƺǹǹ ȣșǩǿǓșș ljȠষ ǔș ƺੈtƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚΚǓǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺঀ Φ ^ ੈǾǓǠƻǹǹƺȒǫȠǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ h ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡƺLjLj șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȖƺ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǴƺ ǹǔȠǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠȤ ƺੈ ǷǷΚেǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ȖǓǿǠǓȠǓǠǓȠ ǷƺǾƺȠȅΦȠƺȠǦƺȠǿƺǷ ƺΦ ȣǿǩȆș ǴȅǠșΦƺLjƻǹΡȅǷ ǓǠΡșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǔLjȌǹ ǔș ǷȅȖșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǔLjȌǹॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺLjLjȆǹ ƺΦ ƺǾLjǩljǩȆΦȣș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾLjȆǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺΦ hেș ǴȅǠșΦƺLjƻǹΡȅǷLjȆǹ ǓȖǓǏȌ ƺǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƺȠǫΚ ȠǓȖǦǓǷǓȠ ǦǩΚƺȠȅȠȠ ljșȉǷǷǓǿȠǓǿǩঀ Φ h ƺੈ ǷǷΚেǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ƺǾLjǩljǩȆΦȣș ǾǓǿǓȠȖǓǿǏǓȠ șΦȅȖǠƺǹǾƺΦ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ?ǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ 2ǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșljșȅǾƺǠLjƺǿঀ ੈǏȅǷȣǾǓǿȠȣǾ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ^ ੈǷȉে ΦǔȒȒȅǿȠǴƻLjƺǿ ƺΦ ƺੈǾǓǠǠΡȌΦȌǏǔș ƻǹǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ƺੈǹǓǦǓȠȌ ǹǓǠǴȅLjLj ǷǓȖǓȠে ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǷ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƺ ǓǹșȌșȅȖLjƺǿ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖȠșǔǠǔǿ ǾȤǹǩǷঀ ੈǷǷΚেLjƺȖƻȠ ǦȅΦΦƻƻǹǹƻșǿƺǷ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅșșƻ ǷǓǹǹ Κƻǹǿǩƺॹ ƺੈșΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ƺΦ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺǹǷƺǹে ǾƺΦȆ ȠȉLjLjșǔǠǦǓΦ ǷǓǹǹ ǩǠƺΦǫȠƺǿǩঀ ੈǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅΦΦ ǓǹȌLjLj ǷǩljșǩLjǓǿ ǓǹΚ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȅȠȠ ǏȅǷȣǾǓǿȠȣǾ ǴȅǠƺǹǷȅȠƻșǩ Ǵƺে ΚƺșǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦॸ ࢵࢹ

ॷ Φ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅș ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷȖȆǹ șΦȆǹȆ ljșȅȒȅȖȠǾǓǿȠǓșșǔǠǩ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǓȠ শ( [ষ ƺੈ ǷǷΚেǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǿΡȤǴȠƺǿǏȆ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷ ৅ ƺੈ ǷǔȒΦǔșॹ ƺੈ ǟȅǠǹƺǹে ǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșॹ ƺੈ? ੼ ' ǔș ƺੈȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷ ৅ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿ ǓǠΡșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩ ǔș ȉșșΦǓǦƺǿǠȅǹǴƺ ƺੈ ǷǷΚেǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǾǓǠǹǔΚȌ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǔș ǿȉΚǓǹǩ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ LjǓȖȣǦƻΦƻșǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺǩǿƺǷ ǩǿȠǓǿΦǩȠƻșƻȠঀ [ǓǾǔǹǦǓȠȌǹǓǠ ǓΦ ƺੈȖǓǿে ǏǓǹǓȠ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓșΦǩ ǾǩǿǏ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅșॹ ǾǩǿǏ ȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș șΦǩǿȠǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșLjƺǿ ȖǔșΦǓșȧǹǴǓǿǓǷॹ ǾǩǷȉΦLjǓǿ ǾȣǹȠǩǿƺljǩȅǿƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷǷƺǹ ȒȖȆLjƻǹǿƺǷ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǓΦǿǩঀ ॷ Φ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǾƺǠƻǿȠƻȖșƺșƻǠȅǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻș শ ȣȖȅȒǓƺǿ XȖǩΚƺȠǓ ȅǾȒƺǿΡ ^ȠƺȠȣȠǓ ৅ ^X ষ ॷ ੈljșȉǷǷǓǿȠǓȠȠ ƻǟƺǷȣǹljșȅǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠ ƺੈȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾȅǷǿƺǷ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǦǓǹΡLjǓǿ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷȖƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ǟȌǷǔǿȠ ǷǷΚেǷ ǿΡȤǴȠƺǿƺǷॹ ǷǓǏΚǓΦǾǔǿΡǓș ƻǟƺǷȣǹljșȅǷƺȠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦΦƺǿƺǷঀ

222ঀ ࢵঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ ੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠǩ ȖƻȠƻǴƺॹ ǷȅȖljșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ GEO \2017

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h শࢳࢸ ȅȖșΦƻǠষ

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ǓȣȖȆȉΚǓΦǓȠ শࢲࢺ ȅȖșΦƻǠষ

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ǓȣȖȆȉΚǓΦǓȠ শࢲࢹ ȅȖșΦƻǠষ

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șΦȠȅȖșΦƻǠ

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(ȉȖȉǠȅȖșΦƻǠ

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GEO \2017

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/ȅȖΚƻȠȅȖșΦƻǠ

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EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ

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@ǩǓljǦȠǓǿșȠǓǩǿ

eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ࠌࠋࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ FDzȝDzȖ ȸͬDzȵȈȞȿȈ ǾȤǿȘǙȘȖȤͬȿǙȿȤȿȿȸǚǿȈ ȵǚȿǙ ऒৰओ

ੈȠǓǹǴǓș ǿǔȒǓșșǔǠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ȖƻȠƻǴƻȠ ȤǠΡ șΦƻǾǫȠǴƻǷ Ƿǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈࢳࢱ৅ࢷࢵ ǔΚǓș ǟȅǠǹƺǹে ǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠƺǷ șΦƻǾƻȠ ǓǹȅșΦȠǴƻǷ ƺΦ ƺΦȅǿȅș ǷȅȖȤ ǿǔȒǓșșǔǠ ȠǓǹǴǓș ǹǔȠșΦƻǾƻΚƺǹঀ ੈǾȣȠƺȠȆǷ ƺΦ h ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেǟǓǹǾǔȖǔșǔǿ ƺǹƺȒȣǹǿƺǷঀ ࢶࢱ

ੈǟǔȖЙ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƺ ࢳࢱࢲࢳেLjǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȣȖȆȒƻLjƺǿ শƺǿǿƺǷ ࢴࢸ ȅȖșΦƻǠƻLjƺǿষ ȉșșΦǓșșǔǠǔLjǓǿ Κƺǹƺে ǾǩΚǓǹ ЙƺȠƺǹƺLjLjƺǷ ΚȅǹȠƺǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ǟǔȖЙ ȠƻȖșƺǩǷঀ ^ΦǩǿȠǔǿ ࢳࢱࢲࢳেLjǓǿ ƺੈࢲࢶেࢳࢵ ǔΚǓș ǔș ࢳࢶেࢵࢺ ǔΚǓș ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǾƺǠƺșƺLjLj ΚȅǹȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ȣǠΡƺǿǓΦǓǿ ǷȅȖȅșΦȠƻǹΡLjƺǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔॹ ƺΦ ࢶࢱ ǔș ࢷࢵ ǔΚ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩǓǷ ǔș ƺੈࢷࢶ ǔΚǓș ΚƺǠΡ ǩǏȌșǓLjLj ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷȉȖǔLjǓǿ ƺΦȅǿLjƺǿ ȠȉLjLj ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌঀ ੈǹǓǠȠȉLjLj ǿȌǩ ǔș ǟǔȖЙ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ࢳࢶ ǔș ࢵࢺ ǔΚ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ΚȅǹȠ শࢶࢺઔ ǔș ࢶࢹઔॹ ǹƻșǏ ࢲࢲঀ ƻLjȖƺষঀ Φ hেࢳࢹেLjƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓș ǷȅȖljșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷLjƺǿ ǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺেࢴࢸ ǓșǓȠǔLjǓǿঀ

11. ábra: ত͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬȥȖ ȸͬǚͬǙȘdzȖȤȸ ǙȵǚȞͧǙ ࠍࠋࠌࠍणǧDzȞ ȖȤȵ dzȸ ȞDzȝ ȸͬDzȵȈȞȿ ǨȸȤȱȤȵȿȤȸȊȿ͠Ǚ ऒ ɂȵȥȱǙणࠎࠒओ

ࢳࢱࢲࢳেLjǓǿ ȣȖȆȒƻLjƺǿ শ hেࢴࢸষ ࢵࢱॹࢷ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ƺǷȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǓLjLjȌǹ ࢳࢺઔ শࢲࢲॹࢷ ǾǩǹǹǩȆষ ǿȌঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆLjƺǿ শ hেࢳࢹষ ǿǔǾǩǹǓǠ ǾƺǠƺে șƺLjLj ΚȅǹȠॸ ࢴࢲઔ শࢲࢱॹࢴ ǾǩǹǹǩȆষঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿǷǔǿȠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓǿ ǓǹȠǔȖȌ ΚȅǹȠঀ Φ ƺΦ ƺȖƻǿΡ @ǩǓljǦȠǓǿșȠǓǩǿLjǓǿ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǹǓǠǾƺǠƺে șƺLjLj শࢵࢴઔষॹ ǓΦȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȠǓ @ǓȠȠȅȖșΦƻǠ শࢵࢱઔষॹ @ǩȠΚƻǿǩƺ শࢵࢱઔষ ǔș @ȣΠǓǾLjȣȖǠ শࢴࢺઔষঀ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǹǓǠƺǹƺljșȅǿΡƺLjLj ǓΦ ƺΦ ǔȖȠǔǷ শࢲࢶઔষॹ ȣȠƻǿƺ ǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦǩǷ EƻǹȠƺ শࢲࢹઔষ ǔș 4ȖȅȖșΦƻǠ শࢳࢱઔষঀ ࢳࢱࢱࢹেLjƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ࢴࢱઔ ΚȅǹȠ ȣȖȆȒƺ শ hে ࢴࢸষ ǓșǓȠǔLjǓǿ ǔș ࢳࢹઔ ƺੈࢳࢹ ȠƺǠȤ hেLjƺǿঀ ੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǴȆ ǾȣȠƺȠȆ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǩǿȠǴǔǿǓǷ ȉșșΦǓǦƺে șȅǿǹǫȠƻșƻȖƺ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓș ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷLjƺǿ ǔș ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠঀ Φ ƺੈǾȣȠƺȠȆ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻΦƺǹǔǷȅș ƺȖƻǿΡƻȠ ǟǓǴǓΦǩ Ƿǩ ƺੈȠǓǹǴǓș ƺǷȠǫΚ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌǦȉΦ ΚǩșΦȅǿΡǫȠΚƺঀ ΦǓǷǓȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ǟȌƻǹǹƻșȤ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔǿȠ ΚǓȠȠǔǷ șΦƻǾǫȠƻșLjƺঀ ^ΦƻǾȅș ȅǷƺ Κƺǿ ƺǿǿƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƺǹƺǷǩ ȖǔșΦǾȣǿǷƺǩǏȌLjǓǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƻLjƺǿॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ǓǠΡ ǾƻșǩǷ ƻǹǹƻșॹ ƺੈǦƻΦȠƺȖȠƻșॹ șΦƺLjƺǏǩǏȌș ǓǹǟȅǠǹƺǹȠșƻǠॹ LjǓȠǓǠșǔǠ ΚƺǠΡ ǟȅǠΡƺȠǔǷȅșșƻǠॹ ǓǹȌȖǓǦƺǹƺǏȠ ǔǹǓȠǷȅȖ ΚƺǠΡ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠLjƺǿ ǹǓΚȌ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢳেLjǓǿ ƺΦ hেࢳࢹেLjƺǿ ƺੈȖǔșΦǾȣǿǷƺে ǩǏȌș ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷȉΦȧǹ ljșƺǷ ࢲࢶઔেǿƺǷ ΚȅǹȠ ǾƻșȅǏƻǹǹƻșƺॹ ǾǫǠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǓșǓȠǔLjǓǿ ǓΦ ƺΦ ƺȖƻǿΡ ࢴࢵઔ ΚȅǹȠঀ ੈȖǔșΦǾȣǿǷƺǩǏȌLjǓǿ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǾǩǿȠǓǠΡ ࢶࢱઔেƺ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠǷǔǿȠ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȅȠȠ ƺੈǾƻșǩǷ ƻǹǹƻșƻLjƺǿॹ ࢵࢸઔেȣǷǿƺǷ ǾƻșǩǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƺ ǩș ΚȅǹȠॹ ࢴઔ ȒǓǏǩǠ ljșƺǹƻǏȠƺǠǷǔǿȠ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȅȠȠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșLjƺǿঀ ੈ ࢳࢱࢲࢳেǓș ƺǏƺȠȅǷLjȆǹ ǷǩǩǿǏȣǹΚƺ ƺΦ hেࢳࢹেLjƺǿ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ࢵॹࢵઔেƻǿƺǷ ΚȅǹȠ ǾƻșǩǷ ƻǹǹƻșƺ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦƻșƺ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠॹ șΦǓǾLjǓǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ࢴॹࢸઔেƻΚƺǹঀ ࢶࢲ

=ǓǹǓǿȠȌș ǓǹȠǔȖǔșǓǷ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓș ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠঀ ੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ^ΚǔǏȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿॹ FȅȖΚǔǠǩƻLjƺǿ ǔș 2ΦǹƺǿǏȅǿ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈ ǹǓǠǾƺǠƺșƺLjLjॹ ƺੈ ǹǓǠƺǹƺljșȅǿΡƺLjLj ȒǓǏǩǠ ǹLjƻǿǩƻLjƺǿॹ /ȅȖΚƻȠȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ǔș [ȅǾƻǿǩƻLjƺǿঀ ੈ ǟǔȖЙ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ FȅȖΚǔǠǩƻLjƺǿॹ /ȅǹǹƺǿǏǩƻLjƺǿ ǔș ^ΚǔǏȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǹǓǠǾƺǠƺșƺLjLjॹ ƺੈǹǓǠƺǹƺljșȅǿΡƺLjLj ȒǓǏǩǠ [ȅǾƻǿǩƻLjƺǿॹ ^ΦǹȅΚǔǿǩƻLjƺǿ ǔș eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿঀ ΦǓǷ ƺੈ șΦƻΦƺǹǔǷȅș ƺȖƻǿΡȅǷ ljșƺǷ Ƿǩș ǾǔȖȠǔǷLjǓǿ ΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺǷ ࢳࢱࢱࢹ ȆȠƺॹ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǓșǓȠǔLjǓǿ েࢱॹࢲઔেǷƺǹॹ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǓșǓȠǔLjǓǿ ȒǓǏǩǠ েࢱॹࢳઔেǷƺǹঀ

12. ábra: 'Ȥȵȵǚȸ࣒ XǙȞȿDzȈǙ࣓ ȝɂȞȖǙDzȵȫणǾDzȘȝdzȵdzȸ ǙȘǙȱȓǚȞ ऒ ɂȵȤȸȿǙȿ࣓ hF2 ࣓ 2@K^e e dzȸ ȞDzȝͬDzȿȈ ȸȿǙȿȈȸͬȿȈȖǚȖओ

ࢶࢳ

FȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿLjƺǿ ǹǔΚȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠǫȒȣșƺǩ ৅ ǾǔȖǓȠॹ ǴȅǠǩ ǟȅȖǾƺॹ LjǓΚǔȠǓǹ ΚƺǠΡ ǓǠΡǔLj ǾȣȠƺȠȆǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ǷƺȠǓǠȅȖǩΦƻǹΚƺ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǔȖǓȠǔǿǓǷ ƺੈȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅș ǿǓǾǓ șΦǓȖǩǿȠǩ ljșȅȒȅȖȠȅșǫȠƻșƻȖƺ ࢲࢳ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ȅȖșΦƻǠLjȆǹ ƻǹǹȠƺǷ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșȖǓ ƺǏƺȠȅǷঀ ΦǓǿ ƺǏƺȠȅǷ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻে ǷƺȠ ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȠǓȠȠȧǷ ǾǓǠॸ ǾǩǷȖȅে শǷǓΚǓșǓLjLjॹ ǾǩǿȠ ࢲࢱ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠষॹ Ƿǩșে শࢲࢱেࢵࢺ ƺǹǷƺǹে ǾƺΦȅȠȠষॹ ǷȉΦǓȒǓș ǔș ǿƺǠΡΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ শȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ࢶࢱ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠষঀ ΦǓǷǓȠ ƺΦ ƺǏƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǴƺ LjǓ ࢲࢱ ȅȖșΦƻǠȖƺ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ƻLjȖƺॸ

13. ábra: 'Ȥȵȵǚȸ࣒ XǙȞȿDzȈǙ࣓ ȞDzȝͬDzȿȈ ȸȿǙȿȈȸͬȿȈȖǚȖ

ǠƺΦƺȠȅǷ ǔș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǫȒȣșȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷLjǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǴǓǹǓǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ࢳࢱࢱࢹেLjƺǿ ǔș ࢳࢱࢲࢳেLjǓǿ ȣȖȆȒƺেࢴࢸেLjǓǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ȠȉLjLjșǔǠLjǓǿ ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦșǔǠȧǠΡॹ ƺੈ șΦȅljǩƻǹǩș ǓǹǹƻȠƻșॹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔLj șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ǔș ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻș ƻǠƺΦƺȠƺǩLjƺǿঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢳেLjǓǿ ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦșǔǠȧǠǠΡǓǹ ǔș ƺੈșΦȅljǩƻǹǩș ǾȣǿǷƻΚƺǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ࢷࢱઔেƺ ΚȅǹȠ ǿȌॹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔLj șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖLjƺǿ ࢶࢺઔॹ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșLjƺǿ ȒǓǏǩǠ ࢶࢶઔ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺঀ Φ hেࢳࢹেȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȠƺȠΚƺ ȣǠΡƺǿǓΦǓǿ ƺǏƺȠȅǷ șȅȖȖǓǿǏLjǓǿ ࢷࢱઔॹ ࢷࢶઔ ǔș ࢶࢶઔ ΚȅǹȠঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺেࢴࢸ ǔș ƺΦ hেࢳࢹ ǓșǓȠǔLjǓǿ ǴȆΚƺǹ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡƺLjLj ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǔǿƻǹ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷLjƺǿॸ ǔȒǫȠȌǩȒƺȖॹ șΦƻǹǹǫȠƻș ǔș ȖƺǷȠƻȖȅΦƻșॹ ΚǫΦǓǹǹƻȠƻșॹ

ࢶࢴ

ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆ ǔș ǷȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻljǩȆॹ ǟǓǹǏȅǹǠȅΦȆǩȒƺȖঀ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺেࢴࢸেLjǓǿ ࢳࢱࢲࢳেLjǓǿ ȒǔǹǏƻে ȣǹ ƺੈǟǓǹǏȅǹǠȅΦȆǩȒƺȖLjƺǿ ƺǷȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ࢳࢲઔেƺ ΚȅǹȠ ǿȌঀ

ࠌࠏࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ 'Ȥȵȵǚȸ࣒ XǙȞȿDzȈǙ࣓ ȝɂȞȖǙDzȵȫणǾDzȘȝdzȵdzȸDzȖ ǙȘǙȱȓǚȞ ऒ ɂȵȤȸȿǙȿ dzȸ ȞDzȝͬDzȿȈ ȸȿǙȿȈȸͬȿȈȖǚȖओ ऒEDzǿȓDzǿͧͬdzȸ࣒ ȝȈȞǮDzȞ ȤȵȸͬǚǿȵǙ ǧDzǨȸɆȘȿ ǙǮǙȿȤȖ࣓ ȖȈ͠dz͠Dz ^ȱǙȞͧȤȘȤȵȸͬǚǿȤȿ࣓ KȘǙȸͬȤȵȸͬǚǿȤȿ dzȸ @DzȞǿͧDzȘȤȵȸͬǚǿȤȿओ

ੈǿȌǩ ǔș ǟǔȖЙ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǿǷǔǿȠǩ ǾǓǠȅșΦǹƻșƺ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺেࢴࢸ ǓșǓȠǔLjǓǿ ƺੈǹǓǠȠȉLjLj ȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ǷǩΚǔȠǓǹǹǓǹঀ XǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖLjƺǿ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡে ǷǓǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ǟǓǹǓ ΚȅǹȠ ǿȌ ǹLjƻǿǩƻLjƺǿॹ ǓǹǠǩȣǾLjƺǿॹ ƻǿǩƻLjƺǿॹ 'ǩǿǿȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿॹ 'ȖƺǿljǩƺȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿॹ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿॹ EƻǹȠƻǿॹ FȅȖΚǔǠǩƻLjƺǿॹ [ȅǾƻǿǩƻLjƺǿॹ ^ΦǓȖLjǩƻLjƺǿॹ ^ΦǹȅΚǔǿǩƻLjƺǿॹ ^ΚǔǏȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ǔș eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿঀ ੈșΦƺǷে Ǿƺǩॹ ȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǔș ǾȪșΦƺǷǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻLjƺǿॹ @ǓȠȠȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ǔș ^ΦǹȅΚƻǷǩƻLjƺǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǏȅǾǩǿƻǹȠƺǷঀ ੈ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǔș LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșǩ ƻǠƺΦƺȠLjƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ȠȤǹșȤǹΡLjƺǿ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ ǔș ^ΦǹȅΚƻǷǩƻLjƺǿঀ

ࢶࢵ

ੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠǓ ࢳࢱࢲࢳেLjǓǿ ƺΦ hেࢳࢹেLjƺǿ ǔș ƺΦ hেࢴࢸেLjǓǿ ǩș ǷǔȒΦǓȠȠǓLjLjǓǷ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ǟǔȖЙ ȠƻȖșƺǩǷঀ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺেࢴࢸ ǹǓǠȠȉLjLj ǟǔȖЙ ǔș ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ শࢵࢲઔ ǔș ࢵࢱઔষ Ƿȉে ΦǔȒǟȅǷȤ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠǠǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǓȠȠঀ Φ hেࢳࢹেLjƺǿ ǓΦ ƺΦ ƺȖƻǿΡ ࢵࢳઔॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ࢳࢷઔ ΚȅǹȠঀ

ࠌࠐࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ 'Ȥȵȵǚȸ࣒ XǙȞȿDzȈǙ࣓ ȝɂȞȖǙDzȵȫणǾDzȘȝdzȵdzȸDzȖ ǙȘǙȱȓǚȞ ऒ ɂȵȤȸȿǙȿ dzȸ ȞDzȝͬDzȿȈ ȸȿǙȿȈȸͬȿȈȖǚȖओ ऒEDzǿȓDzǿͧͬdzȸ࣒ ȝȈȞǮDzȞ ȤȵȸͬǚǿȵǙ ǧDzǨȸɆȘȿ ǙǮǙȿȤȖ࣓ ȖȈ͠dz͠Dz ^ȱǙȞͧȤȘȤȵȸͬǚǿȤȿ࣓ KȘǙȸͬȤȵȸͬǚǿȤȿ dzȸ @DzȞǿͧDzȘȤȵȸͬǚǿȤȿओ

EǫǠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǾƻșȅǏǩǷ ǹǓǠǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ljșȅȒȅȖȠǴƺ ƺǹƺȒǟȅǷȤ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠǠǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǓȠȠॹ ƺੈ ǿȌǷǿǔǹ ƺੈ ǾƻșȅǏǩǷ ǹǓǠǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ljșȅȒȅȖȠ ƺੈ ǟǓǹșȌǟȅǷȤ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠȪǓǷǔ ΚȅǹȠঀ ੈ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠǓȠ ȠǓǷǩǿȠΚǓ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ǓǹȠǔȖǔșǓǷ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠঀ ੈ Ƿȉে ࢶࢶ

ΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ȉȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǹǓǠǾƺǠƺșƺLjLj ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƻȠǹƺǠȅș ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠǔǿǓǷ șΦǩǿȠǴǓॸ șΦȠȅȖșΦƻǠॹ 4ȖȅȖșΦƻǠॹ ǓǹǠǩȣǾॹ FǔǾǓȠȅȖșΦƻǠ ǔș @ȣΠǓǾLjȣȖǠঀ ੈ ǹǓǠƺǹƺljșȅে ǿΡƺLjLj ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠǠǓǹ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿॹ XȅȖȠȣǠƻǹǩƻLjƺǿॹ [ȅǾƻǿǩƻLjƺǿॹ ǹLjƻǿǩƻLjƺǿ ǔș /ȅȖΚƻȠȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȠǓǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷঀ ǔȖǓǷ ǔș ǴȣȠȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ৅ ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠǓǷ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƻȠǹƺǠȅș ǿǓȠȠȆ ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǾǓ ƺΦ hেࢳࢹেLjƺǿ ࢳࢱࢲࢳেLjǓǿ ƻȠǹƺǠȅșƺǿ ࢷઔেǷƺǹ ΚȅǹȠ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡƺLjLjॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔঀ Φ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺΦȅǿLjƺǿ ǿƺǠΡ ǓǹȠǔে ȖǔșǓǷ ǾȣȠƺȠǷȅΦȠƺǷঀ ੈࢴࢱেLjȆǹ শ hেࢳࢹॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ 2ΦǹƺǿǏ ǔș FȅȖΚǔǠǩƺষ ࢳࢱ ȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƻȠǹƺǠȅș ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǾǓ ǾƺǠƺșƺLjLj ΚȅǹȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔঀ ੈǹǓǠে ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj LjǓΚǔȠǓǹǩ ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǴƺΚƻȖƺ ^ȒƺǿΡȅǹȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿॹ FȅȖΚǔǠǩƻLjƺǿ ǔș EƻǹȠƻǿ ΚȅǹȠ ǷǩǾȣȠƺȠǦƺȠȆॹ ǾǫǠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǴƺΚƻȖƺ FǔǾǓȠȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿॹ @ǩȠΚƻǿǩƻLjƺǿॹ ƻǿǩƻLjƺǿ ǔș @ǓǿǠΡǓǹȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠƺ ǔș ƺੈǾǓǠșΦȪǿǔș ȅǷƺǩ ǓǹǠǩȣǾLjȆǹॹ XȅȖȠȣǠƻǹǩƻLjȆǹॹ ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ?ǩȖƻǹΡșƻǠLjȆǹॹ @ǓȠȠȅȖșΦƻǠLjȆǹ ǔș /ȅǹǹƺǿǏǩƻLjȆǹ ƻǹǹȠƺǷ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșȖǓ ƺǏƺȠȅǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔǹǓȠȠƺȖȠƺǾƻȖȆǹঀ Φ ƺǏƺȠȅǷ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ǦƻȖȅǾ ljșȅȒȅȖȠȅȠ ǹǓǦǓȠǓȠȠ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȠǓȠǿǩॸ ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLjॹ ǾǩǿȠ ǓǠΡ ǔΚআ ࢲেࢶ ǔΚআ ǔș ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ࢶ ǔΚঀ

ࠌࠑࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ 'Ȥȵȵǚȸ ड XǙȞȿDzȈǙ࣓ ȞDzȝͬDzȿȈ ȸȿǙȿȈȸͬȿȈȖǚȖ ǙȘǙȱȓǚȞ ऒEDzǿȓDzǿͧͬdzȸ࣒ ȸɃȘͧȤͬȤȿȿ ȸͬǚȝȊȿȤȿȿ ǚȿȘǙǿ࣒ /ȤȘȘǙȞǮȈǙ࣓ @DzȿȿȤȵȸͬǚǿ࣓ ǿͧDzȸɆȘȿ ?ȈȵǚȘͧȸǚǿ࣓ XȤȵȿɂǿǚȘȈǙ dzȸ DzȘǿȈɂȝओ

ࢶࢷ

Φ ȉȠ ȣǿǩȆș ȅȖșΦƻǠ ƺǏƺȠƺǩ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƻȠǹƺǠȅșƺǿ ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLj ǔΚǓ ǾȪে ǷȉǏǿǓǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷǔǩঀ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ƻLjȖƻǿ ǹƻȠǦƺȠȆॹ ƺੈ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠǓǷ ΚǩșΦȅǿΡǹƺǠ ǷǩljșǩǷ ΚȅǹȠƺǷॸ

222ঀ ࢶঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ 222ঀ ࢶঀ ࢲঀ ǹǹƺǾǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ੈ ǓǹșȌ Ȓǩƺljॹ ǩȒƺȖॹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǔș ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǟȌ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔে ǿΡǓΦǔșǓॹ ƺǾǓǹǹΡǓǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷƺȠॹ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ȠǓȖΚǓΦȌ ǿȌǷǓȠ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ șǓǠǫȠȌ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǓȠঀ ǦȅǠΡ ǷȅȖƻLjLjƺǿ ǾƻȖ șΦȆLjƺ ǷǓȖȧǹȠॹ ƺੈ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ƺੈ?ǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ 2ǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșljșȅǾƺǠȅǿ শ^ ষ ǔș ƺੈtƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ljșǓে ǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ǔș ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠঀ K^E শ ȅǾȒǓȠǩȠǩΚǓǿǓșș ȅǟ ^Ǿƺǹǹ ƺǿǏ EǓǏǩȣǾে^ǩΦǓǏ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǩșǓșষ ੈ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǔǔȖȠ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȅȠȠॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢵ ǔș ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșȣǹȆ ȣǿǩȆș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾॹ ࢳॹࢴ ǾǩǹǹǩƻȖǏ ǓȣȖȆș ǷȉǹȠșǔǠΚǓȠǔșșǓǹঀ ੈ K^E ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠে ǷǓΦȌ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷǓǿ ǿΡȤǴȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷǿƺǷॸ ॷ ੈȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ǾǓǠǷȉǿǿΡǫȠǔșǓ ॷ ੈǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩΚǔ Κƻǹƻș ǔș ƺੈȒǩƺljȖƺ ǴȣȠƻș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ॷ ੈΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǿǓǷ ǷǓǏΚǓΦȌ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓ ॷ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓ ੈ K^E ƺΦ ^ ੈ?ǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ 2ǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșljșȅǾƺǠ ΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴȠƻșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ȠȧǷȖȉΦǩ ƺੈ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ șΦƻǿǏǔǷƻȠॸ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǷȉΦȒȅǿȠǩ șΦǓȖǓȒǔǿǓǷ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǔșǔȠ ƺΦ h ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠƻLjƺǿঀ ੈLjǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ǔș ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆΚƺǹ ǹƻȠǴƺ Ǔǹ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷƺȠ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌǷ ȖǔΚǔǿॸ ॷ |ȅȣȖ ȣȖȅȒǓ ȣșǩǿǓșș XȅȖȠƺǹॸ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǩ ȤȠǾȣȠƺȠȆ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƻLjƺǿ ǟȅǹΡȠƺে ȠȅȠȠ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǦǓΦঀ 2ǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆǷǷƺǹ ǔș ǩǿȠǓȖƺǷȠǫΚ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷǷƺǹ ǹƻȠǴƺ Ǔǹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ șǓǠǫȠǩǷ ȌǷǓȠ ƺੈǷȧǹǟȉǹǏǩ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦǷǓǏǔșLjǓǿআ ॷ ǿȠǓȖȒȖǩșǓ ȣȖȅȒǓ FǓȠΛȅȖǷॸ șǓǠǫȠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǿǩ ƺੈ Ȓǩƺljǩ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆǷǦȅΦॹ ǹǓǠΡȌΦǿǩ ƺੈǴȅǠǩ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȅǷƺȠॹ ǔș ǾǓǠȠƺǹƻǹǿǩ ƺੈȒȅȠǓǿljǩƻǹǩș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǓǷǓȠ ȣȖȆȒƻLjƺǿআ ࢶࢸ

ॷ ^E 2ǿȠǓȖǿƺȠǩȅǿƺǹǩșƺȠǩȅǿ ^ȣȒȒȅȖȠॸ ƺΦ ȅǹǏƺǹ ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺੈǷȧǹǟȉǹǏǩ ȒǩƺljȅǷȖȆǹॹ ǔș șǓǠǫȠ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠȧǷ ǿǓǾΦǓȠে ǷȉΦǩΚǔ ȠǔȠǓǹǔLjǓǿআ ॷ XȅȖȠƺǹ ȅǿ ljljǓșș Ƞȅ 'ǩǿƺǿljǓॸ ƺΦ ȅǹǏƺǹ șǓǠǫȠ ƺΦ hেȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷ ǾǓǠȠƺǹƻǹƻșƻLjƺǿঀ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǏȅǷȣǾǓǿȠȣǾȅǷǷƺǹ ȠƺǿƻljșȅǷƺȠ ƺǏ ǔș ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȠ ǩș ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǿǓǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ǩǿǏǫȠƺǿǩॹ ƻȠȖȣǦƻΦǿǩॹ ΚƺǠΡ ǾǩȣȠƻǿ ljșȌǏে LjǓ ǾǓǿȠǓǷॹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷƺȠ ȤǴȖƺǩǿǏǫȠƺǿǩঀ ੈ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ șΦƻǾȅș ȅǹΡƺǿ ǓșΦǷȉΦȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷ ǔș ƺΦ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǟǓǹȧǹǓȠǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ șǓǠǫȠǩǷ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ ΚƻǹƻșLjƺǿ ǔș ƺੈșǩǷǓȖǓș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡে șǔǠȧǷLjǓǿॸ v ǠƺȠǓ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ ੈv ǠƺȠǓ ǓǠΡ ȖǓǟǓȖǓǿljǩƺ ȒȅǿȠॹ ƺǾǩ ȉșșΦǓǦȅΦΦƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠॹ ƺੈǾǓǿȠȅȖȅǷƺȠॹ ƺੈ ǏȉǿȠǔșǦȅΦȆǷƺȠ ǔș ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ǔȖǏǓǷǓǹȠ ǟǓǹǓȠ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆǷƺȠঀ eƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦ ǓǠΡ ǹǩșȠƻȠ ƺੈ ǾǓǿȠȅȖȅǷȖȆǹॹ ƺੈ ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǓǷȖȌǹॹ ƺੈ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷȖȌǹ ǔș ǓǠΡǔLj ǟǓǹǦƺșΦǿƻǹȆǷȖȆǹঀ ǠΡ ƺǏȅȠȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅȠॹ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅȠ ǔș ǿΡǓǹΚǓȠ ǷǩΚƻǹƺșΦȠΚƺ ǾǓǠȠƺǹƻǹǴƻǷ ǓǠΡǾƻșȠ ƺΦȅǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ƺΦȅে ǿȅș ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿƺǷ ǔș ȣǠΡƺǿƺΦȅǿ ƺੈǿΡǓǹΚǓǿ LjǓșΦǔǹǿǓǷঀ ੈȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ ǩǿșȒǩȖƻǹॹ ǾȅȠǩΚƻǹॹ ǔș ǓǹǹƻȠǴƺ ƺੈǹǓǓǿǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǩǿে ǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆΚƺǹঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǾǓǠȠƺǹƻǹǴƻǷ ȖƺǴȠƺ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔș ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ΛǓLjȅǹǏƺǹƺǷ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌșǔǠǔȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǴȅǠǩ ȠƺǿƻljșƺǏƻșȠॹ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǓȠॹ ǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠ ǔș ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫে Ƞǔșǩ ȠǩȒȒǓǷǓȠ ǿΡȤǴȠƺǿƺǷঀ ΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȠ ƺǏ ƺȖȖȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡƺǿ ǹǓǦǓȠ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦǷǓǏǿǩ ƺΦ ǓǠΡșǔǠǓș ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ Ȓǩƺljȅǿঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ƺǿǠΡƺǹȅǷ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǓ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ XƺȖǹƺǾǓǿȠ ƻǹȠƺǹ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦȅȠȠ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔș ljǔǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠƻǾȅǠƺșșƺ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ƺΦ ƺǹȠǓȖǿƺȠǫΚ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ȠǓȖǔǿঀ eǓșΦǩ ǓΦȠ ƺΦƻǹȠƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆΚƺǹ ǹƻȠǴƺ Ǔǹ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ƺǿǠΡƺǹȅǷƺȠॹ ǟǓǹǷǔșΦǫȠǩ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ƺǿǠΡƺǹǹƻ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǿǓǷ Κƻǹǿǩॹ ǔș șǓǠǫȠǩ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ LjǓǾȣȠƺȠǦƺșে șƻǷ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǩǷǓȠ ƺੈȒȅȠǓǿljǩƻǹǩș LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǷǿǓǷঀ ੈǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢸেLjǓǿ ǦȅΦȠƻǷ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǿǔǠΡॹ ࢲࢵ hেȅȖșΦƻǠȅȠ ǔȖǩǿȠȌ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǷǓȖǓȠǔLjǓǿঀ

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ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠȌ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ শv ^ষ ੈv ^ ࢴࢲ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǿǓǾΦǓȠ শƺΦ h ȅȖșΦƻǠƺǩॹ 2ΦǹƺǿǏॹ FȅȖΚǔǠǩƺ ǔș eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠষ șΦƺǷে ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƺॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǷȧǹǏȉȠȠǴǓǩ ƺੈ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡȅǷƺȠ ǔș ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷǓȠ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǩǷঀ RǷ ǟǓǹǓǹȌșǓǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔǔȖȠ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻǔȖȠ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ șΦǩǿȠǓǿঀ ੈv ^ ȠƺǠǴƺǩ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆॹ ǾƻȖ ǹǔȠǓΦȌ ȠƻǾȅǠƺে ȠƻșȅǷǷƺǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș ȠƺǿƻljșƺǏƻșȠॹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠॹ ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȠ ǔș ǷȅǿȠƺǷȠ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆȠ ǿΡȤǴȠƺǿƺǷঀ ^ǓǠǫȠǓǿǓǷ ȠȅΚƻLjLjƻ ƺੈǴȆǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ ƺΦȅǿȅșǫȠƻșƻLjƺǿঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǓǩǿǓǷ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƺ ࢳࢱࢱࢺেLjǓǿ ǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠƻǷॹ ǔș ǾǩǿȠǓǠΡ ࢳࢳ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǷLjঀ ࢳࢸࢱ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ƺǹǷȅȠǴƺঀ ੈǿƺǠΡǷȉে ΚǓȠǓǷ ljǔǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȒǔǹǏƺǷǔǿȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹǴƺǿƺǷॹ ǔș ǓǹǾǓșǔǹǴǔǷ ȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠȧǷǓȠॹ ǓΦƻǹȠƺǹ ǿȉΚǓǹΚǓ ƺੈȠȣǏƺȠȅșșƻǠȅȠॹ ǔș ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦΚǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩǿǏǫȠƻșȠ ǾǩǿȠ ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǷȅȖȅșΦে ȠƻǹΡȠȆǹ ǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿȧǹঀ ੈǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǓǷ ǷȉΦȧǹ șȅǷƺǿ ȠȤǹȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠǓȠȠǔǷ ǓΦȠॹ ǔș ƺǷȠǫΚƺǿ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓȠȠǓǷ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻǿƺǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻLjƺǿঀ ੈ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ șǩǷǓȖǓșॹ ȠȤǹșΦƻȖǿΡƺǹȠƺ ƺੈȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡǓǷ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșǓ ǔș ƺੈLjǓΚȅǿȠ ljǔǹǷȉΦȉǿșǔǠ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠǔLjǓǿ ƺੈǷǩȠȪে ΦȉȠȠ ljǔǹȅǷƺȠঀ eȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ࢷࢶࢱ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ șΦǩǿȠȪ ǾǓǠLjǓșΦǔǹǔșȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦȠǓǷॹ ǔș ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ࢷࢲ ࢱࢱࢱ ǹǓǓǿǏȌ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆȠ șΦȆǹǫȠȅȠȠƺǷ ǾǓǠঀ ੈǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǓǷ ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ࢳࢶࢱ ȤǴॹ ǿȌǩ ΚǓΦǓȠǔșȪ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȠƻǷॹ ǔș ࢳࢳ ǿȌǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǔȒǫȠȌ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺে ȠȆ ǷǹȣLjȅȠ ǦȅΦȠƺǷ ǹǔȠȖǓঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǾǓǿȠȅȖƺǩǿƺǷ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƺ ࢳࢱࢲࢲেLjǓǿ ǩǿǏȣǹȠঀ ੈǾǓǿȠȅȖǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǦȅΦ ȠǩΦǓǿǦǔȠ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǩǷॸ ǹLjƻǿǩƺॹ ǓǹǠǩȣǾॹ ǩȒȖȣșॹ EƺljǓǏȆǿǩƺॹ (ȉȖȉǠȅȖșΦƻǠॹ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠॹ 4ȖȅȖșΦƻǠॹ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠॹ EȅǿȠǓǿǓǠȖȆॹ /ȅǹǹƺǿǏǩƺॹ [ȅǾƻǿǩƺॹ ^ΦǓȖLjǩƺॹ ^ΦǹȅΚƻǷǩƺॹ ^ΦǹȅΚǔǿǩƺॹ ^ȒƺǿΡȅǹȅȖșΦƻǠॹ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǔș ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ?ǩȖƻǹΡșƻǠঀ ੈǾǓǿȠȅȖǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ ȠƺǿƻljșƺǏƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ȌǷǓȠ ƺੈΚƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷ ǓǹǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻLjƺǿॹ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻșƻLjƺǿ ǔș ȠǓȖǴǓșΦǷǓǏǔșǔLjǓǿ ƺੈ ǷȅȖƺǩ șȠƻǏǩȣǾLjƺǿ শƺΦ ȤǴॹ ǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿLjƺǿ ǹǓΚȌ ǔș ǿȌǩ ΚǓΦǓȠȌΚǓǹ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǿǿƻǹǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ǾƻșȅǏǩǷȠȆǹ ǿǓǠΡǓǏǩǷ ǔΚǔǩǠষঀ

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222ঀ ࢶঀ ࢳঀ ǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ^ǦǓeȖƺǏǓș ੈ ^ǦǓeȖƺǏǓș ǓǠΡ ǩǿǠΡǓǿǓș ǔș ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦƻșॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ șǓǠǫȠ ƺੈ ǟǓǹǦƺșΦǿƻǹȆǿƺǷ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǓǿǩ ƺੈȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔȠॹ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓǿǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǩȠॹ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǓǷǓȠ Ƞƺǹƻǹǿǩ ΚƺǠΡ ǔȒȒǓǿ ȤǴ ȒǩƺljȅǷȖƺ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦǷǓǏǿǩঀ ੈ^ǦǓeȖƺǏǓș ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșॹ ǾǓǹΡǓȠ ƺੈFǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ?ȉΦȒȅǿȠ শ2e ষ ǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠ Ǔǹ ࢳࢱࢲࢶ șΦǓȒȠǓǾLjǓȖǔLjǓǿॹ ƺΦȠ ȠȪΦȠǓ Ƿǩ ljǔǹȣǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ࢳࢱࢳࢱেǩǠ ǓǠΡǾǩǹǹǩȆ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆȠ ǷȉȠ ȉșșΦǓ ƺੈȒǩƺljljƺǹঀ vǩǿǠș FǓȠΛȅȖǷ ੈ vǩǿǠș ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƺঀ ੈ ǷǩǹǓǿlj ǿΡǓǹΚǓǿ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷॹ ȅǷȠƺȠȆǷǿƺǷ ǔș șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǿǓǷ șΦȆǹঀ KǷȠƺȠȆƺǿΡƺǠȅǷƺȠ শljǩǷǷǓǷǓȠॹ ȠƺǿǟȅǹΡƺǾȅǷƺȠॹ ǷȅǿǟǓȖǓǿljǩƻǷƺȠ șȠLjঀষॹ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷǓȠॹ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷƺȠॹ ǾǓǿȠȅȖȅǷƺȠ ǷǓȖǓșǦǓȠ LjǓǿǿǓ ƺੈǟǓǹǦƺșΦǿƻǹȆॹ ΚƺǠΡ ǷȉΦΦǔȠǓǦǓȠǩ LjǓΚƻǹȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠƻȠ শȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǴǓǩȠ ǔș ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓে ΦǔșǓǩȠষॹ ǾǓǠȅșΦȠǦƺȠǴƺ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǩȠ ǔș ǓǠΡǔLj ƺǿΡƺǠƺǩȠॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ǾƺǠƺ ǩș ǾǓǿȠȅȖȖƻ ΚƻǹǦƺȠঀ ੈȖǓǠǩșΦȠȖƻǹȠ ǟǓǹǦƺșΦǿƻǹȆǷ ǷȉǿǿΡǓǏǔǿ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦǦƺȠǿƺǷ LjǓǿǿǓ șƺǴƻȠ ΛǓLjșǦȅȒȅȠ ǩșঀ v e2'| ৅ ੈǏǩǠǩȠƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻȠ ǔǹΚǓΦȌ ǿȅǿȒȖȅЙȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻে șȅǷƺȠ ǏǩǠǩȠƺǹǩΦƻǹƻșȖƺ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩঀ Φ ȧΦǹǓȠǓǾLjǓȖǓǷ ǔș ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ΚǩǏǓȅǩǿে ȠǓȖǴȤǷLjƺǿ ȅșΦȠǴƻǷ ǾǓǠ ȠȣǏƻșȣǷƺȠॹ ǔș ǓǹǾƺǠΡƺȖƻΦΦƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡƺǿ ǠΡȌΦȠǔǷ ǹǓ ǷǔȠșǔǠǓǩǷǓȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷ ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƺ ΚƺǠΡ ȠȅΚƻLjLjǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓ șȅȖƻǿঀ ੈΚǩǏǓȆǷȅǿ ǔș ƺੈǷǔȠșǔǠǓǷ ǾǓǠLjǓșΦǔǹǔșǔǿ ǷǫΚȧǹ ȒǔǹǏƻǷǷƺǹ ǩș șΦȅǹǠƻǹ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǓșǓȠǓǷȖǓॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șǩǷǓȖǓșǓǿ ΚǔǠǦǓΦΚǩȠȠǔǷ ƺੈǏǩǠǩȠƻǹǩș ƻȠƻǹǹƻșȠॹ ǔș LjǓ ǾȣȠƺȠǴƺ Ǔǿে ǿǓǷ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠƻȠঀ ?ǩȠǓȖǴǓǏ ƺΦȅǷȖƺ ƺੈșΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ ǩșॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ƺΦ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǔș șȅȖƻǿ ȠǩșΦȠǓǹǓȠLjǓǿ ǷǓǹǹ ȠƺȖȠƺǿǩঀ ǩǟȅȖh শ(ȉȖȉǠȅȖșΦƻǠষ FȅǿȒȖȅЙȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹƻșșƺǹ ǔș ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǔȒǫȠǔșșǓǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠঀ /ƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅșƺǿ ƺੈ ǠȉȖȉǠ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ΚǩșșΦƺȠƺȖȠȅȠȠƺ ƺੈ ǿȌǷǓȠ ƺȠȠȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșLjƺ ǟȅǠǴƺǿƺǷॹ ȠȤǹ ǷȅljǷƻΦƺȠȅșǿƺǷ ǫȠǔǹȠǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡে șǔǠǓȠঀ ǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷǔȒǓșǓǷ ǹǓǠΡǓǿǓǷ ǾǓǠǷȧΦǏǓǿǩ ƺΦ ǩǹΡǓǿ ƺȠȠǩȠȪে ǏȉǷǷǓǹ ǷǩȠǓǹǴǓșǓǏǦǓșșǓǿǓǷ ƺੈǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǴȧǷLjǓǿॹ ƺΦ ǩǟȅȖh ȅǹΡƺǿ ǷȅǿǟǓȖǓǿljǩƻǷƺȠॹ șΦǓǾǩǿƻে

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ȖǩȣǾȅǷƺȠ ǔș ΛȅȖǷșǦȅȒȅǷƺȠ Ƿǫǿƻǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠ ǔȖǩǿȠȌ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦǿƺǷঀ ǠΡǔǿǩ ǷȅǿΦȣǹȠƻljǩȆǷƺȠ ǩș șΦǓȖΚǓΦǿǓǷ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹȠ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǷƺǹঀ Φ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ƻȠƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺ ৅ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ Φ hেș /ȅȖǩΦȅǿȠ ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ƻǹȠƺǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȅȠȠ ǷȣȠƺȠƻșǩ ǔș ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆș ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠǩ ljșǓে ȖǓȒȖȅǠȖƺǾঀ Φ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ƻȠƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺॸ KǷȠƺȠƻș ǔș ǷǔȒΦǔș ƺੈșǩǷǓȖǔȖȠ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ljǔǹǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƻǿƺǷ ǔș ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠǾǔǿΡȒȅȠǓǿljǩƻǹǴƻǿƺǷ ǿȉে ΚǓǹǔșǓ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ȖǔΚǔǿॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǷȅǾLjǩǿƻǹǴƻǷ ƺੈǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿljǩƺƺǹƺȒȤ ǔș ƺΦ ৙ǓǏȣȠƺǩǿǾǓǿȠ৛ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔșǓǷǓȠঀ ੈljǔǹ ǿǓǾljșƺǷ ƺΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻș ǔș ȠȖǔǿǩǿǠǓǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǴƺΚȣǹǴȅǿ ƺੈșǩǷǓȖǓș ЙƺȠƺǹ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ƺΦ ǩșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓȖȌșȉǏǴȉǿ ƺੈǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ǔș ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿljǩƺǟǓǴǹǓșΦে Ƞǔș ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿঀ

222ঀ ࢷঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆইǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ?ǷΚেǷ /ǓȠǓ KǹΡƺǿ ȒƻǿǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǷƺǾȒƻǿΡॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ljǔǹǴƺ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓ ȣȖȆȒƺ șΦǓȖȠǓঀ ^ǓǠǫȠ ƺੈǾǓǠǹǔΚȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ƺੈȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșȖǓ ƻǹǹȆ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆǷ ǾǓǠȠƺǹƻǹƻșƻLjƺǿॹ ǔș ƺȖȖƺ ȠȉȖǓǷșΦǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ǿǩǿǔǹ ȠȉLjLj ǓǾLjǓȖȠ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦে Φȉǿ șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻȖƺঀ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ǷȅȅȖǏǩǿƻǹȠƺ ǷƺǾȒƻǿΡ ǷǓȖǓে ȠǔLjǓǿ ǓǠǔșΦ ǔΚǓǿ ƻȠ ȠƺȖȠƺǿƺǷ ȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡǓǷǓȠঀ ੈǟȌ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡȠ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǔΚLjǓǿ ȌșșΦǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓΦǩǷ ǾǓǠॹ ƺੈǷǷΚ ǷȅǿǟǓȖǓǿljǩƻΚƺǹ শ^E șșǓǾLjǹΡষ ǔș ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ OșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔǔȖȠ ǫǴ ƻȠƺǏƻșƻΚƺǹ শ ȣȖȅȒǓƺǿ ǿȠǓȖȒȖǩșǓ XȖȅǾȅȠǩȅǿ ΛƺȖǏș ǓȖǓǾȅǿΡষ ǓǠΡǩǏǓǴȪǹǓǠঀ ੈǷǷΚেǷ ǦǓȠǔǿǓǷ ǟȌ ljǔǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺșșƺ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ƺΦ ȣǿǩȆșॹ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩॹ ȖǓǠǩȅে ǿƻǹǩș ǔș ǦǓǹΡǩ șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷȖȆǹঀ ੈǷǷΚেǷ ǦǓȠǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ ǿΡȤǴȠȆ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǓȠ ǩș ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷȉȖǔLjǓǿঀ ΦǓǷ ƺੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ȒȖȅЙȠƻǹǦƺȠǿƺǷ ƺLjLjȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺ ǦȅǿǹƺȒǴƻǿ ȠƺǹƻǹǦƺȠȆ ǷȉΦে ȒȅǿȠǩ ΛǓLjȅǹǏƺǹȅǿ ǷȉΦΦǔȠǓșΦǩǷॹ ȖǓǷǹƻǾȅΦΦƻǷ șƺǴƻȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșȪ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǩǷǓȠঀ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ OșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔǔȖȠ ǫǴǴƺǹ ǴȣȠƺǹǾƺΦΦƻǷ ƺΦȅǷƺȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩॹ ȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș ǔș ǦǓǹΡǩ șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ǔș ƺੈǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠঀ Φ ȉșșΦǓș hেȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ 2ΦǹƺǿǏॹ ^ΦǓȖLjǩƺ ǔș eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǩ

ࢷࢲ

ǩș ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓǦǓȠǿǓǷ ƺੈΚǓȖșǓǿΡLjǓǿঀ ࢳࢱࢱࢷ ȆȠƺ ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ࢳࢹࢱࢱ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓȠ ǴǓǹȉǹȠǓǷ ƺੈǏǫǴȖƺॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǓǠΡȧȠȠ ȠȉLjLj ǓΦǓȖ ȤǴ ljǔǠ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻǦȅΦ ǴƻȖȣǹȠƺǷ ǦȅΦΦƻঀ Φ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǔșșǓǹ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƺǿǏȆ ljǔǹȅǷ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌǷॸ ॷ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǔș ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠȆ șǩǷǓȖǓș ȠǓΚǔে ǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷ ǔș ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ǷǩΚƻǹƺșΦȠƻșƺ ǔș ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓঀ ॷ ƺੈǹǓǠǴȅLjLj ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ǓǹǷǔȒΦǓǹǔșǓǷॹ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ LjǓǾȣȠƺȠƻșƺॹ ǾǓǠȅșΦȠƻșƺॹ ॷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾLjƺǿ ǴƻȠșΦȅȠȠ șΦǓȖǓȒǔǿǓǷ șΦǔǹǓș ǷȉȖLjǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ ǾǓǠǩșে ǾǓȖȠǓȠǔșǓॹ ȠȅΚƻLjLjƻ ॷ ƺੈȒȅȠǓǿljǩƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓ ǔș ǩǿșȒǩȖƻǹƻșƺঀ ੈǏǫǴ ǿΡǓȖȠǓșǓǩȠ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ?ǷΚেǷ /ǓȠǔǿǓǷ ȖǔșΦǓǷǔǿȠ ǾǓǠȠƺȖȠȅȠȠ ǷǷΚেǷȅǿǟǓȖǓǿljǩƻǿ ǦǩȖǏǓȠǩǷ Ƿǩॹ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻǷLjƺǿॸ ࢲঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓǏΚ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓ ৅ KǹΡƺǿ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩॹ ȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș ΚƺǠΡ ǦǓǹΡǩ șΦǩǿȠȪ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǿΡȤǴȠ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǔșȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹȅǷ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷȉȖǔে LjǓǿ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅǏƻșǾȆǏȅȠঀ ࢳঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ ৅ ǹǩșǾǓȖǩ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓে ǹΡǓǷ ǴƺΚǫȠǴƻǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǔș ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷǓȠঀ ࢴঀ Φ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓ ৅ KǹΡƺǿ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǿΡȤǴȠ Ǔǹǩșে ǾǓȖǔșȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠǴƻǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻȠ ǔș ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǔȠॹ ǓǠΡে șΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩǷ ƺΦ ƺǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƺȠǫΚ ǓǹǴƻȖƻșȅǷƺȠঀ ࢵঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǷȧǹȒǩƺljȖƺ ǹǔȒǔșǔǿǓǷ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǔșǓ ৅ ǹǩșǾǓȖǩ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǷǓΦǏǓǾǔে ǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺȖȖƺ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș Ƿȉে ΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǴȅLjLjƺǿ ǷǩǦƺșΦǿƻǹǴƻǷ ƺੈȒǩƺljȅǷ ǷǫǿƻǹȠƺ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠॹ ǾǩǿǏ ƺΦ hেǿ LjǓǹȧǹॹ ǾǩǿǏ ƺΦȅǿ ǷǫΚȧǹঀ ࢶঀ ੈΦȉǹǏ ȒǩƺljȅǷ ǔș ƺΦ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșেǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ৅ ǹǩșǾǓȖǩ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ΦȉǹǏ ȒǩƺljȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșǔȠॹ ǔș șǓǠǫȠǓǿǓǷ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșেǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠȣǷ ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƻLjƺǿॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈΦȉǹǏ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔLjǓǿ ǔș ȉșșΦǓǦƺǿǠȅǹƻșƻLjƺǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșLjƺǿঀ ࢷঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ƺੈ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǔȖȠ ৅ ǹǩșǾǓȖǩ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔে ǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșƻȠ ǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȅΦΦƻǷঀ ੈ ǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅș ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠȪǓǷॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ǾȣǿǷƺǿǔǹǷȧǹǩǓǷॹ ǹǓǠƻǹǩș LjǓΚƻǿǏȅȖǹȆǷॹ ǾȅΦǠƻșǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦȅȠȠƺǷ ΚƺǠΡ ǓȠǿǩǷƺǩ ǷǩșǓLjLjșǔǠǓǷǦǓΦ ȠƺȖȠȅΦȆǷ Κƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ǓȖȌǟǓșΦǫȠǔșǓǩȠ ǩș ǏǫǴƺΦΦƻǷঀ

ࢷࢳ

ੈΦșȪȖǩ ǟȌǏǫǴƻȠ ƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈȒƻǹΡƻΦȆǿƺǷ ǫȠǔǹǩǷ ȅǏƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ LjƻȖǾǓǹΡǩǷ ǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻLjƺǿ ƺੈΚƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƻLjƺǿ ƺੈ ǹǓǠǷȖǓƺȠǫΚƺLjLjǿƺǷ ǔș ǹǓǠǩǿșȒǩȖƻǹȆLjLjǿƺǷ ȠƺȖȠƺǿƺǷঀ

222ঀ ࢸঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ `ȒǓǹƺ =ƺǷțƺ ৙ ੈ XǓȠǩ ǓǹǓǾǓǿȠ শOȠȉǏǩǷ ǓǹǓǾষ ljǔǠΚǓΦǓȠȌǴǓǷǔǿȠ ǿǓǾljșƺǷ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩॹ ǏǓ ǷȖǓƺȠǫΚ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǩș ǓǹǹƻȠȅǷॹ ǾǩΚǓǹ ƺੈ ǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠॹ ƺੈȒȖȅǾȆljǩȆॹ ƺੈȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǓǷ ǔș ƺੈǴȉΚȌ ȠǓȖΚǓΦǔșǓ ǩș ƺΦ ǔǿ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȅǾঀ ΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ȠƺȖȠȅǷ ǓǏΦǔșǓǷǓȠ ǩșঀ ΦǓǿ ƺੈȠǔȖǓǿ ǟȅǹΡƺে ǾƺȠȅșƺǿ ȒȖȆLjƻǹȅǷ ȤǴ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǷǓȠ șΦǓȖǓΦǿǩॹ ЙΦǩȅȠǓȖƻȒǩƻȠ ȠƺǿȣǹȅǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈșΦƺǷȠȣǏƻșȅǾǾƺǹ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȧǠΡǟǓǹǓǾǿǓǷ ȠȣǏǴƺǷ șǓǠǫȠǓǿǩঀ EǓǿȠȅȖƻǹȅǾ ƺΦ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷƺȠ ǩșॹ ǟǓǹȧǠΡǓǹǓǾ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺ ǾǩǿȌșǔǠǔȠॹ ƺΦ ȧǠΡǟǓǹǓǷǷǓǹ ΚƺǹȆ ǷȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻljǩȆǴȣǷƺȠॹ ǔș ȉșΦȠȉǿΦȉǾ ȌǷǓȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǓǠǾƺȖƺǏǴƺǿƺǷ ƺΦȅǿ ƺੈȠȣǏƻșে șΦǩǿȠǓǿॹ ƺǾǩ ƺੈǴȆ ǾȣǿǷƺΚǔǠΦǔșǦǓΦ ǷǓǹǹঀ EǩǿǏǩǠ ǩș șΦǓǾLjǓșȧǹȠǓǾ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȅǷǷƺǹ ƺੈȒƻǹΡƺǟȣȠƻșȅǾ șȅȖƻǿঀ [ǓǿǠǓȠǓǠ ǓǿǓȖǠǩƻȠ ǔș ȒǔǿΦȠ ǟǓǷȠǓȠȠǓǾ ƺLjLjƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈljǔǠǓǾ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹǴǓǿ ƺΦ ǓǹΚƻȖƻșƺǩǾǿƺǷॹ ǔș ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǟǓǴǹȌǏȧǿǷঀ ੈǾȣǿǷƺ ǩȖƻǿȠǩ ǓǹǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠșǔǠ ƺੈǹǓǠǟȅǿȠȅșƺLjLjॹ ǾǓȖȠ ǓΦ șǓǠǫȠ ȠȤǹǹǓǿǏȧǹǿǩ ƺੈǿǓǦǔΦșǔǠǓǷǓǿঀ Φ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǓǾǾǓǹ ǷȉΦȉșǓǿ ǾǩǿȌșǔǠǩ ǾƻȖǷƻȠ ǦȅΦȠȣǿǷ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǔș ƺੈȠȅΚƻLjLjǩƺǷLjƺǿ ǩș șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǿǷ ǾǓǠȠƺȖȠƺǿǩ ǓΦȠ ƺੈșΦǫǿΚȅǿƺǹƺȠঀ LjLjƺǿ ǦǩșΦȧǿǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ljșƺǷ ƺੈǷǓǾǔǿΡ ǾȣǿǷƺ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓșॹ ǓΦǔȖȠ ljșƺǷ ȅǹΡƺǿȅǷǷƺǹ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȣǿǷ ǓǠΡȧȠȠॹ ƺǷǩǷে ǿǓǷ ǦƺȠƻȖȅΦȅȠȠ ǓǹǷǔȒΦǓǹǔșǓǩǷ ΚƺǿǿƺǷঀ ੈ șΦƺLjƺǏǩǏȌ ǔș ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƺ ǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡLjƺǿ ȠƺȖȠƻșƺ ǿǓǾ ǷȉǿǿΡȪॹ ǏǓ ǹǓǦǓȠșǔǠǓșঀ ΦǔȖȠ ȠȉȖǓǷșΦǓǾ ƺΦ ȉǿǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșȖǓ ȤǠΡॹ ǦȅǠΡ șΦȧǿǓȠǓȠ ȠƺȖȠȅǷॹ Ǧƺ ȠȤǹȠǓȖǦǓǹȠǿǓǷ ǔȖΦǓǾ Ǿƺে ǠƺǾঀ ੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șǩǷǓȖǓ ƺੈ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșșǓǹॹ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșșǓǹ ǾǔȖǦǓȠȌॹ ǓΦǔȖȠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ȤǴ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǷǷǓǹ ǷǓǹǹ ǓǹȌƻǹǹǿǩঀ iǠΡ ǠȅǿǏȅǹȅǾॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǹǓǠǟȅǿȠȅșƺLjLj ǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿljǩƺ ƺੈ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆ ǾǓǠে ǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǩǏȌLjǓǿ ȠȉȖȠǔǿȌ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƺঀ ǿǿƺǷ Κƺǿ ƺLjșΦȅǹȤȠ ǓǹȌǿΡǓॹ ƺǷǩǿǓǷ ǾǓǠΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǩ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ șǩǷǓȖǓș ǹǓǠΡǓǿ ƺΦȅǿ ƺੈ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǿ ȠǓΚǔে ǷǓǿΡǷǓǏǩǷঀ /ƻȖȅǾ ǟȅǿȠȅș ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠ ΚȅǹȠॹ ƺǾǩȖǓ ǟǓǹ ǷǓǹǹǓȠȠ ǷǔșΦȧǹǿȉǾ ǔș ƺǾǩΚǓǹ șΦǓǾLjǓ ǷǓǹǹǓȠȠ ǿǔΦǿǓǾॸ ƺΦ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻșƺॹ ƺੈЙΦǩȅȠǓȖƻȒǩƻș șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǷ ǾǓǠে șΦǓȖΦǔșǓ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠΚǓΦǓȠǔșঀ ࢷࢴ

Φ ǓǾLjǓȖǿǓǷ ǟǓǹ ǷǓǹǹ ǷǔșΦȧǹǿǩǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǹǔȠȖǓঀ ǠΡ șƺǴƻȠ ljǔǠ ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǔșǓ ǷǓǾǔǿΡ ǾȣǿǷƺॹ ǔș ǓǹǓǿǠǓǏǦǓȠǓȠǹǓǿ ǦȅΦΦƻ ƺੈșΦƺǷǾƺ ǩȖƻǿȠ ǔȖΦǓȠȠ șΦǓǿΚǓǏǔǹΡঀ /ƺ ǓΦ ǾǓǠΚƺǿॹ ǾƻȖ ljșƺǷ ǷȖǓƺȠǩΚǩȠƻș ǷǓǹǹঀ ੈȠƺǿƻljșȅǾॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺǷǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ƺǷƺȖ ǩǿǏǫȠƺǿǩॹ șΦǓȖǓΦΦǓǿ ǾǓǠ ǦȅΦΦƻ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ȠȣǏƻșȠ ৅ ǓΦ ȅǹΡƺșǾǩॹ ƺǾǩȠ șǓǿǷǩ ǿǓǾ ΚǓǦǓȠ Ǔǹ ȠȌǹȧǿǷঀ hȠƻǿƺ ǾƻȖ ljșƺǷ LjƻȠȅȖșƻǠȖƺ Κƺǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠঀ șƺǷ ƺੈLjƻȠȅȖ ǓǾLjǓȖǓǷ ȠȣǏǴƻǷ ǾǓǠΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠে ǿǩ ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠȅȠঀ৛ EǩljǦƺǓǹƺ /ȖǏǹǩNjǷȅΚƻ ৙eƺǿȣǹȠƺǾ ǾȅǹǓǷȣǹƻȖǩș LjǩȅǹȆǠǩƻȠ ǔș ǾǩǷȖȅLjǩȅǹȆǠǩƻȠॹ ǔș ȖȉΚǩǏ ǩǏǓǩǠ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȠƺǾ ǓǠΡ ǷȆȖǦƻΦ ǾǩǷȖȅLjǩȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǹƺLjȅȖƺȠȆȖǩȣǾƻLjƺǿঀ ǹΚǓΦȠǓǾ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƻǾƺȠॹ ǏǓ ǦǩƻǿΡȅΦȠƺǷ ƺΦ ǓǾLjǓȖǓǷ ǔș ƺੈ ǷȖǓƺȠǫΚ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȅǷঀ ੈșΦȧǹǔșǩ șΦƺLjƺǏșƻǠ ƺǹƺȠȠ șǓǠǫȠǓȠȠǓǾ ǓǠΡ ȅșΦȠƻǹΡȠƻȖșƺǾে ǿƺǷ ǓǠΡ ǷȅΦǾǓȠǩǷƺǩ ǷȖǔǾǾƻȖǷƺ ǓǹǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻLjƺǿॹ ǔș ȖƻǴȉȠȠǓǾॹ ǦȅǠΡ șΦǓȖǓȠǓǾ ȠƺǿǫȠƺǿǩ ƺΦ ǓǾLjǓȖǓǷǓȠॹ ǔș ƺǾǩ ƺੈ ǹǓǠǟȅǿȠȅșƺLjLjॹ ǦȅǠΡ LjǫΦǿƺǷ LjǓǿǿǓǾॹ ǔș ǷȅǾȅǹΡƺǿ ΚǓșΦǩǷ ƺੈΚǔǹǓǾǔǿΡǓǾǓȠঀ FǓǦǔΦșǔǠǓǷǷǓǹ ǩș șΦǓǾLjǓșȧǹȠǓǾ ƺΦ ȣȠƺǾ șȅȖƻǿ ৅ șȅǷ ǓǾLjǓȖȖǓǹॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǾǓǠȒȖȆLjƻǹȠƻǷ ǓǹΚǓǿǿǩ ƺੈ ǷǓǏΚǓǾॹ ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ ǔȖΚǓǷǷǓǹঀ tȅǹȠƺǷ ǷȅǹǹǔǠƻǷ ǔș ǩșǾǓȖȌșȉǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǾǓǠে ȒȖȆLjƻǹȠƺǷ ǓǹȠǔȖǫȠǓǿǩ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺșȠǫǹȣșȅǾȠȆǹॹ ǔș ȒȖȆLjƻǹȠƺǷ ƺੈǷȅȖƻLjLjǩ ǔΚǓǷ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠƻȖƺ ǷǔǿΡșΦǓȖǫȠǓǿǩঀ ^ȅǷșΦȅȖ ƺΦΦƺǹ ǔȖΚǓǹȠǓǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǷȖǓ ȠȉLjLj ǩǏȌȠ ǷǓǹǹ șΦƻǿǿǩঀ Ǔ ǦƺȠ ǔΚǓǿ ƻȠ șΦȧǹǔșǩ șΦƺLjƺǏșƻǠȅǿ ΚȅǹȠƺǾॹ ǔș ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǩș ǟȅǿȠȅș ΚȅǹȠ șΦƻǾȅǾȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠȉȖȌǏǴǓǷ ƺੈ ǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǩǾǾǓǹॹ ǔș ƺੈ ΚǓǹȧǷ ΚƺǹȆ ȠȉȖȌǏǔșǿǓǷ ǿǓǾ ƺੈ ǾǓǿǿΡǩșǔǠǓॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ƺੈǾǩǿȌșǔǠǓ ǟȅǿȠȅș șΦƻǾȅǾȖƺঀ ^ΦǓȖǓǿljșǔȖǓ ƺੈǟǔȖǴǓǾॹ ƺΦ ǔǏǓșƺǿΡǴƺ ǔș ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏȅǾ Ǿǩǿে ǏǩǠ ǩș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȅȠȠঀ FΡǩȠȅȠȠ ΚƺǠΡȅǷ ƺΦ ȤǴ ǏȅǹǠȅǷȖƺ ǔș ΚǔǹǓǾǔǿΡǓǷȖǓঀ ੈΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ǾȆǏে șΦǓȖǓǩǾǿǓǷ șȅǷ ȠǩȒǩǷȣșƺǿ ǿȌǩ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǴǓ Κƺǿ ৅ ȅǏƺЙǠΡǓǹǔșॹ ǔȖΦǓǹǓǾॹ ƺੈljșƺȒƺȠǾȣǿǷƺ șΦǓȖǓȠǓȠǓॹ ȤǴ ȣȠƺǷ ǟǓǹǟǓǏǓΦǔșǓঀ ǠΡ ǩǏǓǩǠ ƺΦ ǔǿ ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǾǓǾ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏ ǟȌ LjǓΚǔȠǓǹǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșƺঀ șǓǦȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ǷǓΦǏǓȠে LjǓǿ ȠȤǹ ǷȅǿΦǓȖΚƺȠǫΚ ΚȅǹȠ ƺΦ ǩǏǓƻǹǩș ljșƺǹƻǏǾȅǏǓǹǹ ৅ ƺੈǟǔȖЙ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷॹ ƺੈǿȌ ƺੈǦƻΦǩǾȣǿǷƻȠ ΚǔǠΦǩঀ [ȅșșΦƺǹǹƻșșƺǹ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠǓǷ ƺȖȖƺॹ Ǧƺ ǓǠΡ ǿȌ ǓǹǟȅǠƺǏǴƺ ƺੈșǓǠǫȠșǔǠǓȠ ƺੈǦƻΦǩǾȣǿǷƻে Ljƺǿॹ ǦǩșΦǓǿ ƺΦ ƺΦȠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǓȠȠǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ȍ ǾƺǠƺ ǷǔȒȠǓǹǓǿ Ȗƻঀ ǿ ƺΦȅǿLjƺǿ ЙΦǓȠȠǓǾ ȅǹΡƺǿ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷǔȖȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ƺΦ ǓǹΚǔǠΦǔșǔȖǓ ǿǓǾ ΚȅǹȠ ǩǏȌǾॹ ǫǠΡ ȠȉLjLjǓȠ ǹǓǦǓȠȠǓǾ ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏȅǾǾƺǹঀ ੈljșƺǹƻǏȅǾ ȖǓǿǠǓȠǓǠǓȠ șǓǠǫȠǓȠȠঀ EǩǿǏǓǿ ǹǓǦǓȠșǔǠǓș ǾȆǏȅǿ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȠƺǷঀ ੈǟǔȖǴǓǾ ƺǿΡǴƺ ΚǩǠΡƻΦȅȠȠ ƺੈǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǩǾȖǓঀ ੈǟǔȖǴǓǾ ǾǓǠǔȖȠǓȠȠǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǔȖȠ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȅǾ ƺǿǿΡǩȠॹ

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ǔș ǾǔǠ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ǾȣǿǷƻǴƺ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ǩș ǓǹǹƻȠȠƺ ƺੈǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ljșƺǷ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺੈǷȉȖȧǹǾǔǿΡǓǷঀ ੈ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠǓǾ ǔș ƺੈ ȠȅΚƻLjLjǷǔȒΦǔș ƺǹƺȒΚǓȠȌ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǓȠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǓȠȠঀ (ΡȆǠΡșΦǓȖǩȒƺȖǩ ljǔǠǿǔǹ ǏȅǹǠȅΦΚƺ ǦƺșΦǿƻȠ ΚǓȠȠǓǾ ȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅș șΦƺǷǩȖƻǿΡȤ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡƺǩǾǿƺǷॹ ƺΦ E ੈȅǷȠƺȠƻș ȒǓǏǩǠ șǓǠǫȠǓȠȠ ƺΦ ǓǾLjǓȖǓǷ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻșƻLjƺǿॹ ƺੈȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǓǷLjǓǿ șȠLjঀ ੈǹǓǠে ǴȅLjLj ǩșǷȅǹƺ ƺੈǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠঀ ੈșǩǷǓȖǓǾLjǓǿ ǏȉǿȠȌ șΦǓȖǓȒȧǷ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǴȆ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǿǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷȖǓ ǟǓǹ ΚȅǹȠƺǾ ǷǔșΦȧǹΚǓঀ ?ȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻljǩȆș ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷॹ ƺΦ ȅǏƺЙǠΡǓǹǔș ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǓ ǔș ǓǾȒƻȠǩƺ ৅ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǷǔǿȠ ǓΦǓǷǓȠ ǾǩǿǏ ǦƺșΦǿƻǹȅǾঀ ੈǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǩ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔșȠ ȤǠΡșΦǩǿȠǔǿঀ ?ǔȒǓș ΚƺǠΡȅǷ ȤǴ ǏȅǹǠȅǷƺȠ Ƞƺǿȣǹǿǩ ǔș ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠLjƺǿ ǩș ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǿǩ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƻǾ șȅȖƻǿঀ ?ȉǿǿΡǓǿ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǷȅǏȅǾ ƺੈ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷǦȅΦঀ 2șǾǓȖǓǾ ǔș ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅǾ ƺੈ ǴȆ ǾȣǿǷƻǦȅΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ȠǓljǦǿǩǷƻǷƺȠঀ ?ȉǿǿΡǓǿ ȠȅΚƻLjLjǫȠȅǾ ƺΦ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩে ȆǷƺȠঀ KǏƺЙǠΡǓǹǓǷ ƺੈȠȉLjLjǩǓǷ ȒȖȅLjǹǔǾƻǩȖƺঀ ^ΦǓȖǓȠǓǷ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǩ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǔȒǫȠǓǿǩঀ 'ȅǿȠȅș șΦƻǾȅǾȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƻǾ șȅȖƻǿ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǴǓǷঀ ੈΚǓǹǓǾ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȆǷ șΦǓǾǔǹΡǓș ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǓ șΦǩǿȠǔǿ ǟȅǿȠȅș șΦƻǾȅǾȖƺঀ tǩȠƻș ȧǠΡǓǷ ǓșǓȠǔǿ ƺੈLjǔǷǔȖǓ ȠȉȖǓǷșΦǓǾॹ ǩǠΡǓǷে șΦǓǾ ȤǠΡ ȠƻȖǠΡƺǹǿǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ΚǔǠǔǿ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǷǩ ǓǹǔǠǓǏǓȠȠ ǹǓǠΡǓǿঀ FǓǾljșƺǷ ǷȅȅȖǏǩে ǿƻǹȅǾॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ǾȅȠǩΚƻǹȅǾ ǩș ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƺȠƻȖșƺǩǾƺȠঀ ^ΦǓȖǓȠǓǷ ljșƺȒƺȠLjƺǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿǩঀ ?ȉǿǿΡǓǿ ǾǓǠșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓǾ ৅ ǾǓǠȠǓȖΚǓΦǓǾ ƺੈ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǩǾǓȠঀ XȖȅLjǹǔǾƻǷƺȠ ȅǹǏȅǷ ǾǓǠॹ ǔș ǾǓǠȅǹǏƻșȅǷƺȠ ȠƺǹƻǹȅǷঀ ^ΦǓȖǓȠǓǾॹ Ǧƺ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ljǔǹǴƺǩǾॹ ǔș șΦǓȖǓȠǓǾ ǓǹǔȖǿǩ ȌǷǓȠঀ ?ǔȒǓș ΚƺǠΡȅǷ ǠΡȅȖșƺǿ ǏȉǿȠǓǿǩঀ OșșΦǓ ȠȣǏȅǾ ǦƺǿǠȅǹǿǩ ƺੈȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǩǾǓȠ শƺ Ǿȣǿে ǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǿ ǔș ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿǔǹǓȠLjǓǿ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠষঀ FǓǾ ǦƺLjȅΦȅǷ ȠƺǿƻljșȅȠ ǷǔȖǿǩঀ ?ǔȒǓș ΚƺǠΡȅǷ ǾƻșȅǷ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠƻȠ ǔș ȠƺǿƻljșƺǩȠ ǦƺșΦǿȅșǫȠƺǿǩঀ ǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾƻșȅǷ șΦǓȖǓșșǓǿǓǷॹ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǓǾ ǷǓǹǹ ǾƺǠƺǾঀ ੈ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓΦǔș ǾǓǠǓǹȌΦǩ ƺੈȒȖȅLjǹǔǾƻȠঀ /ƺ Κƺǿ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǏॹ ǿǓ ǦƺǠΡǏॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǹǓȠȉȖǴǓǿǓǷঀ șǩǿƻǹǏॹ ƺǾǩȠ ǔǹΚǓΦǓǹॹ ǹǔǠΡ LjȅǹǏȅǠॹ ǔș ǓΦ LjȅǹǏȅǠǠƻ ȠǓșΦǩ ƺੈǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǓǏǓȠ ǩșঀ FǓ LjƻǿȠș șǓǿǷǩȠॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǷǓȠ ǿǓঀ ș ǿǓ ǟǓǹǓǴȠșǏ Ǔǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǴȆॹ Ǧƺ Κƺǿ ΚƺǹƺǷǩॹ ƺǷǩǦǓΦ ΚǩșșΦƺȠǔȖǦǓȠșΦॹ Ǧƺ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǿǓǹ ΚǔǠǓΦȠǔǹঀ ੈΚǓΦǓȠǔș ȠȉǷǔǹǓȠǓș ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠ ǓǠΡ ǿȌ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ǾǓȖȠ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓșΦǩ ƺΦȅǿ ǿȌǩ ǷΚƺǹǩȠƻșȅǷ ǷǩǦƺșΦǿƻǹƻșƻȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǷǓǹ ǹǓǠȠȉLjLj ǟǔȖЙ ǿǓǾ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǩǷঀ FǓ ǟȅǴȠșǏ Ǔǹ ƺੈǿȌǩșǔǠǓǏǓȠॹ ǿǓ ȒȖȆLjƻǹǏ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷƺȠ ȣȠƻǿȅΦǿǩॹ ǾǓȖȠ ƺΦ șȅșǓǾ șȧǹ Ǔǹ ǴȆǹॹ șȌȠ ǿǓΚǓȠșǔǠǓșșǔ ΚƻǹǦƺȠșΦঀ৛

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@ǓǿǷƺ XȣǦ ৙ࢲࢺࢹࢺেLjǓǿ ǦȅΦȠƺǾ ǹǔȠȖǓ ƺੈljǔǠǓǾॹ ƺੈ=ƺΦȅǿȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺੈǷǓΦে ǏǓȠǓǷȠȌǹ ǟȅǠΚƺ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷǦǓΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓșǓǷ ǷǓǹǹǔǷǓǷǷǓǹ ǹƻȠǴƺ Ǔǹ ƺੈljǔǠǓǷǓȠॸ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ǩȖȅǏƺǩ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǷǓǹॹ ǫȖȆșΦǓȖǓǷǷǓǹঀ ^ΦƻǾȅș șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓȠȠȧǿǷ Ƿǩ ƺੈǏȅে ǷȣǾǓǿȠȣǾȅǷ ǾǓǠȌȖΦǔșǓ ȠǓȖǔǿঀ ࢳࢱࢱࢶেLjǓǿ ǷǓΦǏȠȧǿǷ Ǔǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠǿǩ ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ ǟȅǠΡƺȠǔǷȅșșƻǠǠƺǹ ǔǹȌ ǓǾLjǓȖǓে ǷǓȠॹ ǔș ࢳࢱࢱࢷেȠȆǹ ƺੈ=ƺΦȅǿ șΦȅljǩƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǷǔǿȠ ǾȪǷȉে ǏǩǷঀ ੈǠǹȅLjƻǹǩș ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ΚƻǹșƻǠ ǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȠǔLjǓǿ ࢳࢱࢲࢱেLjǓǿ șΦƻǾȅș ǷȣǹljșǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠȤ ȧǠΡǟǓǹǓȠ ΚǓșΦǫȠǓȠȠȧǿǷ Ǔǹॹ ǫǠΡ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǷ ǾǓǠȌȖΦǔșǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȠȣǷ ƺੈ ǓΚǓǹȅȒǾǓǿȠ ȅȅȒǓȖƺȠǩΚǓ ȠȖǩ শ ȠȖǩ ৅ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ șΦȉΚǓȠǷǓΦǓȠষ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǾȅǏǓǹǹȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ȉȠΚȉΦǩ ƺΦ ȉǷȅǹȆǠǩƻȠॹ ƺΦ ǓȖǠȅǿȆǾǩƻȠ ǔș ƺΦ ǓȠǩǷȣș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȅȠঀ ੈșΦȉΚǓȠǷǓΦǓȠ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǓȠ ǔȒǫȠॹ ǔș ǿƺȒǴƺǩǿǷLjƺǿ ǩș ǟǓǴǹȌǏǩǷঀ LjLjǓǿ ƺੈȒǩǹǹƺǿƺȠLjƺǿ ǦƺȠ ǴȅǠǩ ǓǠΡșǔǠLjȌǹ ƻǹǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ࢷࢴ șΦǓǾǔǹΡȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠǿƺǷঀ ੈǷȉΦǓǹǾȤǹȠLjƺǿ ǾǓǠǦƻȖȅǾșΦȅȖȅΦȠȣǷ ƺΦ ȤǴ ƻǹǹƻșȅǷ șΦƻǾƻȠঀ KǹΡƺǿ ǓǾLjǓȖǓǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǩș ǾȣǿǷƻȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠǓȠȠȧǿǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǓǠǔে șΦǓǿ ƺੈǷȉΦǓǹǾȤǹȠǩǠ ȠǓǹǴǓșǓǿ Ƿǩ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ȖǓǷǓșΦȠΚǓ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌȒǩƺljȖȆǹ শȒǹঀ șȒǓȖǠǓȖে șΦǩǿǏȖȆǾƻșȅǷॹ șljǹǓȖȅșǩș ǾȣǹȠǩȒǹǓΠǓșǓǷ șȠLjঀষঀ ^ΦƺǷȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǾ ƺΦ ǓȖǠȅǿȆǾǩƺ ǔș ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹǹΡǓǹ ࢳࢱࢲࢲেLjǓǿ ǷȧǹǟȉǹǏȉǿ ǩș LjǓǾȣȠƺȠǷȅΦȠƺǾঀ ΦȆȠƺ șΦƻǾȅș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆLjƺǿ ǴƺΚǫȠȅȠȠȣǷ ƺੈ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠǓȖǠȅǿȆǾǩƻȠॸ ƺੈ ǷƺȖে ȖǩǓȖȖǓǦƺLjǩǹǩȠƻljǩȆȠȆǹ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǩ ǓǠǔșΦșǔǠǾǓǠȌȖΦǔșȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔșǓǷǩǠ ȅǹΡ ǾȆǏȅǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ǓǠΡǩǏǓǴȪǹǓǠ ljșȉǷǷǓǿȠǦǓȠǩǷ ǷȉǹȠșǔǠǓǩǷǓȠॹ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹǿǓǷ LjǩΦȅǿΡȅș ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǩ ǷȖǩȠǔȖǩȣǾȅǷǿƺǷ ǔș ǷȉΦLjǓǿ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǟǓǹǓǹȌșșǔǠǓȠ ǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǿƺǷঀ ੈ ǷȉȖǷȉȖȉș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ȤȠȠȉȖȌǩ ǷȉΦǔ ȠƺȖȠȅΦȣǿǷॹ ǦǩșΦǓǿ ƺੈ =ƺΦȅǿ ǔș ƺੈ ǓΚǓǹȅȒǾǓǿȠ ȅȅȒǓȖƺȠǩΚǓ ȠȖǩ șΦƻǾȅș ǏǫǴƺȠ ǿΡǓȖȠ ǓΦǓǿ ƺੈȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿঀ Φ ȠȖǩ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǾȅǏǓǹǹ ΦȉǹǏșΦȅে ljǩƻǹǩș ǟȖƺǿljǦǩșǓেǷǔǿȠ ȠǓȖǴǓǏ ^ΦǹȅΚǔǿǩƻLjƺǿঀ 4ǠΡ ǔȒȧǹ ƺੈLjǓǟȅǠƺǏȆ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ЙƺȠƺǹ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǷ ǩș ƺੈȠƺǠǴƺǩঀ EǓǠ ΚƺǠΡȅǷ ǠΡȌΦȌǏΚǓ ƺȖȖȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǠΡǓȠǹǓǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ șǓǾ ǹǓǦǓȠ șǩǷǓȖǓș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǿǔǹǷȧǹঀ ^ΦƻǾȅǾȖƺ ƺੈșǩǷǓȖ Ƿȣǹljșƺ ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏȅǾ ৅ ǔǏǓșƺȒƻǾॹ ǔǏǓșƺǿΡƻǾ ǔș ƺੈȠǓșȠΚǔȖǓǩǾॹ ǷǔșȌLjLj ƺੈǟǔȖǴǓǾ ǔș ƺੈǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǩǾ ৅ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ΚȅǹȠঀ Φ ȤǠΡǿǓΚǓΦǓȠȠ ৙ȒƻȖȠǟȅǠȆǷ৛ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ǿǔǹǷȧǹ șǓǾ șǩǷǓȖȧǹȠ Κȅǹǿƺ ৅ ǓΦǓǷ ƺΦȅǷ ƺΦ ǓǾLjǓȖǓǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ƺΦ ƺǏȅȠȠ ȒǩǹǹƺǿƺȠLjƺǿ ǓǠΡ LjǩΦȅǿΡȅș ǦǓǹΡǓǿ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ƺੈ ǦǩǓȖƺȖljǦǩƻLjƺǿॹ ǿƺǠΡΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǩॹ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǩॹ ƺǷǩǷ ȠȤǹ ǩǏȌșǓǷ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ࢷࢷ

ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿȧǹ ǩș ǓǹǩǿǏȣǹǴƺǿƺǷ ƺੈȒƻǹΡƻǿॹ ǏǓ LjǓǿǿȧǿǷॹ ЙƺȠƺǹȅǷLjƺǿ ǹƻȠȠƺǷ ȒȅȠǓǿljǩƻǹȠॹ ǔș ƺǿΡƺǠǩǹƺǠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȠƺǷ LjǓǿǿȧǿǷǓȠঀ ǷǷȅȖǩLjƺǿ ƺੈLjƺǿǷȅǷ ǔȒȒ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǾǓȖǓΚǓǷ ΚȅǹȠƺǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ǾȅșȠॹ ǿǓǾ ΚȅǹȠ ǷȉǿǿΡȪ ȠȌǷǔে ǦǓΦ ǴȣȠǿǩॹ ǓΦǔȖȠ ǿǔǹǷȧǹȉΦǦǓȠǓȠǹǓǿ ΚȅǹȠ ƺΦ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǓǾLjǓȖǓǷLjȌǹ ƻǹǹȆ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǹƻȠȠƺǷ LjǓǿǿȧǿǷঀ ੈǷȣǹljșǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿljǩƻǾ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǦƺǴǹƺǾȅǾ ৅ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ȒǩǹǹƺǿƺȠȠȆǹ ȤǴǫȠȆ ΚƺǠΡȅǷॹ ǔș ΚƺǹȆșΦǫǿȪǹǓǠ ƺΦ ȣȠȅǹșȆǩǠ ƺΦ ǩș ǾƺȖƺǏȅǷঀ EǩǿǏǩǠ ǩș LjǩΦȅǿΡǫȠƺǿǩ ƺǷƺȖȠƺǾॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷǔȒǓș ΚƺǠΡȅǷ ǠȅǿǏȅșǷȅǏǿǩ ǾƺǠƺǾȖȆǹॹ ǔș Ƞƺǹƻǿ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ Ǿƻș ǓǾLjǓȖȖȌǹ ǩșঀ ǩΦȅǿΡǫȠƺǿǩ ƺǷƺȖে ȠƺǾॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǹǓǦǓȠșǔǠǓș ǔȖȠǔǷǓȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠǓǿǩ ƺੈȒǩƺljȅǿॹ ǔș ǴȉΚȌLjǓǹǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǔȒǫȠǓǿǩঀ 'ȅǿȠȅșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ǓǾLjǓȖ ǿǓ ƻǹǹǴȅǿ ǾǓǠ ǔș ǿǓ ljșƺǷ ΚƻȖǴȅǿ ƺੈǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷȖǓॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ Ƞȅে ΚƻLjLjǟǓǴǹǓșșΦǓ ǾƺǠƻȠ ǔș ǷǓȖǓșșǓ ƺΦ ȤǴ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠঀ ^ΦǓǾǔǹΡ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ǔǿ ȤǠΡ ǠȅǿǏȅǹȅǾॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǓǠΡǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǓǠΡ ǓǠΡǔǿǩșǔǠॹ ǔș ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦǩǷ ǾƻșȅǷȠȆǹঀ ^ΦǹȅΚǔǿǩƻLjƺǿ ǿǩǿljșǓǿ ǓǹǔǠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ ǓǠΡ ǩǏǓǩǠ ǿǓǠƺȠǫΚƺǿ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠǓǷॹ ǹǓǠǩǿǷƻLjLj ƺΦ ৙ǩȒƺȖǾƻǠǿƻșȅǷ৛ ǾǩƺȠȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ȠȉǿǷȖǓȠǓȠȠǓǷ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ȖǓǾǓǷ ljǔǠǓȠঀ Φ ǓǾLjǓȖǓǷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǏǷǓΦȠǓǷ ȖȆǹƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǴȆ ǏȅǹȅǠॹ ǔș ǴȅLjLj ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾƺȠ ǔȒǫȠঀ ǠΡ ǩǏǓǴǓ ǾƻȖ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǩ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǾǓǿǓǏΦșǓȖǓে ǷǓȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ΚƺǹƺǷǩ ǾƻșǿƺǷ ƺੈljǔǠǔȠ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠǴƻǷॹ ǏǓ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ȠȅΚƻLjLjȖƺ șǓǾॹ ƺǷǩǷ șƺǴƻȠ ljǔǠǓȠ ǔȒǫȠǓǿǓǷঀ ǿ ǾƺǠƺǾ ǿǓǾ șȅǷ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆȠ ǩșǾǓȖǓǷঀ ȣȖȆȒƻLjƺǿ șȅǷǷƺǹ ȠȉLjLj Κƺǿঀ 2ȠȠ ǓǠΡ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǠΡƺǷȖƺǿ ǓǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǟǓǹǓșǔǠǓঀ [Ǔƻǹǩșƺǿ ǿǔΦΚǓॹ ǓǠΡ ǿȌ ǾƺǠƻLjƺǿ ǿǓǾ ǩǠƺΦƻǿ ȠȣǏ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ǩǿǏǫȠƺǿǩॹ ǏǓ ǓǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǟǓǹǓșǔǠǓǷǔǿȠ ǾƻȖ ǾƺǠƺ ǩș ǠΡȅȖșƺǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ ΚƻǹǦƺȠঀ eƺǹƻǿ ƺΦ ƺΦ ȅǷƺ ǓǿǿǓǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǓǠΡ LjǩΦȅǿΡȅș ǔǹǓȠșΦƺǷƺșΦLjƺǿ ǾǓǠǦƻȠȖƻǹǿƺǷॹ ǔș ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ΚǓșΦǩǷ ƻȠ ƺੈΚǓΦǓȠǔșȠঀ Φ ǩș ǩǠƺΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǠΡ ȧΦǹǓȠ șǩǷǓȖǔȠ ȒǔǿΦLjǓǿ ǾǔȖǩǷॹ ǿǓǾ ȒǓǏǩǠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǾǔȖǿǩ ǷǫΚƻǿȠ ǏȅǹǠȅǷLjƺǿ ৅ ƺੈǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǷ șΦƻǾƻLjƺǿॹ ƺੈȠǓȖǾǔșΦǓȠΚǔে ǏǓǹǓǾLjǓǿॹ ƺΦ ǓǹǔǠǓǏǓȠȠșǔǠLjǓǿঀ ੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ LjǩΦȠȅǿșƻǠȅș ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠȖǓ Κƺǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠȧǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡLjǓǿ ljșƺǹƻǏȅȠ ƺǹƺȒǫȠǦƺȠǿƺǷঀ EǔǠ ƺΦ ǩǠƺΦƻǿ ȖǓǾǓǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ șǓǾ șΦǓȖǓȠǩǷ ƺੈǿΡǩǹΚƻǿȅșșƻǠȅȠॹ ǦƺljșƺǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷ ǾǓǠ ǿǓǾ ǷȉΚǓȠǓǹǩ ǓΦȠ ȠȌǹȧǷঀ৛

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2tঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ

ࢷࢺ

2tঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ ƺΦ ࢲࢺࢺࢱেǓș ǔΚǓǷLjǓǿ ƺੈȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȌǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻে șȅǷ ǿƺǠΡ ȖǔșΦǓ ǷǔǿΡșΦǓȖΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǷǔǿȠ ǩǿǏȣǹȠঀ ੈ LjȤǴȠƺȠȅȠȠ ǾȣǿǷƺΚǩșΦȅǿΡ ǾǓǠǹǓে ǦǓȠȌșǓǿ ǓǹȠǓȖǴǓǏȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȠƻ ΚƻǹȠ ৅ ƺੈǷȅȖƻLjLjǩ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǿƺȒȖȆǹ ƺੈǾƻșǩǷȖƺ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ ৙ΚƻǹȠƺǷ৛ঀ FƺȒǴƺǩǿǷLjƺǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ǷǓǏΚ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡ șΦǩǿȠǓǿ Κƺǿॹ hেș ΚǩșΦȅǿΡǹƺȠLjƺǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǹǔȠ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǷǓΚǔșLjǔ ǓǹǟȅǠƺǏȅȠȠ ǔǹǓȠǟȅȖǾƺঀ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ șȒǓljǩƻǹǩș ȠȉȖȠǔǿǓǹǾǩ ǦƻȠȠǓȖǔǿǓǷ ǷȉșΦȉǿǦǓȠȌǓǿ শǹঀ șΦȅljǩƺǹǩΦǾȣșষ ǿǓǾ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǠǓǿǓȖƻljǩȆǷȅǿ ƻȠǫΚǓǹȌ ǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡƺǩ ǹǓǿǿǔǿǓǷ ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷে ǿƺǷॹ ǾƻȖȒǓǏǩǠ ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏǩ ǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅǷ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ǿƺǠΡ ǦƺȠƻșșƺǹ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅে ΦƻșȅǷ ǦȅșșΦȤ ȠƻΚȤ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠƻȖƺঀ =ǓǹǓǿȠȌș ƺੈ ǷȣǏƺȖljȠȆǹ ΚƺǹȆ ǟǔǹǓǹǓǾॹ ȣǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ƺੈ ǷȅljǷƻΦƺȠΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșǩ ǦƺǴǹƺǿǏȆșƻǠ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡॹ ƺੈ ǷǫșǔȖǹǓȠǓΦȌ ǦȅΦΦƻƻǹǹƻș ǿǓǾ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌঀ ?ǓΚǔș ƺੈ ЙƺȠƺǹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆॹ ǔș ƺǷǩǷ șǩǷǓȖǓșǓǷॹ ƺΦȅǷ șǓǾ ǷƺȒǿƺǷ ǓǹǔǠ ǿΡǩǹΚƻǿȅșșƻǠȅȠ ƺੈ ǾǔǏǩƻLjƺǿॹ ǓΦƻǹȠƺǹ ǿǓǾ ȠȣǏǿƺǷ ǓǠΡǷȉǿǿΡǓǿ ȒǔǹǏƺǷǔȒȒǔ Κƻǹǿǩঀ ੈǷȉΦȅǷȠƺȠƻșLjƺǿ ǿǓǾ ȠƺǿǫȠƺǿƺǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ǩșǾǓে ȖǓȠǓǷǓȠॹ ǾǩǿǏȉșșΦǓ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ȠƺǿƻȖ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǩǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿljǩƻǷǷƺǹॹ ǔș ǿǓǾ ǷƺȒǿƺǷ ƺੈȠƺǿƻȖȅǷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǷǔȒΦǔșȠ ǓΦǓǿ ƺੈȠǔȖǓǿঀ ǠΡ ࢳࢱࢲࢴেƺș ǷǔȖǏȌǫΚǓș ǟǓǹǾǔȖǔș ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ƺΦ ƺǹƻLjLjǩ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷ ǷǓȖȧǹȠǓǷ ƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈǹǩșȠƻǿƺǷ ƺΦ ǔǹǔȖǓॹ ƺǾǓǹΡLjǓǿ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǔȠ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȅΦȆ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷǓȠ ȖƺǿǠșȅȖȅǹȠƻǷ ƺੈΚƻǹƺșΦƺǏȆǷॸ ࢲঀ ࢳঀ ࢴঀ ࢵঀ ࢶঀ ࢷঀ ࢸঀ ࢹঀ

EƺǠƺș ƺǏȆে ǔș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾLjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșǩ ȠǓȖǦǓǷ ?ǩșΦƻǾǫȠǦƺȠƺȠǹƺǿ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹƺljșȅǿΡ ǷǓȖǓșǹǓȠ eǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠȠǓǹǓǿ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡ ǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƺȠǫΚ ȠǓȖǦǓǷ eȌǷǓǦǩƻǿΡ ȖȌș ΚǓȖșǓǿΡ ?ǔșǓǏǓǹǾǓș LjǓșΦƻǹǹǫȠȆǩ ЙΦǓȠǔșǓǷ

শ ੈΚƻǹƺșΦƺǏȆǷǿƺǷ ࢲেȠȌǹ ࢶেǩǠ ǷǓǹǹǓȠȠ ǔȖȠǔǷǓǹǿǩȧǷ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓș ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷǓȠঀ ੈǟǓǿȠ ǟǓǹșȅȖȅǹে ȠƺǷ ǾǩǿǏǓǠΡǩǷǓ ࢴ ǟǓǹǓȠȠǩ ǔȖȠǔǷǓȠ ǷƺȒȅȠȠঀষ ੈȠȅΚƻLjLjǩƺǷLjƺǿ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ শƺ ȠȅΚƻLjLjǩƺǷLjƺǿ ǷǷΚেǷষ ƻǹȠƺে ǹƻǿȅș ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǔȠ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǴȧǷ ƻȠ ǷǩljșǩȠ ȖǔșΦǹǓȠǓșǓLjLjǓǿॹ ǾƺǴǏ ȒǓǏǩǠ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǩȠ ΚǩΦșǠƻǹǴȣǷঀ

ࢸࢱ

?ǩȠǔȖȧǿǷ ƺੈǷƺȒljșȅǹȆǏȆ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷȖǓॹ LjǓǾȣȠƺȠȣǿǷ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ǴȆ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅȠ ǔș ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșȠॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ǦǩΚƺȠȅȠȠƺǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩঀ

2tঀ ࢲঀ ࢲঀ ੈǷǷΚেǷ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠǾǔǿΡǓ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ ࢳࢱࢱࢹেLjƺǿ ǷǓΦǏȠǓ LjǓΚǓΦǓȠǿǩ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ?ǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ 2ǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔș ে ljșȅǾƺǠ শ^Ǿƺǹǹ ȣșǩǿǓșș ljȠॹ ƺੈȠȅΚƻLjLjǩƺǷLjƺǿ ^ ষ ƺǹƺȒǓǹΚǓǩȠঀ ੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ȉșșΦǓে ǟȅǠǹƺǹȆ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ࢳࢱࢲࢸেǓș ^ ੈ eǔǿΡǹƺȒǴƻǿ শ^ ੈ 'ƺljȠ ^ǦǓǓȠষ ƺǹƺȒȣǹॹ ƺੈ ǏǩƺǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǟȅȖȖƻșƺ ǩș ǓΦ ƺੈǴǓǹǓǿȠǔșঀ ǹȠƺǹƻLjƺǿ ǓǹǾȅǿǏǦƺȠȆॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǾƺǠΡƺȖ ƺǏȆȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ȉșșΦǓȠǓȠȠॹ ǓΦƻǹȠƺǹ ǴǓǹǓǿে ȠȌș ƺǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƺȠǫΚ ȠǓȖǦǓȠ ȖȆ ƺੈ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺঀ ੈ ǷǷΚেǷ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆȖƺॹ ȤǴ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƻǷ LjǓΚǓΦǓȠǔșǔȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ǷƺȒƺljǩȠƻșƺ ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦȅȠȠॹ ǠΡƺǷȖƺǿ ƺΦǔȖȠॹ ǾǓȖȠ ǿǩǿljșǓǿǓǷ ƺੈșΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ LjǩȖȠȅǷƻLjƺǿঀ ੈǷǷΚেǷ ǷȉȖǔLjǓǿ ƺΦ 2?eেǦƺșΦǿƻǹƺȠ ǔș ƺੈΛǓLjƺǹƺȒȤ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƻǷ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦƻșƺ ƺΦ hেș ƻȠǹƺǠ ƺǹƺȠȠ ǾƺȖƺǏॹ ƺΦ ǓেǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾে LjǓǿ ǔș ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǔșLjǓǿ ȖǓǴǹȌ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǩǿȠǓǿΦǫΚǓLjLjǓǿ Ƿǩ ǷǓǹǹǓǿǓ ǦƺșΦǿƻǹǿǩঀ ǹƺȒ ǷǷΚেƺǏƺȠȅǷ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦƻǾƺ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ

EU-28

arány

arány

EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ EȖǏ ੝

arány

EU-28

EǩǷȖȅ

ࢶࢲࢶࢳࢺࢹ

ࢺࢵॹࢲઔ

ࢺࢴॹࢱઔ

ࢺࢱࢱࢱࢶࢳ

ࢴࢴॹࢺઔ

ࢳࢺॹࢹઔ

ࢲࢱॹࢱ

ࢲࢹॹࢱઔ

ࢳࢱॹࢺઔ

ࢳࢸࢱࢸࢷ

ࢵॹࢺઔ

ࢶॹࢹઔ

ࢶࢱࢲࢶࢴࢶ

ࢲࢹॹࢺઔ

ࢳࢱॹࢱઔ

ࢺॹࢳ

ࢲࢷॹࢸઔ

ࢲࢸॹࢹઔ

ࢵࢴࢹࢵ

ࢱॹࢹઔ

ࢱॹࢺઔ

ࢵࢲࢶࢺࢱࢱ

ࢲࢶॹࢸઔ

ࢲࢷॹࢸઔ

ࢲࢱॹࢲ

ࢲࢹॹࢳઔ

ࢲࢹॹࢳઔ

ࢶࢵࢶࢸࢶࢹ

ࢺࢺॹࢹઔ

ࢺࢺॹࢹઔ

ࢲࢹࢲࢸࢵࢹࢸ

ࢷࢹॹࢶઔ

ࢷࢷॹࢷઔ

ࢳࢺॹࢵ

ࢶࢳॹࢺઔ

ࢶࢷॹࢹઔ

FƺǠΡ

ࢺࢲࢸ

ࢱॹࢳઔ

ࢱॹࢳઔ

ࢹࢴࢷࢸࢱࢺ

ࢴࢲॹࢶઔ

ࢴࢴॹࢵઔ

ࢳࢷॹࢳ

ࢵࢸॹࢲઔ

ࢵࢴॹࢳઔ

Össz.

ࢶࢵࢸࢷࢸࢶ

ࢲࢱࢱॹࢱઔ

ࢲࢱࢱॹࢱઔ

ࢳࢷࢶࢵࢲࢺࢷ

ࢲࢱࢱॹࢱઔ

ࢲࢱࢱॹࢱઔ

ࢶࢶॹࢶ

ࢲࢱࢱॹࢱઔ

ࢲࢱࢱॹࢱઔ

?ǷΚ

szám

EU-28

szám

?ȉΦǔȒ

arány

EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ

/ȅΦΦƻƺǏȅȠȠ ǔȖȠǔǷ

Méret

?ǩș

arány

'ȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠƺǷ șΦƻǾƺ

arány

17. ábra: ͬDzȖ Ǚত ࠍࠋࠌࠑणȵǙ ͠ȤȞǙȿȖȤͬȥ࣓ Ǚত 2v ǨȤȞ ǚȘȿǙȘ ȖdzȸͬȊȿDzȿȿ ǧDzǨȸȘdzȸDzȖ࣓ ȝDzȘͧDzȖ ࠍࠋࠋࠓडࠍࠋࠌࠏणDzȸ ɂȵȤȸȿǙȿणǙǮǙȿȤȖȤȞ ǙȘǙȱɂȘȞǙȖࣚ ͬ ǙǮǙȿȤȖ Ǚͬ ɃȞࣚ वȞDzȝणȱdzȞͬɆǿͧȈष ǿǙͬǮǙȸǚǿȵǙ ȿDzȵȓDzǮȞDzȖ ȖȈ࣓ ǙȝȈ ȝǙǿǚǧǙȞ ǾȤǿȘǙȘȓǙ Ǚͬ ȈȱǙȵȿ࣓ Ǚͬ dzȱȊȿȫȈȱǙȵȿ࣓ ȖDzȵDzȸȖDzǮDzȘȝDzȿ dzȸ ȸͬȤȘǿǚȘȿǙȿȥȈȱǙȵȿ࣓ ǮDz Ǚত ȝDzͬȫǿǙͬǮǙȸǚǿ dzȸ DzȵǮȫǿǙͬǮǚȘȖȤǮǚȸ࣓ ͠ǙȘǙȝȈȞȿ ȅǙȘǚȸͬǙȿ ȿDzȵɆȘDzȿdzȞ ȝɉȖȨǮȫ ͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬǚȸȤȖȵǙ ȞDzȝ ȿDzȵȓDzǮ ȖȈ࣓ ǙȅȤǿͧ ǙͬȤȖȵǙ Ǚত ȓDzȘDzȞȿȫȸ ȵdzȸͬǧDzȞ ȞDzȝ ȱȈǙǨȈ ǙȘǙȱȤȖȤȞ ȝɉȖȨǮȫ ǚǿǙͬǙȿȤȖȵǙ ȸDzȝ࣓ ȝȈȞȿ Ǚͬ ȤȖȿǙȿǚȸ dzȸ Ǚͬ DzǿdzȸͬȸdzǿɆǿͧࣚ তȝdzȵDzȿ ȸͬDzȵȈȞȿȈ ǧDzȸȤȵȤȘǚȸȵǙ ǙতȖȨ͠DzȿȖDzͬȫȖdzȱȱDzȞ ȿȨȵȿdzȞȿ࣒ ȝȈȖȵȤ͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬǚȸ ऒࠋडࠔ ǙȘȖǙȘȝǙͬȤȿȿओ࣓ ȖȈȸ͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬǚȸ ऒࠌࠋडࠏࠔ ǙȘȖǙȘȝǙͬȤȿȿओ࣓ ȖȨͬDzȱDzȸ ȝdzȵDzȿɉ ǨdzǿDzȖ ऒࠐࠋडࠍࠏࠔ ǙȘȖǙȘȝǙͬȤȿȿओ dzȸ ȞǙǿͧ͠ǚȘȘǙȘǙȿȤȖ ऒࠍࠐࠋणȞdzȘ ȿȨǧǧ ǙȘȖǙȘȝǙͬȤȿȿओࣚ ͬ ɂȵȤȸȿǙȿणǙǮǙȿȤȖ DzȘȫȞͧDz࣓ ȅȤǿͧ ǙতȸȿǙȿȈȸͬȿȈȖǚȖ ȨȸȸͬȅǙȞǿǧǙȞ ͠ǙȞȞǙȖ dzȸ ȨȸȸͬDzȝdzȵȅDzȿȫȖ Ǚͬ DzǿͧDzȸ ȤȵȸͬǚǿȤȖ ͠ȤȞǙȿȖȤͬǚȸǚǧǙȞࣚ তȅǚȿȵǚȞͧǙ࣓ ȅȤǿͧ ȞdzȅǚȞͧ Ȥȵȸͬǚǿ DzȸDzȿdzǧDzȞ Ǚͬ ǙǮǙȿȤȖ DzȘȿdzȵȅDzȿȞDzȖ ǙতȅDzȘͧȈ ȅǙȿȥȸǚǿȤȖ ǚȘȿǙȘ ȖȨͬ​ͬdzȿDzȿȿ ǙǮǙȿȤȖȿȥȘࣚ

ࢸࢲ

ΦǓǷ ƺੈ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆॹ ƺੈ 2v ljȅǿ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǷǔșΦǫȠǓȠȠ LjǓljșǹǔșǓǷॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ࢳࢱࢱࢹ৅ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেǓș ȣȖȅșȠƺȠেƺǏƺȠȅǷȅǿ ƺǹƺȒȣǹǿƺǷঀ Φ ƺǏƺȠȅǷ ƺΦ Ȥǿঀ ৙ǿǓǾ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ৛ ǠƺΦǏƺে șƻǠȖƺ ȠǓȖǴǓǏǿǓǷ Ƿǩॹ ƺǾǩ ǾƺǠƻLjƺǿ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǴƺ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖȠॹ ƺΦ ǔȒǫȠȌǩȒƺȖȠॹ ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǓȠ ǔș șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠȆǩȒƺȖȠॹ ǏǓ ƺੈǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǔș ǓȖǏȌǠƺΦǏƻǹǷȅǏƻșॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǦƺǹƻșΦƺȠ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ ǿǓǾ ȠǓȖǴǓǏ Ƿǩॹ ƺǦȅǠΡ ƺΦȅǷȖƺ ƺੈǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ȖǔșΦLjǓǿ ǿǓǾ Ȓǩƺljǩ ƺǹƺȒȅǷȅǿ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷȖƺ șǓǾॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻș ǔș ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦșǔǠȧǠΡঀ ੈǾǔȖǓȠ șΦǓে ȖǩǿȠǩ LjǓșȅȖȅǹƻșȖƺ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌǷǔȒȒǓǿ ȠȉȖȠǔǿȠॸ ǾǩǷȖȅΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș শࢱ৅ࢺ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠষॹ ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș শࢲࢱ৅ࢵࢺ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠষॹ ǷȉΦǓȒǓș ǾǔȖǓȠȪ ljǔǠǓǷ শࢶࢱ৅ࢳࢵࢺ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠষ ǔș ǿƺǠΡΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ শࢳࢶࢱেǿǔǹ ȠȉLjLj ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠষঀ Φ ȣȖȅșȠƺȠেƺǏƺȠȅǷ ǓǹȌǿΡǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈșȠƺে ȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ ȉșșΦǦƺǿǠLjƺǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ǔș ȉșșΦǓǾǔȖǦǓȠȌǷ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓș ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦƻșƻLjƺǿঀ ੈǦƻȠȖƻǿΡƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǓșǓȠǔLjǓǿ ƺΦ ƺǏƺȠȅǷ ǓǹȠǔȖǦǓȠǿǓǷ ƺੈǦǓǹΡǩ ǦƺȠȆșƻǠȅǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǷȉΦΦǔȠǓȠȠ ƺǏƺȠȅǷȠȆǹঀ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ƺΦ ȣȠȆLjLjǩ ǩǏȌLjǓǿ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșȠ ǠǓǿǓȖƻǹȠƺǷॸ ƺੈࢳࢱࢲࢳ ǔș ࢳࢱࢲࢷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǩǏȌșΦƺǷLjƺǿ ƺੈǦȅΦΦƻƺǏȅȠȠ ǔȖȠǔǷ ࢲࢷॹࢹઔেǷƺǹॹ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠ ȒǓǏǩǠ ࢶॹࢸઔে Ƿƺǹ ǿȌȠȠঀ hǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǩ ȧȠǓǾǓ ƺǹȣǹǾƺȖƺǏ ƺੈǿƺǠΡΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ǿȉΚǓে ǷǓǏǔșǩ ȧȠǓǾǔǦǓΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠঀ ੈǷǷΚ șΦǓǷȠȅȖLjƺǿ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠ ƺੈࢳࢱࢱࢹেƺș ΚƻǹșƻǠȅȠ ǾǓǠǓǹȌΦȌ șΦǩǿȠǓȠ șǓǾ ǔȖȠǓ Ǔǹॹ ǾǫǠ ƺੈ ǿƺǠΡΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ǓșǓȠǔLjǓǿ ǾǓǠǦƺǹƺǏȠƺ ƺੈ ΚƻǹșƻǠ ǓǹȌȠȠǩ ǔȖȠǔǷǓȠঀ ੈ ǹǓǠǟǓǹǴǓLjLj ࢲࢱ ǟȌȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǾǩǷȖȅΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ǾȣǿǷƺǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǿǓǷ ȠȉLjLjॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǦƺȖǾƺǏƻȠ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠǴƻǷঀ ੈǾƺǠΡƺȖ ǷǷΚেǷ ƻȠǹƺǠȅșƺǿ ࢴॹࢴ ǟȌȠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǩ ǓǹǾƺȖƺǏ ƺੈࢴॹࢺেǓș hেƻȠǹƺǠȠȆǹঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢶ৅ࢳࢱࢲࢷেLjƺǿ ƺੈ LjǓǴǓǠΡΦǓȠȠ ljǔǠǓǷ șΦƻǾƺ ࢵॹࢳઔেǷƺǹ ΚǩșșΦƺǓșǓȠȠॹ ǾǫǠ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠে ǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠƺǷ șΦƻǾƺ ࢳॹࢸઔেǷƺǹ ǿȌȠȠঀ Φ ƺੈ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ƺǿǿƺǷ ǷȉșΦȉǿǦǓȠȌॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚǩșΦȅǿΡǹƺǠ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡ ǷȉǹȠșǔǠȪॹ șΦǔǹǓș ǷȉȖLjǓǿ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌ ǷȉǹljșȉǿȉǷǦȉΦ ǴȣȠǦƺȠǿƺǷ ƺੈǾƺǠΡƺȖ șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ljǔǠǓǷঀ OșșΦǓșșǔǠǔLjǓǿ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ƺੈȠǓǹǴǓș ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠǦȅΦ ΚǩșΦȅǿΡǫȠΚƺ ࢲࢱॹࢲઔ ΚȅǹȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেLjƺǿॹ ƺੈࢲࢵॹࢱઔেȅș hেƻȠǹƺǠǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡƺLjLjঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢶেLjǓǿ ࢺࢶࢱࢱ ljǔǠǓȠ șΦƻǾȅǹȠƺǷ ǟǓǹॹ ƺǾǩ ࢵࢲઔেǷƺǹ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡƺLjLj ƺੈǾǓǠǓǹȌΦȌ ǔΚǦǓΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠঀ ^ȅǷ ǾƺǠΡƺȖ ljǔǠ șǩǷǓȖǓșǓǿ LjȌΚǫȠǓȠȠǓ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔȠ ƺΦ ȣȠȆLjLjǩ ǔΚǓǷLjǓǿঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেLjǓǿ ࢴࢵࢹࢸ ljǔǠ ৅ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓșॹ ǹǓǠƺǹƻLjLj ࢲࢱ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ȠƻȖșƺșƻǠ ࢲࢳॹࢲઔেƺ ৅ ǠΡȅȖșƺǿ ǟǓǴǹȌǏȌ ljǔǠ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǓΦǓǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓǿ ǾǓǠǦƺǹƺǏǴƺ ƺΦ hেƻȠǹƺǠȅȠঀ

ࢸࢳ

2tঀ ࢲঀ ࢳঀ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ ^ েȒȖȅЙǹǴƺ Φ ^ েȒȖȅЙǹȠ ƻȠȠǓǷǩǿȠΚǓ ǾǓǠЙǠΡǓǹǦǓȠȌॹ ǦȅǠΡ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ࢷ ȠǓȖȧǹǓে ȠǓǿ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠ ƺΦ hেƻȠǹƺǠ ƺǹƺȠȠॸ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾॹ ǾƻșȅǏǩǷ ǓșǔǹΡॹ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡ ǷȉΦǩǠƺΦে ǠƺȠƻșॹ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ૭ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆॹ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩΚǔ Κƻǹƻș ৅ ǓΦ ȣȠȆLjLjǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹǦƺȠȆ ƺੈǹǓǠȖȅșșΦƺLjLj ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠǾǔǿΡঀ

ࠌࠓࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ eDzȘȓDzȸȊȿȝdzȞͧɆȞȖ Ǚͬ hणǚȿȘǙǿȅȤͬ ͠ȈȸͬȤȞͧȊȿ͠Ǚ

ੈȠȅΚƻLjLjǩƺǷLjƺǿ ȖȉΚǩǏǓǿ ƻȠȠǓǷǩǿȠǴȧǷ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠǿƺǷ ƺΦ hেƻȠǹƺǠǦȅΦ ΚǩșΦȅǿΡǫȠȅȠȠ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠǾǔǿΡǔȠ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓș ^ েƺǹƺȒǓǹΚǓǷ ǾǓǿȠǔǿঀ ੈǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷǦǓΦ ǷƺȒljșȅে ǹȆǏȆ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷȖǓ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ǟǓǴǓΦǓȠLjǓǿ ȠǔȖȧǿǷ Ƿǩঀ ৙(ȅǿǏȅǹǷȅΦΦ ǓǹȌLjLj ǷǩljșǩLjǓǿॻ৛ Φ ƺΦ ƺǹƺȒǓǹΚ ƺȖȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǓǩȠ ǾƻȖ ƺੈșΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ǷǩǏȅǹǠȅΦƻে șƻǿƺǷ ǷǓΦǏǓȠǩ șΦƺǷƺșΦƻLjƺǿ ЙǠΡǓǹǓǾLjǓ ǷǓǹǹ ΚǓǿǿǩঀ KǹΡƺǿ ƺǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƺȠǫΚ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅǷƺȠ ǔș ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓΦॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǓǠΡșΦǓȖȪǓǷ ǔș ǷȉǿǿΡǓǿ ΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴȠǦƺȠȆǷঀ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ ǾǓǠljǔǹȅΦȠƺ ƺΦ ƺǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƺȠǫΚ ȠǓȖǦǓǷ ljșȉǷǷǓǿȠǔșǔȠॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǓȖǓǏে ǾǔǿΡǓǷǔȒȒǓǿ ƺΦ ƺǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƻljǩȆș ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷ ǹǓȖȉΚǩǏȧǹȠǓǷॹ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠ ȒǓǏǩǠ ȠǓǹǴǓșǓǿ ǾǓǠ ǩș șΦȪǿȠঀ

ࢸࢴ

ࢳࢱࢲࢸ ǓǹǓǴǔǿ ƺੈǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǓȠ ΚǓΦǓȠǓȠȠ LjǓ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ƺǏȆȠǓȖǦǓǩǿǓǷ ljșȉǷǷǓǿȠǔșǔȖǓॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǦƺȠƻșƺ ȠȉLjLjǿΡǩȖǓ ǿǓǾ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșॹ ǾǓȖȠ șȅǷ ǷǷΚ ǾƻȖ ǓǹǓΚǓ ƺǹƺে ljșȅǿΡॹ ࢲࢱઔ ƺǹƺȠȠǩ ȠƻȖșƺșƻǠǩƺǏȆেǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻLjƺ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǩǷঀ ƺষ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ

19. ábra: তȓȤǧǧȵǙ ȝɂȿǙȿȥ ǙǮǙȿȤȸͬȘȤȱȤȖ Ǚͬ hणǚȿȘǙǿȞǚȘ ȓȤǧǧ ȿDzȘȓDzȸȊȿȝdzȞͧȿ ȓDzȘDzȞȿDzȞDzȖ࣓ ǙতǧǙȘȵǙ ȝɂȿǙȿȥȖ ǿͧDzȞǿdzǧǧDzȿ

ੈ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠΚǓΦǔȖǓǹȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ƺǷȠǩΚǩȠƻș ƺੈ ࢳࢱࢱࢺেǓș ࢵࢶઔেȖȆǹ ࢶࢳॹࢷઔেȖƺ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǓȠȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেȖƺঀ ੈ ǷǓȖǓȠǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǷǓǿ Κƺǿ ǾǩȠ ǴƺΚǫȠƺǿǩॹ ǦǩșΦǓǿ ƺੈ ǾǔǏǩƺΚǩșșΦǦƺǿǠ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșƺ ǿǓǾ ǷǩǓǹǔǠǫȠȌঀ ࢸࢵ

ੈ șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǾȣȠƺȠȆ ȉșșΦǓșșǔǠǔLjǓǿ Ƿǩșșǔ ǾǓǠǦƺǹƺǏǴƺ ƺΦ hেƻȠǹƺǠȅȠআ ȣǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷȉȖǔLjǓǿ ΚǩΦșǠƻǹΚƺ ȣǠΡƺǿǓΦ ƺੈǾȣȠƺȠȆ hেƻȠǹƺǠ ƺǹƺȠȠǩঀ Ljষ EƻșȅǏǩǷ ǓșǔǹΡ ੈǷȣǏƺȖljȠȆǹ ΚƺǹȆ ǟǔǹǓǹǓǾ ƺΦ ȣȠȆLjLjǩ ǔΚǓǷLjǓǿ ǓȖȌșȉǏȉȠȠॹ ࢵࢴॹࢳઔ ΚȅǹȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেLjƺǿঀ Φ ƺǏȆșșƻǠȖǓǿǏǓΦǔș ȠǓȖǔǿ ȤǴ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ ǹǔȒǓȠȠ ǔǹǓȠLjǓॹ ǏǓ ȠȅΚƻLjLjǩ ǹǔȒǔșǓǷȖǓ Κƺǿ șΦȧǷে șǔǠ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠȌ ǷƺǾȒƻǿΡȅǷॹ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǟȅȖǾƻǴƻLjƺǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷ LjǓΚǓΦǓȠǔșǔΚǓǹॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǩǏȌLjǓǿ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓΦȠǓȠǿǓǷ ǴȉΚȌLjǓǹǩ ǹǓǦǓȠșǔǠǓș ȒȖȅLjে ǹǔǾƻǷȖƺॹ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠॹ ƺǷǩǷǓȠ ljșȌǏ ǟǓǿΡǓǠǓȠঀ

ࠍࠋࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ তȓȤǧǧȵǙ ȝɂȿǙȿȥ ǙǮǙȿȤȸͬȘȤȱȤȖ Ǚͬ hणǚȿȘǙǿȞǚȘ ȓȤǧǧ ȿDzȘȓDzȸȊȿȝdzȞͧȿ ȓDzȘDzȞȿDzȞDzȖ࣓ ǙতǧǙȘȵǙ ȝɂȿǙȿȥȖ ǿͧDzȞǿdzǧǧDzȿ

ੈǟǓǹșΦƻǾȅǹȠ ǷǷΚেǷ șΦƻǾƺ ࢲࢱઔেǷƺǹ ǿȌȠȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেLjƺǿॹ ƺǦȅǠΡ ƺΦȅǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ƺੈșΦƻে Ǿƺ ǩșॹ ƺǷǩǷǓȠ ƺੈǟǓǹșΦƻǾȅǹƻșȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȌǓǿ ǓǹȠǩǹȠȅȠȠƺǷ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷ ΚǔǠΦǔșǔȠȌǹঀ ljষ /ƺȠǔǷȅǿΡ ǷȉΦǩǠƺΦǠƺȠƻș ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩǿǏǫȠƻș ǷȉǹȠșǔǠǓ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেLjƺǿ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ ࢴࢷࢳॹࢶ ǓȣȖȆȖƺ ǿȌȠȠঀ ੈLjǓЙে ΦǓȠǓǿǏȌ ǾǩǿǩǾȣǾ ȠȌǷǓ ƺΦ ǓǠΡ ǟȌȖǓ ǴȣȠȆ LjǓΚǔȠǓǹ ࢵࢶॹࢶઔেƻȖƺ ljșȉǷǷǓǿȠॹ ǏǓ ǾǔǠ ǫǠΡ ǩș ǓΦ ƺੈǹǓǠǾƺǠƺșƺLjLj ƺΦ hেLjƺǿঀ Φ ƺǏȆLjǓЙΦǓȠǔșǓǷ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǩșƻǠƺ ȣǠΡƺǿljșƺǷ ljșȉǷǷǓǿȠ শǔΚǓǿȠǓ ࢲࢵেȖȌǹ ࢲࢲেȖǓষঀ

ࢸࢶ

ੈǴȅǠǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǩǿșȠƺLjǩǹ ΚȅǹȠƺॹ ƺੈLjȅǿΡȅǹȣǹȠ ƺǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƺȠǫΚ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷ ǔș șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅে ΦƻșȅǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǓǹȌǩǏǔΦǓȠȠ ȠǓȖǦǓǷ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȅΦΦƻǷ ƺੈǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșȠঀ ੈǷȉΦǩǠƺΦǠƺȠƻșLjƺǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȆ ƺǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƺȠǫΚ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌ ǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿljǩƻǩ ǔș ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠƺ ǦƺǿΡƺȠǹȆLjƺǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷঀ Φ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ƺǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƻljǩȆș ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷ ǴƺΚȣǹȠƺǷ ȣǠΡƺǿॹ ǏǓ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺǏǾǩে ǿǩșΦȠȖƻljǩȆș ȠǓȖǦǓǩ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷǿƺǷॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺΦ ƺǏȆΦƻș ȠǓȖǔǿ শǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ȠǫȒȣșȤ ƺǏȆǷƺȠ ǷǓǹǹ LjǓЙΦǓȠǿǩॹ ȠȉLjLj ȖǔșΦǹǓȠLjǓǿॹ ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺষঀ ੈ ȠǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠǓș ΚǓȖșǓǿΡ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓ ǴǓǠΡǔLjǓǿ ࢳࢱࢲࢸেLjǓǿ ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺΦ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ȒǔǿΦȠƻȖǠǔȒǓǷ ǷȉȖǔȠ ȤǴȅǿǿƺǿ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ শȒǹঀ ȠƺΠǩșȅǷȖƺॹ ƺȣȠȆșΦǓȖǓǹȌǷȖǓ ǔș șΦǓȖΚǩΦșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷȖƺষঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেLjƺǿ LjǓΚǓΦǓȠȠǔǷ ƺΦ ƺǏȆșǾǩǿȌșǫȠȌ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖȠ ƺΦΦƺǹ ƺੈljǔǹে ǹƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǹȌǿΡǦȉΦ ǴȣȠȠƺșșƺ ƺΦ ƺǏȆΦƻșǩ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅǷǿƺǷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌǓǿ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ǷǷΚেǷƺȠঀ

21. ábra: Șȿdzȵdzȸ Ǚͬ hणǚȿȘǙǿȿȥȘ Ǚ ȖȨͬȈǿǙͬǿǙȿǚȸ ȿDzȵdzȞ

ࢸࢷ

Ǐষ ?ȉΦLjǓșΦǓȖΦǔș ǔș ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻș

22. ábra: Șȿdzȵdzȸ Ǚͬ hणǚȿȘǙǿȿȥȘ࣓ ȖȨͬǧDzȸͬDzȵͬdzȸDzȖ dzȸ ǚȘȘǙȝȈ ȿǚȝȤǿǙȿǚȸȤȖ ȿDzȵdzȞ

ΦǓǿ ƺੈȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿ hেƻȠǹƺǠȅǿ ǟǓǹȧǹǩ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠǾǔǿΡǓঀ ੈǷȉΦǩǠƺΦǠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓȖΚǓǷ ЙΦǓȠǔșǩ ǾȅȖƻǹǴƺ ǴƺΚȣǹȠॹ ƺΦ ƻȠǹƺǠȅș ЙΦǓȠǔșǩ ǷǔșǓǏǓǹǓǾ ࢸ ǿƺȒ ΚȅǹȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেLjƺǿঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢶেLjǓǿ ȤǴ ǷȉΦLjǓșΦǓȖΦǔșǩ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ ǹǔȒǓȠȠ ǔǹǓȠLjǓॹ ƺǾǩ ƺΦ h ࢳࢱࢲࢵেǓș ǦƻȖȅǾ ǷȉΦLjǓে șΦǓȖΦǔșǩ ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǔȠ ȧǹȠǓȠȠǓ ƻȠ ƺੈǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǴȅǠǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠLjǓঀ Ǔষ 'ǩǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻș ੈΚǩșșΦƺȣȠƺșǫȠȅȠȠ ǷǷΚেǦǩȠǓǹǩǠǔǿΡǹǔșǓǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেLjƺǿ ࢷॹࢷઔেȖƺ ǓșǓȠȠ ΚǩșșΦƺঀ ੈFȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǩ /ǩȠǓǹȒȖȅǠȖƺǾॹ ƺǾǩȠ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ ƺΦ EF ΚǓΦǓȠǓȠȠ LjǓ ࢳࢱࢲࢴেLjƺǿॹ ȒȅΦǩȠǫΚ ǦƺȠƻșșƺǹ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǦǩȠǓǹǓΦǔșȖǓॹ ǷǩǔǹǓΦȠǓ ƺੈLjƺǿǷȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡȠॹ ǔș ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓǿ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻে ȖȣǹȠ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷLjƺ ΚƺǹȆ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǓǷǦǓΦঀ ?ȧǹȉǿ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ǟȅȖǏǫȠȅȠȠƺǷ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǓǠΡǓș șȒǓljǩƻǹǩș ȖǔǠǩȆǩȖƺॹ ǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈ ƺǹƺȠȅǿ ΚƺǠΡ eȅǷƺǴ LjȅȖΚǩǏǔǷǓঀ ǦǦǓΦ ǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ǷǫșǔȖǹǓȠǩ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷ ǦƺșΦǿȅșƺǷ ǹǓǦǓȠে ǿǓǷ ƺΦ ƺǏȅȠȠ ǾǩǷȖȅǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ȣǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹǿƺǷ ƺੈ ȠȣȖǩΦǾȣș ǔș ƺੈǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅǷ ǔǹǔǿǷǫȠǔșǔǦǓΦঀ ੈǾƺǠΡƺȖ ƺǠȖƻȖ ǷǷΚেǷ ǩș ǷǩǓǾǓǹȠ ЙǠΡǓǹǓǾLjǓǿ ȖǔșΦǓșȧǹȠǓǷঀ ੈșǓȖȠǔș ǔș ȠǓǴ ƻǠƺΦƺȠLjƺǿ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǷǓǏȌ ǠƺΦǏƻǷǿƺǷ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠȧǷ Κƺǿ ǩǏǓǩǠǹǓǿǓș ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǓȠ ǩǠǔǿΡLjǓ ΚǓǿǿǩॹ ƺǾǩǿǓǷ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ƻȠǦǩǏƺǹǦƺȠǴƻǷ ƺੈȒǩƺljǩ ΚƻǹșƻǠ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǓǹȌǩǏǔΦǓȠȠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșॹ ǏǓ ǩǏǓǩǠǹǓǿǓș ǹǩǷΚǩǏǩȠƻșǩ ȒȖȅLjǹǔǾƻǩǷƺȠঀ ࢸࢸ

23. ábra: Șȿdzȵdzȸ Ǚͬ hणǚȿȘǙǿȿȥȘ Ǚ ϫȞǙȞȸͬȊȵȤͬǚȸ ȿDzȵdzȞ

ǟ ষ ǠΡșǔǠǓș Ȓǩƺlj EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ ǏȅLjȅǠȆș ǦǓǹΡǓǿ Κƺǿ ƺΦ hেȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ǓΦǓǿ ƺੈȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿॹ ƺੈșΦȧǷে șǔǠǓș ǴȅǠǩ ǦƺȖǾȅǿǩΦƻljǩȆ ǾǓǠȠȉȖȠǔǿȠঀ 2ǏǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔș ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ǓǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ 2eেȒȖȅLjǹǔǾƺȠǔȖǷǔȒ ǾǓǠƺǹǷȅȠƻșƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺΦ 2?eেȒǩƺljȅǿ ΚƺǹȆ ǦƺΦƺǩॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹȠ Ǿȣে ȠƺȠǴƺॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ 2?eেȒȖȅLjǹǔǾƻǷƺȠ ǔș ƺΦȅǷ ǹǓǦǓȠșǔǠǓș ǾǓǠȅǹǏƻșƺǩȠ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǷȉȖǔLjǓǿঀ 2eেǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǷǓȠ ƺΦȅǿȅșǫȠ ƺੈ ǷȉΦǩǠƺΦǠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖLjƺǿ ǔș ƺੈ ǷǷΚ șΦǓǷȠȅȖLjƺǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ șǓǠǫȠǩ ƺੈ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ƺLjLjƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǴǓǿǓǷ ǓΦǓǷǦǓΦ ƺੈȒȅȠǓǿljǩƻǹǩș ȒǩƺljȅǷǦȅΦঀ

ࢸࢹ

ࠍࠏࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ Șȿdzȵdzȸ Ǚͬ hणǚȿȘǙǿȿȥȘ Ǚ ȱȈǙǨȤȖ ȿDzȖȈȞȿDzȿdzǧDzȞ

Ǡষ ?ǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǔș ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠǾǔǿΡǓ ƺΦ hেƻȠǹƺǠ ƺǹƺȠȠ ǾƺȖƺǏ ǓΦǓǿ ƺੈȠǔȖǓǿঀ [ȅǾǹȆ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠে ǾǔǿΡ ЙǠΡǓǹǦǓȠȌ ǾǓǠ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆ ǔș ƺΦ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƺȠǩǷƺǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ȠǓȖǔǿঀ ?ȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǓȠ ΚǓΦǓȠȠǓǷ LjǓ ǓǿǿǓǷ ƺੈȠȖǓǿǏǿǓǷ ƺੈǾǓǠƻǹǹǫȠƻșƻȖƺॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ǾǓǿȠȅȖȒȖȅǠȖƺে ǾȅǷƺȠॹ ǩǿǷȣLjƻȠȅȖȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖȠ ǔș ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆǾǓǿǓǏΦșǾǓǿȠেǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷƺȠঀ

ࢸࢺ

ࠍࠐࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ Șȿdzȵdzȸ Ǚͬ hणǚȿȘǙǿȿȥȘ Ǚ ȖdzȸͬȸdzǿDzȖ dzȸ ȈȞȞȤ͠ǚǨȈȥ ȿDzȵdzȞ

Ǧষ ?ȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ hেƻȠǹƺǠ ƺǹƺȠȠǩ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠǾǔǿΡ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦǩ ǓΦȠ ƺੈ ǾȣȠƺȠȆȠ ǩșঀ ƻȖ ƺੈ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠLjƺȖƻȠ ȠǓljǦে ǿȅǹȆǠǩƻǷ ǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠƻȠ ǟǓǹǩșǾǓȖȠǔǷॹ ȠȉLjLj ǓȖȌǟǓșΦǫȠǔșȖǓ ǹǓǿǿǓ șΦȧǷșǔǠঀ ੈǷǷΚেǷ ࢲࢶઔেƺ ǷƺȒȅȠȠ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠLjƺȖƻȠ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǷ ǠΡƻȖȠƻșƻǦȅΦ শƺΦ h ƺǏƺȠ ࢳࢴઔষঀ FǔǾǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǾǓǠЙǠΡǓǹǦǓȠȌ ƺੈǦȣǹǹƺǏǔǷǷǓΦǓǹǔșॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ƺΦ ǓǿǓȖǠǩƺǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠ Йǿƺǿে șΦǫȖȅΦƻșƺ ȠǓȖǔǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ ǷǷΚেǷ ǾǓǠȤǴȣǹȆ ǓǿǓȖǠǩƻǦȅΦ ǷƺȒljșȅǹȆǏȆ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǴǓǩΚǓǹ ȉșșΦǓǟȧǠǠǔșLjǓǿঀ

ࢹࢱ

ࠍࠑࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ Șȿdzȵdzȸ Ǚͬ hणǚȿȘǙǿȿȥȘ Ǚ ȖȨȵȞͧDzͬDzȿȿɂǮǙȿȤȸȸǚǿ ȿDzȵdzȞ

ǩষ FǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩΚǔ Κƻǹƻș ΦȠ ƺੈ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓȠ ΚǩΦșǠƻǹΚƺ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ ƺΦ ȣȠȅǹșȆ ࢴ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ Κƺǿ ƺΦ hেLjƺǿঀ Φ ǩǏǓǠǓǿ ǿΡǓǹΚǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǦǩƻǿΡƺ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ȒȖȅLjǹǔǾƺ ƺੈǾƺǠΡƺȖ ǷǷΚেǷ ǷȧǹȒǩƺljȖƺ ǴȣȠƻșƺ șΦǓǾȒȅǿȠǴƻLjȆǹঀ

27. ábra: ȘȿdzȵdzȸDzȖ Ǚͬ hणǚȿȘǙǿȿȥȘ Ǚ ȞDzȝͬDzȿȖȨͬȈ͠dz ͠ǚȘǚȸ ȿDzȵdzȞ

ࢹࢲ

2tঀ ࢲঀ ࢴঀ FȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ LjLjǓǿ ƺੈȖǔșΦLjǓǿ ȉșșΦǓǟȅǠǹƺǹǴȣǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǩȠॹ ǓǠΡ ࢲࢹࢸ ǾƺǠΡƺȖ Κƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦȆ ǿȌ LjǓΚȅǿƻșƻΚƺǹ ǷǔșΦǫȠǓȠȠ ǟǓǹǾǔȖǔșǿǓǷ ƺੈȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠƺǩȖƺ ƺǹƺȒȅΦΚƺঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ࢴ ƺǹƺȒΚǓȠȌ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻȠ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠǿƺǷॸ ࢲঀ KȠȠǦȅǿ ǾƺȖƺǏǿƺǷॹ ǿǓǾ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǿƺǷ ǾȣǿǷƻȠॹ ǓșǓȠǹǓǠ ƺੈ ǟǔȖǴȧǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƻLjƺ LjǓșǓǠǫȠǓǿǓǷঀ ࢳঀ ?ȅǾLjǩǿƻǹȠ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻȠ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠǿƺǷॹ ȖǔșΦǾȣǿǷƺǩǏȌLjǓǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿƺǷॹ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƺ ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿǔǹǓȠ ȣȠƻǿ ǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦǩǷ ƺੈȖƺǿǠșȅȖLjƺǿঀ ࢴঀ ?ƺȖȖǩǓȖȠ ǔȒǫȠǓǿǓǷॹ ǷǩƺǷǿƻΦΦƻǷ ƺੈǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǓǩǷǓȠॹ ǷǓǾǔǿΡǓǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿƺǷॹ ȣȠƺΦǿƺǷ șȠLjঀ শǏǓ ǾǔǠ ǓLjLjǓǿ ƺΦ ǓșǓȠLjǓǿ ǩș ǟȅǿȠȅș șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺ ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿǔǹǓȠষঀ ੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǹǔȠ ǓǠΡ ǹǓǦǓȠșǔǠǓș ƺǹȠǓȖǿƺȠǫΚƻǴƺ ƺੈ ǟȌƻǹǹƻșȤ ǾȣǿǷƺǷȉȖ LjǓȠȉǹȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ৅ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ƺǏ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ șƺǴƻȠ ǾƺǠƺǏ ȠȪΦΦ Ƿǩ ljǔǹȅǷƺȠॹ ƺǹƺǷǫȠș Ƿǩ ǷǓȖǓȠǓǷǓȠ ǔș ǔǹΚǓΦǏ ƺΦ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓǷǓȠঀ ੈǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅș Ƞƺǿȣǹƻșॹ ƺੈljǔǹȅǷ ǷǩȠȪΦǔșǓ ǔș ǓǹǔȖǔșǓॹ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾLjƺǿ LjǓȠȉǹȠȉȠȠ ǦƺșΦǿȅș șΦǓȖǓȒ ǾǩǿǏ ƺΦ ǔǹǓȠ ƺǹƺȒǔȖȠǔǷǓǩॹ ǏǓ ǓȖȖǓ ǿǓǾ ǓǠΡǟȅȖǾƻǷ ƺΦ ǓșǔǹΡǓǩ ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷǿƺǷ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷॹ ǓǹȠǔȖǔșǓǷ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹǦƺȠȆǷ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ Ǔ ȠǔȖǓǿঀ Φ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠLjǓǿ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǏȅǾǩǿƻǹǿƺǷॹ ƺੈǟǓǴǓǷLjǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓȖǓȒে ǾȅǏǓǹǹ ƺੈǹǓǠȠȉLjLj ǓșǓȠLjǓǿ ǟǔȖЙঀ ੈǿȌǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǷȉȖǓ LjȌΚȧǹȠ ȣǠΡƺǿॹ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǷȉȖǓ ȣǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ǿǓǾ ǩǠƺΦƻǿ ΚƻǹȠȅΦȅȠȠঀ /ƺLjƻȖ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǩșǷȅǹƻΦȅȠȠƺLjLjƺǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷॹ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌȒǩƺljȅǿ ΚƺǹȆ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹȧǷ ǔș ƺੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿșǔǠȧǷ ǾǔǠ ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦȅȠȠঀ ੈࢳࢱࢱࢹেƺș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ΚƻǹșƻǠȅȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȌǓǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓșșǔ ΚƻǹȠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓॹ ǏǓ ǓΦǓǿ ǩǏȌșΦƺǷLjƺǿ ƺੈǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡ ǾǔǠ ljșƺǷ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȅǿ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǔș ǿǓǾ ǔșΦǹǓǹȠǔǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷLjǓǿ ȖǓǴǹȌ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠॹ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠȖƺ ǠΡƺǷȅȖȅǹȠ ǦƺȠƻșȣǷƺȠঀ /ƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅșƺǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙȠ ȠƺȖȠǴƻǷ ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏǟȌǿǓǷঀ hǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ƺੈǿȌȠȌǹ ǩș ǓǹΚƻȖǴƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺǷȠǫΚ ǹǓǠΡǓǿॹ ǾǓȖȠ ƺΦ ƻǹȠƺǹƺ ȠǓȖǾǓǹȠ LjǓΚǔȠǓǹȖǓ ǩș șΦȧǷșǔǠ Κƺǿঀ OșșΦǓ ǷǓǹǹ ǓǠΡǓΦȠǓȠǿǩ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƻǴƻȠ ƺੈǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠƻΚƺǹॹ ƺੈǠΡǓȖǓǷǿǓΚǓǹǔșșǓǹঀ ੈǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǿǓǾǩ șΦǓȖǓȒǓǷ ǾǔǹΡǓǿ ǠΡȉǷǓȖǓΦǿǓǷ ƺੈǾƺǠΡƺȖ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾLjƺǿॹ ƺǾǩȠ ǴȆǹ ƺǹƻȠƻǾƺșΦȠ ƺΦ ƺΦ ƺǏƺȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ hেǿ LjǓǹȧǹ ƺੈǾƺǠΡƺȖ ǿȌǷ ΚǔǠΦǩǷ ƺੈǹǓǠȠȉLjLj ǦƻΦǩে ǾȣǿǷƻȠॹ ǔș ǓǠΡLjǓǿ ȌǷ ǩș ƺੈǹǓǠǓǹǔǠǓǏǓȠȠǓLjLjǓǷ ǓΦΦǓǹঀ

82

Φ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ ǷǩǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȅΦΦƺ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǔș ǿȌǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠǓǷǓȠॹ ǾǩǿǏ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿșƻǠȅǷLjƺǿॹ ǾǩǿǏ ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǓǷLjǓǿॹ ǔș ƺੈ ǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅș șΦǓȖǓȒǓǷȖǓ ǷǔșΦǫȠǩ ǟǓǹ ƺੈǏǩƻǷȅǷƺȠঀ ੈǹǓǠǠΡƺǷȅȖǩLjLj șΦȠǓȖǓȅȠǫȒǩƺ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔȖΦǓǹǾǩ ǹǔǿΡǓǷ ৅ ǿǓǾ ǓǹǔǠ ǓȖȌșǓǷ ǓǠΡ Κƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǦȅΦॹ ǿǓǾ ǷǔȒǓșǓǷ Ȗƺljǩȅǿƻǹǩș ǏȉǿȠǔșǓǷǓȠ ǦȅΦǿǩॹ ǷȉǿǿΡǓǿ LjǓǟȅǹΡƻșȅǹǦƺȠȆǷॹ șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺ ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿǔǹǓȠ ǟȅǿȠȅșƺLjLjॹ ǓΦǔȖȠ ǿǓǾ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǾǓǠLjǫΦǦƺȠȆǷॹ ǷǓΚǔșLjǔ ǦƺǴǹƺǿǏȆǷ ǷȅljǷƻΦƺȠȅȠ Κƻǹǹƺǹǿǩॹ ǔș ƺΦ ȉǿLjǩΦƺǹǾȣǷ ǷǓΚǔșLjǔ ǟǓǴǹǓȠȠॹ șȠLjঀ FƺǠΡȅLjLj ȉǿLjǩΦƺǹȅǾǾƺǹॹ ǷǩȠƺȖȠƻșșƺǹॹ ǴȆ ǩǏȌǠƺΦǏƻǹǷȅǏƻșșƺǹॹ ȖȣǠƺǹǾƺșșƻǠǠƺǹ ǔș ǦƺȠǔে ǷȅǿΡșƻǠǠƺǹ ǴȆ ǓșǔǹΡ Κƺǿ ǓΦǓǿ șΦȠǓȖǓȅȠǫȒǩƻǷ ǹǓǠΡȌΦǔșǔȖǓঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǟȌLjLj ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǩȠ ǫǠΡ ǹǓǦǓȠǿǓ ȉșșΦǓǟȅǠǹƺǹǿǩॸ EȅȠǩΚƻljǩȆ ੈǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ƺੈǟȌ ǾȅȠǩΚƻljǩȆ ǓǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƺǷȅȖ ƺੈǷǔǿΡșΦǓȖॹ ƺǾǩǿǓǷ Ƿȧে ǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ȅǷƺǩ ǹǓǦǓȠǿǓǷॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƺǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠ ǦǩƻǿΡƺॹ șΦȧǹǔș ȣȠƻǿ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƻLjƺ ΚƺǹȆ ΚǩșșΦƺȠǔȖǔș ǿǓǦǔΦșǔǠǓॹ ƺΦ ǔǹǓȠǷȅȖǦȅΦ ǷƺȒljșȅǹȆǏȆ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȠǓȠǔșॹ ƺੈȖȣǠƺǹǾƺș ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǷ ǦǩƻǿΡƺ ΚƺǠΡ ǓΠȠȖƺ LjǓΚǔȠǓǹ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓșșǔǠǓঀ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻে șƻǦȅΦ ƺੈǾȅȠǩΚƻljǩȆ șΦƻȖǾƺΦǦƺȠ ƺΦ ȉǿǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻș ȣȠƻǿǩ ΚƻǠΡLjȆǹ ΚƺǠΡ ƺੈǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿșǔǠ ǩǠǔǿΡǔLjȌǹঀ ^ȅǷƺǿ ƺǷǷȅȖ ΚƻǠǿƺǷ LjǓǹǓ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșLjƺॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ǾǔǠ ȅȠȠǦȅǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǷǷǓǹঀ hǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ǓǠΡ șǩǷǓȖǓș ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǷǓΚǔșLjǔ ǟȅǿȠȅșঀ tǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠȉLjLjșǔǠǓ ǾƺǠƺșƺǿ ǷǔȒΦǓȠȠ ǔș ǷȅȖƻLjLjƺǿ ǾȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆǷǔǿȠ Ǐȅǹে ǠȅΦȅȠȠঀ FƺǠΡȅǿ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷLjƺǿ ǿǩǿljș șΦȧǷșǔǠȧǷ ƺੈ ǷȅȖƻLjLjƺǿ ǾǓǠșΦǓȖΦǓȠȠ ȠȣǏƻșȖƺঀ lΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓȖΚǓΦǔșȠॹ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ȠǓȖΚǓΦǔșȠ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ǿǓǾ ΚǔǠǓΦে ǿǓǷॹ ƻǹȠƺǹƻLjƺǿ ǿǩǿljșǓǿǓǷ ȠǩșΦȠƻLjƺǿ ƺΦ ǓǦǦǓΦ ǷƺȒljșȅǹȆǏȆ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǷǓǹঀ ǹȠƺǹƻLjƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǴȅǠǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷLjǓǿ ǷǓΚǔșLjǔ ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȅȠȠƺǷॹ ǠΡƺǷȖƺǿ ǔșΦȖǓ șǓǾ ΚǓșΦǩǷॹ Ǧƺ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȠǓȠǔș ǔȖǩ ȌǷǓȠঀ XǔǿΦȧǠΡǓǷ ੈ ǿȌǷ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǩǿȠ ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLj ǷȅljǷƻΦƺȠȅȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǿƺǷॹ ǿǓǾ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǓǷ ȒǔǿΦȠ Ƿȉǹljșȉǿে ǷǔȖǿǩॹ ǿǓǾ ƺǷƺȖǿƺǷ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌȠঀ ?ǓΚǔșǿǓǷ Κƺǿ LjƺǿǷǩ ǦǩȠǓǹǓॹ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ȒǓǏǩǠॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ Κƺǿॹ ǿǓǠƺȠǫΚ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠȅǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǿǓǷॹ ƺǾǩ LjǩΦƺǹǾƺȠǹƺǿșƻǠȅȠ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓΦঀ ΦǔȖȠ ƺΦȠƻǿ ƺੈLjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǓȠȠ ȠȌǷǔǴȧǷ ǩș ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡƺLjLj ৅ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǩǿȠ ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLj ǾǓǠȠƺǷƺȖǫে 83

Ƞƻșșƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǿǓǷॹ ǔș ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ƺੈǟǔȖǴȧǷȠȌǹ ΚƺǠΡ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖȧǷȠȌǹ ǷƺȒǿƺǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠॹ ǹǓǠǩǿǷƻLjLj ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƺǷȅȖঀ ?ǓΚǓșǓLjLj LjǓΚǔȠǓǹȠ ǩș ǠǓǿǓȖƻǹǿƺǷঀ Φ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔে ǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷ ǔș ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏǩ ǔǹǓȠ șǩǷǓȖǓș ȉșșΦǓǓǠΡǓΦȠǓȠǔșǓ ǟȅǿȠȅșƺLjLj ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿΡǓȖǓșǔǠঀ Φ ǓΠȠȖƺ LjǓΚǔȠǓǹȠ ǦƺǴǹƺǾȅșƺǷ ljșƺǹƻǏǩ ljǔǹȅǷȖƺ ǟȅȖǏǫȠƺǿǩঀ lΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠॹ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠȉLjLjǿΡǩȖǓ ǓǠΡșΦǓǾǔǹΡǓș ljǔǠǓǷॹ ǾǩǷȖȅΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷॹ ǓǿǿǓǷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌǓǿ ƺੈ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǩ ȧȠǓǾȧǷ ΚǩșșΦƺǟȅǠȅȠȠƺLjLjॹ ǾǩΚǓǹ ƺੈ ǟȌ șΦǓǾȒȅǿȠ ǩǿǷƻLjLj ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺ ǔș ǾƺǠƻǿǔǹǓȠ ǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡƺॹ ǿǓǾ ȒǓǏǩǠ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșঀ ੈǿȌǷ ƻǹȠƺǹƻLjƺǿ ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLj ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠǿƺǷॹ ǔș ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǩǿȠ ǓǹǷǓȖȧǹǩǷ ƺੈΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ȒȅΦǫljǩȆȠॹ ǾǩΚǓǹ ƺΦ ȠȉLjLjǹǓȠǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȅǷǷƺǹ ǴƻȖঀ ੈ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǩǷ ǾǓǠǹǓǦǓȠȌșǓǿ ǿȌǩǓșǓǷॹ ǠΡƺǷȖƺǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠǹǓȠǦǓΦ ǷƺȒljșȅǹȆǏে ǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ȌǷ ǾƺǠȣǷ ǩș ǾǓǠȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹȠƺǷॹ ǔș ǿƺǠΡȅǿ șȅǷșΦȅȖ ȠǓǹǴǓșǓǿ ǓǹȠǔȖ ƺȠȠȆǹॹ ƺǾǩȠ ƺੈǷȅȖƻLjLjǩ ǾȣǿǷƺǷȉȖȧǷLjǓǿ ljșǩǿƻǹȠƺǷঀ ੈǷȅǹǹǔǠƻǩǷ ǔș ȧǠΡǟǓǹǓǩǷ ȠȤǹǿΡȅǾȆȖǔșΦȠ ǿȌǷআ ǟǓǹȠǓǦǓȠȌǹǓǠ ǓΦ ƺΦ ȅǷƺ ƺǿǿƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠȧǷǓȠ ǹǓǠȠȉLjLjșΦȉȖ LjǩΦে ȠȅǿșƻǠȅșǿƺǷ ΚǔǹǩǷঀ 2ǿǷƻLjLj ȠƺȖȠƺǿƺǷ ƺੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷȠȆǹॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ȧǠΡǟǓǹǓǷ ǓǹΚǓșΦȠǔșǔȠȌǹঀ ǠΡ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆȠ ƺǷǷȅȖ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓǿǓǷ șǩǷǓȖǓșǿǓǷॹ Ǧƺ ƺΦ ȧǠΡǟǓǹǓǩ ǓǹǔǠǓǏǓȠȠǓǷॹ ǔș Ǔǹǟȅে ǠƺǏǴƺॹ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǩ ȌȠ ƺੈǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǓঀ ੈǟǓǹǾǔȖǔș ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ǓǹǔǠǓǏǓȠȠǓǷॹ ǔș ǿǓǾ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǿǓǷ ƺǹে ǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷ ǹǓǿǿǩঀ hǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅșƺǿ ǓǹǔǠǓǏǓȠǹǓǿǓǷ ƺੈ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ?ƺǾƺȖƺ ǔș ƺੈEȣǿǷƺȧǠΡǩ ?ȉΦȒȅǿȠȅǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷǷƺǹঀ

2tঀ ࢳঀ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ ǩǠǩȠƻǹǩș ^ȠƺȖȠȣȒ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǴƺ ੈ ǩǠǩȠƻǹǩș ^ȠƺȖȠȣȒ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ǓǠΡǩǷ ȒǩǹǹǔȖǓ ƺੈtƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ৅ ƺǾǩ ǷǩǟǓǴǓΦǓȠȠǓǿ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ ΚƻǹǴƺǿƺǷॸ ৙@ǓǠΡǓǿ ȠȉLjLj ljǔǹΦȅȠȠ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾॹ ǷƺǾȒƻǿΡॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ șǓǠǫȠǩǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ ΚƻǹƻșƻȠॹ ǓǿǿǓǷ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓǷǔȒȒǓǿ ǿȉΚǓে ǷǓǏǴǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ শǩșষঀ৛ Φ ǓǦǦǓΦ ǷƺȒljșȅǹȆǏȆ ǾȣȠƺȠȆॸ FȌǩ șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ljǔǠƺǹƺȒǫȠȆǷইȠƻȖșƺǹƺȒǫȠȆǷ șΦƻǾƻǿƺǷ ljǔǹǔȖȠǔǷǓ ੼ࢳࢱઔ ࢳࢱࢳࢱেȖƺঀ ࢹࢵ

ੈșȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǔȠ ȠȪΦȠǓ Ƿǩ ljǔǹȣǹॹ ǷǩǟǓǴǓΦǓȠȠǓǿ ƺੈȠǓljǦে ǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖȖƺ ǷȅǿljǓǿȠȖƻǹΚƺॸ ॷ FȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷॹ ȠƻȖșƺǹƺȒǫȠȆǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ॷ Φ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǏǩǠǩȠƻǹǩș ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ȠȣǏƺȠȅșǫȠƻșƺ ॷ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǔǹǓȠǟȅȖǾƺ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǓ ƺΦ ǩșǷȅǹƺȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǓǿ LjǓǹȧǹ ॷ Φ ȤǴȖƺǷǓΦǏǔș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǾǓǠǫȠǔǹǔșǔǿǓǷ ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƺ ੈljǔǹȅǷ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƻȖƺ ǴƺΚƺșȅǹȠ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷॸ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ șΦǷȉΦ ǓǹǿǓΚǓΦǔșǓ

FȌǩ șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷইȠƻȖș ƺǹƺȒǫȠȆǷ

șΦǷȉΦ ǴǓǹǹǓǠǓ

ǷȉΦȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ

Φ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔș ljǔǹǴƺ

FȌǩ șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓঀ ੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǏȅǾǩǿƻǹȠ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖLjƺǿ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦȆ șΦƻǾLjƺǿ ǹǓǠΡǓǿǓǷ ǿȌǷ ǩșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ȤǴ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǓǹǩȠ ǿǓ ȠǓȖǾǓǹǴǓ ȤǴȖƺ ƺੈǿǓǾǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌȠǹǓǿșǔǠǓǷǓȠঀ

Φ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔș tartalma

ੈǾƻȖ ǾǓǠǹǔΚȌ Ȓǩƺljǩ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠॹ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ শǷȅǿǟǓȖǓǿljǩƻǷॹ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǓǷॹ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷॹ șȠLjঀষ ǾǓǠǦǩȖǏǓȠǔșǓॹ ƺੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷǿƻǹ ȒǹȣșΦȒȅǿȠ ǴƻȖǴȅǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȆǔȖȠ șȠLjঀ Φ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔș ǟȌLjLj ǩȖƻǿΡƺǩ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌǷॸ ॷ ǿȌǩ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠƺǷǿƺǷ Ƿȧǹȉǿ ǏǓǏǩǷƻǹȠ ǟȅȖȖƻșআ ॷ ǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿljǩƺǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔș ৅ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠআ ॷ ǿȌǩ ǦǩȠǓǹǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺ ǿȅǿȒȖȅЙȠ ǾǩǷȖȅЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșșƺǹঀ Φ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔș ȠȅΚƻLjLjǩ ǷǩǏȅǹǠȅΦƻșȠ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǹঀ

=ƺΚƺșȅǹȠ ǩǿǏǩǷƻȠȅȖশȅǷষ

FȌǩ șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷইșȠƺȖȠȣȒȅǷLjƺǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƺঀ

ࠍࠓࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ 'Ȥȵȵǚȸ࣒ EǙǿͧǙȵȤȵȸͬǚǿ ȈǿȈȿǚȘȈȸ ^ȿǙȵȿɂȱ ^ȿȵǙȿdzǿȈǚȓǙ

ੈșȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ǟȆǷȣșΦƻLjƺǿ Κƺǿ ƺੈǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿljǩƺǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔș ǩșॸ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿljǩƻǷ șΦǷȉΦ ǓǹǿǓΚǓΦǔșǓ

tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿljǩƺেǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ

șΦǷȉΦ ǴǓǹǹǓǠǓ

ǷȉΦȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ

Φ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔș ljǔǹǴƺ

EǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓ ƺΦ ȉǿșΦǓȖΚǓΦȌǏȌॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿljǩƺ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȖǓ ǹǓǠƺǹǷƺǹǾƺșƺLjLj ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǩ ǾȆǏșΦǓȖȠ ǿΡȤǴȠȆ ljșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺঀ

Φ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔș tartalma

2ǟǴȤșƻǠǩॹ ȉǿǷǔǿȠǓșॹ ǾǓǿȠȅȖ ǔș șΦƺǷǔȖȠȌǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷ ȉșșΦǓǷȉȠǔșǓ ǔș șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺ ȠȣǏƻșȠȖƺǿșΦǟǓȖ ǔș ǾǓǠǴǓǹǓǿǔșǩ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǟȅȖǾƻLjƺǿ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌǓǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ șΦǓȖǓȒǹȌǩǿǓǷ ƺǷȠǫΚ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔΚǓǹ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǔȠǩ ǟȅȖǾƻLjƺǿ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǩ ȠǔȖLjǓǿ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșȣǹȆƺǿঀ

ࢹࢶ

=ƺΚƺșȅǹȠ ǩǿǏǩǷƻȠȅȖশȅǷষ

ੈȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾLjƺ ȠȉǾȉȖǫȠǓȠȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǔș ȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌǷ șΦƻǾƺঀ

29. ábra: 'Ȥȵȵǚȸ࣒ EǙǿͧǙȵȤȵȸͬǚǿ ȈǿȈȿǚȘȈȸ ^ȿǙȵȿɂȱ ^ȿȵǙȿdzǿȈǚȓǙ

2tঀ ࢳঀ ࢲঀ ǠΡǔLjॹ ǷǷΚেǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ (2FKX ࢶঀࢲঀࢺেࢲࢸ শ(ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǔș 2ǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆș KȒǓȖƺȠǫΚ XȖȅǠȖƺǾষ ੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ƺੈࢳࢱࢲࢵ৅ࢳࢱࢳࢱেƺș ǩǏȌșΦƺǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦǩǷॹ ǔș ljǔǹǴƺ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǓǹȌșǓে ǠǫȠǔșǓঀ ੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǟȌ ljǔǹǷǩȠȪΦǔșǓ ǓǹǔȖǿǩ ƺੈࢸࢶઔেȅș ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ȖƻȠƻȠঀ [ǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ǿΡȤǴȠƺǿƺǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ࢴࢱ ǔΚ ƺǹƺȠȠǩ ЙƺȠƺǹȅǷǿƺǷॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ࢴࢱ ǔΚ ǟǓǹǓȠȠǩ ƻǹǹƻșǷǓȖǓșȌǷǿǓǷॹ ƺȖȖƺ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦΚǓ ȌǷǓȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦΦƺǿƺǷঀ tǩșșΦƺ ǿǓǾ ȠǔȖǫȠǓǿǏȌ ƺǿΡƺǠǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƺǿƺǷ ƺੈǷǓΦǏǓȠǩ ǷȉǹȠșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǏǓΦǔșǔȖǓঀ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǔș 2ǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆș KȒǓȖƺȠǫΚ XȖȅǠȖƺǾ ࢳࢱࢲࢴ ȆȠƺ ƺΦ {2E ƺǿǷ ǩș șǓǠǫȠǩ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ȒǩƺljȖƺ ǴȣȠƻșƻȠ ƺΦƻǹȠƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡ ǷƺǾƺȠȠƺǹ Ƿǫǿƻǹ șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ƺΦ ǓΠȒȅȖȠȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻǦȅΦঀ ΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅșƺǿ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌǷ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȒƻǹΡƻΦƺȠǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷॹ ǾǓে ǹΡǓǷ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǷȧǹȒǩƺljȖƺ ǴȣȠƻșƻȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹǴƻǷ শȒǹঀ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǷǷΚেǷǿƺǷ șǓǠǫȠǓǿǓǷ ƺੈǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ȒǩƺljȖƺ ǴȣȠƻșLjƺǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǷǹƺșΦȠǓȖǓǷǓȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿƺǷষঀ 2ȖǩǿΡǩ eǓȖΚ Φ 2ȖǩǿΡǩ eǓȖΚ ǓǠΡ ƻȠǟȅǠȆ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡΦƺȠǩ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ljǔǹǴƺ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ ȤǴে ȖƺǩȒƺȖȅșǫȠƻșƺঀ ੈǾƺǠΡƺȖ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǓǷǓȠ ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦॹ Κƺে ǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ȒƻǹΡƻΦƺȠǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠ Ƿǫǿƻǹ ǷǷΚেǷ ȖǔșΦǔȖǓঀ 'Ȍ ljǔǹǷǩȠȪΦǔșǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖ ƺȖƻǿΡƻȠ ƺੈLjȖȣȠȠȆ ǦƺΦƺǩ ȠǓȖǾǔǷLjǓǿ শ( Xষ ƺੈǷȅȖƻLjLjǩ শࢳࢱࢲࢷেȅșষ ࢳࢴॹࢶઔেȖȆǹ ࢴࢱઔেȖƺ ǿȉΚǓǹǴǓ ࢳࢱࢳࢱেȖƺঀ Φ 2ȖǩǿΡǩ eǓȖΚ ǷǩǓǾǓǹȠ ǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȠ ǟǓǷȠǓȠ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆș ǷǔȒǓșে șǔǠǔȖǓॹ ǔș ƺΦ ƺȣȠȆǩȒƺȖॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǓǹǓǷȠȖȅǿǩǷƺ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ Ǿƻș ǩȒƺȖƻǠƺǷLjƺǿ ǩș ǓȖȌșǫȠǓǿǩ șΦƻǿǏǔǷȅΦǩǷ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠঀ /ȅȖǩΦȅǿȠ ࢳࢱࢳࢱ eƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡǓǷ ǔș ǷȅǿΦȣǹȠƻljǩȆǷॹ ǓেǹǓƺȖǿǩǿǠ ǷȣȖΦȣșȅǷ ǔș ǾǓǿȠȅȖȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǷǓȖǓȠǔLjǓǿ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǓȠȠǔǷ șΦƺǷǔȖȠȌǷ ƺੈ/ȅȖǩΦȅǿȠ ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǾƺǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș ǩșǾǓȖǓে

ࢹࢷ

ȠǓǷǓȠॹ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆǷƺȠॹ ǷǩȠǔȖΚǓ ƺੈȒƻǹΡƻΦƺȠǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷȖǓॹ ǴȅǠǩ ǔș ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅǷȖƺॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ȒƻǹΡƻΦȆǩ ǟǓǹȧǹǓȠ ǾȪǷȉǏǔșǔȖǓঀ

2tঀ ࢴঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেLjƺǿ ࢶॹࢲ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ǿȌ ǔǹȠ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿॹ ƺǾǩ ƺੈȠǓǹǴǓș ǿǔȒǓșșǔǠ ࢶࢳॹࢴઔেƻȠ ȠǓșΦǩ Ƿǩঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ȖƻȠƻǴƺ ǴƺΚȣǹȠॹ ǦƺLjƻȖ ƺΦ ƺǷȠǫΚ শࢲࢶ৅ࢸࢵ ǔΚ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩষ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ljșƺǷ ࢶࢲॹࢴઔেƺ Ƞƺǹƻǹ ǾȣǿǷƻȠঀ Φ ࢲࢵઔেǷƺǹ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡƺLjLjॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǓșǓȠǔLjǓǿঀ KȖșΦƻǠȅș șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ƺੈljǔǠǓǷ ࢵࢳॹࢷࢵઔেƻǿƺǷ Κƺǿ ǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƺঀ /ƺ ƺੈࢳࢶࢱ ǟȌǿǔǹ ȠȉLjLjǓȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ljǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǿǔΦΦȧǷॹ ƺǷǷȅȖ ǓΦ ƺΦ ƺȖƻǿΡ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡƺLjLjॸ ࢴࢵॹࢲઔঀ eȉLjLj ǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴে ǏȅǿȅșȠ ȠƺǹƻǹȣǿǷ ƺੈࢲࢱ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠǿƻǹ ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLjǓȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ljǔǠǓǷ ǷȉȖǔLjǓǿঀ

ࠎࠋࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ তȞȫȈ ȿɂȘǙȓǮȤȞǧǙȞ ȘDz͠ȫ ͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬǚȸȤȖ ǙȵǚȞͧǙ ड Ǚͬ ǙȘȖǙȘȝǙͬȤȿȿǙȖ ȸͬǚȝǙ ȸͬDzȵȈȞȿȈ ȖǙȿDzǿȥ ण ȵȈǚȖȵǙ ȘDzǧȤȞȿ͠Ǚ

/ȅΦΦƻ ǷǓǹǹ ȠǓǿǿǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦȅǿ ljǔǠǓǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǷǩΦƻȖȆǹƺǠ ǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿLjƺǿ Κƺǿে ǿƺǷॹ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ljǔǠǿǓǷ ljșƺǷ ࢲࢶઔেƻȠ ȠǓșΦǩǷ Ƿǩঀ tƺǿǿƺǷ ȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș ǔș ƻǠƺΦƺȠȠȆǹ ǟȧǠǠȌ ǦƺȠƻșȅǷ ǩșঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǟǓǹȧǹȖǓȒȖǓΦǓǿȠƻǹȠƺǷ ƺੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹে ȠƺȠȆǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖLjƺǿঀ ੈǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦșǔǠȧǠΡǩ ǔș șΦȅljǩƻǹǩș ƻǠƺΦƺȠLjƺǿ ࢶࢲॹࢵઔঀ Φ ৙ǓǠΡǔLj șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ৛ ƺੈǾƻșȅǏǩǷ ǦǓǹΡǓǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷॹ ǓΦȠ ǷȉΚǓȠǩ ƺੈȠǓΠȠǩǹǩȒƺȖॹ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻș ǔș ƺੈǷǩșǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾঀ ࢹࢸ

ࢳࢱࢲࢲেLjǓǿ ƺੈ ǟǓǹșȌǟȅǷȤ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠǠǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ǿȌǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ࢲࢺॹࢸઔ ΚȅǹȠॹ șΦǓǾLjǓǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ࢲࢹॹࢳઔেƻΚƺǹঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢶেȉș ƺǏƺȠȅǷ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ƺΦ ƺǹƻLjLjǩ ȖƺǿǠșȅȖ ƺΦȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǟǓǹșȌȅǷȠƺȠƻș Ƿȧǹȉǿে LjȉΦȌ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǩǿ ǾǩǹΡǓǿ ƺȖƻǿΡLjƺǿ ΚǓȠȠǓǷ ȖǔșΦȠ ǿȌǷॸ ȠƺǿƻȖǷǔȒΦǔșॹ ȅǷȠƺȠƻș শࢸࢺઔষॹ ǓǠǔșΦșǔǠȧǠΡǩ ǔș șΦȅljǩƻǹǩș șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ শࢷࢸઔষॹ LjȉǹljșǔșΦǓȠȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡ শࢷࢶઔষॹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺে ǹȅǾȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅǷ শࢷࢵઔষॹ ǾȪΚǔșΦǓȠǓǷ শࢷࢳઔষॹ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ শࢶࢹઔষॹ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȠȣǏȅǾƻে ǿΡȅǷ শࢶࢶઔষॹ ǴȅǠǩ ǷǔȒΦǔș শࢶࢺઔষॹ ȠǓȖǾǔșΦǓȠȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅǷ শࢵࢺઔষॹ ǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ শࢵࢺઔষॹ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƺȠǩǷƺ শࢳࢲઔষॹ ǾȪșΦƺǷǩ ǷǔȒΦǔș শࢳࢳઔষঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢶেLjǓǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ƻȠǹƺǠȅșƺǿ ࢲࢷઔেǷƺǹ ǷƺȒȠƺǷ ǟǔȖЙ ǷȅǹǹǔǠƻǩǷǿƻǹ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡƺLjLj ЙΦǓȠǔșȠঀ ੈΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ȒȅΦǫljǩȆǷLjƺǿ ǾǔǠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓLjLjǓǷ ƺੈЙΦǓȠǔșLjǓǹǩ ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠǓǷ ৅ ǓǠΡ ǟǔȖЙ Йে ΦǓȠǔșǓ ǷȉǿǿΡǓǿ ƺੈǏȣȒǹƻǴƺ ǹǓǦǓȠ ǓǠΡ ȣǠΡƺǿȅǹΡƺǿ ȒȅΦǫljǩȆLjƺǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȆ ǿȌ ЙΦǓȠǔșǔǿǓǷঀ

2tঀ ࢵঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ 2tঀ ࢵঀ ࢲঀ ǹǹƺǾǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ EƺǠΡƺȖ ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ǔș 2ȒƺȖǷƺǾƺȖƺ ੈǷƺǾƺȖƺ ljǔǹǴƺ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǔșǓॹ ȠǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠǓș ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓ ǔș ȠȉLjLjǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺঀ FǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ƺੈǷƺǾƺȖƺ ǹǓǠǟȌLjLj ljǔǹǷǩȠȪΦǔșǓǩ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ șΦǓȖǓȒǓǹ ƺੈǾƺǠΡƺȖ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șǓǠǫȠǔșǓ ƺੈǷȧǹȒǩƺljȅǷȅǿॹ ȤǴ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǹȠƻȖƻșƺॹ Ƿȧǹȉǿȉș ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠǓǹ ƺੈșΦȅǾșΦǔǏȅș ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷȖƺঀ EƺǠΡƺȖ FǓǾΦǓȠǩ ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏȌǦƻΦ ੈ EƺǠΡƺȖ FǓǾΦǓȠǩ ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏȌǦƻΦ ljǔǹǴƺ ȤǴ Ȓǩƺljǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǹǷȣȠƺȠƻșƺ ƺੈ ǷǷΚেǷ ȖǔșΦǔȖǓॹ ǓΦƻǹȠƺǹ ƺΦ ǓΠȒȅȖȠǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǩǷ LjȌΚǫȠǔșǓॹ ǓΠȒȅȖȠȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠȧǷ ǟǓǹǹǓǿǏǫȠǔșǓঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেLjƺǿ ࢴࢺ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ǿƺȒȅȠ ȠƺȖȠȅȠȠƺǷ ǷǷΚেǷ ȖǔșΦǔȖǓॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷǓǿ ࢷࢲࢸ ljǔǠ ΚǓȠȠ ȖǔșΦȠঀ ੈΚǩșșΦƺǴǓǹΦǔșǓǷ ȒȅΦǩȠǫΚƺǷॹ ƺΦ ΠȒȅȖȠ ǷƺǏǔǾǩƺ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǷȉȖǔLjǓǿঀ ^ΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșƺǩǷ ȠȉLjLjǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺΦ ƺǹƻLjLjǩƺǷȖƺ ȠǓȖǴǓǏǿǓǷ Ƿǩॸ ॷ ǓΠȒȅȖȠȒȖȅǾȆljǩȆॹ ॷ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǹǷȣȠƺȠƻșƺॹ ॷ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠƻȖǠΡƺǹƻșȅǷ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșǓॹ

88

ॷ ȖȣǠƺǹǾƺș ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƺॹ ॷ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓș ǹȅǠǩșΦȠǩǷƺǩ ǾǓǠȅǹǏƻșȅǷঀ ^ΦǔljǦǓǿΡǩ eȌǷǓƺǹƺȒেǷǓΦǓǹȌ ȖȠঀ EǩǷȖȅেॹ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȖǓ șΦƺǷȅșȅǏȅȠȠॹ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȤ ȠƻȖșƺșƻǠঀ FǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ lǠΡǿȉǷșǔǠ ੈǹǓǦǓȠșǔǠǓș LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǷǓȠ ǷȉȠǩ ȉșșΦǓ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǾƺǠΡƺȖ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷǷǓǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ȠȌǷǔȖǓ Κƺǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠȧǷঀ ǠΡȖǓ ǿȉΚǓǷΚȌ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠƺǏƺȠLjƻΦǩșșƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǿǓǷॹ ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ ǩȒƺȖǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖȅǷLjȆǹঀ

2tঀ ࢵঀ ࢳঀ ǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ^ ৅ ?ǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșেǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ƺǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ ?ȧǹǏǓȠǔșȧǷǷǔǿȠ ƺੈ ǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌȠ ǟȅǠƺǹǾƺΦȠƻǷ ǾǓǠॸ ৙ƺ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǔș ƺΦ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƺ ƺΦ ǓȠǩǷȣșॹ ȠȣǏƺȠȅș ǔș ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǾƺǠƺȠƺȖȠƻș ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǔǿ ǔș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹ৛ঀ ^ΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșƺǩǷ ȠȉLjLjǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠॸ ॷ ȠƺǿƻljșƺǏƻșॹ ॷ ȧΦǹǓȠǩȠǓȖΚেǷǔșΦǫȠǔșॹ ॷ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷঀ ȣǏƺȒǓșȠǩ tƻǹǹƺǷȅΦƻșǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ?ȉΦƺǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ ǔǹǴƺ ƺੈ ǟȌΚƻȖȅș ǾǩǷȖȅেॹ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƺǩǿƺǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓॹ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǓঀ EǩǷȖȅǦǩȠǓǹȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴȣǷ ȅǹΡƺǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ hেǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷƺȠ ǿǓǾ ȠȣǏǿƺǷ ǩǠǔǿΡLjǓ ΚǓǿǿǩঀ iǴ ǔș ǾǓǠǹǔΚȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿƺǷॹ ƺੈȒǩƺljǩ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǷǿǓǷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌǓǿঀ ǹƺljșȅǿΡ ǷȉǹȠșǔǠǠǓǹ ǷǫǿƻǹǿƺǷ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ ǾǩǷȖȅΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷǿƺǷॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǓǠΡǔLj শǿǓǾেȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩষ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺে ȠƻșȅǷƺȠ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷǿƺǷঀ 'Ȍ ljǔǹljșȅȒȅȖȠǴƺǩǷ ƺੈǿȌǷॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹȅǷঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǔș EȣǿǷƻǹȠƺȠȆǷ KȖșΦƻǠȅș ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓ শtK^ ষ ੈ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷƺȠ ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈ ^ΦǔljǦǓǿΡǩ ?ƻȖȠΡƺ XȖȅǠȖƺǾȅȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ƻȠǾǓǿǓȠǩ ǹǩǷΚǩǏǩȠƻșǩ ȒȖȅLjǹǔǾƻǩǿƺǷ ǾǓǠȅǹǏƻșƻȖƺ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȆ ࢹࢺ

ǦǩȠǓǹȠǓȖǾǔǷঀ EǩǿǏǓǿ ǔΚLjǓǿ ǾǓǠȖǓǿǏǓΦǩǷ ƺੈ EƺǠΡƺȖ tƻǹǹƺǷȅΦȆǷ FƺȒǴƻȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǓșǓǿ ƺǏǿƺǷ ƻȠ ǏǫǴƺǷƺȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈXȖǩǾƺ XȖǩǾǩșșǩǾƺ ǫǴƺȠॹ ΚƺǠΡ ƺΦ ǓǦে ǦǓΦ ǷȉȠȌǏȌ EǓǠΡǓǩ XȖǩǾƺ ǫǴƺȠঀ ^ΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșƺǩǷ ȠȉLjLjǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺΦ ƺǹƻLjLjǩƺǷȖƺ ȠǓȖǴǓǏǿǓǷ Ƿǩॸ ॷ ॷ ॷ ॷ ॷ

ƺ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǔș ǦǓǹΡǩ ǏȉǿȠǔșǦȅΦȆ ȠǓșȠȧǹǓȠǓǷ ǓǹȌȠȠǩ ǔȖǏǓǷǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǓȠॹ ǴȅǠșΦƺLjƻǹΡǩ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷȖȆǹ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșƺॹ ȠƺǿƻljșƺǏƻșॹ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷॹ ΚƻșƻȖȅǷॹ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǟȆȖȣǾȅǷॹ ǷȅǿǟǓȖǓǿljǩƻǷ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșǓॹ ǷǔȒΦǔșঀ

^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠ ƺੈ ǩǠǩȠƻǹǩș (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǔȖȠ শ2t^ ষ Φ ƺੈ ljǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ƺΦ 2?e ǩȒƺȖƻǠLjƺǿ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǷǓǏȌ ǾǩǷȖȅে ǔș ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡ șΦǓȖΚǓΦ șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǠΡȌΦȠǓșǓǩ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓǦǓȠǿǓǷ ƺੈǦƺǿে ǿȅΚǓȖǩ 2eॹ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆș ǔș ǏǩǠǩȠƺǹǩΦƻljǩȆș ǷǩƻǹǹǫȠƻșȅǿॹ ƺੈ 2eেǓǿঀ E' ই/ǩΚǓǿȠȣȖǓș ?ȧǹǏǓȠǔșǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ৙șǓǠǫȠșǓ ƺੈ ǴǓǹǓǿ ǔș ǴȉΚȌ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǓǹǷǔȒΦǓǹǔșǓǩȠॹ ǔș ǓΦΦǓǹ ǦȅΦΦƻে ǴƻȖȣǹǴȅǿ ǓǠΡ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ǔș ǔȖȠǔǷȠǓȖǓǾȠȌ șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƺ ǷǩƺǹƺǷȣǹƻșƻǦȅΦ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿঀ৛ Φ ǓǠΡǩǷ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴȣǷ ƺΦ 2ǿǷȣLjƻȠȅȖǦƻΦƺǷॹ ȅȖșΦƻǠে șΦǓȖȠǓ ȠȉLjLj ǦǓǹΡșΦǫǿǓǿ ǾȪǷȉǏǩǷঀ 2ǹΡǓǿ ƺੈ v^ শvȅǾǓǿ ^ȠƺȖȠȣȒ ȅǾȒǓȠǩȠǩȅǿষ 2ǿljȣLjƺȠȅȖॹ ƺǾǩ ǟȌǹǓǠ ǿȌǩ șȠƺȖȠȣȒȅǷƺȠ ǔș ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǓȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠঀ EƺǠΡƺȖ ǿǠΡƺǹLjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǩ /ƻǹȆΦƺȠ ǦǩΚƺȠƺǹȅș ƺǿǠΡƺǹLjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ljǔǹǴƺ ǓǠΡǓșǫȠǓǿǩ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈLjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌে ǷǓȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǦǓǹΡǩ ΚƺǠΡ ȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ǔȖǏǓǷǓǹȌǏǿǓǷ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǩȖƻǿȠঀ

2tঀ ࢶঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆ ই ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ 2ǿǿȅeȖƺǏǓ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǾƺǠΡƺȖ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠঀ @ǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ƺǏ ȒȅȠǓǿljǩƻǹǩș ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǓǷǷǓǹॹ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǩ ljșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷǷƺǹ ΚƺǹȆ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦƻșȖƺॹ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ǦǓǹΡșΦǫǿǓǷǓǿ ǔș ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷǓǿঀ @ȅǠǩșΦȠǩǷƺǩॹ ȠǓljǦǿǩǷƺǩ ǔș ƺǿΡƺǠǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠ ǿΡȤǴȠƺǿƺǷঀ

ࢺࢱ

ȅLjLjƺǿȠȆ Φ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȠ ǦǩΚƺȠȅȠȠƺǷ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǓǿǩ ƺΦȅǷ ƺੈ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩॹ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǔș ǾǓǿে ȠȅȖȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ljǔǹǴƺ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓॹ ǷǩǟǓǴǓΦǓȠȠǓǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǷॹ ЙƺȠƺǹȅǷॹ șȠƺȖȠȣȒȅǷ ǷȉȖǔLjǓǿঀ ΦǓǷ ǓǠΡǩǷǓ ƺੈ ȅLjLjƺǿȠȆॹ ǓǠΡ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ șΦȆǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠȌ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ࢺࢱ ȆȖƻș ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǿ ƺǹƺȒȣǹॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌǷ ǓǹșƺǴƻȠǫȠে ǴƻǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșǦȅΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ƺǹƺȒΚǓȠȌ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǷǓȠঀ ੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅȠ ƺੈ ȣǏƺȒǓșȠ ƺǿǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺॹ ƺǹljǫǾǓॸ XǔǿΦȧǠΡǓǷȖȌǹ ǿȌǷǿǓǷঀ FȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȒȅȖȠƻǹ ΦȠ ƺੈΛǓLjȅǹǏƺǹȠ ǓǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿȌ ȧΦǓǾǓǹȠǓȠǩॹ ƺǷǩ ǷǓΦǏȌ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹॹ ǔș ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ȠǓȖΚǓΦǔș ȠǔǾƻLjƺǿ Ƿǫǿƻǹ ȠƺǿǟȅǹΡƺǾȅȠ ȣǠΡƺǿǓǿǿǓǷ ƺੈljǔǹljșȅȒȅȖȠǿƺǷঀ ?ǷΚ /ƻΦ șƺǹƻǏǩॹ ǾǩǷȖȅে ǔș ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔș ǷȣǹȠȣȖƻǹǩș ǷǹȣLjǴƺঀ ^ΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșƺǩǷ ȠȉLjLjǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠॸ ॷ ǦǩȖǏǓȠǔșॹ ॷ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠșΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșॹ ॷ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǿΡȤǴȠƻș ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ ȠǔǾƻǷLjƺǿ শljǔǠƺǹƺȒǫȠƻșॹ ǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠȠǓে ΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠেǓȖȌșǫȠǔșॹ ǴȅǠǩ ȠƺǿƻljșƺǏƻș șȠLjঀষঀ XȅȖȠƻǹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ [ȉΚǩǏॹ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǩƺș ȠƺǿƻljșȅǷ ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ ȠǔǾƻǷLjƺǿॹ ǾǩǿȠ Ȓǹঀ ǦȅǠΡƺǿ ǩǿǏǫȠșȣǿǷ Κƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠॹ ǦȅǠΡƺǿ ǷǔșΦǫȠșȧǿǷ ^vKeেǓǹǓǾΦǔșȠঀ /ƺΚȅǿȠƺ ȖǓǿǏǓΦǿǓǷ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǿȌǩ ?ǓȖǓǷƺșΦȠƺǹȅǷƺȠঀ 2ǿǠΡǓǿǓșǓǿ ǹǓȠȉǹȠǦǓȠȌ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǩ ȤȠǾȣȠƺȠȆȠ ƺǴƻǿǹƺǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺΦ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠ ƺǹƺȒǴƺǩȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǴƺ LjǓ ǹǔȒǔșȖȌǹ ǹǔȒǔșȖǓঀ ^ȠƺȖȠেȣȒ (ȣǩǏǓ 2ǿǠΡǓǿǓșǓǿ ǹǓȠȉǹȠǦǓȠȌॹ ࢴࢳࢷ ȅǹǏƺǹƺș ǷǩƺǏΚƻǿΡ ৅ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠƺǿƻljșȅǷ ǟǓǴǹȌǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷে ǿƺǷঀ ੈȠǔǾƻǷ ȠȉLjLjǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠॸ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓȖΚǓΦǔșॹ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșॹ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǔș ȣǿǩȆș ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷॹ ǴȅǠǩ ƺǹƺȒȅǷॹ ǷȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻljǩȆॹ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǓȖǿǓȠ ǓǹȌǿΡǓǩ șȠLjঀ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ FȌǩ ^ȠƺȖȠȣȒ tǓȖșǓǿΡșȅȖȅΦƺȠ ੈv^ 2ǿljȣLjƺȠȅȖ ƻǹȠƺǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȅȠȠ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ljǔǹǴƺ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠǓǿǩ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆǩǷǿƺǷ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦΦƺǿƺǷ ƻǹǾƺǩǷ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǴǔΚǓǹঀ ࢺࢲ

2tঀ ࢷঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ ƺȖȖƺ EƻȖǩƺ ੈ [[ ੈ ?ȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻljǩȆș 2ǿȠǔΦǓȠ শΛΛΛঀLjƺȖȖƺঀǦȣষ ƺǹƺȒǫে ȠȆǴƺॹ ȧǠΡΚǓΦǓȠȌ ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆǴƺॹ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǴǓॹ ljȅƺljǦঀ ࢴࢱ ǔΚǓǿ ƻȠ ƺੈEƺǠΡƺȖ [ƻǏǩȆǿƻǹ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȅȠȠ LjǓǾȅǿǏȆǷǔǿȠॹ ǾƺǴǏ ǷǔșȌLjLj șΦǓȖে ǷǓșΦȠȌেǾȪșȅȖΚǓΦǓȠȌǷǔǿȠঀ ੈ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖΚƻǹȠƻș ȣȠƻǿ ȤǴ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠLjǓǿ ȠƺǹƻǹȠƺ ǾƺǠƻȠঀ ੈȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȌǓǿ ƺΦ ǓǾLjǓȖǓǷ ȤǠΡ ȠȣǏȠƻǷ ǾǓǠে ȠƺȖȠƺǿǩ ƺੈǾƻșȅǏƻǹǹƻșȣǷLjȆǹ șΦƻȖǾƺΦȆ ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǾȧǷǓȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ Κƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦȆΚƻ ΚƻǹȠƺǷॹ ǾǓȖȠ ǫǠΡ ȠȣǏȠƺǷ ƺΦ ǓǹΚǔǠΦǓȠȠ ǾȣǿǷƻȖȆǹ șΦƻǾǹƻȠ ǷǩƻǹǹǫȠƺǿǩঀ 4ǠΡ ࢲࢺࢺࢷে Ljƺǿ EƻȖǩƺ ৅ șȅǷ Ǿƻș ǾƺǠΡƺȖǦȅΦ ǦƺșȅǿǹȆƺǿ ৅ ǷǔǿΡșΦǓȖΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ ΚƻǹȠঀ ?ǓΦǏǓȠLjǓǿ ƺȖȖƺ ΚȅǹȠ ǴȆ ƺੈ ljǔǠǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦȅǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹ Ƿǩ ȠȣǏȠƺ șΦƻǾǹƻΦǿǩ ƺΦ ǓΠȠȖƺ ǾȣǿǷƻǷƺȠঀ ?ǔșȌLjLj ǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅǏǿǩ ǷǓΦǏǓȠȠ ƺΦȅǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠȉLjLj ǦƺșΦǿƻȠ ǩș ΚǓǦǓȠǿǔ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǿƺǷॺ ǹȌșΦȉȖ ǓǠΡ ȖȉΚǩǏ ǩǏǓǩǠ ǠΡǓȖǓǷȖȣǦƺেǷǔșΦǫȠǔșșǓǹ ȒȖȆLjƻǹǷȅΦȅȠȠঀ Φ ǾǓǠǹǓǦǓȠȌșǓǿ ΦƻȖȠ Ȓǩƺlj ΚȅǹȠॹ ǿǓǾ ΚȅǹȠ ǓǹǔǠ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠșǔǠǓॹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠƺ ৅ ǦƺǾƺȖȅșƺǿ ǟǓǹƺǏȠƺॹ ǔș ȤǠΡ ǠȅǿǏȅǹে Ƞƺॹ ǿǓǾ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺș ǓǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǔșǔȖǓঀ tƺǹƺǾǩΚǓǹ ǷǔșȌLjLj ƺΦȠƻǿ ǾǔǠǩș ƺǏȅȠȠ ǾƺǠƻǿƺǷ ǾǔǠ ǓǠΡ ǓșǔǹΡȠঀ ǹǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅΦȅȠȠ ƺΦȅǿॹ ǾǩǷ ƺΦ ǓȖȌșșǔǠǓǩॹ ǔș ȤǠΡ ȠƺǹƻǹȠƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺǾǩLjǓǿ ǩǠƺΦƻǿ ǴȆॹ ƺΦ ƺੈǷȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻljǩȆॹ ǓΦǔȖȠ ǓΦǓǿ ƺੈȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿ ȠȣǏǿƺ șǩǷǓȖǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ƺǹƺȒǫȠƺǿǩঀ ΦȅǷLjƺǿ ƺΦ ǩǏȌǷLjǓǿ șȅǷ ljǔǠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠ ǾǓǠ ƺੈȒǩƺljȅǿ ƺੈǷȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻljǩȆ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿॹ ǓǠΡ ƺΦ ǓǠΡLjǓǿ ǹǓǟȅȖǏǫȠȅȠȠ ƺǾǓȖǩǷƺǩ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ƺǿΡƺǠȅǷƺȠ ǷǫǿƻǹΚƺঀ EƻȖǩƺ ǓΦǓǷǷǓǹ ǿǓǾ ΚȅǹȠ ǓǹǔǠǓǏǓȠȠॹ ǾǓǠ ΚȅǹȠ ǠΡȌΦȌǏΚǓ ƺȖȖȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ȍ ǴȅLjLjƺǿ ȠȣǏǿƻ ǓΦȠ ljșǩǿƻǹǿǩঀ EƺǠΡƺȖ ΚƻǹƺșΦȅǷƺȠ ȠȣǏǿƺ ƺǏǿǩ ƺੈǷȅǾǾȣǿǩে ǷƻljǩȆș ȒȖȅLjǹǔǾƻǷȖƺॹ ǟǓǹ ȠȣǏǿƺ ǷǔșΦǫȠǓǿǩ ǓǾLjǓȖǓǷǓȠ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǴȅLjLjƺǿ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠșǓǿǓǷ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠȅș ǦǓǹΡǩ șΦǩȠȣƻljǩȆǷLjƺǿঀ ǷǷȅȖ ǾƻȖ ΚȅǹȠ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ƺǹƺȒǓǹΚǓ ƺΦȠ ǩǹǹǓȠȌǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩȠȌǹ șǩǷǓȖǓș ǓǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșঀ iǠΡ ǠȅǿǏȅǹȠƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ljșƺǷ ǓǠΡ ǟǓǴǓ ǹǓǦǓȠ ƺੈljǔǠǿǓǷॹ ǓǠΡ ΚǓΦǓȠȌॹ ƺǷǩ ƺੈșȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷLjǓǿ ǏȉǿȠঀ eȣǏƺȠƻLjƺǿ ΚȅǹȠ ƺǿǿƺǷ ǩșॹ ǦȅǠΡ LjǩΦȅǿΡȅș ǾƺȠǓǾƺȠǩǷƺǩ ǾǓǠǟȅǿȠȅǹƻșȅǷƺȠ ǩș Йে ǠΡǓǹǓǾLjǓ ǷǓǹǹ ΚǓǿǿǩॸ ǷȉǹȠșǔǠǓǷॹ ǿΡǓȖǓșǔǠॺ শEƺȠǓǾƺȠǩǷȣș ǹƻǿΡƺǷǔǿȠ Ƿǩ ΚȅǹȠ LjǔǷȧǹΚǓ ƺੈǾƺȠǓǾƺȠǩǷƻΚƺǹ ƺΦ ǩșǷȅǹƻLjƺǿঀষ EǓǠ ΚȅǹȠ ǠΡȌΦȌǏΚǓ ƺȖȖȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǹǓǠƺǹƻLjLj ࢳ ǔΚLjǓ ȠǓǹǩǷॹ ǾǫǠ ǷǩǏǓȖȧǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈljǔǠ ǿΡǓȖǓșǔǠǓș ȠȣǏেǓ ǹǓǿǿǩॹ ǴȆǹ ΚƺǠΡ ȖȅșșΦȣǹ ǾȪǷȉǏǩǷ ৅ ƺǿǿƻǹ ǓǹȌLjLj ǿǓǾ șΦƺLjƺǏ ǟǓǹƺǏǿǩঀ

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?ȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻljǩȆș ǩșǷȅǹƻȠ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠ ǷǔȠ ǷȅȖƻLjLjǩ ǷȅǹǹǔǠƻǴƻΚƺǹॹ ǔș ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿǷǔȒȒǓǿ ǷǩǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺੈǷȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻljǩȆș ǷǔȒΦǔș ǓǹșȌ ǾƺǠΡƺȖ ǾȆǏșΦǓȖȠƺǿƻȠ ৅ ǦƺLjƻȖ ƺǷǷȅȖ ǿǓǾ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ȠȣǏƺȠƻLjƺǿ ƺǿǿƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƺǹƺǾǩ ȤǴșΦǓȖȪȠ ƺǹǷȅȠȠƺǷঀ ?ǓΦǏǓȠLjǓǿ ǦǩƻǿΡΦȅȠȠ ƺੈȒǔǿΦॺ 2ǠƺΦƻǿ ǷǩljșǩLjǓǿ ǷǓΦǏȠǔǷॹ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǷȅǹǹǔǠƻǴȣǷ ǹƺǷƻșƻǿƺǷ ࢷ ǿǔǠΡΦǓȠǾǔȠǓȖǓș șΦȅে LjƻǴƻLjƺǿ ǷǓΦǏȠǓǷ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿǩॹ ǔș ljșƺǷ ǟǔǹ ǔΚΚǓǹ ǷǔșȌLjLj ǷȉǹȠȉΦȠǓǷ ǓǠΡ ࢳࢶ ǿǔǠΡΦǓȠǾǔȠǓȖǓș LjǔȖǹǓǾǔǿΡLjǓঀ ੈ ǹƺǷƻș ǓǠΡ ljșƺǹƻǏȠƺǠǔ ΚȅǹȠॹ ȖȣǠƺǹǾƺș ЙΦǓȠǔșǩ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǷǷǓǹॹ ƺǾǩ ƺLjLjƺǿ ƺΦ ǩǏȌLjǓǿ ǿƺǠΡ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǿǓǷ șΦƻǾǫȠȅȠȠঀ tǩșșΦƺȠǓǷǩǿȠΚǓॹ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ǷǔȠ ǔΚLjǓǿ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ LjǩΦȅǿΡȠƺǹƺǿ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǏǓ ǓΦȠ ƺǷǷȅȖ ǿǓǾ ǫǠΡ ǔȖΦǔǷǓǹȠǓঀ ੈljǔǠ ǔǹǓȠǔLjǓǿ ǟȅȖǏȣǹȆȒȅǿȠ ΚȅǹȠ ǓǠΡ ȒȖȅЙ ΛǓLjȅǹǏƺǹ ǹǔȠȖǓǴȉȠȠǓঀ Φ ȅǹǏƺǹȠ ǓǠΡ LjƺȖƻȠে ǴȣǷ ǷǔșΦǫȠǓȠȠǓॹ ƺǷǩǿǓǷ ǦȅLjLjǩǴƺ ƺੈΛǓLjȅǹǏƺǹȠǓȖΚǓΦǔș ৅ ǫǠΡ ǩșǾǔȠ șǩǷǓȖȧǹȠ ǓǹȌLjLjȖǓ ǹǔȒǿǩ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ƺǿΡƺǠǩ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔș ǿǔǹǷȧǹঀ ǹǴȉȠȠ ƺΦ ƺΦ ǩǏȌ ǩșॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ EƻȖǩƺ ǟȅǿȠȅǹǠƺȠȠƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌȠ ǷǓȖǓșঀ iǠΡ ǠȅǿǏȅǹȠƺॹ ƺੈǾȆǏșΦǓȖ ǓǹǔǠ ǴȆ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚȅǿΦΦƺ ƺੈLjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǷǓȠঀ EƻșǟǓǹȌǹ ΚǩșΦȅǿȠ ǿǓǾ șΦǓȖǓȠȠǓ Κȅǹǿƺॹ Ǧƺ Ǿƻș ǾȅǿǏǴƺ ǾǓǠ ǿǓǷǩॹ ǾǩȠ ȠǓǠΡǓǿঀ tǔǠȧǹ ƺੈǹƺșșȤ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ȠǓȠȠǓ ǹǓ ƺੈΚȅǷșƻȠॹ ǾǓǠȌȖǩΦΚǓ ǷǩΦƻȖȆǹƺǠȅș ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿƻȠ ƺੈljǔǠLjǓǿঀ Φ ǓǹșȌ ǷȅljǷƻΦƺȠȅș ǹǔȒǔș ƺੈࢲࢳࢱ ǿǔǠΡΦǓȠǾǔȠǓȖǓș ǩȖȅǏƻLjƺ ΚƺǹȆ ǷȉǹȠȉΦǔș ΚȅǹȠঀ FǓǾ ΚȅǹȠ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿƺǠΡ ƺੈljǔǠॹ ǏǓ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠ ƺǏȆǏȅȠȠ ƺੈǷȉǹȠȉΦǔșȖǓॹ ǔș ȤǠΡ ǏȉǿȠȉȠȠǓǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǴƻǷ ƺΦ ǓΦΦǓǹ ǴƻȖȆ ǷȅljǷƻΦƺȠȅȠঀ /ƺǾƺȖȅșƺǿ ࢳࢶ ǟȌș ljșȅȒȅȖȠǴƺǩǷ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ƺੈ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺে ǾȅǷȅǿॹ ȤǠΡǦȅǠΡ ǔȖǏǓǾǓș ΚȅǹȠ ΚƻǹȠƺǿǩঀ ǠΡșΦǓȖ ljșƺǷ ǿǓΚǓȠ ΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠȠƺǷॹ ǩșǷȅǹƻLjȆǹ ǩǿȠǔΦǓȠ ǹǓȠȠॹ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǩ ǷȉȖȧǷǓȠ ǷǩLjȌΚǫȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺੈǷȣȠƺȠƻșșƺǹঀ =ǓǹǓǿǹǓǠ ࢲࢱ ǟȌ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǔΦǓȠLjǓǿঀ ੈljǔǠ ǓȖȌșșǔǠǓ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǏǩ ǾȆǏșΦǓȖॹ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺȠƻȖে șƺǷ ǔș ƺੈǷȅȖƻLjLjǩ ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷȖȌǹ șΦƻȖǾƺΦȆ ȖǓǟǓȖǓǿljǩƻǩǷঀ EƻȖǩƺ ǠΡǓǿǠǓșǔǠǿǓǷ ƺΦ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫে Ƞǔșǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠȧǷǓȠ ǔȖΦǩॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ șΦǓȖǓȠ șƺǴƻȠ ǾƺǠƺ ǓǹΚǔǠǓΦǿǩ ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȅǷƺȠॹ ƺǦǓǹΡǓȠȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡƺǿ ǏǓǹǓǠƻǹǿƻ ȌǷǓȠঀ ^ΦǓȖǓȠǿǓ ȠȉLjLj șΦƺLjƺǏǩǏȌȠঀ ^ȅǷ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǹƻȠ ǾƺǠȣǷ ǓǹȌȠȠ ৅ ȤǴ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǷǩǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȠॹ ȤǴ ȧǠΡǟǔǹǷȉȖ ǾǓǠljǔǹΦƻে șƻȠঀ eǓȖΚǓΦǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǴȉΚȌLjǓǿ ǷȉǿΡΚǓȠ ǫȖ ǔș ǴȆȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠǩ ƺǷljǩȆǷLjƺǿ ΚǓșΦ ȖǔșΦȠঀ ੈ ljǔǠǓȠ ǟǓǿΡǓǠǓȠȌ ΚǓșΦǔǹΡǷǔǿȠ ƺΦȠ ǓǾǓǹǩ Ƿǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǿǓǦǔΦ ƺੈ ǷȅǹǹǔǠƻǷ ȣȠƻǿȒȆȠǹƻșƺ ǔș ƺੈǟǓǹǦƺǹǾȅΦȅȠȠ ȠȣǏƻș ȠȅΚƻLjLjȉȖȉǷǫȠǔșǓ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ǠǓǿǓȖƻljǩȆǿƺǷঀ EƻȖǩƺ ȤǠΡ ǔȖΦǩॹ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƻǴƺ ǿǓǾljșƺǷ ƺੈȒǔǿΦǷǓȖǓșȠȖȌǹ șΦȆǹॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ǔǹǓȠȖǓ șΦȆǹȆ ljǔǹȠॹ ǷȧǹǏǓȠǔșȠ ǹƻȠ LjǓǿǿǓঀ /ƺ ƺΦ ǓǾLjǓȖ ǓǹǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠ ΚƺǹƺǾǩ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠॹ ǿǓǾ ǟƻȖƺșΦȠȆ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺঀ

ࢺࢴ

ȧșΦǷǓ ǾƺǠƻȖƺॹ ǾǓȖȠ ƺΦȅǿ ljǔǠǓǷ ǷȉΦȧǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ࢳࢲ ǔΚǓ ǷǓΦǏȠǔǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ȉΚǔॹ ǾƻȖ ǿǓǾ șȅǷ ǾȪǷȉǏǩǷঀ tǔǹǓǾǔǿΡǓ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈșǩǷǓȖǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǿǓǷ ǠΡȅȖșॹ ǏǓ ƺǹƺȒȅșƺǿ ƻȠǠȅǿǏȅǹȠ ǏȉǿȠǔșǓǷǓȠ ǷǓǹǹ ǦȅΦǿǩƺঀ /ƺ LjǩȖȠȅǷƻLjƺǿ ΚƺǠΡȣǿǷ ƺੈǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷǿǓǷॹ ƺǷǷȅȖ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓǿ ǹǓȖȉΚǩǏȧǹǦǓȠǿǓǷ ƺΦ ȧǠΡǩǿȠǔΦǔșǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷॹ ǏǓ ǓǾǓǹে ǹǓȠȠ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚǿƺǷ ǔș ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓșǿǓǷ ǩș ǷǓǹǹ ǹǓǿǿǩঀ 'ȅǿȠȅșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǟǓǹ ȠȣǏǴȣǿǷ ƻǹǹǿǩॹ ǔș ǩǏȌȖȌǹ ǩǏȌȖǓ ȤǴȖƺǷǓΦǏǓǿǩॹ ǓǹȌȖǓ ǿǔΦǿǩॹ ǿǓǾ ΚǩșșΦƺǟǓǹǔঀ ΦȠ ƺǴƻǿǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠǓǠΡȧǷ ǾǓǠ ƺੈǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǹǔȒǔșǓǷǓȠ ƺੈǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǩǏȌLjǓǿ ৅ ǿǓ ȠȤǹ ǿƺǠΡ ǹǔȒǔșǓǷǓȠ ǓǠΡșΦǓȖȖǓॹ ǏǓ ǿǓ ǩș ȠȤǹ ǷǩljșǩǷǓȠঀ XȅȖșȠ [ǔǷƺ XȅȖșȠ [ǔǷƺ ǾǔȖǿȉǷ ljșƺǹƻǏLjȆǹ șΦƻȖǾƺΦǩǷॹ ǩǹΡǓǿ ǾȆǏȅǿ ǿǓǾ ΚȅǹȠ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǷǔȖǏǔșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȣǠΡƺǿǓΦȠ ƺੈ ȒƻǹΡƻȠ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠǴƺঀ ?ȉΦǹǓǷǓǏǔșǾǔȖǿȉǷǿǓǷ ȠƺǿȣǹȠॹ ǔș șΦǓȖǓȠȠǓ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƻǴƻȠঀ ǿǿǓǷ ǓǹǹǓǿǔȖǓ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȠƺ ƺੈǠȅǿǏȅǹƺȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅে ΦƻșLjƺ ǷǓΦǏǴǓǿॹ ǾǓȖȠ ȤǠΡ ǔȖǓΦȠǓॹ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƻǹǾȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ǿǓǾ ǹǓǦǓȠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠǷǔǿȠ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƺǿǩঀ ੈ ljșƺǹƻǏLjƺǿ ǩș ΚȅǹȠ ǓȖȖǓ ȒǔǹǏƺॹ ǾǓȖȠ ƺੈșΦȧǹǓǩ ǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷঀ ǓǩȖƺȠǷȅΦȅȠȠ ǓǠΡ E ੈ ǷȣȖΦȣșȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠȅΚƻLjLjǷǔȒǓΦΦǓ ǾƺǠƻȠঀ ȒȒǓǿ ǦƺȖǾƺǏǩǷ ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǓ șΦȧǹǓȠǔșǓ ǓǹȌȠȠ ǏǩȒǹȅǾƻΦȅȠȠঀ Φ ƺੈǷǔȒΦǔș șȅǷ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓȠ ƺǏȅȠȠ ǿǓǷǩ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿॹ ǔș ƺΦǔȖȠ ǩșॹ ǾǓȖȠ șΦǩǿȠǓ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǏǩƻǷȠƻȖșƺ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ΚȅǹȠঀ ΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺΦ ǓǾLjǓȖǓǷǿǓǷ ȠǓȖǾǔșΦǓȠǓș ΚȅǹȠ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǏȅǹȅǠॹ ƺǾǩȠȌǹ [ǔǷƺ ƺǷǷȅȖ ǾǔǠ ǟǔǹȠঀ ǠΡǩǷ LjƺȖƻȠǿȌǴǓ ȖǔǠȆȠƺ ǷǔșΦǫȠǓȠȠ ǾƻȖ șΦƺLjƺǏǩǏǓǴǔLjǓǿ ǷǔΦǾȪΚǓș ƺǴƻǿǏǔǷȅǷƺȠঀ eȣǏȠƺॹ ǾǩǷ ǓǿǿǓǷ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƻǿƺǷ ƺੈǿǓǦǔΦșǔǠǓǩॹ ǫǠΡ șΦȧǹǓȠǓȠȠ ǾǓǠ ƺΦ ȉȠǹǓȠ ৅ ǓǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿΡǫǹȠ ΛǓLjȅǹǏƺǹ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƺॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈ ǷǔΦǾȪΚǓșǓǷ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǓȠ ƺǹǷȅȠǿƺǷॹ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǦǓȠǩǷॹ ȖǓǷǹƻǾȅΦǦƺȠǴƻǷ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǩǷǓȠঀ ǹǓǩǿȠǓ ǿǓǾ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ LjǩΦȠȅșƺǿ ƺLjLjƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓΦ ΚƺǹȆLjƺǿ ǷǩΚǩȠǓǹǓΦǦǓȠȌঀ Ǔ [ǔǷƺ ƺǷǷȅȖ ǓǠΡǔLjǷǔǿȠ ǩș ȅȠȠǦȅǿ ΚȅǹȠ Ƿǩljșǩ ǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǩΚǓǹॹ ȖƻǔȖȠॹ ǫǠΡ ǿǓǾ ΚȅǹȠ ΚǓșΦȠǓǿǩΚƺǹȆǴƺঀ ǹȌșΦȉȖ LjƺȖƻȠȅǷǷƺǹ ǓǠΡǓΦȠǓȠȠǓǷ ৅ Ƿǩ ǾǩLjǓǿ ȠȣǏǿƺ șǓǠǫȠǓǿǩঀ /ƺșȅǿǹȆ ΛǓLjȅǹǏƺǹƺǷƺȠ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅΦȠƺǷ ǦȆǿƺȒȅǷǩǠॹ ЙǿȅǾǫȠȅȠȠƻǷ ƺੈ ȠǓȖΚǓȠঀ 'ǔǹ ǔΚǓǿ LjǓǹȧǹ ǓǹǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠƻǷ ƺੈ EǓșǷƺঀǦȣেȠॹ ǔș ǾƻȖ ƺǷǷȅȖ ǿǓǷǩƻǹǹȠƺǷ ƺੈ ΛǓLjȅǹǏƺǹ ȠȅΚƻLjLjǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǿǓǷॹ ƻȠȒȖȅǠে ȖƺǾȅΦƻșƻǿƺǷঀ Φ ǓǹǓǴǔǿ ǦǩƻǿΡȅș ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈ ȠȣǏƻșȣǷॹ ࢷ ǦȆǿƺȒ ȣȠƻǿ ǟǓǹǩșǾǓȖȠǔǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠȣǏƺȠȅșƺLjLjƺǿ ǷǓǹǹ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿǩȣǷঀ ǹǷǓΦǏȠǓǷ ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷǓǿ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓǿǿǩॹ ǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠȒȖǓΦǓǿে ȠƻljǩȆǷƺȠ ǿǔΦȠǓǷ ǔș șȅǷ ǷȉǿΡΚǓȠ ȅǹΚƺșȠƺǷঀ 'ȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅșƺǿ ȠƺǿȣǹȠƺǷॹ ǟǓǹǦƺșΦǿƻǹȆLjƺȖƻȠȠƻ ȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺੈΛǓLjȅǹǏƺǹȠঀ EǩǓǹȌȠȠ LjǓǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠƻǷ ƺੈȒȅȖȠƻǹȠॹ ǟǓǹǷǓȖǓșȠǓǷ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǷǔΦǾȪΚǓșǓǷǓȠॹ ࢺࢵ

ƺǷǩǷ ǴȆ ǾǩǿȌșǔǠȪ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǷǓȠ ǷǔșΦǫȠǓȠȠǓǷॹ ǔș ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǟȅȠȆǷƺȠ ȠȣǏȠƺǷ ǷǔșΦǫȠǓǿǩ ƺΦȅǷȖȆǹঀ RǷ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ǩǏȌșΦƺǷLjƺǿ ǩǿǠΡǓǿ ǟǓǹȠǓǦǓȠȠǔǷ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǩǷǓȠ ƺੈȒȅȖȠƻǹȖƺঀ ?ǓΦǏǓȠLjǓǿ ࢶࢱࢱ ǴȆ ǾǩǿȌșǔǠȪ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓȠ ǷǫǿƻǹȠƺǷ ƺੈΛǓLjȅǹǏƺǹȅǿঀ ǹȌșΦȉȖ ƺȖȖƺ ǷȅǿljǓǿȠে ȖƻǹȠƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǷǔΦǾȪΚǓșǓǷǓȠ ΚȅǿΦΦƻǷॹ ǿǓǾ ƺੈΚƻșƻȖǹȆǷƺȠॹ ǫǠΡ șȅǷ ΚƻșƻȖȖƺ ǓǹǹƻȠȅǠƺȠȠƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǔȒǫȠșǓǿǓǷঀ ΦȣȠƻǿ (ȅȅǠǹǓেǦǩȖǏǓȠǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ȖǓǷǹƻǾljșǫǷȅǷƺȠॹ X[ে ljǩǷǷǓǷǓȠ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǓǷ Ǔǹॹ ǏǓ ƺੈǹǓǠǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡƺLjLj ƺੈ৙șΦƻǴȖǓǷǹƻǾ৛ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǦǩșΦǓǿ ƺΦ ȅǹǏƺǹȅǿ ƺੈȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǩǷǓȠ ƻȖȣǹȆ ǷǔΦǾȪΚǓșǓǷ ǾƺǠȣǷ ǩș ǔȖǏǓǷǓǹȠǓǷ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ƺੈȖǓǷǹƻǾȅΦƻșLjƺǿঀ Φ ǩǿǏȣǹƻșȠȆǹ șΦƻǾǫȠΚƺ ࢲॹࢶ ǔΚLjǓ ȠǓǹȠॹ ǾǩȖǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǓǹǷǓΦǏȠǓ ȉǿǾƺǠƻȠ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦǿǩঀ ੈȒȅȖȠƻǹǿƺǷ ǷȉșΦȉǿǦǓȠȌǓǿ ƺੈǷǔΦǾȪΚǓșǓǷǿǓǷ ǿǓǾ ǷǓǹǹ ΚƻșƻȖȖȆǹ ΚƻșƻȖȖƺ ǴƻȖǿǩȣǷ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅȠॹ ƺǦȅǠΡ ǷȅȖƻLjLjƺǿॹ ǦǩșΦǓǿ ȅȠȠǦȅǿȖȆǹ ȠȣǏǴƻǷ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǓǿǩ ƺੈ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǩǷǓȠঀ ǿǿǓǷ ƺੈȒȅȖȠƻǹǿƺǷ ȠȣǏǦƺȠȆ LjǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ LjȌΚȧǹȠ ƺੈǷǔΦǾȪΚǓș ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǷ Ȓǩƺljƺঀ ੈǷȉΦȉșșǔǠ șΦƻǾȅș ȠƺǠǴƺ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓǿǩ ȠȣǏȠƺ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƻȠ ȤǠΡॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ǾǓǠǔǹǦǓȠǔșȠ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠ șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺঀ Φ ƺੈȠǔǿΡ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ǟȅǿȠȅș [ǔǷƻǿƺǷॹ ǦǩșΦǓǿ ǩǠƺΦǩ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǔșȠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠ ǿǓǷǩঀ ǠΡ ljǔǠ ΚǓΦǓȠǔșǓ ǷȅǾȅǹΡ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠॹ ǠΡƺǷȖƺǿ ƺǏȆǏǿƺǷ ǷȅǿМǩǷȠȣșȅǷॹ ǟǓǹǾǓȖȧǹǿǓǷ Ƿȅljে ǷƻΦƺȠȅǷॹ ǷǩǦǫΚƻșȅǷঀ [ǔǷƺ șΦǓȖǓȠǩ ǾǩǿǏǓΦȠ ৅ șΦǓȖǓȠ ȤǴ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǷǓȠ ǷǩȠƺǹƻǹǿǩ ǔș ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆে șǫȠƺǿǩॹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹΚƺ ƺΦ ƺΦΦƺǹ ǴƻȖȆ ǷȅljǷƻΦƺȠȅȠঀ ^ΦǓȖǓȠ șƺǴƻȠ ǾƺǠƺ ǟȌǿȉǷǓ ǹǓǿǿǩঀ FƺǠΡșΦǓȖȪ ƺǴƻǿǏǔǷǿƺǷ ȠƺȖȠǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ࢴ ǠΡǓȖǓǷ ǿǓΚǓǹǔșǓ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ǾƺǠƺ ȅșΦȠǦƺȠǴƺ LjǓ ƺΦ ǩǏǓǴǔȠ ৅ Ȓǔǹে Ǐƻȣǹ ƺੈǿΡƻȖǩ șΦȧǿǓȠǓȠ ƺੈǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǩΚǓǹ ȠȣǏǴƺ ȠȉǹȠǓǿǩঀ ੈ ǷǔȠ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȆ ǾȅșȠ ǾƻȖ ȠǓǹǴǓș ǾȣǿǷƺǩǏȌLjǓǿ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșLjƺǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷঀ eǓȖΚǓΦǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ǩȖȅǏƺǩ ƺǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƻljǩȆǦȅΦ ΚǓșΦǿǓǷ ǟǓǹ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȌǷ ǾƺǠȣǷ ȠȉLjLj ǩǏȌȠ șΦǓǿȠǓǹǦǓșșǓǿǓǷ ƺੈ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǿǓǷঀ eǓȖΚǓΦǩǷ ǓǠΡ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖȅǹǏƺǹ LjǓǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻȠॹ ƺǦȅǹ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǟǔǹǓ ৙ǦȅΦΦƻΚƺǹȆǷƺȠ৛ॹ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǓȠॹ ǷȉǿΡΚǓǷǓȠ ǷǫǿƻǹǿƻǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǩȖǓ șΦȧǷșǔǠ ǹǓে ǦǓȠ ƺੈǷǔΦǾȪΚǓșǷǓǏǔș șȅȖƻǿঀ ^ΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǷ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǓǿǩ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǓȖǿǓȠǓș ЙΦǓȠǔșȠॹ ǾǓȖȠ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǹȌȖǓ ǿǓǾ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǓǹȠǓȖǴǓǏȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿΡȣǠƺȠǩ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷLjƺǿঀ ^ȅǷ ǩǏȌșǓLjLj ȠƺǠǴȣǷ ǩș Κƺǿॹ ƺǾǩ ƺΦȠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ȅǹǏƺǹ ǷǓǹǹȌǓǿ ǟǓǹǦƺșΦǿƻǹȆLjƺȖƻȠॹ ǷȉǿǿΡǓǿ ǷǓΦǓǹǦǓȠȌঀ ^ȅǷ ǓǹƺǏȆ ǿǓǾ ǦǩșΦ șƺǴƻȠ ǾƺǠƻLjƺǿॹ ǔș ǾǓǠǹǓȒȌǏǿǓǷॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ƺੈȠǓȖǾǔǷȧǷ ǓǹǿΡǓȖǩ ǾƻșȅǷ ȠǓȠșΦǔșǔȠॹ ǔș ǾǓǠΚǓșΦǩǷ ƺΦȠঀ ǹǷǓΦǏǓǿǓǷ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǿǩॹ LjǹȅǠȅȠ ǩǿǏǫȠƺǿƺǷॹ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓǿǓǷ ƺੈ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǷǓǿॹ ǔș ǾǓǠǿΡǫǹǩǷ șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǓȖǿǓȠ ΚǩǹƻǠƺॹ ǾǓǠƺǿǿΡǩ ȤǴ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǠǓǹঀ ੈEǓșǷƺ ǿǓǾljșƺǷ ǓǠΡ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ȒǩƺljȠǔȖॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ǓǠΡ Ƞƺǿȣǹƻșǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠǿƺǷ ǩș ȖǔșΦǓঀ ǹǿΡǓȖȠǔǷ ƺੈ ȣǏƺȒǓșȠ ƺǿǷ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆș ǏǫǴƻȠঀ iǠΡ ǔȖΦǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǠΡǓǏȧǹƻǹǹȆ ǏȅǹǠȅȠ ȠǓșΦǿǓǷ ƺੈǷǔΦǾȪΚǓșșǔǠ ΚǩǹƻǠƻLjƺǿॹ șȅǷ ǓǾLjǓȖ ǔǹǓȠǔȠ ǾǓǠΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠΚƺঀ

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tঀ FȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻLjƺǿ

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tঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș ੈ ࢳࢱࢲࢷইࢲࢸেǓș ( E শ(ǹȅLjƺǹ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ EȅǿǩȠȅȖষ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ LjǓșΦƻǾȅǹȆ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻLjƺǿ ƺੈࢳࢱࢲࢶইࢲࢷেȅș ǔΚǦǓΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLjǓǿ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠȅȠȠƻǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅে ΦȆǩ ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖȠॹ ƺȖȖƺ ƺǹƺȒȅΦΚƺ ƺǾǩǹΡǓǿ șǩǷǓȖǓǷǓȠ ǓǹǔȖǿǓǷ ǔș ƺǾǓǷǷȅȖƺ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ǷƺȒǿƺǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾLjƺǿঀ ੈǷȅȖƻLjLjǩ ࢶࢸॹࢶઔেǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেLjƺǿ ljșƺǷ ࢶࢳॹࢺઔ ǠȅǿǏȅǹȠƺ ȤǠΡॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǴȆ ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠঀ ੈ ࢳࢱࢲࢷইࢲࢸেǓș LjǓșΦƻǾȅǹȆ ǷǔșΦǫȠȌǩ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ǓΦ ƺΦȠ ǴǓǹΦǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ LjȅǹǠƻȖ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ Ǿȅে ȠȅȖǴƻǿƺǷ ǠΡǓǿǠȧǹ ƺੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠƺ ǔș ƺΦ ǓǹǟȅǠƺǏȅȠȠșƻǠƺঀ hǠΡƺǿljșƺǷ ǓșΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈLjǓে șΦƻǾȅǹȆ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈLjȅǹǠƻȖȅǷ ǟǓǹǓƺǿǿΡǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǹƻȠǿƺǷ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșLjƺǿॹ ǾǩǿȠ șΦȅǾșΦǔǏƺǩǷॹ ƺੈǠȉȖȉǠȉǷ ǔș ƺੈȠȉȖȉǷȉǷঀ tƺǿ ȣǠΡƺǿ ǿǔǾǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ࢳࢱࢲࢶেǦȉΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ Κƻǹƻș ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠǔLjǓǿঀ ǠǔșΦ ȣȖȆȒƻǦȅΦ ΚǩșΦȅǿΡǫȠΚƺ ǾǔǠǩș ȖǓǿǏǷǫΚȧǹ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈșΦƻǾƺॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǟȅǿȠȅǹǠƺȠǴƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșLjƺ ǟȅǠে ǴƺǿƺǷঀ ǿǿǓǷ ǦƻȠȠǓȖǔLjǓǿ ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ƻǹǹǦƺȠॸ ƺੈǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ljșǓǷǔǹΡ șΦƻǾƺॹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǓǷॹ ǏǓ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǦǩƻǿΡȅșșƻǠƺǩ ǩșॹ ǦǩșΦǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹƺșΦƺǏȆǷ ǷǓΚǔș ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹে ǾǓΦȌ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǹƻȠǿƺǷঀ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻLjƺǿ ƺੈșΦƻǾȅǷ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǓșǓȠȖǓ ǴȆΚƺǹ ƺੈǠǹȅLjƻǹǩș ǔȖȠǔǷǓǷ ƺǹƺȠȠॹ ƺੈǹǓǠƺǹƺljșȅǿΡƺLjLjƺǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ শȉșșΦǓș ǷȅȖƺǩ șȠƻǏǩȣǾȤ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ৅ ࢵॹࢹઔॹ ǓLjLjȌǹ ࢳॹࢷઔ ǟǓǴǹȌǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǔș ࢳॹࢳઔ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠষঀ ੈǷǓΦǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡ șΦƻǾƺ ǓǹǹǓǿǔȖǓ ΚǩșΦȅǿΡǹƺǠ ǾƺǠƺș ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈșΦƻǾƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ șǩǷǓȖȧǹ ȠƺǹȒȅǿ ǾƺȖƺǏǿǩȣǷ ǔș șȠƺLjǩǹǹƻ ΚƻǹǿƺǷঀ ੈLjȅǹǠƻȖ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠȉLjLjșǔǠǔȠ ƺੈșΦȧǷșǔǠșΦǓȖȪșǔǠ ΚǓΦǔȖǹǩॹ ǿǓǾ ƺੈǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻLjƺǿ ΚǩșΦȅǿΡǹƺǠ ǾƺǠƺș ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦƻǾƺॹ ǔș ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ΚǓΦǓȠȠǓ ǷǓΦǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺॹ ȉșșΦǓǦƺșȅǿǹǫȠΚƺ ƺੈǹǓǠȠȉLjLj ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ȅȖșΦƻǠǠƺǹঀ Φ ǴȆ ǴǓǹǿǓǷ ȠǓে ǷǩǿȠǦǓȠȌ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠƻȖƺॹ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǔȖǓ ǿǔΦΚǓঀ ȖǏǓǷǓșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǷǓΦǏǓȠǩ ǟƻΦǩșLjƺǿ ǹǓΚȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǷȉΦǓǹ ǟǓǹǓ ǷȉΦǔȒǩșǷȅǹƺǩ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠে șǔǠȪ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǷǷǓǹ ǾȪǷȉǏǩǷॹ ǔș ȌǷ ƺੈǹǓǠƺǷȠǫΚƺLjLjǿƺǷঀ ੈȠǓǿǏǓǿljǩƻǷ ƺΦȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǴƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ǹǓǠȠȉLjLj ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ƺΦ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡ ȠȣǏƻে șǩǠǔǿΡȪ ǩȒƺȖƻǠƺǷƺȠ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠȅȠȠƺঀ eǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǩǷ ƺੈ ǷǩșǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ΚƺǠΡ ǿƺǠΡǷǓȖǓșে ǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷǦȅΦ ǔș șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǩ ǔȖΦǔǷǓǿΡǓLjLjǔ ȠǓșΦǩ ȌǷǓȠ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ΚǩșșΦƺǓșǔșȖǓঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺΦ ȣȠȆLjLjǩ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷLjƺǿ Ƿȅǿে ljǓǿȠȖƻǹȆǏǿƺǷঀ LjLjȌǹ ƺǏȆǏȆƺǿ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠƺ ƺΦȅǷ ǷȉΦǔ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǩǷॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈǷǓΦǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷLjƺǿ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆș ƺǷȠǩΚǩȠƻșॹ ƺǾǩǿǓǷ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓǷǔȒȒ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǷǓΚǔșLjǔ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓș ƺੈșΦȅǾșΦǔǏǴƺǩΚƺǹ șΦǓǾLjǓǿঀ

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FƺǠΡ ƺΦ ƺșΦǩǾǾǓȠȖǩƺ ƺੈ^ΦȆЙƻLjƺǿ ǔș ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ Ǿƻș ΚƻȖȅșƺǩLjƺǿইȖǔǠǩȆǩLjƺǿ ǔǹȌǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺLjLjƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǓǿǿΡǩȖǓ ǹƻȠǴƻǷ ǴȆ ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǿǓǷ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠঀ ੈ ǟȌΚƻȖȅș ǔș ƺੈȠȉLjLjǩ ȖǔǠǩȆ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺੈǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǓǷ ǔș ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ȠǓȖǔǿ ǩș ǾǓǠЙǠΡǓǹǦǓȠȌǷ ǓǹȠǔȖǔșǓǷঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦȆ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷǷǔǿȠ ƺੈǷȉΦȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻȠ ǔș ƺΦ Ǔ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓǷ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓșșǔǠǔȠॹ ƺੈǷȅȖȖȣȒljǩȆ ǓǹǹǓǿǩ ǷȧΦǏǓǹǾǓȠॹ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșȠ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȒΦǔșȠ শǾƻș șΦȆΚƺǹ ƺੈǷƺȒƺljǩȠƻșǔȒǫȠǔșȠষ ǔȖΦǔǷǓǹǩǷঀ Ǿǩ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆে ǷƺȠ ǩǹǹǓȠǩॹ ǓΦǓǷ ƺੈǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦȆ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷ ǾǔǠ ǓȖȌȠǓǹǴǓșǓLjLjǓǿ ǔȖΚǔǿΡǓșȧǹǿǓǷॹ ǓșǓȠȧǷLjǓǿ ȣǠΡƺǿǩș ƺΦ ǩș ǟȅǿȠȅș șΦǓǾȒȅǿȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏ ǔș ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺ ǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡLjƺǿ ǹǓǠΡǓǿঀ Φ ȣȠȆLjLjǩ ȠǔȖǓǿ șΦǩǿȠǔǿ ǿƺǠΡ șΦȧǷșǔǠ ǹǓǿǿǓ ǓǠΡ ǾǔǠ ǩǿǷƻLjLj ΚǔǏǓǹǾǓΦȌ șΦƺǷȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻȖƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡȖǓ ȣȖȆȒƻLjƺǿ ǾƻȖ Κƺǿ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ǴȆ ȒǔǹǏƺঀ ^ΦȧǷșǔǠ Κƺǿ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǓșǓȠǔLjǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ǾǔǏǩƺЙǠΡǓǹে ǾǓȠ ǷƺȒǴƺǿƺǷ ƺੈLjȣǹǠƻȖǩƺǩ ȒǔǹǏƺǷǔȒǓǷ ǔș ǾǓǿȠȅȖȅǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠǦƺȠǴƻǷ ǔș ǾǓǠΚƻǹȠȅΦে ȠƺȠǦƺȠǴƻǷ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ƺȠȠǩȠȪǏȉǷǓȠঀ ੈLjȅǹǠƻȖ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ Ƿǩș ǦƻǿΡƺǏƺ ǓΠȒȅȖȠȅȖǩǓǿȠƻǹȠॹ ƺǾǩ ȉșșΦǓǟȧǠǠ ƺΦΦƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǹǓǠȠȉLjLj ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǷǓΚǔșLjǔ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓș ǷȧǹǟȉǹǏȉǿঀ ੈ LjȅǹǠƻȖ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ΚǓȖșǓে ǿΡǓǹȌǿΡǔǿǓǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠ ȅǹljșȆ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǹǹǓǿǏǫȠǔșǓ șΦǓǾȒȅǿȠǴƻLjȆǹ ǿǔΦΚǓ ΚƺǹȆǴƻLjƺǿ ǿǓǾ ǓǹȌǿΡঀ ?ǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ শǷǷΚেǷষ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ শǷǷΚেǷষ ƺΦ h ȉșșΦǓș Κƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƻǿƺǷ ࢺࢺઔ েƻȠॹ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻLjƺǿ ȒǓǏǩǠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ࢺࢹઔেƻȠ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǩǷঀ ੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǟȅǠƺǹǾƻǿƺǷ ȒȅǿȠȅș ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦƻșƺ ǟȅǿȠȅș ƺੈЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ǔș ƺΦ ǓΦǓǷȖǓ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ȣǿǩȆș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ șΦǓǾȒȅǿȠǴƻLjȆǹঀ ੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș শǷǷΚষ ǟȅǠƺǹǾƻȠ ƺੈࢳࢱࢱࢴইࢴࢷࢲঀ șΦঀ hেƺǴƻǿǹƻș ǏǓЙǿǩƻǹǴƺঀ ੈǟȌ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦǦƺȠȆॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷǷΚেȖȌǹ ΚƺǿেǓ șΦȆॸ ॷ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷ șΦƻǾƺॹ ॷ ǟȅȖǠƺǹȅǾ ΚƺǠΡ ǾǔȖǹǓǠǟȌȉșșΦǓǠঀ ǩΦȅǿΡȅș ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ΚǔǷȅǿΡ ƺੈǦƺȠƻȖΚȅǿƺǹ ƺੈǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƺǩ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠঀ ΦǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺੈșΦǓȖǓȒǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ΚƺǹȆǴƻLjƺǿ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ șȅǷ ƺੈǦƺে șȅǿǹȆșƻǠॹ ȣǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠǓǷ ǩșॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǓǹǦƺȠƻȖȅǹǴƻǷ ȌǷǓȠঀ ੈǷǩșΚƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƻǹȠƺǹƻLjƺǿ ǩșǾǓȖȠ ǔș LjǓΚƻǹȠ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǷǷǓǹ ǔș șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷǷƺǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦǿƺǷॹ ǾǫǠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȤǴॹ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǷǫǿƻǹƺȠȖƺ ȉșșΦȒȅǿȠȅșǫȠƺǿƺǷঀ ǾǩƺȠȠ ƺੈǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻে șȅǷ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƺǩ ǩșǾǓȖȠ ǷȅljǷƻΦƺȠȅǷǷƺǹ șΦǓǾLjǓșȧǹǿǓǷॹ ǾǫǠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ȤǴƺǷǷƺǹ ǷǓǹǹ șΦǓǾLjǓǿǔΦǿǩȧǷঀ ࢺࢺ

ੈǹǓǠȠȉLjLj ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦȅȠȠ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșȠ ǔș ƺੈǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅș ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǾǓΦȌșǔǠǓȠ ȖǓǾǔǹॹ ǾǫǠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺੈǠΡȅȖș ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșȠ ǔș ƺੈǾƺǠƺș ǾǓǠȠǔȖȧǹǔșȠ ljǔǹȅΦΦƻǷ ǾǓǠঀ ǿǿǓǷ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓǷǔȒȒǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƻǹȠƺǹƻLjƺǿ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ǦƺȠƻșșƺǹ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺে șƻǠȖƺ ǔș ƺੈǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǓǷȖǓॹ ƺǾǩ ȣǠΡƺǿljșƺǷ ǦƺȠƻșșƺǹ Κƺǿ Ǿƻș ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷȖƺॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈǾȣǿে ǷƺǦǓǹΡȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșȖǓঀ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠLjǓǿ ƺੈǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ LjǓǦƺȠƻȖȅǹȠƺLjLjƺǷॹ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠȧǷ ǾǩǿǏΚǔǠǩǠ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠȧǷȖǓ ǔș ljșȅȒȅȖȠǴȣǷȖƺ ȠǓȖǴǓǏ Ƿǩঀ /ƻȖȅǾ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿ Κƺǿ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠ Κƺǿ ƺੈǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșেȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠॸ ॷ ƺ ΚƺǠΡȅǿ ȉșșΦǓǠǓ ǔș ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǔǿǓǷ șǓLjǓșșǔǠǓআ ॷ ǷȅljǷƻΦƺȠȠȅǹǓȖƺǿljǩƺআ ॷ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǓ ƺΦ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƻLjƺǿ ǠΡ ǠΡȅȖș ȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠǩ ƻȠȠǓǷǩǿȠǔș ǟǓǹǟǓǏǩ ǓǹȌȠȠȧǿǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǔǹǓȠLjǓǿ LjǓȠȉǹȠȉȠȠ ƺǷȠǫΚ șΦǓȖǓȒǔȠॹ ǾǓǹΡ ƺੈ ǷȌǷȅȖșΦƺǷȖƺ ǿΡȤǹǩǷ ΚǩșșΦƺॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ƺΦ ǔǹǓȠǓȠ ƺੈ ΚƺǏƻșΦƺȠ ǔș ƺੈ ȠȤǹǔǹǔșǔȖȠ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠȅȠȠ ǷȧΦǏǓǹǓǾ ǦƺȠƻȖȅΦȠƺ ǾǓǠঀ ੈ ǿȌǷ ȠƻȒǹƻǹǔǷȅȠ ǠΡȪǴȠȉǠǓȠȠǓǷ ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏǴȣǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ǏǓ ƺੈΚƺǏƻșΦƺȠLjƺǿ ǩș ȣǠΡƺǿȅǹΡƺǿ șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ǷƺȒȠƺǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷঀ EǩǿǏǓΦǓǷǦǓΦ ƺǏȆǏǩǷ ƺΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȤǴ ȠǓljǦǿǩǷƻǷǷƺǹ ǩș ǓǹȌƻǹǹȠƺǷॹ ǾƺǹȅǾǷȉΚǓȠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓȠȠǓǷ ƺΦ ȌȖǹǔșǦǓΦॹ ǷȅǿΡǦƺǩ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǓȠ ǔș ǷǓȖƻǾǩƻǷƺȠ ǷǔșΦǫȠǓȠȠǓǷঀ ?ǔșȌLjLj ƺੈǟȅǿƻșȠ ǔș ƺੈșΦȉে ΚǔșȠ ǩș ǟǓǹȠƺǹƻǹȠƻǷॹ ǾǓǹΡ ȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǓǩǷǿǓǷ ǩș ƻȠƺǏȠƻǷঀ Eƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȒȅȠǓǿljǩƻǹǴƺ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ƺǹƺȒΚǓȠȌ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ Ƞǔে ǿΡǓΦȌǴǓॹ ȠȅΚƻLjLj ǓȖȌșȉǏǩǷঀ ੈȠȣǏƻșƺǹƺȒȤ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȅǷLjƺǿ ƺΦ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƻǩǿƺǷ ǔș șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșƺǩǿƺǷ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǓ ȤǴ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǷǓȠ ǔș ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǷȉΚǓȠǓǹ ǾǓǠঀ ǷȉΦLjǓǿ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠƺșșΦȅǿΡȅǷ ƺੈljǔǠƺǹƺȒǫȠƻș ǔș ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻș șȅȖƻǿ ȠȉLjLj ǿǓǦǔΦșǔǠǠǓǹ șΦǓǾLjǓșȧǹǿǓǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷॹ ǓǹșȌșȅȖLjƺǿ ƺੈЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșॹ ƺੈǷǔȒΦǔș ǔș ƺੈǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǔȒǫȠǔș ȠǓȖǔǿॹ ǔș ǾǔǠ ǩǿǷƻLjLj ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺ ǔș ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿǔǹǓȠ ǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡƻǿƺǷ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓ șȅȖƻǿঀ ǾǩƺȠȠ ǾǔǠ ǩǿǷƻLjLj șΦȧǷșǔǠ Κƺǿ ƺΦ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșȧǷȖǓॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǔȖǏǓǷǓǩǷ ǔș ƺੈȠǓǦǓȠে șǔǠȧǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻȖƺঀ ੈ ǿȌǷ ƺǾǓǿǿΡǩLjǓǿ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆǷॹ ljșƺǹƻǏǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷ ΚƺǠΡ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǓș ǠƺΦে ǏƺșƻǠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠȆ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠȧǷ Κƺǿॹ ƺǷǷȅȖ ƺੈ ljǔǠǟȅȖǾƺ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ǾǩǷȖȅেॹ Ƿǩșে ΚƺǠΡ ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǿƺǷ șΦƻǾǫȠƺǿƺǷॹ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡLjǓǿ শXȖȅǾঀ ^( ࢹࢵ ই ࢳࢵঀࢱࢺঀࢲࢺࢺࢺষ ǹǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǓȠȠ ǷȖǩȠǔȖǩȣǾȅǷǿƺǷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌǓǿঀ 2ǹΡǓǿ ǟȅȖǾƻLjƺǿ ǷǩǦƺșΦǿƻǹǦƺȠǴƻǷ ƺੈǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǔș ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ șΦǩǿȠȪ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓে ΦǔșǓǷǓȠ ǔș ǓǠΡǔLj ȉșΦȠȉǿΦȌ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷƺȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ șǓǠǫȠǩǷ ȌǷǓȠ ljǔǹǴƺǩǷ ǓǹǔȖǔșǔLjǓǿঀ ࢲࢱࢱ

OșșΦǦƺǿǠLjƺǿ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǓǹǟȅǠƺǏȅȠȠ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚে ΚǓǹ ৅ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ȤǴǴƻșΦȧǹǓȠǔșǓ ȣȖȆȒƻLjƺǿ শ KE ই ࢳࢱࢲࢳইࢱࢸࢺࢶ ΚǔǠǹǓǠǓș ΚǓȖΦǩȆষॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢶঀ ǿȅΚǓǾLjǓȖ ࢲࢲেǔǿ ƺੈEǩǿǩșΦȠǓȖǓǷ eƺǿƻljșƺ ǓǹǟȅǠƺǏȠƺ ƺੈtƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ ৅ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ljǫǾȪ ƺǿΡƺǠȅȠॹ ࢴࢲ ǷȅǿǷȖǔȠ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșșǓǹঀ ?ǩș șΦƻǾLjƺǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǓȠ ǩș ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦॹ ǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǾǓljǦƺǿǩΦǾȣșȅǷ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺॹ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓঀ ǩΦȅǿΡȅș ȣǿǩȆș ƺǹƺȒȅǷLjȆǹ ǔș ǓǠΡǔLj ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷLjȆǹ ȠƻȒǹƻǹǷȅΦȆ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǷȉΦǔȒে ȒȅǿȠǴƻLjƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƻǹǹǿƺǷॹ ǟȌǹǓǠ ƺΦȅǷ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹ ǿȌǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǷǷǓǹ ǔș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǓǹǷǔȒΦǓǹǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǿǓǷঀ EǩǿǏǓΦ ƺΦȅǿLjƺǿ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǿǓǾ ǓǹǔǠ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠǔǿΡǹǓǠǓș ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǹǓǠΡǓǿ ƺੈșΦǟǔȖƻLjƺǿॹ ǾƻȖȒǓǏǩǠ ƺੈΚǔǠșȌ ljǔǹ ǓΦঀ ੈ ЙǠΡǓǹǓǾȖǓ ǾǔǹȠȆ ǓǹȌȖǓǹǔȒǔșǓǷ ǓǹǹǓǿǔȖǓ ȠȅΚƻLjLjǩ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȖƺॹ ȠȉLjLj ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșȖƺ Κƺǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠॹ ǦƺȠǦƺȠȆșƺLjLj ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǓȠ ǷǓǹǹ ǦȅΦǿǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȒȅȠǓǿljǩে ƻǹǴƺ ǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡLjƺǿ ǹǓǠΡǓǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǔΚƺǹঀ ੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȒȅȠǓǿljǩƻǹǴƻǿƺǷ ǟǓǹǔȒǫȠǔșǔȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ǓȖȌǟǓșΦǫȠǔșǓǷ ǷȅǿljǓǿȠȖƻǹƻșƺ ǷȣǹljșǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠȤ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǓǹǹǩǠǓǿșॹ ǟǓǿǿে ȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ǔș ǩǿǷǹȣΦǫΚ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ǓǹǔȖǔșǔLjǓǿঀ Φ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǩǿǓǷ ljǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǩΚǓǹ ǷǓǹǹ ȠƻȖșȣǹǿǩȣǷॹ ǦǩșΦǓǿ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǓșǓǿ ǦȅΦΦƻ ȠȣǏǿƺǷ ǴƻȖȣǹǿǩ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ȠǓȖǴǓǏǔে șǔǦǓΦ ƺੈ ЙƺȠƺǹ ǟǓǹǿȌȠȠǓǷ ǷȉȖǔLjǓǿ ǔș ƺੈ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȖǔȠǓǠǔLjǓǿঀ ੈ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ șȠȖȣǷȠȤȖƻǷǿƺǷ ǔȖΦǔǷǓǹǦǓȠȌ șΦǓȖǓȒȧǷ Κƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȉǿșΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦȆ ǷȉȖǿΡǓে ΦǓȠLjǓǿ ȠȉȖȠǔǿȌ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔLjǓǿঀ Φ ǓǹǾȤǹȠ ǔΚǓǷ șȅȖƻǿ ǴȆǹ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ǔș ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡȅȖǩে ǓǿȠƻǹȠ ǾǓljǦƺǿǩΦǾȣșȠ ǔȒǫȠǓȠȠǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǦȅșșΦȤ ȠƻΚȤ ǓǹǷǔȒΦǓǹǔșǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺঀ ੈ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǾȣǿǷƺljșȅȒȅȖȠǴƺ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ࢳࢱࢲࢶ৅ࢳࢱࢲࢷেȅș Ƞƻে ǾȅǠƺȠƻșǩ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǴƻǿƺǷ ǷǩǏȅǹǠȅΦƻșƻLjƺǿ ȉșșΦǓǟȅǠǹƺǹȠƺॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ ΚƻǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ǹǓǠǟȌLjLj ǷȅȖǹƻȠƺǩॸ ॷ ƺ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǓǷǦǓΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ǿǓǦǔΦșǔǠǓǩॸ ƺੈ LjƺǿǷȅǷ ǔș Ǿƻș ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ ǷǓΚǔșLjǔ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦΦƻǷ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺ ǿȌǷǓȠ ΚȅǿΦȆ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷƺȠॹ ƺΦ ȣǿǩȆș ƺǹƺȒȅǷ șǓǾ ȒȖǓǟǓȖƻǹǴƻǷ ȌǷǓȠॹ șǓǾ ȒǓǏǩǠ ƺੈǷȅljǷƻΦƺȠǩȠȌǷǓেƺǹƺȒȅǷআ ॷ ƺ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠ ǦǩƻǿΡƺ ǔș LjǩΦȅǿΡȅș Ǿƻș ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǓǷ ৅ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠƺșșΦȅǿΡȅǷে ǿƺǷ ljșƺǷ ǓǠΡǦƺȖǾƺǏƺ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠȅȠȠ LjƻȖǾǩǟǔǹǓ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷƺȠ ƺੈ Κƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷ ǾǓǠǷǓΦǏǔșǓ ǓǹȌȠȠআ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ǷǓΚǓșǓȠ ȖȣǦƻΦǿƺǷ LjǓ ȠȖǔǿǩǿǠǓǷLjǓ ǔș ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆǷ ǷƺȒƺljǩȠƻșǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔLjǓআ ॷ ǷǓΚǔș ƺΦ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆ ƺੈǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷȖȌǹ ǔș ƺੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷȖȌǹআ

ࢲࢱࢲ

ॷ ǷȣǹȠȣȖƻǹǩș șΦȠǓȖǓȅȠǫȒǩƻǷ ৅ ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏ ǔș ƺੈșΦȧǹȌǷ ƻǹȠƺǹƻLjƺǿ ǿǓǾ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǓǹǷǔȒΦǓǹǔșǓǩȠॹ ǾǓȖȠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ǷȅljǷƻΦƺȠȅșǿƺǷॹ șȠȖǓșșΦǓșǿǓǷ ǔș ǩǏȌǩǠǔǿΡǓșǿǓǷ ȠƺȖȠǴƻǷঀ

tঀ ࢳঀ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷ Φ ৙ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș৛ ǟȅǠƺǹǾƺ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȒȅȠǓǿljǩƻǹǴƻǿƺǷ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƻȖƺ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ȣǿǩȆș șΦǩǿȠȪ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠșǔǠΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșȅǷ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ȖǔșΦǔȖȌǹ ੈࢳࢱࢱࢹেƺș ΚƻǹșƻǠ ǾǔǹΡȖǓǦƺȠȆ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔș ƻȠƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșȅǷ ǷƺȠƺǹǩΦƻȠȅȖƻǿƺǷ LjǩΦȅǿΡȣǹȠঀ ǹȠƺǹƻǿȅșƺǿ ǓǹǟȅǠƺǏȅȠȠƻ ΚƻǹȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȣȖȆȒƻǿƺǷ ȠȉLjLj ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆȖƺ Κƺǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ȤǴLjȆǹǩ LjǓǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦঀ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ǓȖȖǓ ƺΦ ǩǠǔǿΡȖǓ ȖǓƺǠƻǹΚƺ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǓȠȠǓ ǓǹȌ ƺੈtƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔșΦșǔǠ ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǔș ǩǿে ǿȅΚƻljǩȆș ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǟȅȖǾƻǴƺǷǔǿȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓȠȠǓ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺে șƻǠȅǷ ȤǴǴƻǔǹǓǏǔșǔȠ ǔș ƺੈǷǔΦΦǓǹǟȅǠǦƺȠȆ ৙ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ৛ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǔȠঀ ΦȠ ƺੈljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ǩș ƻȠΚǓȠȠǓ ǔș ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦΦƺঀ Φ ȤǴ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦƺǷȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǿƺǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦǿǩǓ ǷǓǹǹ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǟǔǹǓ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻȠঀ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆǷॹ ƺੈǷǔΦǾȪΚǓșǓǷॹ ƺੈșΦƺLjƺǏǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȤƺǷॹ ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷॹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠǓǷ ΚƺǠΡ șΦȉΚǓȠǷǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǔȖǓ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠ ȠȉȖǓǷșΦǩǷঀ ੈljǔǹ ƺΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ȤǠΡ ȠǓǷǩǿȠșǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠȖǓॹ ǾǩǿȠ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǓșΦǷȉΦȖǓ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ΚǩșǓǹǷǓǏǔșLjǓǹǩ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷ ǩǿǏȣǹǴƺǿƺǷ Ǔǹॹ ǾǓে ǹΡǓǷ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƻǴƻǿƺǷ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǔǦǓΦॹ ƺΦ ȤǴ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǷ ǔș ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǾǓǠȠƺǹƻǹƻșƻǦȅΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓșǓǷ LjƻȖǾǓǹΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșLjƺǿॹ ƺੈǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǿȉΚǓে ǷǓǏǔșȠ ǔș ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǴȆǹǔȠǓȠ șΦǓǾ ǓǹȌȠȠ ȠƺȖȠΚƺঀ ੈ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦ ǓǹȌǷǔșΦǫȠȌ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷȖǓ ǔș șΦƺǷǩȖƻǿΡȤ ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșǔȖǓ Κƺǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠঀ ǩΦȠȅșǫȠƺǿǩ ǷǓǹǹ ƺੈ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǷǓȠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷে ǦȅΦॹ ǔș ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦǿǩ ǷǓǹǹ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ƺੈ ǾƻȖ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǓȠȠ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǷȖǓ ƺǹƺȒȅΦΚƺॹ ǷǩǦƺșΦǿƻǹΚƺ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǦǓǹΡǩ șΦǩǿȠȪ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǠǹȅLjƻǹǩș ȒǩƺljȅǷƺȠ ǔș ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ljǔǹȅΦǿƺǷ ǾǓǠঀ Φ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ΚǩșΦȅে ǿΡȣǹƻșƺ ƺੈLjǓΚƻǹȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷȅǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹॹ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ƺǹƺȒǟȅǠƺǹǾƺǩΚƺǹ ǓǠΡȧȠȠ ΚƻǹȠȅΦǩǷঀ ੈǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǓǷǓǹȌȠȠ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǦȣǾƻǿ ȠȌǷǓ ǷǩǓǾǓǹȠ ǔȖȠǔǷǔǿ Κƺǿॹ ǔș ǓLjLjǓǿ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓǟȧǠǠǔșLjǓǿ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷȣșȅǷ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ Ƿȧǹȉǿ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ǔȖǏǓǾǓǹǿǓǷঀ

ࢲࢱࢳ

ੈtƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔșΦșǔǠ ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ȠǓȖΚǓǿ LjǓǹȧǹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșǩ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǴƻȠ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǿǓǾ ΚǓΦǓȠȠǓ LjǓ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺॹ ǏǓ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠ ǿǔǾǩ ȒȅΦǩȠǫΚ ǏǩșΦǷȖǩǾǩǿƻljǩȆȠ ƺੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷ ǓǹȅșΦȠƻșƺǷȅȖॹ ƺΦ ǔȖȠǔǷǓǹǔș șȅȖƻǿ ȒǹȣșΦȒȅǿȠȅǷƺȠ ƺǏΚƺ ǿȌǩ ȧΦǹǓȠȠȣǹƺǴǏȅে ǿȅșȅǷǿƺǷ ǔș ЙƺȠƺǹ ǿȌǷǿǓǷঀ Φ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ ƺǹƺȒΚǓȠȌ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǩ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦƻșƺǷȅȖ ǿǓǾ ǟȅȖǾƻǹǩșॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ǟȣǿǷljǩȅǿƻǹǩș ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔșȠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǿƺǷঀ Φ hǿǩȆ ǷǓȖǓȠșΦǓȖে ΦȌǏǔșǔLjǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅǏƻșǾȆǏǷǔǿȠ Κƺǿ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦΚƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓșΦǩ ƺΦ ǓǾLjǓȖǓǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǾȅȠǩΚƻljǩȆǩǷ ǔș ƺੈ ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǓǩǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ǹǓে ǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǟǓǏǓΦΦǓǿǓǷ ǟǓǹॹ ǔș ƺȖȖƺ ȠȉȖǓǷǓǏǴǓǿǓǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓΦǓǷǓȠ ƺੈǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ȠǓǹǴǓș ǾǔȖȠǔǷLjǓǿ Ƿǩ ǩș ǦƺșΦǿƻǹǴƻǷঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেLjƺǿ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ XƺȖǹƺǾǓǿȠ ǟǓǹΚƻΦȅǹȠƺ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǷȧǹșȌ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺΦ Ǔȣে ȖȆȒƺǩ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡƺǩȠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǩǷॹ ǔș ǓǹǩșǾǓȖΚǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǔȠ ȤǴ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǔLjǓǿ ǟǓǹǦǫΚȠƺ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǔȠ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȒȅȠǓǿljǩƻǹ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƻǿƺǷ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓșșǔǠǔȖǓॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ șȅȖƻǿ șΦǩșΦȠǓǾƺȠǩǷȣș ǔș ǦȅǹǩșΦȠǩǷȣș ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔș ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦƻșƻȠ ǴƺΚƺșȅǹǴƺঀ ੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǟȌ ǟȅȖȖƻșƺ Φ ǓǠǔșΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆLjƺǿ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠ ǏǓЙǿǫljǩȆ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈ ǾǩǷȖȅেॹ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒে ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ শǷǷΚেǷষ ȅǹΡƺǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ࢳࢶࢱ șΦǓǾǔǹΡȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠǿƺǷॹ ǔΚǓș ǟȅȖǠƺǹǾȣǷ ǿǓǾ ǦƺǹƺǏǴƺ ǾǓǠ ƺΦ ࢶࢱ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ǓȣȖȆȠॹ ǔșইΚƺǠΡ ǔΚǓș ǾǔȖǹǓǠǟȌȉșșΦǓǠǓ ǿǓǾ ǦƺǹƺǏǴƺ ǾǓǠ ƺੈࢵࢴ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ǓȣȖȆȠঀ Φ ǓǠΡșǔǠǓș ǟȅǠƺǹȅǾǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦƻșȠ ǓǹǟȅǠƺǏȠƻǷ ƺੈLjǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠǩ ǴƺΚƺșǹƺȠLjƺǿॹ ǔș ǦƺȠƻǹΡLjƺ ǹǔȒǓȠȠ ࢳࢱࢱࢶঀ ǴƺǿȣƻȖ ࢲেǴǔǿ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻLjƺǿ ǩșঀ ੈǾǓǠƺǏȅȠȠ ǷȖǩȠǔȖǩȣǾȅǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅে ǷƺȠ ǷƺȠǓǠȅȖǩΦƻǹǴƻǷॹ ǟȅȖǾƺ ǔș ǾǔȖǓȠ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ șȅȖȅǹǴƻǷ LjǓॹ ƺǾǩ șǓǠǫȠ ƺੈǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠLjƺǿ ǩș ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȠǓȠǿǩ ƺੈ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠঀ Φ ǾƻȖ ȉǿǾƺǠƻLjƺǿ ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ǷȅǦǓȖǓǿljǩƻȠ ǔș ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠȅȠ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓΦ ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦ hেLjƺǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦΦƺ ƺੈΚǓȖșǓǿΡǴȅǠ ǾǓǠșǔȖȠǔșǔȠ ƺੈǠǹȅLjƺǹǩΦƻǹȠ Ȓǩƺlj ǷȅǿȠǓΠȠȣșƻLjƺǿঀ ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ ǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻǷ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǩǿƺǷ șΦƻǾƻȠȆǹॹ ƺੈǟȅȖǠƺǹȅǾȠȆǹ ǔșইΚƺǠΡ ƺΦ ǔΚǓș ǾǔȖে ǹǓǠǔȠȌǹ ǟȧǠǠȌǓǿ ǏȉǿȠǓǿǓǷ ƺȖȖȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǴȅǠȅșȣǹȠেǓ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷLjƺǿ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȖƺ ȒƻǹΡƻΦǿǩॹ ǔș ǾǓǹΡ ৅ ƺੈ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ƻǹȠƺǹ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǴƺΚƺșȅǹȠ ৅ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷॹ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǔș ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦǿƺǷ ȖƻǴȣǷঀ ΦƻǹȠƺǹ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔșΦșǔǠǓȠ șǓȖǷǓǿȠǩ ƺੈ ǷǷΚেǷ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșƺॹ ǏǓ ǓΦ ǾǔǠ ǿǓǾ Ǿǩǿে ǏǓǿঀ ੈǷǷΚেǷ LjǓșȅȖȅǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ǟȅȖǾƻǹǩș ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔșǔΚǓǹ ǓǹǹǓǿȠǔȠLjǓǿॹ ƺੈǟǓǿȠ ǓǾǹǫȠǓȠȠ ǟȣǿǷljǩȅǿƻǹǩș LjǓșȅȖȅǹƻș ƺΦȠ ljǔǹȅΦΦƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǴǓǿ ƺΦ ȉǿƻǹǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷॹ ƺੈǷǔΦে ࢲࢱࢴ

ǾȪΚǓșǓǷॹ ƺੈ șΦƺLjƺǏǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȤƺǷॹ ƺੈ ljșƺǹƻǏǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷॹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠǓǷॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ șΦȉΚǓȠǷǓΦǓȠǓǷ șΦƻǾƺঀ OșșΦǓǟȅǠǹƺǹΚƺॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǟȅǠƺǹǾƺ ȠƻǠƺLjLjॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǷǷΚেǔॹ ǿǩǿljș Ȗƻ ȠǓǹǴǓș ǔȖȠǔǷȪ ǴȅǠǩ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦƻșঀ ੈǷǷΚেǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƺ ǔș ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻșƺ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǾƺǠƺȠƺȖȠƻșǿƺǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǦǓে ȠȌॹ ǏǓ ǓΦ ǿǓǾ ǾǓȖǫȠǩ Ƿǩ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǟȅǠƺǹǾƻȠঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǾǩǿȠ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺॹ ǟǓǹǟȅǠƻș ǔș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠLjǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹ ȉșșΦǓȠǓȠȠ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǴǓǹǓǿșǔǠॹ ǓǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǟǓǴǹȌǏȌ ǷȅǿljǓȒljǩȆΚƺǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺǏȅȠȠ ȠȉȖȠǔǿǓǹǾǩ ȒǩǹǹƺǿƺȠȅǷLjƺǿ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓǷǔȒȒǓǿ ȠǓșে ȠǓșȧǹǦǓȠ ǾǓǠঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓǦǓȠșǔǠ ǾǔǠ ǟȅǿȠȅșƺLjLjƻ ΚƻǹǩǷॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ΚƻǹșƻǠ ȠȧǿǓȠǓǩ ǾȣȠƺȠǷȅΦǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ǟǓǹǾǓȖȧǹ ƺੈǷȅǿΦǓȖΚƺȠǫΚ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǓǷȧΦǏǔșǔǿǓǷ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓșșǔǠǓॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ǿȉΚǓǷșΦǩǷ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ LjǩΦȅǿΡȠƺǹƺǿșƻǠƺॹ ƺੈȒǩƺlj ǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡΚǓșΦȠǔșǓ ǔș ǦǩƻǿΡƺǩ ǓǠΡȖǓ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓLjLjǓǷॹ ǔș ƺΦ ǓΦǓǷǷǓǹ ΚƺǹȆ ǾǓǠLjǩȖǷȆΦƻș ȤǴ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǹǷȣȠƺȠƻșƻȠ ǔș ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡॹ ǿǓǾ ǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅșॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ǷȖǓƺȠǫΚ ǔș ǓȖǓǏǓȠǩ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔșǓǷǓȠ ǷȉΚǓȠǓǹঀ EǩǿǏǓΦǓǷ ǾǩƺȠȠ ƺੈΚƻǹșƻǠ ȣȠƻǿॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢱেLjǓǿ ȣȖȆȒƺ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ȠƻȖǠΡƺǹƻșƺǩ șȅে Ȗƻǿ ǷȣǹljșǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠȤǿƺǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǔȠ ƺLjLjƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǹǔȖǴǔǷ ƺΦ h ǟȌ ljǔǹǷǩȠȪΦǔșǓǩȠ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǓǹǹǩǠǓǿșॹ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ǔș ǩǿǷǹȣΦǫΚ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ȠǓȖǔǿঀ ੈ h[KX ࢳࢱࢳࢱ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻΚƺǹ শࢷষ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩ ƺੈǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠॹ ǏǓ Ǔǿǿǔǹ ǩș șΦǔǹǓșǓLjLj ǷȉȖLjǓǿ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷǷƺǹ ƺੈǷȖǓƺȠǩΚǩȠƻșȠॹ ƺΦ ǩǿে ǿȅΚƻljǩȆȠ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆșΦǓǹǹǓǾǓȠॹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷॹ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ǩș LjǓǹǓǔȖȠΚǓॹ ƺǷǩǷ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆǷঀ ੈLjǩΦȅǿΡȠƺǹƺǿșƻǠ ǔș ƺੈȒǩƺljǩ ǦǩƻǿΡȅǷ ǓǹǹǓǿǔȖǓ LjǩΦȅǿΡǫȠȆ ǿȌǷ ǹǓȠȠǓǷ ƺΦ ȤǴ ǹƻȠǿȅǷȅǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǷǔȒǓșǓǷ LjǓǾȣȠƺȠǿǩॹ ǦȅǠΡƺǿ ǹǓǦǓȠ ΚƺǹƺǾǩȠ ǴȅLjLjƺǿ ljșǩǿƻǹǿǩॹ ȅǹljșȆLjLjƺǿॹ Ƿȧǹȉǿǟǔে ǹǓ ǾȆǏșΦǓȖǓǷǷǓǹ ǓǹȌƻǹǹǫȠƺǿǩॹ ǔș ǫǠΡ ƺੈȒǩƺlj LjǩΦȅǿΡȅș ǩǠǔǿΡǓǩȠ ǷǩǓǹǔǠǫȠǓǿǩঀ ǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǏǩǿƺǾǩǷȣș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠLjǓǿ ǾƺΠǩǾƻǹǩșƺǿ ǷǩǦƺșΦǿƻǹে ǦƺșșƻǷ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǩΚǩȠƻșȣǷLjƺǿ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔșΦșǔǠȧǷLjǓǿ ȖǓǴǹȌ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠॹ ȉșΦȠȉǿে ΦȌ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷȖǓ Κƺǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠॹ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩ ǷǓǹǹ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠȧǷǓȠ ƺੈǾȣǿে ǷƺǓȖȌȒǩƺljȅǿঀ ?ȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ ǷǓǹǹǓǿǓǷॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǹǓǷȧΦǏǦǓȠȌǷ ƺΦȅǷ ƺΦ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǷǓǹ ƺੈǿȌǷ LjǩȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǩǷLjȌǹ ǟƺǷƺǏȆ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ șΦǓȖǓȒȧǷॹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ șΦȠǓȖǓȅȠǫȒǩƻǷ ǾǩƺȠȠ șΦǓǾLjǓșȧǹǿǓǷঀ ǩΦȅǿΡȅșॹ ƺੈȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅে ΦȅȠȠ ǓșǓȠǓǷLjǓǿ ƺੈȒȅΦǩȠǫΚ ǏǩșΦǷȖǩǾǩǿƻljǩȆ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦƻșƺ ǹǓǦǓȠ ǩǹΡǓǿ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșঀ

ࢲࢱࢵ

tঀ ࢴঀ =ȅǠǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖ Φ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǓșΦǾǔǴǔǿǓǷ ƺǹǷȅȠǾƻǿΡȅș ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦƻșƺǩ ੈ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǔș ƺੈ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȠǓȠǔșǾǓǿȠǓșșǔǠ ǓǹΚǓǩ ǾƻȖ ƺੈ ȅǹǠƻȖ /ǓȖljǓǠșǔǠ ǹǷȅȠǾƻǿΡƻǿƺǷ ࢲࢹࢸࢺঀ ƻȒȖǩǹǩș ࢲࢷেƻǿ ǓǹǟȅǠƺǏȅȠȠ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǩLjǓǿ ǩș ǹǓ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ǟǓǷȠǓȠΚǓॹ ǔș ȠȅΚƻLjLjȉȖȉǷǹȌǏȠǓǷ ƺੈ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǓǠ ǦƺȠƻǹΡȅș ǷȉΦȠƻȖșƺșƻǠǩ ƺǹǷȅȠǾƻǿΡLjƺ শXȖȅǾঀ ^( ࢶࢷ ই ࢲࢴঀࢱࢸঀࢲࢺࢺࢲষঀ Φ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ƺǹǷȅȠǾƻǿΡȅș șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ ǔȖȠǔǷǷǔ ǿΡǩǹΚƻǿǫȠƻșƺ ǠƺȖƺǿȠƻǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ șΦǟǔȖƻLjƺǿ ǔȖΚǔǿΡǓșȧǹǴȉǿॹ ǏǓ ƺੈȖǓǿে ǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǷ ǿƺǠΡ ȖǔșΦǓ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǔș ǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺljǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǔǦǓΦ ǷƺȒljșȅǹȆǏǩǷঀ ੈǴǓǹǓǿǹǓǠǩ ΚǩǹƻǠȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺ ǦƺȠƻșƻȖƺ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅșƺǿ ǷȅȖșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩ ǴȅǠƺǹǷȅȠƻșƻȠ ǔș ƻǹǹƺǾȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǴƻȠ ƺΦ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǔș ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ LjƻǿƻșǾȆǏ ȠǓȖǔǿঀ ੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǴȅǠșΦƺLjƻǹΡǩ ΚǔǏǓǹǾǓ ǔș ǷƺȒljșȅǹȆǏȆ ǴȅǠǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ ࢳࢱࢱࢵেȠȌǹ ǦƺȠƻǹΡȅș ƺੈ ǩșΦǷȖǩǾǩǿƻljǩȆ ǓǹǹǓǿǩ ΚǔǏǓǹǓǾȖȌǹ șΦȆǹȆ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ শXȖȅǾঀ ^( Fȅঀࢹࢷ ই ࢴࢱঀࢱࢺঀࢳࢱࢱࢴষঀ ੈΦƻȖƺǏǔǷƺǩ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈǿǓǾ ƺੈȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ ƻǹȠƺǹ ΚǔǏǓȠȠ ࢲࢳ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠ ǓǠΡǩǷǓঀ Φ ƺੈȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ ƺੈǏǩșΦǷȖǩǾǩǿƻljǩȆ ǾǓǠǓǹȌΦǔșǔȖǓ ǔș ƺੈǏǩșΦǷȖǩǾǩǿƻljǩȆ ǓǹǹǓǿǩ ΚǔǏǓে ǹǓǾȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ȠǓǹǴǓș ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǩ ǾǓljǦƺǿǩΦǾȣș ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƻȖȆǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǩǷঀ EǓǠȠǩǹȠǴƺ ƺੈǿΡǫǹȠ ǏǩșΦǷȖǩǾǩǿƻljǩȆȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌȠǹǓǿ LjƻǿƻșǾȆǏȅȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ LjǩΦȅǿΡȅș ȅǷȅǷ শȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿ ǿǓǾǓষ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ৙ǹƻȠșΦȆǹƺǠ șǓǾǹǓǠǓș ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșॹ ǷȖǩȠǔȖǩȣǾ ΚƺǠΡ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠ৛ ǾȉǠǔ ȖǓǴȠȌΦǩǷॹ ƺǾǩ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦΦƺ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿ ƺǏȅȠȠ ljșȅȒȅȖȠǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ȠƺȖȠȅΦƻșƻȠঀ ੈΦƺǷǹƺȠƻșॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈșΦǓΠȣƻǹǩș ΦƺǷǹƺȠƻș ƺੈǴȅǠǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦǾǔǿΡǓǷLjǓǿ ǾǓǠে ǓǠΡǓΦǩǷ ƺੈǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅș ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȠǓȠǔșșǓǹঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেȠȆǹ ǦƺȠƻǹΡȅș ƺੈ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠȖȌǹ șΦȆǹȆ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ শXȖȅǾঀ ^( Fȅঀ ࢴࢴ ই ࢳࢷঀࢱࢵঀࢳࢱࢲࢷষঀ Φ ƺੈȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ ǟȅǠƺǿƺȠȅșǫȠǴƺ ƺੈ ȅǹǠƻȖ ?ȉΦȠƻȖșƺșƻǠ ࢳࢱࢲࢵ৅ࢳࢱࢲࢹেƺș ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡΦƺȠǩ șȠƺLjǩǹǩȠƻșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƻȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠǿƺǷ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ljșƺȠǹƺǷȅΦƻșƻLjȆǹ ǓȖǓǏȌ ǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠșǔǠǓǩȠॹ ǔș ƺΦ ǓǾLjǓȖǩ ǴȅǠȅǷǷƺǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș ǿǓǾে ΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ șΦǓȖΦȌǏǔșǓǷ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǩȠঀ ੈȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ ȠȧǷȖȉΦǩ ƺΦ ǓǏǏǩǠǩ ǓǹǔȖȠ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓǷǓȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǔș ǿȌǷ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔȠ ǩǹǹǓȠȌǓǿ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩॹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǔș ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ǔǹǓȠ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿঀ Φ ǾƺǠƻLjƺǿ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǴƺ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǔȖǓ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȆ ǾǓljǦƺǿǩΦǾȣșȅǷƺȠॹ ǔș ǦȅșșΦȤȠƻΚȤ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ șΦǩǿȠȪ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǠƺȖƺǿȠƻǹǴƺ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǓȠঀ ੈ ǿǓǾȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ șȒǓljǩƻǹǩș ǷǩȠǔȠǓǹǓǷǓȠ ǓǠΡǔLj ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǷ ǩș ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦΦƻǷঀ ੈEȣǿǷƺ eȉȖΚǔǿΡǷȉǿΡΚǓ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ǾǓǠȠǩǹȠǴƺ ƺੈǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅș ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȠǓȠǔș ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ࢲࢱࢶ

ǟȅȖǾƻǴƻȠॹ ƺੈǷǩΚƻǹȠșƻǠȅǷƺȠॹ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǿ ƺǹƺȒȣǹȆ ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠॹ ǔș ǔȖΚǔǿΡǓșǫȠǩ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ǏǫǴƺΦƻșƻǿƺǷ ǓǹΚǔȠঀ ੈǏǩșΦǷȖǩǾǩǿƻljǩȆ ǓǹǹǓǿǩ ΚǔǏǓǹǓǾȖȌǹ șΦȆǹȆ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ ljǔǹǴƺ ƺੈǿǓǾǩ ƺǹƺȒȤ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȠǓȠǔș ǓǹǹǓǿǩ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡ ΚǔǏǓǹǓǾ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƺ ƺੈȠǓǹǴǓș ǷȉΦșΦǟǔȖƻLjƺǿॹ ȣǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ǷǩǓǾǓǹȠ ΚǔǏǓǹǾǓȠ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƺǿƺǷ ƺੈǷǩșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠȅȠȠ ljșȅȒȅȖে ȠȅǷ ȠƺǠǴƺǩǿƺǷॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈΚƻȖƺǿǏȆș ǿȌǷǿǓǷঀ eȅΚƻLjLjǩ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠǔǷȅǷ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ǹǓǟǓǷȠǓȠΚǓ ƺੈ eƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾLjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșǩ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǷȉǿΡΚLjǓǿॹ ƺੈ 'ȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșǩ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡে LjǓǿॹ ƺੈ 'ǓǹșȌȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡLjǓǿॹ ƺੈ ȅǹǠƻȖ ?ȉΦȠƻȖșƺșƻǠ ΚǔǏǓǹǾǔȖȌǹ ǔș ƺੈ ǟǓǠΡΚǓȖǓș ǓȖȌǷȖȌǹ șΦȆǹȆ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǔLjǓǿॹ ƺੈ șƺǹƻǏȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǷȉǿΡΚLjǓǿॹ ƺੈ șƺǹƻǏȅǿ LjǓǹȧǹǩ LjƻǿȠƺǹǾƺΦƻș ǓǹǹǓǿǩ ΚǔǏǓǹǓǾȖȌǹ șΦȆǹȆ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡLjǓǿॹ ƺΦ ǓǾLjǓȖǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾȖȌǹ șΦȆǹȆ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡLjǓǿॹ ƺੈ ȧǿȠǓȠȌ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǷȉǿΡΚLjǓǿ șȠLjঀ ੈǴȅǠǩ ǷǓȖǓȠǓǷ ƺੈǟǓǹǓǹȌșșǔǠǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷ ǔș ƺੈǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǠȅǿǏȅΦƻșǩ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȅǷ ǩǠƺΦșƻǠȅș ǟǓǹে ȅșΦȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔΚǓǹ ǷȅȖșΦǓȖȪșȉǏȠǓǷ ƺੈEȣǿǷƺ eȉȖΚǔǿΡǷȉǿΡΚǓ ƻǹȠƺǹ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠȅȠȠ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǿΡȅǾƻǿ ৅ ƺΦ ȤǠΡǿǓΚǓΦǓȠȠ ƺȒƺșƻǠǩ șΦƺLjƺǏșƻǠǠƺǹॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǓǹLjȅljșƻȠȅȠȠ ƺȒƻǷ ΚǔǏǓǹǾǔΚǓǹঀ Φ ΚƻǹƺșΦ ƺΦȅǷȖƺ ƺੈǷǩǦǫΚƻșȅǷȖƺॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷǷǓǹ ǷȅȖƻLjLjƺǿ ƺੈǠȅǿǏȅΦƻșǩ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǩș ǓǹǹƻȠȆ ǾȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆǷ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǓșǓǿ șΦǓǾLjǓșȧǹȠǓǷॹ ǔș ƺǾǩ ǿǓǠƺȠǫΚƺǿ LjǓǟȅǹΡƻșȅǹȠƺ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ȖƻȠƻȠॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǓșǓȠǔLjǓǿঀ ǿǿǓǷ ǟǔǿΡǔLjǓǿ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ǴƺΚƺșǹƺȠȅȠ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǓȠȠ ǓǹȌ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ XƺȖǹƺǾǓǿȠǿǓǷ ǔș ƺੈeƺǿƻljșǿƺǷ ƺੈșΦȧǹȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǠȅǿǏȅΦȆǷ ǾȣǿǷƻǴƻǿƺǷ ǔș ǾƺǠƻǿǔǹǓȠǔǿǓǷ ǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡƻȠ ǩǹǹǓȠȌǓǿॹ ǦƺǿǠșȤে ǹΡȅΦΚƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ șȧȖǠȌșǓǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠ Κƺǿ ƺੈǴȅǠǩ ǷǓȖǓȠȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ ǟȖǩșșǫȠǔșǔȖǓॹ ǷȅȖșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǔȖǓঀ KǹΡƺǿ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǓȠ șΦȅȖǠƺǹǾƺΦॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩǷ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǓȠॹ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠ ƺੈșΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșȧǷLjǓǿঀ Φ ǓǠΡșǔǠǓș ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ Ȓǩƺlj ǷȅǿȠǓΠȠȣșƻLjƺǿ ǓΦǓǷ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻLjƺǿ ǩș ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǦƺȠȆǷঀ ǩΦȅǿΡȅș ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ȒǔǿΦƺǹƺȒȅǷ ǷǩȅșΦȠƻșƺ șȅȖƻǿ ƺΦ ǔȖȠǔǷǓǹǔșǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠLjƺǿ ǿƺȒǴƺǩǿǷ ে Ljƺǿ ǩș ǔȖΚǔǿΡǓșȧǹ ƺੈ ȒȅΦǩȠǫΚ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȠǓȠǔș ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻLjƺǿঀ ΦǓǷ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠƻǾȅǠƺে ȠƻșȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ƺੈ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǔș ƺੈ EȣǿǷƺȧǠΡǩ ǔș ^Φȅljǩƻǹǩș lǠΡǓǷ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾƺ ȅșΦȠ șΦǔȠঀ ੈ ljǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǩș ȠǓșΦǿǓǷ ǓȖȌǟǓșΦǫȠǔșǓǷǓȠ ƺΦǔȖȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦΦǔǷ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻȖƺ ৅ ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷǷǓǹॹ ȠȣǏƺȠȅșșƻǠǿȉে ΚǓǹǔșșǓǹॹ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǔǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǔΚǓǹॹ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠȌ ǷƺǾȒƻǿΡȅǷǷƺǹ șȠLjঀ Φ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǓǹǔȖǔșǔǿǓǷ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔșǓǩ Φ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩॹ ǴȆǹ LjǓΚƻǹȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷǷƺǹ ȉșșΦǦƺǿǠLjƺǿॹ ǷǔȠǟǔǹǓ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓে ǹǫȠǔșȠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǿƺǷ ƺੈșȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǷ ΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴȠƻșƺǷȅȖॸ ॷ 2ǿȠǓǠȖƻǹȠ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔș ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƻȖƺআ șΦǩșΦȠǓǾƺȠǩǷȣș ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ ƺੈ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǠƺȖƺǿȠƻǹƻșƻȠ ljǔǹΦȆ ǴȅǠƺǹǷȅȠƻșǩॹ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǩ ǔș ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșেƺǹƺȒȅǷ ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ljǔǹǴƻLjȆǹআ ࢲࢱࢷ

ॷ ǔǹΦȅȠȠ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦȌ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǔș ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷǿƺǷ ƺΦȅǿ ljșȅȒȅȖȠǴƺǩȖƺ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ǿǓǾǓǷǓǿ ƺǹƺȒȣǹȆ ǷǩșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠ ΚƺǠΡ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌȠǹǓǿșǔǠ ǴǓǹǹǓǾǓΦঀ ੈLjƻȠȅȖǫȠȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ ȒȅΦǩȠǫΚ ǏǩșΦǷȖǩǾǩǿƻljǩȆǿƺǷ ǩș ȠǓǷǩǿȠǦǓȠȌǷ ৅ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǾǓǠǓȖȌে șǫȠȌ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷ ΚƺǠΡ ǓǠΡǓǏǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǿȌǷȖǓ ǔș ǟǔȖЙƺǷȖƺ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹǿƺǷॹ ǔș ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ LjǩΦȅǿΡȅș șΦǟǔȖƻǷLjƺǿ ƺੈǾƻȖ ǾǓǠǹǔΚȌ ǿǓǾǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌȠǹǓǿșǔǠ ȅȖΚȅșǹƻșƻȖƺ ΚǓΦǓȠǿǓǷ LjǓঀ ΦǓǷ ƻǹȠƺǹƻLjƺǿ ƻȠǾǓǿǓȠǩ ǴǓǹǹǓǠȪǓǷॹ ǔș ƺǏǏǩǠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦΦƻǷ ȌǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǫǠ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌȠǹǓǿșǔǠǓǷ ǾǓǠ ǿǓǾ șΦȪǿǿǓǷঀ ΦǓǷLjǓǿ ƺΦ ǓșǓȠǓǷLjǓǿ ƺੈ ǾǓǠে ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȠǓȠǓȠȠ LjƻǿƻșǾȆǏ ǓǹǟȅǠƺǏǦƺȠȆॹ ƺǾǓǿǿΡǩLjǓǿ ƺੈȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǓș ljǔǹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ȠǔǿΡǹǓǠǓș ƻǹǹƺȒȅȠƻǿƺǷ ǓǹǔȖǔșǓॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ƺǏǏǩǠॹ ƺǾǫǠ ǾǩǿǏǓΦ ǔșșΦǓȖȪ ǔș ȅLjǴǓǷȠǫΚ ǷǓȖǓে ȠǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ΦƺǴǹǩǷঀ 2ǏȌǿǷǔǿȠ șΦȧǷșǔǠ Κƺǿ ǩǹΡǓǿ ǾǓǠǓȖȌșǫȠȌ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷȖǓॹ ǾǩΚǓǹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌȠǹǓǿșǔǠǓǷ ǾǓǠșΦȧǿȠǓȠǔșǔȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ǓȖȌǟǓșΦǫȠǔșǓǷ ǦǩƻǿΡƺ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ শȒǹঀ ǿǓǾǩষ ƺǹƺȒȅǷȅǿ ΚƺǹȆॹ ǴȅǠǩǹƺǠ ΚǔǏǓȠȠ ǏǩșΦǷȖǩǾǩǿƻljǩȆǦȅΦ ΚǓΦǓȠǦǓȠঀ Φ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǟȌLjLj ǏȅǷȣǾǓǿȠȣǾƺǩ ੈȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǦȅΦƻș ǷǔȠșǔǠǷǫΚȧǹ ǦƺȠƺǹǾƺș șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ǴƻȠșΦǩǷ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƻLjƺǿॹ ȣǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ƺੈ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǏȅǷȣǾǓǿȠȣǾȅǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǓ ǩș ǓǠΡȖǓ ǿȌঀ ǔǹǴȣǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǔǹΡ ǔș ȠȣǏƺȠȅș ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȠ ǩǿǏǫȠșƺǿƺǷ Ǔǹ ƺੈǷȉΦǟǓǹǟȅǠƻșLjƺǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿ ǦȅΦΦƻƻǹǹƻșƻLjƺǿঀ LjLjǓǿ ƺੈ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠLjƺǿ ǿƺǠΡ ǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȠ ǷƺȒǿƺǷ ƺΦ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǔș ljǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠঀ ੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƻȖȆǹ șΦȆǹȆॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢷ৅ࢳࢱࢳࢱেƺș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ șȠȖƺȠǔে Ǡǩƺ শǓǹǟȅǠƺǏΚƺ ƺੈEǩǿǩșΦȠǓȖǓǷ eƺǿƻljșƻǿƺǷ ࢳࢱࢲࢷঀࢲࢲঀࢲࢵেǩॹ ࢺࢷࢸঀ șΦƻǾȤ ǦƺȠƻȖȅΦƺȠƻΚƺǹষ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƻȖƺॹ ƺੈșΦȠǓȖǓȅȠǫȒǩƻǷ ǹǓǷȧΦǏǔșǔȖǓॹ ƺΦ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșȖǓ ǔș ƺੈ ǏȉǿȠǔșǦȅΦƺȠƺǹǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷLjƺǿ ΚƺǹȆ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹঀ ੈljǔǹ ƺੈșǩǷǓȖǓș ȉǿǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻș ǔș ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓ ƺੈǷȉΦșΦǟǔȖƻLjƺǿॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔș ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺ ΚƺǹƺǾǓǿǿΡǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿঀ ੈ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻȠ LjǓǟȅǹΡƻșȅǹǴƺ ƺΦ h ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșȖǓ ǔș ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȖƺ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ǟǓǹȧǹΚǩΦșǠƻǹȠ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǴƺ শ ȣȖȆȒƺ ࢳࢱࢳࢱষॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ȒȅȠǓǿljǩƻǹǴƻǿƺǷ ȠǓǹǴǓș ǷǩǦƺșΦে ǿƻǹƻșƻȠ ǷȉΚǓȠǓǹǩ ǾǓǠॹ ǔș ȉǿǾƺǠƻLjƺǿ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦȆ șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ǴƻȠșΦǩǷ ƺੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǷǩǦǫΚƻșȅǷ ǹǓǷȧΦǏǔșǔLjǓǿঀ Φ ǩǿǏȅǷȅǹǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺljǩ LjǓǩǹǹǓșΦǷǓে ǏǔșǔǿǓǷ ȒȖǩȅȖǩΦƻǹƻșƻȠॹ ǔș ƺǿǿƺǷ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƻȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿșǔǠȧǷ ǾǔȖȠǔǷǓ ǾǓǠǓǠΡǓΦΦǓǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǔΚƺǹঀ

ࢲࢱࢸ

ࢳࢱࢲࢷেLjƺǿ ƺੈ(ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǿΡǩǹΚƻǿȅș ΚǩȠƻȠ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǓȠȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅে ΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƻȖƺ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻȖȆǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡLjȌǹ ǾǔǠșǓǾ ǷǓǹǓȠǷǓΦǓȠȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș șΦǩǿȠȪॹ ǷȅǦǓȖǓǿș ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǓȠ ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦȆ ȅȒǓȖƺȠǫΚ ǏȅǷȣǾǓǿȠȣǾঀ

tঀ ࢵঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ ੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǾǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾȠȆǹ ࢳࢱࢲࢷ ǴȤǹǩȣșƻLjƺǿ ǷƺȒȅȠȠ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻLjƺǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ࢳࢸ৅ࢴࢲઔ েƻȠ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǩǷ ǿȌǷ শƺΦ ǩǿǏǓΠ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖƻǠȠȆǹ ǟȧǠǠষঀ FǓǾ șΦƺLjƺǏ ǓǹǟǓǹǓǴȠǓǿȧǿǷ ƺΦȅǿLjƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓLjLjǓǿ ƺੈșΦƻǾLjƺǿ LjǓǿǿǓ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦȆǷ ǔș ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƺǩ ǩșॹ ƺੈǷǓȠȠȌ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ǿǓǾ ȠǓșΦǿǓǷ ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠǓȠঀ ੈࢳࢱࢲࢵ৅ ࢳࢱࢲࢷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǩǏȌșΦƺǷ ȠǔǿΡǹǓǠǓș ƺǏƺȠƺǩ ǾǓǠǓȖȌșǫȠǩǷ ƺੈǟǓǿȠǩǓǷǓȠ শǹঀ ࢴࢲঀ ƻLjȖƺষঀ hǠΡƺǿǓLjLjǓǿ ƺੈ LjǓșΦƻǾȅǹȆLjƺǿ শXƺǹȅΚƺॹ eǩǦȅǾǩȖƺॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢸঀࢱࢸঀࢲࢴঀষ ƺੈ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȅΦΦƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ǓǹǾȤǹȠ ࢶ ǔΚLjǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓ ࢶࢱઔেǷƺǹ ǓǾǓǹǷǓǏǓȠȠॹ ǔș ȠȅΚƻLjLj ǿȉΚǓǷșΦǩǷঀ ੈǹǓǠȠȉLjLj ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ȅǹΡƺǿॹ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǔȖǓ ǔȖΦǔǷǓǿΡ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷLjƺǿ ǴȉȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾ ǔș ƺੈǷȣǹে ȠȣȖƻǹǩș ǩȒƺȖঀ Φ ƻȠǹƺǠ LjȣǹǠƻȖǩƺǩ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ࢴࢱ৅ࢵࢺ ǔΚǓș শƺǷȠǫΚ ǷȅȖȤষॹ ƺǹƺȒেইǾǓșȠǓȖে ǷǔȒΦǔșșǓǹ ΚƺǠΡ ǔȖǓȠȠșǔǠǩΚǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǩǷॹ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡƺǩȠ ǓǹșȌșȅȖLjƺǿ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔș Ǧȣে Ǿƻǿ ȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅǷ ȠǓȖǔǿ ΚǔǠǓΦȠǓঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƺ ƻǹȠƺǹƻLjƺǿ ƺΦ ƺǹƻLjLjǩ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷ ǓǠΡǩǷǔLjǓ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǩǷॸ ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾॹ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷॹ ΚǓǿǏǔǠǹƻȠƻșॹ ǩȒƺȖ ΚƺǠΡ ǩǿǠƺȠǹƺǿঀ FƺǠΡȅǿ ǴȆ șΦƻǾǫȠȆǠǔȒǓș ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǷǷǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǩǷ ǔș LjǓșΦǔǹ ǩǏǓǠǓǿ ǿΡǓǹΚǓǷǓȠঀ ^ΦǓǾǔǹΡǓș ǾǓǠে ȠƺǷƺȖǫȠƻșȅǷLjȆǹ ΚƺǠΡ ljșƺǹƻǏǴƺ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ǷǓΦǏȠǓ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔȠঀ Φ ƻȠǹƺǠ LjȅǹǠƻȖ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ Ƿǩșșǔ ЙƺȠƺǹƺLjLjॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ৅ ࢳࢶেࢵࢵ ǔΚǓșǓǷঀ ੈȠȣǏƻșǩǿȠǓǿΦǫΚ ǩȒƺȖƻǠƺǷLjƺǿ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹ শࢲࢹ ǔș ࢳࢵ ǔΚ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩষ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠȉLjLjșǔǠǓ ǟǔȖЙঀ iǠΡ ȠȪǿǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƺǷǷȅȖ ǷǓΦǏǓǿǓǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșLjƺॹ Ǧƺ ǾƻȖ ljșƺǹƻǏǴȣǷ Κƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǫǠΡ ȠǓȖǓǾȠșǓǿǓǷ ǾǓǠǔǹǦǓȠǔșȠ ǔș ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖȠঀ ੈǹǓǠǟȖǩșșǓLjLj ƺǏƺȠȅǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻLjƺǿ ȠȅΚƻLjLjǩ ǷǓǏΚǓΦȌ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹǦƺȠȆǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿঀ Φ ƺੈȠȖǓǿǏ ƺੈljǔǠΚǓΦǓȠȌǷॹ ƺੈșΦǓȖΦȌǏǔșșǓǹ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ȒȅΦǫে ljǩȆLjƺǿ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈljǔǠȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅș ǾȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆǷ ǷȉȖǔLjǓǿ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠ ǾǓǠЙǠΡǓǹǦǓȠȌঀ ^ƺǴǿȅș ƺੈșΦƻǾȅǷ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǿǓǾ ǿΡǩǹΚƻǿȅșƺǷঀ EǩΚǓǹ ࢳࢱࢲࢷ ȆȠƺ ǹǔȠǓΦǿǓǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ Ǔ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿॹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻে ǾƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǓ ƺੈǟǓǿȠ ǟǓǹșȅȖȅǹȠ ǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻǷLjƺǿ ȠǓȖǾǔșΦǓȠǓș ǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦǾǔǿΡঀ

ࢲࢱࢹ

ੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ƻȠǹƺǠȅș ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌǷǔȒȒǓǿ ƺǹƺǷȣǹॸ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ࢶࢸॹࢹઔেƺ ǏȅǹǠȅে ΦǩǷॹ șΦǓǾLjǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ ࢵࢷॹࢷઔেƻΚƺǹঀ Φ ƺΦ ƺȖƻǿΡ ǾƺǠƺșƺLjLj ƺੈΚƻȖȅșȅǷLjƺǿॸ ࢶࢷઔॹ ǔș ΚƺǹƺǾǩে ΚǓǹ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡƺLjLj ΚǩǏǔǷǓǿॸ ࢵࢱॹࢹઔঀ Φ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷLjƺǿ ৅ LjƻȖ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș LjȣǹǠƻȖǩƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡ ƺੈ șΦƻǾȣǷ ৅ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ƺȖƻǿΡLjƺǿ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹȠǓȠǩǷ ǾƺǠȣǷƺȠ ǓǠΡǓș ȖǓǟǓে ȖǓǿljǩƺȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠॹ ǔș ǓΦƻǹȠƺǹ ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠȖǓ ȣȠƺǹǿƺǷ ǓΦǓǿ ƺੈȠǓে ȖȧǹǓȠǓǿঀ ΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ǓǠΡ ǷȅȖƻLjLjǩॹ ǠǹȅLjƻǹǩș ( E ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǿ শ( E (ǹȅLjƻǹǩș ǴǓǹǓǿȠǔș ࢳࢱࢲࢷইࢲࢸॹ ࢳࢹঀ ȅঀষ ƺǹƺȒȣǹȆ ǾǓǠƻǹǹƺȒǫȠƻșșƺǹ ǓǹǹǓǿȠǔȠLjǓǿॹ ƺੈșΦȧǷșǔǠșΦǓȖȪșǔǠ ǾȅȠǩΚƻǹȠƺ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ȖǔșΦƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ǦƺșȅǿǹǫȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǔǦȅΦঀ 2016 ǔǠΚǓΦǓȠȌ

tǓΦǓȠȌǩ ȒȅΦǫljǩȆLjƺǿ șΦǓȖΦȌǏǔșșǓǹ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠ

EȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆ ǔș ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅș ǓǠΡLjǓǿ

Össz.

'ЙƺǷ

FȌǷ

Össz.

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FȌǷ

Össz.

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FȌǷ

ࢲࢴࢴࢸࢹࢳ

ࢸࢸࢱࢴࢸ

ࢶࢷࢸࢵࢶ

ࢳࢹࢲࢶࢱ

ࢲࢺࢵࢲࢳ

ࢹࢸࢴࢹ

ࢳࢸࢶࢺࢺࢹ

ࢲࢺࢳࢸࢸࢶ

ࢹࢴࢳࢳࢴ

EǓΦȌ ǠƺΦǏƺ șƻǠॹ ǓȖ ǏȌে ǔș ǦƺǹǠƺΦ Ǐƻǹ ǷȅǏƻș

ࢳࢶࢳࢴ

ࢳࢶࢳࢴ

ࢸࢸࢸ

ࢲࢱࢹࢺ

ࢹࢲࢸ

ࢳࢸࢳ

ࢲࢵࢴࢱࢶ

ࢲࢲࢹࢷࢷ

ࢳࢵࢴࢺ

Bányászat

ࢲࢱࢸࢸ

ࢹࢸࢺ

ࢲࢺࢹ

ࢲࢶࢷ

ࢲࢳࢹ

ࢳࢹ

ࢲࢱࢵ

ࢹࢸ

ࢲࢸ

ࢳࢲࢵࢺࢶ

ࢲࢶࢲࢸࢱ

ࢷࢴࢳࢶ

ࢴࢶࢱࢴ

ࢸࢷࢷࢴ

ࢹࢵࢱ

ࢲࢺࢴࢵࢹ

ࢲࢵࢹࢵࢸ

ࢵࢶࢱࢲ

ǿǓȖǠǩƺ

ࢳࢵࢵࢲ

ࢲࢺࢳࢵ

ࢶࢲࢸ

ࢵࢳࢸ

ࢴࢵࢴ

ࢹࢵ

ࢸࢳࢳ

ࢶࢸࢹ

ࢲࢵࢵ

tǫΦে ǔș ǦȣǹǹƺǏǔǷǠƺΦǏƻǹǷȅǏƻș

ࢲࢵࢹࢹ

ࢲࢱࢺࢲ

ࢴࢺࢸ

ࢳࢲࢴ

ࢲࢸࢲ

ࢵࢳ

ࢴࢱࢴ

ࢳࢶࢸ

ࢵࢷ

ȒǫȠȌ ǩȒƺȖ

ࢷࢴࢳࢶ

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ࢴࢴࢱ

ࢲࢲࢱࢺࢸ

ࢺࢸࢹࢱ

ࢲࢴࢲࢸ

ȣȠȆে ǔș ǾȅȠȅȖǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǔșॹ șΦǓȖΚǩΦ

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ࢴࢷࢷࢶ

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ࢲࢱࢷࢱࢺࢶ

ࢸࢳࢴࢲࢷ

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@ȅǠǩșΦȠǩǷƺ ǔș ȖƺǷȠƻȖȅΦƻș

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ࢳࢸࢶ

ࢲࢶࢺࢹࢴ

ࢲࢵࢳࢷࢱ

ࢲࢸࢳࢴ

2ǏǓǠǓǿǟȅȖǠƺǹȅǾ ǔș ΚǓǿǏǔǠǹƻȠƻș

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ࢲࢴࢴࢵࢴ

ࢶࢶࢷࢳ

?ȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻljǩȆॹ șΦǓǹǹǓǾǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƺ ǔș ǷǓΦǓǹǔșǓ

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XǔǿΦȧǠΡ ǔș LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻș

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2ǿǠƺȠǹƺǿ

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XȖȅǟǓșșΦǩȅǿƻǹǩș ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷ ǔș ȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǷȣȠƺȠƻș

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ǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƻljǩȆș ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ

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?ȅȖǾƻǿΡ ǔș ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ

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Összesen

(ΡƻȖȠƻșॹ ǩȒƺȖ

ࢲࢱࢺ

2016 ǔǠΚǓΦǓȠȌ Össz.

'ЙƺǷ

KǷȠƺȠƻș

ࢹࢲࢶࢱ

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ǠǔșΦșǔǠȧǠΡ ǔș șΦȅljǩƻǹǩș ǾȣǿǷƺ

ࢹࢹࢺࢺ

?ȣǹȠȤȖƺॹ șȒȅȖȠ ǔș șΦȆȖƺǷȅΦƻș Eƻș ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ

tǓΦǓȠȌǩ ȒȅΦǫljǩȆLjƺǿ șΦǓȖΦȌǏǔșșǓǹ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠ FȌǷ

EȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆ ǔș ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅș ǓǠΡLjǓǿ

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ࢲࢱࢸࢲࢲ

ࢶࢸࢲࢱ

ࢶࢱࢱࢲ

ࢳࢳࢺࢶ

ࢲࢳࢺࢲ

ࢲࢱࢱࢵ

ࢵࢵࢴ

ࢴࢲࢲ

ࢵࢱࢶ

ࢴࢸࢱࢶ

ࢳࢷࢺࢵ

ࢲࢱࢲࢲ

ࢴࢱࢸࢸ

ࢲࢴࢳࢹ

ࢲࢸࢵࢺ

ࢹࢹࢺ

ࢵࢹࢵ

ࢲࢸࢱࢵࢲ

ࢹࢳࢲࢶ

ࢹࢹࢳࢷ

31. ábra: tDzͬDzȿȫȖ࣓ ȸͬDzȵͬȫǮdzȸȸDzȘ ͠DzͬDzȿȫȈ ȱȤͬȊǨȈȥǧǙȞ ǙȘȖǙȘȝǙͬȤȿȿǙȖ dzȸ ǨdzǿȿɂȘǙȓǮȤȞȤȸ ȝɂȞȖǙ͠ǚȘȘǙȘȥȖ ȝDzǿȤȸͬȘǚȸǙ ऒࠍࠋࠌࠏडࠍࠋࠌࠑओ

tঀ ࢶঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ tঀ ࢶঀ ࢲঀ ǹǹƺǾǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ੈ șȒǓljǩƻǹǩș ǴȅǠșΦƺLjƻǹΡȅǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȅȠȠ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠƺ ƺੈ Ƿǩে ǓǾǓǹȠ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƺॸ ॷ Φ ǓǾLjǓȖǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾ ǓǹǹǓǿǩ ǷȧΦǏǓǹǓǾ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ LjǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠƺ শࢳࢱࢱࢴেȠȆǹষ ॷ ੈǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȠǓȠǔș ǓǹǹǓǿǩ LjǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ শࢳࢱࢱࢵেȠȌǹষ ॷ ੈǷȉΦȠƻȖșƺșƻǠ ȅǾLjȣǏșǾƺǿǴƺ শࢳࢱࢱࢶেȠȌǹষ ॷ ੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǠǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ Ƞƺǿƻljșॹ ƺੈEǩǿǩșΦȠǓȖǓǷ eƺǿƻljșƻΚƺǹ শࢳࢱࢱࢵেȠȌǹষ ॷ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ শƺ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠǔLjǓǿষ ॷ EȣǿǷƺȧǠΡǩ ǔș ^Φȅljǩƻǹǩș lǠΡǓǷ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾƺ ੈ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǷ ΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǟȌșΦǓȖǓȒǔȠ ƺੈEȣǿǷƺȧǠΡǩ ǔș ^Φȅljǩƻǹǩș lǠΡǓǷ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾƺ শE@ Xষ ǷƺȒȠƺॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺΦ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠȖǓ ǔș ƺΦ ƺǿȠǩǏǩșΦǷȖǩǾǩǿƻljǩȆȖƺ șΦƺǷȅșȅǏȅȠȠ ǓǠΡșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǩș ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȠƺǷঀ Φ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǦƺȠȆșƻǠȅǷ ǦȅșșΦȤ ȠƻΚȅǿ ǓǹȌȠǔȖLjǓ ǦǓǹΡǓΦǩǷ ƺੈșȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǷȉȖΚȅǿƺǹƺΦȅȠȠ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷǓȠॹ șΦȅȖȅș ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșLjǓǿ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ ȠǓșȠȧǹǓȠǓǷǷǓǹঀ KǹΡƺǿ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƺȠǫΚ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠ ΚǓΦǓȠǿǓǷ LjǓॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷLjǓǿ ƺੈǾǔǏǩƺ ǓǠΡȖǓ ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ȠȉǹȠ LjǓ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǷƺǹ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷǷǓǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș șΦȠǓȖǓȅȠǫȒǩƻǷ ǹǓǷȧΦǏǔșǔLjǓǿॹ ƺੈȠȣǏƺȠȅșșƻǠ ǔș ƺΦ ǔȖΦǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǔΚǓǹ ৅ ǾǩǿǏǓΦȠ ȒǓȖșΦǓ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅș ǟǓǹȧǠΡǓǹǓȠ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠঀ Φ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ࢲࢲࢱ

ǔș ƺੈljǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅȠ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǠǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿǓǾে ΦǓȠǩ Ƞƺǿƻljșॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ƺੈEǩǿǩșΦȠǓȖǓǷ eƺǿƻljșƺ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦΦƺঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǔș ǷǷΚেȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ƺੈ(ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǷȅȅȖǏǩǿƻǹǴƺঀ EǩǿȠ ǾƻȖ ǓǾǹǫȠǓȠȠȧǷॹ ƺੈǾǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȅȠȠ ǓǠΡ Ƿȧǹȉǿ ǾȣǿǷƺljșȅȒȅȖȠȅȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ǷǩǏȅǹǠȅΦƻșƻǦȅΦঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǔȖȠǔǷǓǷǓȠ ƺੈ(ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ƺੈșȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓে ΦǔșǓǩ ȖǔΚǔǿ শ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǴƺ ৅ ǓΦ ȣȠȆLjLjǩ ǾǔǠ ȠƻȖǠΡƺǹƻșȅǷ ƺǹƺȠȠষ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺআ ȒȅΦǩȠǫΚ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȠǓȠǔșȠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǿƺǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻে șȅǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿ শȒǹȣșΦȒȅǿȠȅǷƺȠ ƺǏǿƺǷ LjǩΦȅǿΡȅș ȒǔǿΦƺǹƺȒȅǷ ǷǩȅșΦȠƻșƺǷȅȖ ƺΦ ǔȖȠǔǷǓǹǔșǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠ șȅȖƻǿॹ Ǧƺ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƺ ǿȌষআ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǿƺȒǴƺॹ ǾǓǹΡǓȠ ƺੈ(ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǔș ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǷ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƺǷ ǔș șΦǓȖΚǓΦǿǓǷॹ ǔș ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅে ΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǩȠ ΚǩȠƺȠǴƻǷ ǾǓǠঀ

tঀ ࢶঀ ࢳঀ ǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ Φ ƺǹƻLjLjǩƺǷLjƺǿ ǩșǾǓȖȠǓȠǓȠȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ƺੈǹǓǠƺǷȠǫΚƺLjLjƺǷ ǷȉΦǔ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǿƺǷ ƺੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷॹ ƺੈǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷLjƺ șΦǓȖΚǓΦȌǏǔșǔǿǓǷ ȠǓȖǔǿঀ Φ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǔș ƺੈljǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșǿǓǷ ǩǠǓǿ ǟȅǿȠȅș șΦǓȖǓȒǓ Κƺǿ ƺੈLjȅǹǠƻȖ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ǟǓǴে ǹȌǏǔșǔLjǓǿঀ Φ ȣȠȆLjLjǩ ǔΚǓǷLjǓǿ ǓǠΡȖǓ ǩǿǷƻLjLj ƺΦ ƺǹȣǹȖȆǹ ǟǓǹǟǓǹǔ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔșȠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦΦƻǷॹ ǔș ƺੈljǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ȠȉLjLjșǔǠǔȠ ǾǓǠǦǫΚǴƻǷॹ Ǧƺ ƺੈΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡΦƺȠǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǓȠ ǷǔșΦȧǹǿǓǷ ǾǓǠΚǩȠƺȠǿǩ ǔș ǷǩǏȅǹǠȅΦǿǩঀ ੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ শǟǔȖЙȠ ǔș ǿȌǩȠ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠষ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǷȉΦȧǹ ƺੈ ȅǹǠƻȖ 2ȒƺȖǩ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓȠ শ 2 ষ ǔș ƺੈ ȅǹǠƻȖ ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ?ƺǾƺȖƻȠ শ ষ ǔȖǏǓǾǓș ǾǓǠǓǾǹǫȠǓǿǩঀ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǿȌǷ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓ ৅ ^ǓǹǓǿƺ Φ ǓǹșȌ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻȖƺ ǦȅΦȠƺǷ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ƺੈࢳࢱࢱࢸেLjǓǿ ǾǓǠে ƺǹƺǷȣǹȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǿȌǷ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓॹ ΚƺǠΡǩș ƺੈ^ǓǹǓǿƺঀ ੈȠƺǠǴƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷॹ ȠȣǏȆে șȅǷॹ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ șΦƺLjƺǏǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȤ șΦƺǷǾƻǷ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹȌǩআ LjȅǹǠƻȖॹ ȅǹƺșΦ ǔș Ǿƻș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ șΦƺǷǓǾLjǓȖǓǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ƺȖȖƺ ȠƻȖșȣǹȠƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ƺǹƺǷǫȠșƺǿƺǷ Ƿǩॹ ǔș ƺǷǩǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ǩǿȠǓǿΦǫΚ ȠȣǏƻșǾǓǠȅșΦȠƻș ΦƺǴǹǩǷঀ ?ȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǓǷǷǓǹ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏΚǓ ƺੈ^ǓǹǓǿƺ ȠƻǾȅে ǠƺȠƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺੈLjȅǹǠƻȖ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǿȌǷǿǓǷ ƺੈșΦƺǷǾƺǩ ȠȉǷǔǹǓȠǓșǓǏǔșǦǓΦ ǔș ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓে ǏǔșǦǓΦঀ ࢳࢱࢱࢹেLjƺǿ ^ΦȆЙƻLjƺǿ ǔș XǹȅΚǏǩΚLjƺǿ ȠƺȖȠȅȠȠƻǷ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ FȌǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ 'ȆȖȣǾȅȠ

ƺੈLjȅǹǠƻȖ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔΚǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ȧǠΡǿȉǷșǔǠ শ ^E X ষ

ࢲࢲࢲ

șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ǔș ƺǷȠǫΚ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔΚǓǹॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǔș ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ 'ǓǴǹȌǏǔș EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾƻǿƺǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻΚƺǹঀ ੈ^ǓǹǓǿƺ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷLjƺǿ ȧǠΡǿȉǷșǔǠǓǷǷǓǹॹ ǾǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾȅǷǷƺǹॹ ȖǔǠǩȆǷǷƺǹ ǔș ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷǷǓǹ ǾȪǷȉǏǩǷ ǓǠΡȧȠȠ ƺǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ Ǔǹে ȠǓȖǴǓǏǴǓǿǓǷঀ 2ǹΡǓǿǓǷ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷॹ ƺΦ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠȅȠȠ ΚǩȖȠȣƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǩǿǷȣLjƻȠȅȖȅǷॹ ƺੈǷȉΦে ǔș ǾƺǠƻǿșΦǟǔȖƺ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠॹ Ǿȅǿǩে ȠȅȖǩǿǠॹ ǷȣȠƺȠƻșॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔȖȠǔǷǔǿǓǷ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǓॹ ȉșΦȠȉǿǏǫǴƺǷॹ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǿȅǷǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǔș șΦǓǾǩǿƻȖǩȣǾȅǷঀ ੈ ^ǓǹǓǿƺ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǷǔǿȠ ǾȪǷȉǏǩǷ ǓǠΡȧȠȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ Ǿƻș ǦƺșȅǿǹȆ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǩΚǓǹॹ ƺǾǓে ǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ljǔǹǴƺ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ǾǔȖȠǔǷǔǿǓǷॹ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠƻǿƺǷ ǔș ȠƺȖȠȆș ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓșșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓঀ /ȅșșΦȤ ȠƻΚȤ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅȠ ǹǔȠǓșǫȠǓȠȠǓǷ ƺੈ ȅǹǠƻȖ 2ȒƺȖǩ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǠǓǹॹ ƺǾǓǹǹΡǓǹ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏΚǓ șΦƻǾȅș ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓȠ ΚǔǠǦǓΦ ΚǩȠȠǓǷॹ ǔș Ƿȧে ǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ șΦǔǹǓșǷȉȖȪ ǿΡǩǹΚƻǿȅș ǾǓǠLjǓșΦǔǹǔșǓǷǓȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦȠǓǷ ƺǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦΦǔǷ ƺΦ ƺǹȣǹȖǓȒȖǓΦǓǿȠƻǹȠ ǿǓǾ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔȠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷLjǓǿॹ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔLjǓǿঀ ੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ljǔǹǴƺǩ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌǷॸ ॷ ƺ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ șΦǟǔȖƻǷLjȆǹ ǔȖǷǓΦȌ ǔș ǓǹȠǔȖȌ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǦƻȠȠǓȖȪ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅে ΦȆǷ ȉșșΦǓǷȉȠǔșǓআ ॷ ȤǴ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔǦǓΦআ ॷ ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǷƺǹ ǔș ȧΦǹǓȠǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșșǓǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș ǓșǓǾǔে ǿΡǓǷȖȌǹআ ॷ ƺ ǾǓǠǹǔΚȌ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅǷ ƻȒȅǹƻșƺ ƺੈǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ǔș Ƿȉǹljșȉে ǿȉș șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǿΡȤǴȠƻș ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿআ ॷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓॹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǩǿǓǷ LjȌΚǫȠǔșǓআ ॷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǦǓΦআ ॷ ƺ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ƺȖƻǿΡȠƺǹƺǿșƻǠ ljșȉǷǷǓǿȠǔșǓ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ΚǩǹƻǠLjƺǿঀ ੈ ^ǓǹǓǿƺ ǾƻȖ ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ȠǫΦ ǔΚǓ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷ ƺੈ LjȅǹǠƻȖ ǿȌǷ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǾǓǠǫȠǔǹǔșǔǿǓǷ ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƻǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƻLjƺǿ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ LjǓǹȧǹ ǔș ǷȧǹǟȉǹǏȉǿ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠঀ Φ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠ ǩǏȌǷȉΦLjǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǟǔȖƻȠ ǔȖǩǿȠȌ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǷॹ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ ǔș ǾǓǠȅǹǏƻșȅǷॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩেǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ șΦǓȖǓȒǓ ǾǓǠǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ǾȅȠȅȖে ǴƻΚƻ ΚƻǹȠঀ ࢲࢱ ǔΚ ǓǹȠǓǹȠǔΚǓǹ ǩș ƺΦȅǿ ǾȣǿǷƻǹǷȅǏǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓ ƺੈ ǠǹȅLjƺǹǩΦƻljǩȆॹ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆ ǔș ƺੈ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǩȖƻǿΡƻLjƺ ǦƺǹƺǏǴȅǿॹ ǔș ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǓǠΡȖǓ ȠȉLjLj ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓ ǹǓǠΡǓǿ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ȒȅΦǩljǫȆǷƺȠ LjǓȠȉǹȠǓǿǩঀ

ࢲࢲࢳ

v ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ࢳࢱࢱࢹেLjƺǿ ƺǹƺǷȣǹȠ ǾǓǠ ƺੈ ȅǹǠƻȖ FȌǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǩǷ ƺੈǦǓǹΡǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǷƺǹॹ ƺΦ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǦƺȠȆșƻǠȅǷǷƺǹ ǔș ǷȧǹǟȉǹǏǩ ljǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǷǓǹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓǏΚ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿঀ Φ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠ ȠƺǿƻljșȅȠ ƺǏ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǷে ǿǓǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ǷǫΚƻǿǿƺǷ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠǿǩॹ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔΚǓǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș ǷȣȠƺȠƻșǩ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓǷǓȠ ǩș ȒȣLjǹǩǷƻǹǿƺǷঀ ੈ ΛǓLjȅǹǏƺǹȣǷȅǿ ȠƺǹƻǹǦƺȠȆ ǓǠΡ ǦǫȖșΦǓǷljǩȆॹ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆǷ ƺΦ ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆȠƺǿƻljș ȠƺǠǴƺǩȖȆǹॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǹǩǿǷǓǷ Ǿƻș ǿȌǩ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠǓǷǦǓΦঀ (ǓǿǏǓȖȒȖȅǴǓǷȠॹ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ੈ(ǓǿǏǓȖȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ ǓǠΡ ljǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ࢲࢺࢺࢵেLjǓǿ ƺǹƺȒǫে ȠȅȠȠƺǷ ƺੈǷȣȖƺȠȆȖǩȣǾ ǔș ^ȠƺǿǩǾǩȖƺ /ƺǏǴǩǾǩȠȅΚƺ ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆ ƺșșΦȅǿΡ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻșƻΚƺǹঀ ੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ȠȉȖǓǷΚǔșǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȖƻǩȖƻǿΡǫȠșƺ ƺੈǷȉΦΚǔǹǓǾǔǿΡ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǔȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǔȖǓॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǓǾLjǓȖǩ ǴȅǠƺǩǿƺǷ ȠǩșΦȠǓǹǓȠLjǓǿ ȠƺȖȠƻșƻȖƺঀ @ȅLjLjǩΦǩǷ ƺੈǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǔș ǦǓǹΡǩ ǦƺȠȆșƻǠȅǷǿƻǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǟȅǠƺǏǴƻǷ Ǔǹ ƺΦ F^ ǔș ƺΦ h ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǠǓǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǴƻȠঀ eǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǩǷॸ ǔȖǏǓǷΚǔǏǓǹǾǩ ǷƺǾȒƻǿΡȅǷআ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷআ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆȠǓȖǴǓșΦে Ƞǔșআ ǷȣȠƺȠƻșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷআ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅǷ ǔȒǫȠǔșǓঀ Φ ࢲࢺࢺࢶ ǔș ࢳࢱࢱࢴ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǩǏȌșΦƺǷLjƺǿ ƺΦ ƺǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ࢴࢱ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǿ ǏȅǹǠȅে ΦȅȠȠ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷǓǿॸ ǿȌǷ ǓǹǹǓǿǩ ǓȖȌșΦƺǷআ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠআ ǿȌǷ ƺੈǏȉǿȠǔșে ǦȅΦƺȠƺǹLjƺǿআ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǓǹȌǾǓǿǓȠǓǹǔǿǓǷ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǩ ǾǓljǦƺǿǩΦǾȣșƺআ ǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǾǔǏǩƺ șȠLjঀ ȅǹǠƻȖ lΦǹǓȠƺșșΦȅǿΡȅǷ eƺǿƻljșƺ ੈ ȅǹǠƻȖ lΦǹǓȠƺșșΦȅǿΡȅǷ eƺǿƻljșƺ ǓǠΡॹ ƺੈEƺǿƺǠǓȖ EƺǠƺΦǩǿǓ ƻǹȠƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓΦǓȠȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǷȅǿǟǓȖǓǿljǩƻȠ শeǦǓ vȅǾǓǿ ৅ ȠǦǓ (ǓǿȠǹǓ 'ȅȖljǓ ȅǟ ȠǦǓ ȣșǩǿǓșșষ ǷȉΚǓȠȌǓǿ ǴȉȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓ ࢳࢱࢲࢳ ǴƺǿȣƻȖǴƻǿƺǷ ΚǔǠǔǿঀ Φ ǓǠΡ ljǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺΦǔȖȠ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪে șǫȠșǓ ƺੈǴȆǹ LjǓΚƻǹȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǔș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷƺȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǓǹȌǾǓǿǓȠǓǹǔȠ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩǷ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷLjƺǿঀ ੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ЙƺȠƺǹ ǔș ȠǓǦǓȠșǔǠǓș șΦƺǷǓǾLjǓȖǓǩȠ ƺLjLjƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷǩȠǓǹǴǓșǓǏǦǓșșǓǿǓǷॹ ǔș ƺੈǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠLjȌǹ ǔȖǷǓΦȌ ЙƺȠƺǹȅǷƺȠ ǩș ǟǓǹǷƺȖȅǹǴƺ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșȅǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹঀ ੈȠƺǿƻljș ǦƺΚǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǓșșǔǠǠǓǹ ȠƺȖȠ ȧǹǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǓǿ ȅȠȠ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈȠƺǠȅǷȅǿ ǷǫΚȧǹ ƺੈLjǓǹে ǔș ǷȧǹǟȉǹǏǩ ǷȉΦǔǹǓȠ ǹǓǠǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓLjLj ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹȌǩঀ

ࢲࢲࢴ

ࢳࢱࢲࢵেLjǓǿ ƺੈeƺǿƻljș tǓΦǓȠȌǩ ƺǷƺǏǔǾǩƺ ljǫǾǾǓǹ ǩǿǠΡǓǿǓș ǷǔȒΦǔșȠ ǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠ ǷȉΦǔȒΚǓΦǓȠȌ ǿȌǷॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƺǩ șΦƻǾƻȖƺঀ Φ ǓǹșȌ ǠǓǿǓȖƻljǩȆ ࢳࢱࢲࢶ ǟǓLjȖȣƻȖǴƻLjƺǿ ΚǔǠǓΦȠǓ Ǔǹ ƺੈǷǔȒΦǔșȠঀ ੈǿȌǷǷǓǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ ǔș ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǓǷ ǷȉΦȒȅǿȠǴƺ শ v^Xষ ੈ șΦȆЙƺǩ ΚƻȖȅșǩ LjǫȖȆșƻǠ ǦƺȠƻȖȅΦƺȠƻȖƺ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƻǷ ǾǓǠ ࢳࢱࢱࢴঀ ǴȤǿǩȣș ࢴࢱেƻǿॹ ǿȅǿে ȒȖȅЙȠ ǴȅǠǩ șΦǓǾǔǹΡǷǔǿȠঀ ੈșΦȆЙƺǩ FΡǩȠȅȠȠ eƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ শKȒǓǿ ^ȅljǩǓȠΡ 'ȅȣǿǏƺȠǩȅǿষ ǿȌǷǷǓǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƻȠ ΚǩșΦǩ ȠȅΚƻLjLjॹ ƺǾǩ ࢲࢺࢺࢸ ǔș ࢳࢱࢱࢳ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ șǩǷǓȖǓșǓǿ ǾȪǷȉǏȉȠȠॹ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓȠȠǓ ƺΦ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆljșǓȖǔȠॹ ǔș ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǔȒǫȠǓȠȠ Ƿǩ Ǿƻș ljǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǷǓǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǷǔȖǏǔșșǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦǿƺǷ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻLjƺǿঀ KǹΡƺǿ ȠȣǏƻșȠ ǦƺǹǾȅΦȠƺǷ ǟǓǹ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǷȉșΦȉǿǦǓȠȌǓǿ ȉǿƻǹǹȆ ljǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓȠ ǦȅΦǦƺȠȠƺǷ ǹǔȠȖǓঀ ੈ v^X ȠȅΚƻLjLjȖƺ ǩș ƺੈǿȌǷǷǓǹॹ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷǷǓǹ ǔș ƺΦ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǠǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦǩǷॹ ǔș ȤǴ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷǓǿ ǩș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǩ ƺੈșΦƺǷǔȖȠǓǹǾǔȠ ǔș ƺੈȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔȠঀ ^ƺǴƻȠ ΚƺǠΡ ǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ǦƺΦƺǩॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǷǓǹ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏΚǓ ǷȉΦȉș ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷǓȠ ΚƺǹȆșǫȠ ǾǓǠঀ

tঀ ࢷঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆইǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ /ƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷ ǔș ȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡǓǷ ੈ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǿȌǷ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǔȠ শ^ǓǹǓǿƺষ ƺΦǔȖȠ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƻǷ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷॹ șΦƺǷǓǾLjǓȖǓǷ ǔș ȠȣǏȆșȅǷ ࢳࢱࢱࢸ ǓǹǓǴǔǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ LjȅǹǠƻȖ ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ șΦƺǷǓǾLjǓȖǓǷLjȌǹ ƻǹǹȆ ǷǓȖǓǷƺșΦȠƺǹȅǷƺȠ ǦȅΦΦƺǿƺǷ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌǷ ƻȠƺǏǦƺȠǴƻǷ ǓǠΡǾƻșǿƺǷ ƺੈȠȣǏƻে șȣǷƺȠॹ ǔș șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ƺǹƺǷǫȠǦƺȠǿƺǷ Ƿǩॹ ǷȉΦΚǓȠǫȠȌ șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹΚƺ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǔΦে ǾǔǿΡǓǷ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠঀ Φ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ǔș ǓǠΡǓȠǹǓǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺȖȖƺ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦȠǓ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔǿȠ ΚƺǹȆșǫȠșƻǷ ǾǓǠ ƺΦ ƻǹǾƺǩǷƺȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻLjƺǿঀ ੈǾǓǠƺǹƺȒǫȠƻșƺ ȣȠƻǿǩ ǔΚǓǷLjǓǿ ǦƻȖȅǾ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ǟȆȖȣǾȅȠ ǩș ȖǓǿǏǓΦȠǓǷ ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ࢲࢱ hেȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾ șΦƺǷǓǾLjǓȖǓǩǿǓǷ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔΚǓǹॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǾǓǠȅșΦȠȅȠȠƻǷ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠƺǩǷƺȠॹ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓǩǷǓȠ ǔș ǴȆǹ LjǓΚƻǹȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠƺǩǷƺȠঀ Φ LjȅǹǠƻȖ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ শΚƺǠΡ Κƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦƻșȠ ǟȅǿȠȅǹǠƺȠȆ ǿȌǷষ ǓΦȖǓǩǿǓǷ ƺǏȅȠȠ ȉǿLjǩΦƺǹǾƺȠॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǔȖȠǓșȧǹǴǓǿǓǷ ƺੈȠǔǾƻΚƺǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș ǹǓǠǟȖǩșșǓLjLj ȠȣǏǿǩΚƺǹȆǷȖȆǹॹ ǔș ΚǔǠȖǓ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȖƺॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ǷȧǹǟȉǹǏǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǩ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅǷȖƺ ǹǓǹǴǓǿǓǷঀ @ǔȠǓΦǩǷ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻLjƺǿ ǓǠΡ ȣșǩǿǓșș ƺǿǏ XȖȅǟǓșșǩȅǿƺǹ vȅǾǓǿ শ Xvষ ǿǓΚȪ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ ǩșঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢴ ǿȅΚǓǾLjǓȖǔLjǓǿ ȠƺȖȠȅȠȠƻǷ ƺੈǹǓǠȣȠȆLjLjǩ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ȧǹǔșȧǷǓȠঀ ࢲࢲࢵ

ੈ(ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǔΚLjǓǿ ǾǓǠȖǓǿǏǓΦǩ ƺੈtƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǿƺȒǴƻȠॹ ƺǦȅΚƻ ǠΡƺǷȖƺǿ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ǩș ǾǓǠǦǫΚǿƺǷॹ ǏǓ ǟȌǷǔǿȠ ǏǩƻǷȅǷƺȠॹ ƺǾǩ ǴȆ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ЙƺȠƺǹȅǷǿƺǷ ǩș LjǓǾȣȠƺșșƻǷঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǔș ǷǷΚেȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǔșǔȖǓ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȅȠȠ ǏǫǴƺǷ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻLjƺǿ ǔΚǓǿȠǓ ǦƻȖȅǾ ǏǫǴƺȠ ǩș ǷǩȅșΦȠƺǿƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷইǷǷΚেȠȣǹƺǴে ǏȅǿȅșȅǷ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓǩǿǓǷ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǔșǓǷǔȒȒǓǿঀ Φ ǔΚ ǿȌǴǓ ǏǫǴƺȠ ƺΦȅǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷƺȒǦƺȠǴƻǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ șȅǷƺȠ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠƺǷ ƺੈLjȅǹǠƻȖ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾǿƺǷ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷǓǿॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǾǔǏǩƺॹ ƺੈǏǩΦƻǴǿॹ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǓȖǿǓȠॹ ƺੈǾȅǏǓǹǹǷǓǏǔș ǔș ƺੈșΦǫǿǔșΦে ǷǓǏǔșঀ ΦΦǓǹ ƺੈ([ 2 ੈǾƺǠƺΦǩǿ ƻǹȠƺǹ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠ ǏǫǴǴƺǹ ǩșǾǓȖǩǷ Ǔǹ ƺੈǿȌǷ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠ ǾȣǿǷƻǴƻȠঀ ੈǏǫǴƺȠ ǩǿȠǓȖǿǓȠǓș șΦƺΚƺΦƻșǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠ ȣȠƻǿ ǫȠǔǹǩǷ ȅǏƺঀ Φ ǔΚ ȧΦǹǓȠƺșșΦȅǿΡƺ ǏǫǴƺȠ șΦǩǿȠǔǿ ǔΚǓǿȠǓ ȅșΦȠǴƻǷ Ƿǩ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷইǷǷΚেȠȣǹƺǴে ǏȅǿȅșȅǷǿƺǷঀ hǠΡƺǿǓΦǓǿ ǏǫǴ ǷǩȅșΦȠȆ ǠƻǹƻǴƻǿ ǷǩșǓLjLj ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǔǠȪ ǏǫǴƺǷƺȠ ǩș ƻȠƺǏǿƺǷ ƺੈșȠƺȖȠȣȒȅǷǿƺǷॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈLjȅǹǠƻȖ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠǦǓΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹƻș ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǔে șǓǷǔǿȠঀ ੈǏǫǴ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƺ ǔș ǷǩȅșΦȠȆǴƺ ΚǠǓǿǩ EǩǿljǦǓΚ শǷȉΦǷǓǏΚǓǹȠ X[ ǔș ǾǔǏǩƺșΦǓে ǾǔǹΡǩșǔǠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻLjƺǿষঀ Φ ǔΚ ƺșșΦȅǿΡƺ ǏǫǴƺȠ șΦǩǿȠǔǿ ǔΚǓǿȠǓॹ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻǷLjƺǿ ৅ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƻǷॹ ǓǠǔșΦে șǔǠȧǠΡॹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșॹ șΦǔȒșǔǠॹ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖॹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠॹ ǹȅǴƻǹǩș ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖॹ ǴȆȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠ ৅ ǹǓǦǓȠ ǓǹǿΡǓȖǿǩঀ ੈǏǫǴ EǓǠǩ ^ƺΚȅΚƺ ৅ ƺੈEȖșঀ hǿǩΚǓȖșǓ @ȠǏঀ ǔș ƺੈ'ƺǾǓș ȧǠΡǿȉǷșǔǠ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƻǿƺǷ ǿǓΚǔǦǓΦ ǷȉȠȌǏǩǷঀ

tঀ ࢸঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ ^ΦƻǾȅș ǔȖǏǓǷǓș șΦǓǾǔǹΡǓș ȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠ ƻǹǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșȧǿǷȖǓ șǩǷǓȖǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷȖȌǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǷȉΦȧǹ ƺੈǹǓǠǩǿșȒǩȖƻǹȆLjLjƺǷƺȠ ΚǓșșΦȧǷ ǩȠȠ șȅȖȖƺঀ ΦǓǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƺੈǿȣǹǹƻȖȆǹ ǔȒǫȠǓȠȠǔǷ ǟǓǹ ǦƺȠƺǹǾƺș ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǴȧǷǓȠॹ ǓΦǔȖȠ ǴȆ ȒǔǹǏƻǷ ǹǓǦǓȠǿǓǷ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ șΦƻǾƻȖƺঀ 2ȖǓǿƺ ?ȅǾǩȠȅΚƺ 2ȖǓǿƺ ?ȅǾǩȠȅΚƺ ǷƺȖǩΦǾƺȠǩǷȣș șΦǓǾǔǹΡǩșǔǠॹ ƺǷǩ ƺੈ ǏƺΚȅșǩ ࢳࢱࢱࢱেǓș tǩǹƻǠǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ 'ȆȖȣǾȅǿ ƺੈ (ǹȅLjƺǹ @ǓƺǏǓȖ ǟȅȖ eȅǾȅȖȖȅΛ ljǫǾǓȠ ǷƺȒȠƺঀ Φ Ȍ ȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠǓ ȒǔǹǏƻΦΦƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈLjȣǹǠƻȖǩƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǓǹȌȠȠ ƻǹǹȆ ǠƻȠƺǷ ǹǓǏȉǿȠǦǓȠȌǷঀ ΦȅǿLjƺǿ ƺΦ ǩș ǹƻȠǦƺȠȆ ƺੈȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠǔLjȌǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǿǏǓǦǦǓΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠ Κƺǿ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷ ǓǠΡȧȠȠƻǹǹƻșƻȖƺ ǔș ǓǠΡ ǷȧǹȉǿǹǓǠǓș șΦǓǾǔǹΡǩșǔǠȖǓ ǩșঀ ࢲࢲࢶ

2ȖǓǿƺ ǩȖǩǠΡǹǔșȖǓ ǾǔǹȠȆ ƺǷƺǏǔǾǩƺǩ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩ ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖȠ ǔȒǫȠǓȠȠ ǟǓǹঀ EǔȖǿȉǷǩ ǾǓșȠǓȖে ǷǔȒΦǔșȠ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠॹ ǾƺǴǏ ǾǓǠƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƺ ƺΦ ȣȖȅে2ǿǟȅ ǓǿȠǓȖȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ȧǠΡΚǓΦǓȠȌ ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆǴƺǷǔǿȠ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȅȠȠঀ ΦȣȠƻǿ ǦƺȠ ǔΚǓȠ ȠȉǹȠȉȠȠ ƺΦ KȖǩМƺǾǓ șΚǔǏ ǷȅΦǾǓȠǩǷƺǩ ljǔǠ ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆǴƺǷǔǿȠঀ 2ȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȅȠȠ ǓǠΡ ࢳࢶࢱࢱࢱ ǷȉΦΚǓȠǹǓǿ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠȌLjȌǹ ƻǹǹȆ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅȠॹ ǔș ࢲࢱ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ǏȅǹǹƻȖȅș ljǔǠǠǔ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓȠȠǓ ƺੈLjȣǹǠƻȖǩƺǩ KȖǩМƺǾǓেǓȠঀ Φ KȖǩМƺǾǓেǿǔǹ ȠȉǹȠȉȠȠ ǔΚǓǷ ȣȠƻǿ ƺΦȅǿ ǷƺȒȠƺ ǾƺǠƻȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȠ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǓॹ ǓǠǔșΦ ȒȅǿȠȅșƺǿ ǟȅȖǾƻǹǩș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǷǔȒΦǔșLjǓǿ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǓ ȖǔșΦǓșȧǹǿǩঀ ǓǩȖƺȠǷȅΦȅȠȠ ǦƻȠ ǓǠΡ ȠǫΦ ǦȆে ǿƺȒȅș ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ E ੈǷǔȒΦǔșȖǓ ƺੈ^ȠƺǿǟȅȖǏǩ lΦǹǓȠǩ 2șǷȅǹƻLjƺॹ ƺǦȅǹ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓǦǓȠǓȠȠ ƺੈǿƺǠΡ ȒȖǓșΦȠǫΦșȪ ^ǹȅƺǿ 'ǓǹǹȅΛșǦǩȒ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾLjƺǿ ǩșঀ R ΚȅǹȠ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ LjȅǹǠƻȖॹ ƺǷǩ ^ȠƺǿǟȅȖǏLjƺǿ ȠƺǿȣǹȠॹ ǓǠΡǩǷǓ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓșǓǿ ࢹ ǿȌǿǓǷ ƺੈࢵࢹ ǦƺǹǹǠƺȠȆLjȆǹ ƻǹǹȆ ȅșΦȠƻǹΡLjƺǿঀ 'ǓǹǩǏǔΦȠǓॹ ǾǓǿΡে ǿΡǩȖǓ ljșȅǏƻǹǷȅΦȅȠȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƺǴȅǿ ǾǩΚǓǹ ǔȖȠǓ Ǔǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǟǓǹΚǓǠΡǔǷ ǓLjLjǓ ƺΦ ǩșǷȅǹƻLjƺঀ ^ȠƺǿǟȅȖǏ ȣȠƻǿ 2ȖǓǿƺ ΚǩșșΦƺȠǔȖȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻLjƺॹ ǔș ƺΦ ǹǹǩƺǿΦ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǔșǔȖȠ ǔș ǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿে ǠǔȖȠ ǟǓǹǓǹȌș ƺǹǓǹǿȉǷǓǷǔǿȠ ƺΦ ǔǹǓȠLjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșǩ ȧǠΡǿȉǷȉǷ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǔșǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƻȠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓȠে ȠǓঀ (ΡȅȖșƺǿ ǹǓșΦƻǾȅǹȠ ƺੈLjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșǩ ƻǠƺΦƺȠ ǷȅǿΦǓȖΚƺȠǩΚǩΦǾȣșƻΚƺǹ ǔș ƺੈǿǓǦǔΦșǔǠǓǷǷǓǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷ ȤȠǴƻLjƺ ƻǹǹȠƺǷ ǓǠΡ ǩǹΡǓǿ ǿƺǠΡ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠLjǓǿঀ ΦǔȖȠ ǓǠΡ ǔΚ ȣȠƻǿ ǓǹLjȤljșȤΦȅȠȠ ǓȠȠȌǹ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƻȠȆǹॹ ǔș ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȠƺ ƺੈ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ E ੈ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅȠ ƺੈ LjȅǹǠƻȖ ǾǓȖǩǷƺǩ ǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǿঀ ΦȣȠƻǿ ǾǓǠǷǓȖǓșȠǓ ƺΦ ǩΦȖƺǓǹǩ ǩǿǠƺȠǹƺǿljșȅȒȅȖȠॹ ƺੈ?ƺǾȅȖॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺǷǷȅȖǩLjƺǿ ǿΡǓȖȠǓ Ǔǹ ƺੈ Ev ǔș Eǩǿǩ ǦǩΚƺȠƺǹȅș ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ǴȅǠƻȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻLjƺǿঀ KǹΡƺșΚƺǹƺǷǩȠ ǷǓȖǓșȠǓǷॹ ƺǷǩ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƺǿǩ ȠȣǏǴƺ ƺΦ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷƺȠঀ Φ ƺੈǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠ ǓǹǓǩǿȠǓ ǿǓǾ ǔȖǏǓǷǓǹȠǓ 2ȖǓǿƻȠॹ ǏǓ ΚǔǠȧǹ ƺΦ ȣǏΚƺȖǩƺșșƻǠƺ ǠΡȌΦȉȠȠঀ FǓΚǓȠΚǓ ǩǏǔΦǩ ǟǓǹ ƺੈȠȉȖȠǔǿȠǓǷǓȠॸ ৙ ΦȠ ǾȅǿǏȠƺǾ ǾƺǠƺǾǿƺǷॸ ৖2șȠǓǿǓǾॹ ǩșǾǓȖǓǷ ǓǠΡ ЙljǷȆȠॹ ƺǷǩ ȉǹǿǩ ȠȣǏǿƺ ǓΦǔȖȠ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƻǔȖȠॹ ǓȖȖǓ ǿǓǷǓǾ ƺǴƻǿǹǴƻǷ ǟǓǹॹ ƺǷǩȠ ǓǠΡƻǹȠƺǹƻǿ ǿǓǾ ǔȖǏǓǷǓǹॻ৕ EǔǠ ljșƺǷ ǿǓǾ ǩș ΚǓΦǓȠȠǓǾ EvেȠ ƺΦǓǹȌȠȠঀ Ǔ Ǧƺ ΚƺǹƺǷǩ ǷǔȖ ȠȌǹǓǏ ΚƺǹƺǾǩȠॹ ǔș ǿǓǾ ƺǷƺȖșΦ ȣǏΚƺȖǩƺȠǹƺǿ ǹǓǿǿǩॹ ǩǠǓǿȠ Ǿȅǿে ǏƺșΦঀ 4ǠΡ ȠȉȖȠǔǿȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚǔǠȧǹ ǷǔȠ ǔΚǓȠ ǓLjLjǓǿ ƺੈȒȅΦǫljǩȆLjƺǿ ȠȉǹȠȉȠȠǓǾঀ৛ ?ȉΦΚǓȠǹǓǿȧǹ ƺΦǓǹȌȠȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ?ƺǾȅȖǦȅΦ ljșƺȠǹƺǷȅΦȅȠȠॹ 2ȖǓǿƺ ǟǓǹǟǓǏǓΦǓȠȠ ǓǠΡ ǴȆǹ ǴȉΚǓে ǏǓǹǾǓΦȌ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠঀ ǠΡ ǦǓǹΡǩ LjȅǹǠƻȖ șȉȖljǔǠ ȒȖȅǾȆljǩȆȠ ȠƺȖȠȅȠȠ ƺੈ Ev ǷȅȖƻLjLjǩ ǟȖƺǿljǦǩșǓেȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƻΚƺǹॹ ƺੈ ƺȖȣΚƺǹ ǷȉΦȉșǓǿঀ ੈǹǓǠȠȉLjLj ǷȣȒƺǷȅȠ ǠΡȪǴȠȌ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡΦȌ ǿΡǓȖǦǓȠǓȠȠ ǓǠΡ ࢳࢱࢱࢱࢱࢱ ǹǓΚ ǔȖȠǔǷȪ ȤǴ Ev {ࢶেȉȠঀ 2ȖǓǿƺ ǩȠȠ ǟǓǏǓΦǓȠȠ ǟǓǹ ǓǠΡ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠॸ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȅȠȠ ǓǠΡ ǩǿȠǓȖǿǓȠǓș ȅǹǏƺǹȠॹ ǔș ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȉșșΦǓǠΡȪǴȠȉȠȠ ǷȣȒƺǷ ȣȠƻǿ ЙΦǓȠǓȠȠ ǓǠΡ LjǩΦȅǿΡȅș ȉșșΦǓǠǓȠॹ ȤǠΡॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ƻǹȠƺǹƺ ƺੈǷȣȒƺǷȅǷǔȖȠ ǷǩЙΦǓȠǓȠȠ ȉșșΦǓǠ ǴȆΚƺǹ ƺੈ Ev ǔȖȠǔǷǓ ƺǹƺȠȠ ǾƺȖƺǏȠঀ 2ǹΡ ǾȆǏȅǿ ȉșșΦǓǠΡȪǴȠȉȠȠ ࢴࢹࢱࢱࢱࢱ ǷȣȒƺǷȅȠॹ ǾǓǠǿΡǓȖȠǓ ƺΦ ƺȣȠȆȠॹ ǔș ǾǩȣȠƻǿ ǹǓΚȅǿȠƺ ƺੈǷȅljșǩ ǔȖȠǔǷǔLjȌǹ ƺੈǷȣȒƺǷȅǷ ȉșșΦǓǠΡȪǴȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ǷȉǹȠșǔǠǔȠॹ

ࢲࢲࢷ

ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǾƺȖƺǏȠ ࢷࢳࢱࢱࢱ ǹǓΚ ȠǩșΦȠƺ ǿΡǓȖǓșǔǠǓঀ LjLjȌǹ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦȠƺ ƺੈǹƻǿΡƺ ȠƺǿǫȠȠƺে ȠƻșƻȠॹ ǔș ǓLjLjȌǹ ΚƻǹȠȅȠȠƺ ΚƺǹȆȖƺ ƺΦȠ ƺΦ ƻǹǾƻȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǹǓșΦঀ ǔǠǓॹ ƺੈ ȖǓƺȠǩΚǓ ^ȅǹȣȠǩȅǿș șΦƻǾȅș ǷȧǹȉǿƻǹǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșLjȆǹ ǔȒȧǹ ǟǓǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ƺੈǹȣে ΠȣșȒǩƺlj ǷȉȠ ȉșșΦǓॹ ǔș ƺǾǓǹΡLjǓǿ 2ȖǓǿƺ ǴȆ ǦƺșΦǿƻȠ ΚǓșΦǩ ƺੈࢲࢶ ǔΚǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩ ȒƻǹΡƺǟȣȠƻșƺ ƺǹƺȠȠ ǟǓǹǦƺǹǾȅΦȅȠȠ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠǩ ȠȌǷǔǴǔǿǓǷঀ ^ǩǹΚǩƺ eȅǏȅȖȅΚƺ ^ǩǹΚǩƺ ȅȒȠǩǾǩșȠƺॹ ǾƺǠƻΚƺǹ ȖƺǠƺǏȆ ƺੈǹǓǹǷǓșǓǏǔșǓॹ ǦƺȠƻȖȠƺǹƺǿ ƺΦ ǓǿǓȖǠǩƻǴƺঀ Φ ƺੈǷǩǴǓǹǓǿে ȠǔșǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǦƺǾƺȖȅșƺǿ Ȍ ǹǓșΦ ƺੈLjȅǹǠƻȖ KȒȖƺǦॹ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǿǓǾ ǔΚȧǹȠ Ǔǹॺ ࢲࢺࢷࢶেLjǓǿ șΦȧǹǓȠǓȠȠॹ tƻȖǿƻLjƺǿॹ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ǿΡƻȖǩ ǟȌΚƻȖȅșƻLjƺǿ ǔș ǓǠΡLjǓǿ ǦƺȖǾƺǏǩǷ ǹǓǠǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ΚƻȖȅșƻLjƺǿ ǿȌȠȠ ǟǓǹঀ FǔǠΡ ǔΚǓȠ ȠȉǹȠȉȠȠ eȣǿǔΦǩƻLjƺǿॹ ƺǦȅǹ ǾǓǠȠƺǿȣǹȠ ǟȅǹΡǔǷȅǿΡƺǿ LjǓșΦǔǹǿǩ ǟȖƺǿljǩƻȣǹঀ 'ǓǹșȌȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷƺȠ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ ƺੈFǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ eȣȖǩΦǾȣș 2ǿȠǔΦǓȠǔLjǓǿ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠȅȠȠॹ ǾƺǴǏ ƺੈ^ΦȆЙƺǩ ǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǿ ȠƺǿȣǹȠ ЙǹȅǹȆǠǩƻȠঀ ^ǩǹΚǩƺ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǴǔǿǓǷ șΦƻǾȅș ǷȧǹǟȉǹǏǩ ƻǹǹȅǾƻșƺ ǩș ΚȅǹȠঀ ǿǩǾƻȠȅȖǷǔǿȠ ǷǓΦǏȠǓ (ȅǹǏǓǿ ^ƺǿǏșেǓǿॹ ƺੈǟǓǷǓȠǓেȠǓǿǠǓȖǩ ȧǏȧǹȌǦǓǹΡǓǿॹ ǾƺǴǏ ^ΦȆЙƻLjƺ ǷȉǹȠȉΦȉȠȠॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈ^ǦǓȖƺȠȅǿ ǾǓǿǓǏΦșǓȖǓǷǔǿȠ ǔș ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ǷȅȅȖǏǩǿƻȠȅȖƺǷǔǿȠ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȅȠȠঀ ΦȣȠƻǿ ǷȧǹǟȉǹǏȖǓ Ƿȉǹে ȠȉΦȉȠȠॹ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ ǩȒȖȣșȖƺॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺǿǩǾƻȠȅȖ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǾƺǴǏ ȅǦƻLjƺॹ ǔȠȠǓȖǾǩ ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈ^ǦǓȖƺȠȅǿLjƺǿঀ ^ǩǹΚǩƺ ΚǩșșΦƺȠǔȖȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻLjƺॹ ǷǓΦǏǓȠLjǓǿ ƺੈ^ΛǩșșƺǩȖ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔȖȠǔǷǓে șǫȠǔșǩ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǴǓǷǔǿȠॹ ǾƺǴǏ ƺੈ[ƺǏǩșșȅǿǿƻǹ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǷǓǏǓȠȠ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǔșǩ ǔș ǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠǩে ǠƺΦǠƺȠȆǷǔǿȠঀ ^ΦƺǷǾƺǩ ȠȣǏƻșƻǿƺǷ ǷȉșΦȉǿǦǓȠȌǓǿ ǾǓǠǟȅȖǏȣǹȠ ǓΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ȖȧșșΦǓǹLjǓǿॹ ȧȖǩljǦLjǓǿॹ @ƺȣΦƺǿǿǓেLjƺǿॹ @ȣǠƺǿȆLjƺǿॹ KșǹȆLjƺǿ ǔș XȅΦșȅǿΡLjƺǿ ǩșঀ ੈ [ƺǏǩșșȅǿ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǴǔΚǓǹ ΚƺǹȆ ΚǩǦƺȖȅș ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠƺ ࢲࢺࢺࢶেLjǓǿ ƺȖȖƺ ǷǔșΦȠǓȠȠǓ ^ǩǹΚǩƻȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǦƺǠΡǴƺ ȅȠȠ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƻǴƻȠঀ Φ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠ ǿǓǷǩ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷȅǾȅǹΡƺǿ ǟȅǠে ǹƺǹǷȅΦΦȅǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ƻǹǾƻΚƺǹॹ ǔș ǾǓǠƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƺ ƺੈeȅǏȅȅȖȠॹ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ǓǹșȌ ljȅǿljǩǓȖǠǓ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșƻȠঀ ੈljǔǠ ȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡșΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșǩ ǔș ΚƺǠΡȅǿǷǓΦǓǹǔșǩॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ șΦǓǾǔǹΡȖǓ șΦƺে LjȅȠȠ ǔǹǓȠșȠǫǹȣșে ǔș ljȅǿljǩǓȖǠǓ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ ǷǫǿƻǹȠঀ ੈǦƻȖȅǾ ǔΚΚǓǹ ƺΦǓǹȌȠȠ ǾǔǠ ǓǠΡ ǟȌș eȅǏȅȅȖ ǓǠΡ ࢶࢱࢱࢱࢱࢱ ǹǓΚ ǔȖȠǔǷȪ ljǔǠǠǔ ǿȌȠȠǓ Ƿǩ ǾƺǠƻȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ࢵࢱ ȖǔșΦǾȣǿǷƺǩǏȌș ǔș ࢶ ȠǓǹǴǓș ǾȣǿǷƺǩǏȌș ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠॸ ࢴ ǿȌȠ ǔș ࢳ ǟǔȖЙȠঀ ^ǩǹΚǩƺ ƺΦȅǿLjƺǿ ǿƺে ǠΡȅǿ șΦǓȖǓȠȠǓ Κȅǹǿƺ ǾǓǠΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠǿǩ ǓΦȠ ƺੈǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǓȠॸ ৙ ΦȠ ǾȅǿǏȠƺǾॹ ǾƻȖȒǓǏǩǠ ǿǓǾॹ ǿǓǾ ǟȅǠȅǷ ǟǔȖЙƺǷǷƺǹ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿǩঀ EƺǷƺljșȅǷ ǔș ǿǓǦǔΦ ǾǓǠǠΡȌΦǿǩ ȌǷǓȠঀ ੈǴȉΚȌLjǓǿ ljșƺǷ ǿȌǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠȅǷ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿǩঀ৛ ^ǩǹΚǩƺ ƺȖȖƺ ǩș ǷǔșΦȧǹȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǹǩǿǏǫȠǴƺ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ǓǹșȌ ȠǓǹǓΚǫΦǩȆș ȠƺǹǷেșǦȅΛেǴƻȠॹ ƺǾǓǹǹΡǓǹ ǿƺǠΡ ȠǓȖΚǓǩ ΚȅǹȠƺǷॸ ৙EǓǠ ǷǓǹǹ ΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠǿȅǾ ƺੈǾǓǿȠƺǹǩȠƻșȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻLjƺǿঀ ੈLjȅǹǠƻȖȅǷ ǿǓǾ LjǓșΦǔǹǿǓǷ ƺੈ ȒȖȅLjǹǔǾƻǩǷȖȆǹঀ ΦǔȖȠ ǿǓǾ ǩș ȠƺǹƻǹǴƻǷ ǾǓǠ ƺΦȅǷ ȅǷƺǩȠঀ ΚǓǷǩǠ ƺΦȠ ࢲࢲࢸ

ǦƺǹǹȅȠȠƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǿǓǾ șΦƺLjƺǏ ǾǓǠȅșΦȠƺǿǩȣǷ ƺΦ ǔȖΦǔșǓǩǷǓȠঀ ^ΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǾ ǾǓǠΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠে ǿǩ ƺੈ LjȅǹǠƻȖ ǟǔȖЙƺǷƺȠঀ [ǓǿǠǓȠǓǠ ǷȅǾȒǹǓΠȣșșƺǹ ǷȧΦǏǓǿǓǷॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ǾȅșȠƺǿƻLjƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȖǓǿǠǓȠǓǠ ǿȌ ǷǓȖȧǹȠ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ǔǹǔȖǓঀ ȖȠǦǓȠȌॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓΦ ǟǓǹΦƺǷǹƺȠǴƺ ȌǷǓȠॹ ǦǩșΦǓǿ ƺੈLjȅǹǠƻȖ ǟǔȖЙƺǷǿƺǷ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ƺΦȠ ƺੈǾǫȠȅșΦȠ ǾǓșǔǹȠǔǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȌǷ ƺੈǹǓǠǴȅLjLjƺǷॹ ǏǓ ǾȅșȠ Ȗƻ ǷǓǹǹ ǴȉǿǿǩȧǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓΦ ǿǓǾ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǹǓǿȧǹ ǩǠƺΦঀ৛

ࢲࢲࢹ

t2ঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ

ࢲࢲࢺ

t2ঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș ੈǿȌǷ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ șȠƻȠȣșΦƺ ƺΦȅǿ ǷȖǩȠǔȖǩȣǾȅǷ ǷȉΦǔ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǩǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦΦƻǷ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ljǩΚǩǹǩΦƻljǩȆǴƻǿƺǷ ǔș ǏǓǾȅǷȖƻljǩƻǴƻǿƺǷ șΦǩǿȠǴǔȠঀ ǹȠƺǹƻǿȅșșƻǠLjƺǿ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ Ƿȉে ΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǩ ȉǿȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔș ǓșΦǾǔǴǓ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǔș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǦǓΦ ǷƺȒljșȅǹȆǏǩǷঀ Φ ȤǠΡǿǓΚǓΦǓȠȠ ǟǓǴǹǓȠȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷLjƺǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿƺǷॹ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǓǿ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓșΦǿǓǷ ƺੈǷȉΦǔǹǓȠLjǓǿॹ ǔș ǿǩǿljșǓǿ ȖƺǴȠȣǷ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿΡȅǾƻșॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǠƻȠǴƺ ǹǓǿǿǓ ƺੈșΦƺLjƺǏ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠƻșে ǿƺǷ ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿǔǹǓȠȧǷLjǓǿঀ Φ ȅǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠǩ ǿȌǷ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǓǠǩ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǓ ȖƺǏǩǷƻǹǩșƺǿ ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦǩǷ ƺੈǾȤǹȠLjǔǹǩȠȌǹঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǔȠǓ ƺੈǷȅȖƻLjLjƺǿ ljșƺǷ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠȅȠȠ șΦƺǷǾƻǷLjƺǿ ǔș ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷে Ljƺǿ ƺΦȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǦǓǹΡΦǓȠȧǷ ǷǔȠșǔǠȠǓǹǓǿȧǹ ǴƺΚȣǹȠঀ Ǔ ƺΦȠ ǩș ǹƻȠǿȣǿǷ ǷǓǹǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ȒȖȅLjǹǔǾƻǷॹ ǷȅǾȅǹΡ ǷǩǦǫΚƻșȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ƺੈǦƻȠȠǓȖǔLjǓǿ ƺΦ ƻǹǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾȣǿǷ ǿǓǦǓΦǓǿ ΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠǴƺ ǾǓǠ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ΚǩșǓǹǷǓǏǔșǩ ǾǩǿȠƻǩȠআ ș ǓΦǓǷǿǓǷ ƺੈȒȖȅLjǹǔǾƻǷǿƺǷ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ȠȉȖȠǔǿǓǹǾǩ ǓǹȌΦǾǔǿΡǓǩǷ ΚƺǿǿƺǷঀ eȉȖȠǔǿǓǹǾǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠ ࢲࢹࢷࢲেǓș ǓǠΡǓșǫȠǔșǔǩǠ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ƺΦ ǹȒȅǷȠȆǹ ^ΦǩljǫǹǩƻǩǠ Ƿǩș ƻǹǹƺǾȅǷ Ǿȅে ΦƺǩǷǴƺ ΚȅǹȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǿǔǦƺ ǓǹǹǓǿȠǔȠLjǓǿ ƻǹǹȠƺǷ ǓǠΡǾƻșșƺǹঀ LjLjǓǿ ƺੈǦǓǹΡΦǓȠLjǓǿ ǿǓǾ ΚȅǹȠ ǷȉǿǿΡȪ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǔȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƺǿǩ ƺੈЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠঀ ΦǔȖȠ ǩȠȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ǓǾƺǿljǩȒƻljǩȆǔȖȠ ǟȅǹΡȆ ǷȧΦǏǓǹǓǾ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ǷǔșȌǿ ǷǓΦǏȌǏȉȠȠ ȣȖȆȒƺ ȠȉLjLjǩ ȖǔșΦǔǦǓΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠॹ ǾƻȖ ljșƺǷ ƺΦǔȖȠ ǩșॹ ǾǓȖȠ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖǩ ǟȅȖȖƺǏƺǹȅǾ ljșƺǷ ƺੈࢲࢺঀ șΦƻΦƺǏ ΚǔǠǔȖǓ ǔȖǷǓΦǓȠȠ ǾǓǠআ ǏǓ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ǩȒƺȖ ǓǹǷǓΦǏȠǓ ǟǓǹΚǓǿǿǩ ƺੈǿȌǩ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌ ǿƺǠΡ ȖǔșΦǔȠॹ ƺੈ৙ǿȌǷǔȖǏǔș৛ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǷǩ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǔȖǏǓǷǓșșǔ ΚƻǹȠঀ ࢲࢺࢲࢱেLjǓǿ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ǿȌǩ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠǓǷ ǏǓǹǓǠƻǹȠǴƺǩ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓȠȠǓǷ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ FǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ FȌǩ ?ȅǿǠȖǓșșΦȣșȅǿ ?ȅȒȒǓǿǦƻǠƻLjƺǿॹ ƺǦȅǹ ǷǩǷǩƻǹȠȅȠȠƻǷ ǾƻȖljǩȣș ࢹেƻȠ ǿȌǿƺȒǿƺǷঀ ࢲࢺࢵࢶেLjǓǿ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠ ȣȠȅǹșȆ ǷǩȖƻǹΡƺॹ hǾLjǓȖȠȅ Ǐǩ ^ƺΚȅǩƺ ȖǓǿǏǓǹȠǓ Ǔǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǩș ΚƻǹƺșΦȠȆǴȅǠȅȠ ǷƺȒǴƺǿƺǷঀ শ ȖȖǓ ǾƻȖ ࢲࢺࢲࢳেLjǓǿ ǩș ǷǔșΦȧǹȠ ǴƺΚƺșǹƺȠ ƺੈ(ǩȅǹǩȠȠǩেǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ƺǹƺȠȠॹ ǏǓ ƺੈXƺȖǹƺǾǓǿȠ ƺǷǷȅȖ ǓǹȣȠƺșǫȠȅȠȠƺ ƺੈǴƺΚƺșǹƺȠȅȠঀষ ੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǔș ƺੈǿǓǦǔΦșǔǠǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǷǓǹ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦǓǾLjǓșȧǹǿǓǷॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșLjƺ ǷǓΦǏǓǿǓǷ ੈ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșȣǹȠॹ ǹǓǠƺǹƻLjLjǩș ȒƺȒǫȖȅǿॸ ƺੈ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ ǓǹȌǫȖǴƺ ȣǠΡƺǿॹ ǏǓ ƺੈǷȉΦΚǔǹǓǾǔǿΡ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓǿ ǷǫΚȧǹ ǦƺǠΡǴƺআ ƺੈtǩǹƻǠǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ 'ȆȖȣǾ (ǹȅLjƺǹ ࢲࢳࢱ

(ǓǿǏǓȖ (ƺȒ 2ǿǏǓΠ ljǫǾȪ ǟǓǹǾǔȖǔșǔǿǓǷ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢶেLjǓǿ ƺੈࢲࢵࢶ ȅȖșΦƻǠLjȆǹ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠ ƺੈࢵࢲঀ ǦǓǹΡǓǿ ƻǹǹ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ȠǓȖǔǿঀ

t2ঀ ࢳঀ Φ ȅȖșΦƻǠ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓ Φ ȅǹƺșΦ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ƻȠǟȅǠȆ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǴƻǿƺǷ ǷȉΦǔȒȒȅǿȠǴƻLjƺǿ ȠȅΚƻLjLjȖƺ ǩș ǓǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǷȅȖে șΦǓȖȪ ǩȒƺȖȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺ Κƺǿ ৅ ǿǓǾ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷȖƺॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷȖǓ ǷȅǿljǓǿȠȖƻǹে Κƺ ৅ॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ЙǠΡǓǹǓǾLjǓ ΚǓșΦǩ ƺੈȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ șƺǴƻȠȅș ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǩȠॸ ǴȆǹ ǩșǾǓȖȠ ȠǔǿΡॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟȅǿȠȅș șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ȠȉǹȠǓǿǓǷ LjǓ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșLjǓǿॹ ǿǓǾljșƺǷ ƺLjLjȆǹ ƺੈșΦǓǾȒȅǿȠLjȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǓǷǷȅȖƺ ǦƻǿΡƺǏƻȠ ȠǓșΦǩǷ Ƿǩ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅে ΦƻșǿƺǷॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǓǷǓǹȌȠȠ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǦȅΦ ǔș ƺੈ( XেǦǓΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹƻșȣǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠǔLjǓǿঀ hǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ȠȅΚƻLjLjȖƺ ǩș ǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅșƺǿ ǔȖǩǿȠǩǷ ȌǷǓȠ ƺੈLjǓȖȣǦƻΦƻșȅǷ ǔș ƺੈȠǓȖǾǓǹǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ΚǩșșΦƺƻǹǹǫȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǷǔșǓǏǓǹǾǓș ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșȣǹƻșƺঀ ?ȉΦȒȅǿȠǩ șΦǓȖǓȒȧǷǓȠ ǓȖȌșǫȠǩ ƺੈǾǩǷȖȅেǷǷΚেǷƺȠ ǾǓǠljǔǹΦȆ șΦƻǾȅș ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșॹ ƺੈ?ȉΦȒȅǿȠǩ (ƺȖƺǿljǩƺƺǹƺȒ ǾǓǠǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǓॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ șȠƺȖȠȣȒȅǷ ǔș ǷǷΚেǷ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƻǴƻǿƺǷ ǴƺΚƻȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȆ șΦƻǾȅș ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔș ƺੈ ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǔȖǹǓǠǓǩǿǓǷ ǓǠΡșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǔȠȌǹ ƺΦ ȤǴ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷ ǾǓǠǷǓΦǏǔșǔȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǩǠঀ ੈ ǷȉΦǓǹǾȤǹȠLjƺǿ ǟȅǹΡȠ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ΚǩȠƺ ȤǴȖƺ ǓǹȌȠǔȖLjǓ ǦǓǹΡǓΦȠǓ ƺੈ ȠǓȖǾǓǹǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǷǔȖে ǏǔșǔȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǓǠΡǔLj ǏǩǾǓǿΦǩȆǩ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠঀ Φȅǿ ȠȤǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠǩ ǷǩșΚƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡƺLjLj ƺΦ ƻȠǹƺǠȅș ȠǓȖǾǓǹǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠȧǷ ǔș ǷǓΚǔșLjǔ ǦƺǴǹƺǾȅșƺǷ ƺੈǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩΚǔ ΚƻǹƻșȖƺ ǔș ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆȖƺ Ǿƻș ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƺǩǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠॹ ǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȅΦǿǩ ǷǓǹǹ ƺΦȠ ǩșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǔȖǓȠǓ ȉǿǾƺǠƻLjƺǿ ǿǓǾ ǾƺǠΡƺȖƻΦΦƺ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǠΡǓǿǠǓ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠǾǔǿΡǔȠঀ ^ΦƻǾȅș ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡ শ ƺǿljƺ Ǐঅ2Ƞƺǹǩƺॹ 2șȠƺȠॹ E e ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡljǓǿȠȖȣǾষ ǷǩǓǾǓǹǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǠΡǓǿǠǓ ǾǩǿȌșǔǠǓ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǾǔȖǓȠǓ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ǿǓǾ ǔȖǏǓǾǓș ȉșșΦǓǟȧǠǠǔșǓǷǓȠ ǷǓȖǓșǿǩॹ ǦǩșΦǓǿ ǾǔǠ ƺੈǹǓǠǷǩে șǓLjLj ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩș ǷǔȒǓș ǷǩȠȪǿȌ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡȠƻȖș ǹǓǿǿǩ ƺੈȒǩƺljȅǿঀ ੈ ǹǓǠǟȅǿȠȅșƺLjLj ǷǔȖǏǔș ȠǓǦƻȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǦƺǴǹƺǿǏȆেǓ ƺੈ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǟǓǹǔ ΚǓΦǓȠȌ ǾȅǏǓȖǿ ȣȠƺȠ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠƺǿǩ ǔș ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǔȠ ǾǓǠșΦǩǹƻȖǏǫȠƺǿǩঀ ǦǦǓΦ ƺੈΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșǦȅΦ ǷȧǹșȌ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷ ǩș șΦȧǷșǔǠǓșǓǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹॸ ƺΦ ƺǏȆΦƻșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ ȅȒȠǩǾƺǹǩΦƻǹƻșƺॹ ǓǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǾǓljǦƺǿǩΦǾȣș ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƻΚƺǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǴȣȠƺǹǾƺΦΦƺ ƺΦȅǷƺȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǿǓǷॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈǷȣȠƺȠƻșLjƺॹ ƺΦ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠƻȠƺǏƻșLjƺ ǔș ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆLjƺআ ƺΦ ǓǿǓȖǠǩƺǟȅǠΡƺșΦȠƻș ljșȉǷǷǓǿȠǔșǓॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈǹǓǠǩǿǷƻLjLj ǓǿǓȖǠǩƺǩǠǔǿΡǓș ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷLjƺǿ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ljǔǠǓǷ Κȅে ǿƺȠǷȅΦƻșƻLjƺǿআ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǾȅǏǓȖǿǩΦƻǹƻșƺॹ șȠȖȣǷȠȣȖƻǹȠƺLjLj ȠƻǾȅে ǠƺȠƻșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǷǓΚǔșLjǔ LjƺǿǷǷȉΦȒȅǿȠȤॹ ǔș ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺșƺLjLj ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșȠ ƺǏǴȅǿ ƺੈǿΡǩȠȅȠȠ ȠȌǷǓȒǩƺljǦȅΦ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǩșআ ǾǩǿǏ ƺੈȠƻȖǠΡǩॹ ǾǩǿǏ ƺΦ ࢲࢳࢲ

ǩǾǾƺȠǓȖǩƻǹǩș ǩǿǟȖƺșȠȖȣǷȠȤȖƻǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓॹ ƺΦ ȣǹȠȖƺ șΦǔǹǓșșƻΚȤ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠLjƺ ΚƺǹȆ LjǓȖȣǦƻে Φƻș ȖǔΚǔǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ LjǓǹșȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷȖǓ শȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏǩ ǷƺȒǩȠƺǹǩΦǾȣș ৅ ǾǓǹΡ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻșƺ ljșƺǹƻǏǩ ǷǔΦLjǓǿ Κƺǿ ৅ ȒƺȖƺǏǩǠǾƻǴƻǿƺǷ ǹǓǷȧΦǏǔșǔȖǓষ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǷǓǹঀ ੈ ǷǩǦǫΚƻșȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǷǓǹ ƺੈ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ șΦǓǾLjǓșȧǹॹ ȠǓǦƻȠ ǿǔǠΡ ǟȌ ȒȖȅLjǹǔǾƺ ǷȉȖǔ ljșȅȒȅȖȠȅșȣǹǿƺǷॸ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǷǓǏΚǓΦȌLjLj ƺǏȆΦƻșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺআ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠȌǷǔșǫȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ǔș ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǷȅǿșΦȅǹǩǏƻljǩȆǴƻǿƺǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓ ƺੈ ȠȌǷǓ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡƺLjLj ǓǹȅșΦȠƻșƺ ȖǔΚǔǿআ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆLjƺॹ ƺੈ ǏǩǠǩȠƺǹǩΦƻljǩȆLjƺ ǔș ƺੈ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩΚǔ ΚƻǹƻșLjƺ ΚƺǹȆ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǓǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓআ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǾǓΦȌLjLjǔ ȠǔȠǓǹǓ ƺΦƻǹে Ƞƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǟǓǹǦƺǠΡǿƺǷ ȅǹΡƺǿ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ǔș Ȓǩƺljǩ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǷǷƺǹॹ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ șȠȖȣǷȠȤȖƻǷǷƺǹ ǔș șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷǷƺǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǠΡƺǷȖƺǿ ǿǓǾ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺșƺǷ ƺੈΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓșșǔǠ ǔș ƺੈȠǓȖǾǓে ǹǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠƻșƻȖƺঀ ^ΦƻǾȅș ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠ ǾƻȖ ǾǓǠȅǹǏȆǏȅȠȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻș ǿǓǾ LjƺǿǷǩ ljșƺȠȅȖǿƻে ǩǿƺǷ ǏǓȖǓǠȣǹƻljǩȆǴƻȠȆǹ ƺੈǾǓǠȤǴȣǹȆ ȠȌǷǓǴƺΚƺǷLjƺ ΚƺǹȆ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșȠ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦȌ ƺǏȆȖǓǿে ǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǷǓǿ ƻȠ শȤǿঀ șΦȣȒǓȖƺǾȅȖȠǩΦƻljǩȆষ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆǩǠ শȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺΦ ƺǏȆǴȆΚƻǫȖƻș ƺੈǷȣȠƺȠƻșেǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșȖǓ ǔș ƺੈșΦƺLjƺǏƺǹǾǩ ljșȅǾƺǠষॹ ǏǓ ǿǓǾ șΦƺLjƺǏ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǏǷǓΦǿȧǿǷ ƺȖȖȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈ ǠΡƻȖȠƻșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǾǓǠȤǴǫȠƻșƺ ǔș ǏǩǠǩȠƺǹǩΦƻǹƻșƺ ƺੈ E2^ শƺ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ 'ǓǴǹȌǏǔș EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾƺষ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǿǓǾȖǔǠǩLjǓǿ LjǓΚǓΦǓȠǓȠȠ 2ǿǏȣșȠȖΡ ࢵঀࢱ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ǓǠΡǩǷ șƺȖȅǷǷȉΚǓ ƺੈࢳࢱࢲࢸেǓș ǷȉǹȠșǔǠΚǓȠǔșLjǓǿঀ ΦǓǷ ǟȅǿȠȅș ǓǹǓে ǾǓǩ ƺੈǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǿǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǿǓǾljșƺǷ ƺੈǹǓǠǏǩǿƺǾǩǷȣșƺLjLjƺǿ ǟǓǴǹȌǏȌ ǔș ǹǓǠǴȅLjLjƺǿ ǟǓǹșΦǓȖǓǹȠ ljǔǠǓǷǓȠ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩǷ ƺੈ ǏǩǠǩȠƺǹǩΦƻljǩȆȖƺॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ǩșॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǷǓΚǔșLjǔ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡƺǷॹ ǔș ǫǠΡ ǷǩǾȅΦǏǫȠǴƺ ȌǷǓȠ ƺੈ ȠǓǦǓȠǓȠǹǓǿșǔǠ ƻǹǹƺȒȅȠƻLjȆǹॹ ȤǴȖƺǩǿǏǫȠΚƺ ƺΦ ȠǓǹǴǓș ȅǹƺșΦ ȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖȠঀ ੈ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǔșȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǾƻȖ ƺੈ ǦǓȠǓǏǩǷ ǷǩƺǏƻșȠ ǔȖȠǓ ǾǓǠॹ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ࢳࢱࢲࢲ ǟǓLjȖȣƻȖǴƻLjƺǿ ৙ǹǓǠǴȅLjLj ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǷǔǿȠ৛ ǩǏǔΦǩॹ ƺੈE2^ Ǿƻș ǟȅǿȠȅș ǿΡȅǾȅǿ ǷȉΚǓȠǔșǩ ǔș ǔȖȠǔǷǓǹǔșǩ ǏȅǷȣǾǓǿȠȣǾƺǩ ǩș ǷǩǓǠǔșΦǫȠǩǷঀ 2ǹΡǓǿ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺΦ ǓǹȌǷǔșΦǫȠǔș ƺǹƺȠȠ ƻǹǹȆॹ XƺȖǹƺǾǓǿȠǿǓǷ ǷǔșΦǫȠǓȠȠ ǦƺȖǾƺǏǩǷ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǔș ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈșΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴে ȠƻșƻȖȆǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔș ǷǷΚেǷ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƻǴƻȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷॹ ǔș ƺǾǓǹΡ ȖǔșΦǹǓȠǓșǓǿ ǓǹǓǾΦǩ ƺੈǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǿǓǷ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖȖǓ ǠΡƺǷȅȖȅǹȠ ǦƺȠƻșƻȠঀ

ࢲࢳࢳ

t2ঀ ࢴঀ =ȅǠǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖ Φ ȅǹƺșΦ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ࢳࢱࢲࢳ ȆȠƺ ǷȅǦǓȖǓǿșॹ ǾǩǿǏǓǿȖǓ ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓǏȌ ǴȅǠșΦƺLjƻǹΡ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻে Ȗƺ ȠȉȖǓǷșΦǩǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ljǔǹǴƺ ǾƺǠƺș ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǔȖȠǔǷǷǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ȤǴ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓ ǔș ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǓঀ ΦǓǿ ȠȉȖǓǷΚǔș ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓǷǔǿȠ ǴȉȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓ ƺੈ ࢲࢸࢺইࢳࢱࢲࢳেǓșॹ ৙ Φ ȅǹƺșΦ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ȠȅΚƻLjLjǩ șȧȖǠȌș ǩǿȠǔΦে ǷǓǏǔșǓǷȖȌǹ৛ॹ Ǿƻș ǿǔΚǓǿ ƺੈ ǓljȖǓȠȅ ȖǓșljǩȠƺ ࢳঀࢱ শFȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǩ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǓȠ ࢳঀࢱষ ljǫǾȪ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡLjȌǹ ƺੈࢳࢳࢲইࢳࢱࢲࢳেǓș ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ șΦȧǹǓȠǓȠȠঀ ੈ ࢲࢸࢺইࢳࢱࢲࢳঀ șΦঀ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡȖǓǿǏǓǹǓȠ șΦƻǾȅș ǴƺΚƺșǹƺȠȅȠ ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦ ƺੈ [ǓșȠƺȖȠॹ 2Ƞƺǹǩƺॻ ljǫǾȪ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǔșLjȌǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ǓǠΡॹ ƺੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔȖȠ ǟǓǹǓǹȌș ǾǩǿǩșΦȠǓȖ ƻǹȠƺǹ ࢳࢱࢲࢳ ƻȒȖǩǹǩșƻLjƺǿ ǟǓǹƻǹǹǫȠȅȠȠॹ ࢲࢳ șΦƺǷǔȖȠȌLjȌǹ ƻǹǹȆ ǾȣǿǷƺljșȅȒȅȖȠ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȅȠȠ Ƿǩঀ eƺǹƻǹǦƺȠȆǷ LjǓǿǿǓ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǴƺΚƺșǹƺȠȅǷ ǩșॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆș ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƺ ǟȌ șΦǓȖǓȒǹȌǩΚǓǹ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠȅȠȠ ǷȅǿΦȣǹȠƻljǩȆ șȅȖƻǿ ǾǓȖȧǹȠǓǷ ǟǓǹঀ Φ 2ȠƺǹΡঢ়ș ^ȠƺȖȠȣȒ ljȠ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǓȠ LjǓΚǓΦǓȠȠǓ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ǴȅǠȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖLjǓ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ǟȅǠƺǹǾƻȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺΦ ȤǴॹ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚॹ ǾƺǠƺș ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǔȖȠǔǷȪ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǴǓǹȉǹǩঀ Φ ǩǹΡǓǿ ȠǫȒȣșȤ ljǔǠǓǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ ƻǹǹǫȠȅȠȠƺǷ ǟǓǹ șΦǔǹǓș ǷȉȖȪ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșǩ ǷǓȖǓȠǓȠ শࢳࢶেࢴࢳঀ ljǩǷǷǓǹΡষॹ ƺǿǔǹǷȧǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ LjƻȖে ǾǩǹΡǓǿ ƻǠƺΦƺȠǩ ΚƺǠΡ ǔǹǓȠǷȅȖȖƺǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦƻșȠ LjǓΚǓΦǓȠǿǔǿǓǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺǦȅǠΡ ǓΦȠ Ǿƻș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǴȅǠșΦƺLjƻǹΡȅǷ ȠǓșΦǩǷঀ Φ ȤǴ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǓǠǔșΦ ǔǹǓȠljǩǷǹȣșƻȖƺ ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓǏǿǓǷॸ ƺੈLjǓǴǓǠΡΦǔșȠȌǹ ƺੈǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǓǿॹ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓǿ ƻȠ ƺੈǟǓǴǹǓȠȠșǔǠ ƻǹǹƺȒȅȠƻǩǠঀ ΦƻǹȠƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆș ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƺ ȉșșΦǓș șΦǓȖǓȒǹȌǴǔǿǓǷ șΦȧǷșǔǠǹǓȠǓǩǦǓΦ ǩǠƺΦȅǏȆ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșǩ ǷǓȖǓȠǓȠ ǦȅΦȠƺǷ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ƺੈࢲࢸࢺইࢳࢱࢲࢳেǓș ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǴƺΚƺșǹƺȠ ȠȤǹǾȣȠƺȠ ƺΦ ǓǠΡșΦǓȖȪ ǴȅǠƺǹǷȅȠƻșǩ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǿঀ ^ȅǷǷƺǹ ǩǿǷƻLjLj ƻȠǟȅǠȆॹ ǷȅǦǓȖǓǿș șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșșƻ ΚƻǹȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǹǓǠǟȅǿȠȅșƺLjLj ȤȠǴƻǿƺǷ ȠƺȖȠǴƺঀ ƻȖ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǾǓșșΦǓ Κƺǿ ƺੈΚǔǠǹǓǠǓșȠȌǹॹ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ șȠƺȖȠȣȒȅǷ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșƻǿ șȅে ǷƺȠ șΦǩǹƻȖǏǫȠȅȠȠ șΦƻǾȅș ȤǴ ǴȅǠƺǹǷȅȠƻșǩ ǹǔȒǔșॸ ƺੈࢸࢷইࢳࢱࢲࢴঀ șΦঀ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǓȖǓǴȪ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǓȠॹ ƺΦ ȤǠΡǿǓΚǓΦǓȠȠ EȣǿǷƺȧǠΡǩ [ǓǿǏǓǹǓȠॹ ƺੈࢴইࢳࢱࢲࢶ șΦঀ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǓȖǓǴȪ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǓȠॹ ƺੈLjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ǓǠΡǓΦǾǔǿΡ ǔș ƺੈࢳࢱࢲࢸেǓș ǷȉǹȠșǔǠΚǓȠǔșǩ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ শࢳࢴࢳইࢳࢱࢲࢷঀ șΦঀষॹ ǾǩΚǓǹ ƺΦ ǓȖǓǏǓȠǩ ȖǓǿে ǏǓǹǓȠǦǓΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ ȠȅΚƻLjLj ǴƺΚǫȠȅȠȠƻǷ ǔș ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠȅȠȠ ǓǹȌǿΡȉǷǓȠঀ hǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ƺΦ ȤǴƺLjLj ǿȅȖǾƺȠǫΚ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ LjƻȖ ǿǓǾ șΦȅȖȅșƺǿ ƺΦ 2Ƞƺǹǩƺǿ ^ȠƺȖȠȣȒ ljȠ ȖǔșΦǓǩ ৅ ǩș ǿƺǠΡǾǔȖȠǔǷLjǓǿ ǠƺΦǏƺǠǫȠȅȠȠƻǷ ƺΦ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ șȠƺȖȠȣȒȅǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅș ǴȅǠșΦƺLjƻǹΡȅǷƺȠঀ ǿǿǓǷ ƺੈǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠǿƺǷ ƺੈǹǓǠǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓLjLj ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓ ƺΦ 2ǿǏȣșȠȖǩƺ ࢵঀࢱ ljǫǾȪ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ȠǓȖΚ শƺǿǠȅǹ ǔș ȅǹƺșΦ ǿΡǓǹে ΚǓǿষঀ ǿǿƺǷ ǓǹǹǓǿǔȖǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓΦ ƺੈǴǓǹǓǿȠǔș ǓǹșȌșȅȖLjƺǿ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠǩ șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡে ࢲࢳࢴ

ȖǓ ৅ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ 'ǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ șȠƺȖȠȣȒǴƺǩȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǷȅǿǷȖǔȠ ǔș ǠΡƺǷȖƺǿ ǷǩΦƻȖȆǹƺǠȅș ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷȖǓ ৅ ȉșșΦȒȅǿȠȅșǫȠॹ ȖȉΚǩǏ ƻȠȠǓǷǩǿȠǔșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡΦƺȠǩ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǷȖȌǹ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅșșƻǠLjƺǿঀ

t2ঀ ࢵঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ 'ȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ȖƻȠƺ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆ ȅȖșΦƻǠƺǩǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠȅȠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ƺΦ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦে ȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠǩ șΦǩǿȠ ǔș ƺΦ শƺǷȠǫΚ ǔș ǿǓǾ ƺǷȠǫΚষ ƻǹǹƻșǷǓȖǓșȌǷ ǾƺǠƺș șΦƻǾƺ ǴǓǹǹǓǾǓΦȠǓঀ ੈ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠǓǷ ljșȉǷǷǓǿȠǓǷॹ ǾǩΚǓǹ ƺੈ ΚƻǹșƻǠ ǓȖȌȠǓǹǴǓșǓLjLj ǦƺȠƻșȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖȅǹȠ ƺੈȠǩȒǩǷȣșƺǿ ǟǔȖЙ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖLjƺǿ ǔș ƺΦ ǔȒǫȠȌǩȒƺȖে Ljƺǿॹ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ȖȣǠƺǹǾƺșșƻǠȅȠ ȠƺǿȤșǫȠȅȠȠƺǷ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ȠǓȖǔǿঀ ੈǿȌǩ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌȒǩƺljȅȠ ȠȅΚƻLjLjȖƺ ǩș ǾǔǹΡȖǓǦƺȠȆ șȠȖȣǷȠȣȖƻǹǩș ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅǷ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦǩǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ LjǓǟȅǹΡƻșȅǹǴƻǷ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡȅǷƺȠঀ Φ ȅǷȠƺȠƻș ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ǴƻȠșΦǩǷ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺljǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹLjǓǿॹ ǾǩΚǓǹ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ Ǐǔǹǩ ȖǔǠǩȆǴƻLjƺǿ ǓǹǓǿǠǓǏǦǓে ȠǓȠǹǓǿ ƺੈǷǔȒΦǔș ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƻȠ ǷƺȒǴƺǿƺǷॹ ǾǔǠ ƺǷǷȅȖ ǩșॹ Ǧƺ ƺੈȠȤǹǷǔȒে ΦǓȠȠșǔǠ șǓǾ ȖǩȠǷƺ ǴǓǹǓǿșǔǠঀ ੈXƺȖǹƺǾǓǿȠLjǓǿ ǾǓǠΚƻǹƺșΦȠȅȠȠ ǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǷȉΦǩǠƺΦǠƺȠƻș ΚǓΦǓȠȌ ȒȅΦǫljǩȆǩȠ ȠǓǷǩǿȠΚǓ ȤǠΡ ȠȪǿǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǿǏ ƺੈȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩॹ ǾǩǿǏ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ șΦǟǔȖƻLjƺǿ ǓǠΡȖǓ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓLjLj ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǓ ƺੈǏȉǿȠǔșǦȅΦƺȠƺǹLjƺǿঀ ੈ ΚƻǹșƻǠ ƺΦ ǓǹǾȤǹȠ ȠǫΦ ǔΚLjǓǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȖƺ ǩș ǦƺȠƻșșƺǹ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǾǓǠƻǹǹǫȠȅȠȠƺ ƺੈ ǷȅȖƻLjLjǩ ǔΚǓǷLjǓǿ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹǦƺȠȆ ȒȅΦǩȠǫΚ ȠǓǿǏǓǿljǩƻȠঀ OșșΦǓșșǔǠǔLjǓǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹে ǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǓ ƺੈࢳࢱࢱࢵেࢳࢱࢲࢵেǓș ǩǏȌșΦƺǷLjƺǿ ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ǟǓǹǔȖǓ ljșȉǷǷǓǿȠ ƺΦ ǓǹȌΦȌ ǔΚȠǩΦǓǏǦǓΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠॹ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǩ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ȖƻȠƺ ljșƺǷ ƺΦ ࢶࢱ ǔΚǓș ǔș ǩǏȌșǓLjLj ǿȌǷ ǓșǓȠǔLjǓǿ ǿȉΚǓǷșΦǩǷॹ ǾǩǷȉΦLjǓǿ ƺੈࢴࢶেࢵࢺ ǔΚǓșǓǷ ǷȉȖǔLjǓǿ ǿƺǠΡǴƻLjȆǹ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƺȠǹƺǿॹ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹƺLjLjƺǷǿƻǹ ȒǓǏǩǠ ljșȉǷǷǓǿঀ 'ȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ȖƻȠƺ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷȉȖǔLjǓǿॹ ǷȅȖljșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ੈǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ȖƻȠƻǴƺ ǴȆΚƺǹ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡƺLjLjॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǔॸ ࢳࢱࢲࢱেLjǓǿ ࢲࢱࢱেLjȆǹ ljșƺǷ ǾǩǿȠǓǠΡ ࢵࢷ ǿȌ ΚȅǹȠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠॹ șΦǓǾLjǓǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ࢷࢸઔেƻΚƺǹঀ ǔǹǓǿ ƺੈ ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠǓǷ șȅǷǷƺǹ ǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȅșƺLjLjƺǷॹ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ƺǹǩǠ ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ࢴࢱઔঀ EƻșȖǔșΦȠ ƺΦ ǩǿƺǷȠǩΚǩȠƻșǩ ȖƻȠƺ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ǾƺǠƺșॹ ǓǹǔȖǩ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƺǷǔȒǓș ǷȅȖȤ ǿȌǩ ǹƺǷȅșșƻǠ ǾƺǴǏǿǓǾ ǟǓǹǔȠঀ ǿǿǓǷ ƺੈǴǓǹǓǿșǔǠǿǓǷ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǟȌ ȅǷƺ ƺੈljșƺǹƻǏॹ ƺǾǓǹΡে ࢲࢳࢵ

ǿǓǷ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠƻȖƺ ǿǩǿljș ǦƺȠƻșƺঀ ੈǿȌǷ ࢲࢶઔেƺ șΦƻǾȅǹȠ LjǓ ƺȖȖȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷȧǷ șΦȧǹǓȠǔșǓ ǾǩƺȠȠ ǦƺǠΡȠƺ Ǔǹ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǔȠঀ (ΡƺǷȖƺǿ ǓΦ ǿǓǾ șƺǴƻȠ ǏȉǿȠǔșॹ șȌȠ ƺΦ ǓșǓȠǓǷ ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ǟǓǹǔLjǓǿ ǓǹLjȅljșƻȠȅȠȠƻǷ ƺੈΚƻȖƺǿǏȆș ǿȌǷǓȠॹ ΚƺǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠে LjǓ ǦȅΦȠƻǷ ȌǷǓȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȅȠȠ ǷǓǹǹǓȠȠ ǦƺǠΡǿǩȣǷ ƺΦ ƻǹǹƻșȣǷƺȠঀ Φ ȅǹƺșΦ ǷȉΦǩǠƺΦǠƺȠƻșLjƺǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȆǷ ΚƺǹƺǾǩΚǓǹ ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ǟǓǹǓ ǿȌॹ ƺǾǩ ƺǿǿƺǷ Ƿȉে șΦȉǿǦǓȠȌॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ȠƺǿƻȖȅǷ ΦȉǾǓ ǩș ǿȌॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺΦ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅș ǩșǷȅǹƻǷLjƺǿঀ LjLjǓǿ ƺੈșΦǓǷȠȅȖLjƺǿ ƺΦȅǿLjƺǿ ƺੈǹǓǠǾƺǠƺșƺLjLj ȒȅΦǫljǩȆǷLjƺǿ ǓǠΡǔȖȠǓǹǾȪǓǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ȠȤǹșȤǹΡLjƺǿॸ ࢲࢱࢱ ǟȌǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆLjȆǹ ǾǩǿǏȉșșΦǓ ࢲࢲ ƺੈǿȌঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƺǿǔǹǷȧǹǩșǔǠǩ ȖƻȠƻǴƺ ǾƺǠƺșƺLjLj শǷLjঀ ࢵઔॹ 2șȠƺȠॹ ࢳࢱࢱࢶষॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǔঀ ੈǿȌǩ ǔș ǟǔȖЙ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƺ ੈǷȉΦǓǹ ࢸࢱࢱ ǓΦǓȖ শࢷࢹࢷࢴࢹࢺষ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ࢳࢷઔেƻȠ ȠǓșΦǩ Ƿǩঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǓǠΡǦƺȖǾƺǏƺ শࢴࢳॹࢲઔষ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠॹ ǾǫǠ ƺੈȠȉLjLjșǔǠ ȉǿƻǹǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷLjȆǹ ƻǹǹ শǓΦ ƺΦ ƺȖƻǿΡ ǾǓǠǓǠΡǓΦǩǷ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǔΚƺǹষঀ EƺǴǏǿǓǾ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȉǿƻǹǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ শࢺࢳॹࢲઔষ ƺੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖLjƺǿ ǔș ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔLj șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ șΦǓǷȠȅȖLjƺǿ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǷǓǏǩǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǾƺǠȣǷLjƺǿ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǴƻǷ ƺੈΚǓǿǏǔǠǹƻে ȠƻșȠॹ ƺੈǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǓȠ ǔș ƺΦ ǩǏǓǠǓǿǟȅȖǠƺǹǾƺȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ Ȥǿঀ ǦǩǠǦ ǾƺȖǷǓȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹে ȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠঀ ΦȅǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺੈ ǹǓǠƺǷȠǫΚƺLjLjƺǷॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǩǠǔǿΡȪ ǠΡƻȖȠƻșLjƺǿ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠǿƺǷ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷƺȠঀ Φ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹে ǷǓΦȌ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ࢳࢹॹࢵઔেƺ ǿȌॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺȖƻǿΡ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆǷ ǷȉȖǔLjǓǿ ࢴࢱઔেȖƺ ǓǾǓǹǷǓǏǩǷঀ ΦǓǷǿǓǷ ljșƺǷǿǓǾ ƺੈǟǓǹǓ শࢵࢹॹࢵઔষ ƺੈljșȤljșȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǔș ljșȤljșȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆে Ǡǩƻș șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖLjȆǹ ǷǓȖȧǹ Ƿǩॹ șΦǓǾLjǓǿ ƺΦ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ǟǔȖЙ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ࢴࢺॹࢱઔে ƻΚƺǹঀ ੈȠȌǷǓǩǠǔǿΡǓș ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷLjƺǿ ƺੈLjǓȅșΦȠȅȠȠƺǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷȉȖǔLjǓǿ ƺੈ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠ ǓǹǦƺǿΡƺǠȅǹǦƺȠȆ শƺ ǿȌǷ ࢲࢸॹࢲઔেƺ ǔș ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ࢲࢸॹࢶઔেƺষঀ Φ ȤǴǏȅǿșȧǹȠ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ΚƺǹƺǾǩΚǓǹ ЙƺȠƺǹƺLjLjƺǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ȤǴ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ শƺ ࢳࢶেࢴࢵ ǔΚ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ȤǴǏȅǿșȧǹȠ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ࢴࢶॹࢸઔেȅȠ ȠǓșΦǿǓǷ Ƿǩॹ șΦǓǾে LjǓǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ࢳࢺॹࢺઔেƻΚƺǹষॹ ǔș ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈLjǓȅșΦȠȅȠȠƺǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ শࢳࢳॹࢷઔ șΦǓǾLjǓǿ ƺੈࢳࢱॹࢶઔেǷƺǹষঀ ੈЙƺȠƺǹ ǿȌǷ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠǔLjǓǿ ƺΦ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǿǓǾljșƺǷ ЙƺȠƺǹƺLjLjƺǷॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ǷǔȒΦǓȠȠǓLjLjǓǷ ǩșॹ ǾǩΚǓǹ ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ƺੈȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǩ ƺȖƻǿΡȣǷ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖLjƺǿॹ ǔș ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ΚǩǹƻǠLjƺǿ ΚƺǹȆ ǔȖΚǔǿΡǓșȧǹǔșǿǓǷ ǩș ǓǹȌǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓ ƺੈǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǷǔȒΦǓȠȠșǔǠঀ ੈǹǓǠǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠǓǷ ƺੈǾǓșȠǓȖǟȅǷȅΦƺȠȅǷ ǾǓǠǹǔȠǔLjǓǿ ǾȣȠƺȠǷȅΦǿƺǷॸ ǓLjLjǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǾƺǠƺșƺLjLjॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǔॹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ শࢴࢴঀࢷઔ șΦǓǾLjǓǿ ƺੈࢳࢲઔেǷƺǹষ ǔș ƺΦ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷȉȖǔLjǓǿ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠ শࢲࢲॹࢸઔॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ࢲࢱॹࢸઔষঀ

ࢲࢳࢶ

ǠƺΦƺȠȅǷ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠǫȒȣșȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷLjǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǴǓǹǓǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ੈ șΦȅljǩƻǹǩș ǴǓǹǹǓǠȪ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺǷȠǫΚ șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ȠȉǹȠǓǿǓǷ LjǓ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ șΦȅljǩƻǹǩș ǓǹǹƻȠƻșLjƺǿ ǔș ƺੈȒȅǹǠƻȖǩ ΚǔǏǓǹǓǾLjǓǿॹ ǏǓ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǔș ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ȉșșΦǓȠƺȖȠȅΦƻșॹ ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦșǔǠȧǠΡॹ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻș ǔș ƺੈǷȣȠƺȠƻș ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǩǿ ǩșঀ ੈǟȌLjLj ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷLjǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǷǔǿȠ ǴǓǹǓǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷॸ ǦǓǹΡǩ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓǷ ǔș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ȉșșΦǓȠƺȖȠȅΦƻșॹ șΦȅljǩƻǹǩș ǠȅǿǏȅΦƻș ǔș ΚǔǏǓǹǓǾॹ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșॹ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺে ȠƻșȅǷআ ǏǩΚǓȖΦǩȠƻș ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǔșǓॹ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেǩǿȠǓǠȖƻljǩȆॹ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșॹ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǓॹ ǷȉȖǷȉȖȉș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠঀ ੈșΦȅljǩƻǹǩș ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǷǓǏȌ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ࢹࢷઔেƺ ȤǠΡ Κǔǹǩॹ șΦǓǾǔǹΡǓșǓǿ ǩș ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹ ƺੈǿȌǩ șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻș ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǔșǔǦǓΦঀ ࢺࢱઔ ȤǠΡ ǠȅǿǏȅǹǴƺॹ Ȍ ǾƺǠƺ ǩș ǓȖȌșȉে ǏȉȠȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƺ ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƺ ǔș ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǔșǓ ǷȉΦLjǓǿঀ EǩǿȠǓǠΡ ࢲࢴੈࢱࢱࢱ ǴȅǠǩǹƺǠ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖȠ șΦȅljǩƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǹǔȠǓΦǩǷॹ ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ࢹࢳੈࢱࢱࢱ ǏǓ ǟƺljȠȅ șΦȅljǩƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǔș ࢷࢲੈࢱࢱࢱ ȒȖȅЙȠȅȖǩǓǿȠƻǹȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ șΦȅljǩƻǹǩș șΦȅǹে ǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ ǔș ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǷǓȠ ǿΡȤǴȠঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢲেLjǓǿ ƺੈșΦȅljǩƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖ ࢴॹࢵઔেǷƺǹ ǴƻȖȣǹȠ ǦȅΦΦƻ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ( XেǦǓΦঀ ੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆLjƺǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǿƺǠΡȅLjLjঀ ǔȖǓǷॹ ǴȣȠȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ৅ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠǓǷ ੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ЙΦǓȠǔșǓ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ƻȠǹƺǠȅșƺǿ ǾƺǠƺșƺLjLjॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǷǔॸ ࢳࢱࢱࢵেLjǓǿ Ȓǔǹে Ǐƻȣǹ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ȠǓǹǴǓș ЙΦǓȠǔșǓ শƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǷƺȒȅȠȠ ȉșșΦǓș ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǓǾষ ǷȉȖȧǹLjǓǹȧǹ ࢸઔ েǷƺǹ ΚȅǹȠ ǾƺǠƺșƺLjLjॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǷǔॹ ǾǫǠ ࢳࢱࢲࢱেLjǓǿ ǓΦ ƺੈǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠ ࢳࢱઔ ΚȅǹȠঀ ǿǿǓǷ ƺΦ ƺΦ ȅǷƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ƺΦ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡƺLjLj LjǔȖǓΦǔșȪ ǾȣǿǷƻǷȖƺ ȉșșΦȒȅǿȠȅে șȣǹॹ ǔș ǾǓȖȠ ƺΦ ƺΦȅǿȅș ǾȣǿǷƺǷȉȖȉǷLjǓǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙ ЙΦǓȠǔșǓǷ ৅ ǩǠƺΦॹ ljșƺǷ ǷǩljșǩΚǓǹ শࢳઔষ ৅ ǾƺǠƺșƺLjLjƺǷঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǓșǓȠǔǿ ǷǓΚǔșLjǔ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǴƻȖȣǹǔǷȅș LjǔȖȠǔȠǓǹǓǷLjȌǹॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ǴȣȠƺǹǾƺǷLjȆǹ ΚƺǠΡ ȠȤǹȆȖƺǏǫǴƺǷLjȆǹ ȖǔșΦǓșȧǹǿǓǷঀ Φ ǓǹǾȤǹȠ ǔΚȠǩΦǓǏǓǷ ȠǓǿǏǓǿljǩƻǩ শǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ই ljșȉǷǷǓǿǔșॹ ǾȉǠȉȠȠǓș ȅǷȅǷ șȠLjঀষ ੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǷȣǹljșǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠȤ ƺੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǦǓΦॹ ƺੈ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ LjǓǩǹǹǓșΦǷǓǏǔș ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦ ǔș ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌȠǹǓǿșǔǠǓǷ ljșȉǷǷǓǿȠǔșǔǦǓΦঀ Φ K ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ƺȠ ƺੈ (ǹƺǿljǓ șȅȖȖƺ ΚǓșΦǩ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈ ǾȣȠƺȠȆǷƺȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǓǹƻȖȣǹǿƺǷ ΚƺǹƺǾǩȠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾȖȌǹॹ ƺੈ ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǠȅǿǏȅΦƻșǩ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦে ΦƻǟǔȖǔșȖȌǹॹ șȌȠ ƺੈǹǓǦǓȠșǔǠǓș ǴȣȠƺǹǾƺǷȖȆǹ ǩșঀ Φ șǓǠǫȠ ǾǓǠǾƺǠΡƺȖƻΦǿǩ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǷȧǹȉǿLjে șǔǠǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșșƺǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș ǷȅljǷƻΦƺȠȅǷ ǾǓǠǫȠǔǹǔșǔLjǓǿ ǾȣȠƺȠǷȅΦে ǿƺǷ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓș ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠঀ ǠΡΚƺǹƺǾǩ ƺΦȅǿLjƺǿ ǷȉΦȉș ǾǩǿǏǓΦǓǷLjǓǿॸ ƺੈ ǿȌǷȖǓ ΚǩǹƻǠșΦǓȖȠǓ ǷǓΚǔșLjǔ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșLjƺ ǟȅǠǿƻǿƺǷঀ Φ ƺǹȆǹ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠ șǓǾ ࢲࢳࢷ

ǴǓǹǓǿȠ ǷǩΚǔȠǓǹȠॸ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ࢴࢸઔেƺॹ ǾǫǠ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ljșƺǷ ࢳࢴઔেƺ ƻǹǹǫȠǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǩǿǷƻLjLj ΚƻǹǹƺǹǴƺ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǷƺǹ ǴƻȖȆ ǷȅljǷƻΦƺȠȅǷƺȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƺǹƺǷǩ ǾƻșǿƺǷ ǏȅǹǠȅΦΦȅǿঀ

t2ঀ ࢶঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ t2ঀ ࢶঀ ࢲঀ ǹǹƺǾǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ hǿǩȅǿljƺǾǓȖǓ ࢲࢺࢺࢺ ȆȠƺ ƺΦ hǿǩȅǿljƺǾǓȖǓॹ ƺੈ ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩॹ 2ȒƺȖǩॹ ?ǔΦǾȪǩȒƺȖǩ ǔș EǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ?ƺǾƺȖƻǷ hǿǩȆǴƺ ƺΦ ƺΦ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ șΦǓȖΚॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǓǠΡǓșǫȠǩ ǔș ǦǩΚƺȠƺǹȅșƺǿ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǩ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ǷƺǾƺȖƺȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖȠঀ 'ȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦǩǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǟǔȖƻΚƺǹॸ ƺੈ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ 'ǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾǾƺǹ ƺǹƻǫȖȠ ǔș ƺੈ ǷǔșȌLjLjǩǓǷLjǓǿ ƺΦ șǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾǾƺǹ ǾǓǠȤǴǫȠȅȠȠ ǓǹșȌ ǴǓǠΡΦȌǷȉǿΡΚ ȖǔΚǔǿ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǓǠΡǓș ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ǷƺǾƺȖƻǿƻǹ șΦȧǹǓȠȠǓǷ ǓȖȖǓ LjǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠȅǷঀ ੈhǿǩȅǿljƺǾǓȖǓেȠ ǔș ƺੈǷƺǾƺȖƺȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ ǔΚǓǷ ȆȠƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓǏΚ ǔș ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƻǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷঀ ΦǓǷǷǓǹ ƺੈljǔǹȅǷǷƺǹ ǫȖȠƺ ƺǹƻ ࢲࢺࢺࢺেLjǓǿ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ǓǠΡǓȠǔȖȠǔșǩ ǿΡǩǹƺȠǷȅΦƺȠȅȠ ƺΦ hǿǩȅǿljƺǾǓȖǓ ǔș ƺੈ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ 'ǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾॹ ǾƺǴǏ ƺੈ ࢳࢱࢱࢴেƺș ǾǓǠȤǴǫȠƻș ǩș ǓΦǓǷǓȠ șΦȅǹে ǠƻǹȠƺॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȠƻǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ LjǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠȅǷƺȠ ΚƺǹƺǾǓǿǿΡǩ ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ǷƺǾƺȖƻǿƻǹঀ ੈ ǟȅǷȅΦƺȠȅșƺǿ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȅȠȠ LjǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠȅǷLjƺǿ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ljșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷ ǔș ƺੈșΦƺǷșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷঀ ੈǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǓǠ ȠȉLjLj șΦƻΦ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆLjȆǹ ƻǹǹॹ ƺǷǩǷǓȠ ƺੈǹǓǠȖǓȒȖǓΦǓǿȠƺȠǫΚƺLjLj șΦƺǷǾƺǩ șΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓǷ ǴǓǹȉǹȠǓǷ Ƿǩঀ ੈȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷ ȠǓȖΚǓΦǔșǓǷȅȖ ƺੈǷƺǾƺȖƻǷǷƺǹ ǓǠΡǓȠǔȖȠǔșLjǓǿ ǴƺΚƺșȅǹȠƺ ƺੈLjǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǔȠǔǿǓǷ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǔȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ΚǩǹƻǠLjƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻș ǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǔǿǓǷ șΦǓǹǹǓǾǔLjǓǿআ ƺੈLjǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ǟȌ ljǔǹǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻǿƺǷ ǔș ǾǓǠșΦǩǹƻȖǏǫȠƻে șƻǿƺǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺॹ ǓΦƻǹȠƺǹ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹΚƺ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǦȅΦॹ ƺੈǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǦǓΦ ǔș ƺੈȠǓȖǾǓে ǹǔșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǓǷ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǔǦǓΦঀ Φ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ ǷȉΦȧǹ ǿǔǦƻǿΡॸ ƺੈǾǓǠǷȉǿǿΡǫȠǓȠȠ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǷȖȌǹ ǔș ƺੈǦǩȠǓǹǓǷǦǓΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ǾȆǏǴƻȖȆǹ ƺΦ ǔȖǩǿȠǓȠȠǓǷ șΦǔǹǓșǷȉȖȪ ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșƺॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦƻș ǩȖƻǿΡΚȅǿƺǹƺǩǿƺǷ ǔș ƺੈǾȪǷȉǏǔșǦǓΦ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈǾǓǠȠǓȖΚǓΦǔșǓॹ ΚƻșƻȖȅǷ ǔș LjࢳLj ȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡǓǷ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșǓঀ

ࢲࢳࢸ

Φ hǿǩȅǿljƺǾǓȖǓ ǦƻȖȅǾ ǦȆǿƺȒȅǿǷǔǿȠ ƻȠȠǓǷǩǿȠǩ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ LjǓșΦƻǾȅǹȆǩȠ ǔș Йে ǠΡǓǹǓǾǾǓǹ ǷǫșǔȖǩ ƺੈȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠǾǔǿΡȧǷǓȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺǷȠǫΚ șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ǴƻȠșΦǩǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȖǔșΦǹǓǠLjǓǿ ƺΦ ƺǏȖǩƺǩ ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ǷƺǾƺȖƻǷ ǟȆȖȣǾƻǿ ǩșॹ ƺǾǩ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ǩș ǦǓǹΡǓș ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠঀ Φ ǓǹǾȤǹȠ ǿΡȅǹlj ǔΚLjǓǿ ƺੈ eǦǓ ȠȅȣȖ ȅǟ 2ȠƺǹΡ ȅǟ ΛȅǾǓǿ ǏȅǩǿǠ LjȣșǩǿǓșș ȖȅƺǏșǦȅΛ ǩș șǓǠǫȠ ȖƻǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƺǿǩ ƺੈЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ƺੈǦǓǹΡǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșȖǓ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ șΦǓǾȒȅǿȠǴƻLjȆǹঀ ǿΡƺǠǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠȆ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ KǹƺșΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆș ǷȉΦȒȅǿȠȅǷ শ 2 șষ KǹΡƺǿ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǔș ȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș ǷȉΦȒȅǿȠȅǷ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƻȠ ƺǹǷȅȠǴƻǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ șǓǠǫȠǩǷ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅে ΚƺȠǫΚ ǷǷΚেǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻȠॹ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷ ƺੈǾǓǠǹǔΚȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆ ǔș ƺੈǾȅে ǏǓȖǿǩΦƻǹƻș ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿঀ Φ ȖǔșΦǓ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ 2 ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǿƺǷ শ Fষ ǔș ƺΦ ǿȠǓȖȒȖǩșǓ ȣȖȅȒǓ FǓȠΛȅȖǷǿǓǷঀ ੈ 2 েșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ șΦǔǹǓș ǷȉȖȪ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǟǓǏǿǓǷ ǹǓॹ ǩǏǓǔȖȠΚǓ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠॹ ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠǔȒǫȠǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠॹ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷ ǔȖȠǔǷǓǹǔșǔȠॹ ȠƺǿƻljșƺǏƻșȠ ǔș șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǿΡȤǴȠƻșȠ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫে ȠƻșƻLjƺǿॹ ƺੈЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ǾǓǠǷȉǿǿΡǫȠǔșǔȠ ǔș ƺΦ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻে șȅǷ LjǓǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻȠ ƺΦ ǩǿǷȣLjƻȠȅȖȅǷLjƺǿঀ ^ȠƺȖȠ ȣȒ 2Ƞƺǹǩƺ ੈ^ȠƺȖȠ ȣȒ 2Ƞƺǹǩƺ ȖǔșΦǹǓȠǓș ƻȠȠǓǷǩǿȠǔșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǔș ƺΦ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǩ ǔș ǓǠΡǔLj ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷȖȌǹ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿঀ [ǔǠǩȆǷȖƺ LjȅǿȠǴƺ ƺੈǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠॹ ǏǓ ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓǏ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷȖǓ ǩșॹ ǔș ȖǔșΦǹǓে ȠǓșǓǿ ǩșǾǓȖȠǓȠǩ ƺੈǹǓǠǟȖǩșșǓLjLj ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ƺੈȒƻǹΡƻΦƺȠǩ ǦƺȠƻȖǩǏȌǷǓȠ ǔș ƺੈǷȖǩȠǔȖǩȣǾȅǷƺȠঀ 2ǿΚǩȠƺǹǩƺ Φ 2ǿΚǩȠƺǹǩƺ ƺΦ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠȅȠȠ LjǓȖȣǦƻΦƻșেǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻș ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔș (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǓȠȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ȧǠΡǿȉǷșǔǠǓঀ 'ǓǹșȅȖȅǹǴƺ ǔș ǷǓΦǓǹǩ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǔș ȣǿǩȆș ȉșΦȠȉǿΦȌȠ ǔș ƺǹƺȒȅȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșȖǓ ƻǹǹǿƺǷ ȤǴ ȠƻȖșƺșƻে ǠȅǷ ǔș ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻǦȅΦঀ ?ȧǹǟȉǹǏǩ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǷǿǓǷ ǩǿǠΡǓǿǓșǓǿ ǿΡȤǴȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǟȌ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦȌǩ Φ ࢲࢺࢺࢳঀ ǟǓLjȖȣƻȖ ࢳࢶেǩॹ ࢳࢲࢶঀ șΦঀ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ șΦǓȖǩǿȠǩ ǩǿȠǓȖΚǓǿljǩȆȠ শƺ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹে ǹǓǾ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓষ ǦƺȠƻǹΡȅǿ ǷǫΚȧǹ ǦǓǹΡǓΦȠǓ ƺੈࢹࢴইࢳࢱࢲࢳ șΦঀ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǓȠঀ ࢲࢳࢹ

Φ ȣȠȅǹșȆ ȒƻǹΡƻΦƺȠȅȠ ࢳࢱࢱࢶেLjǓǿ ƺǏȠƻǷ Ƿǩঀ ੈ ǷǩΚȅǿƺȠ ȖǔșΦǹǓȠǓǩǿǓǷ ǷǓΦǓǹǔșǔǔȖȠ ƺੈ Ǿǩে ǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǟǓǹǓǹȌșঀ ੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷ șΦƻǿȠ (ƺȖƺǿljǩƺƺǹƺȒ șΦǓǷljǩȆ ࢳࢱࢲࢵ ȆȠƺ ǾȪǷȉǏǩǷॹ ǔș ǓǹǩǿǏȣǹȠ ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǔș șΦƺLjƺǏȤșΦȆ șΦƺǷǓǾLjǓȖǓǷ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓ ǩșঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেȠȆǹ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆǷ ǩș ǩǠǔǿΡǓǹǦǓȠǿǓǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠঀ ΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ƺੈ^ǾƺȖȠ ૭ ^ȠƺȖȠ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔș ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹȅǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ȤǴ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ Κƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻȖƺঀ eȅΚƻLjLjǩ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦȌǷ ƺੈLjƺǿǷȅǷȠȆǹ ǔș ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡȠȆǹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷ ǔș ƺੈǷǷΚেǷǿƺǷ ੈ EǩǿǩșΦȠǓȖǓǷ eƺǿƻljșƺ ǓǹǿȉǷșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǩ ȖǔșΦǹǓǠǓ ǔș ƺੈ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ 'ǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȠƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǔș ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦে ȠǔșǔȖǓ ǔș ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǔȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǓǠΡǓȠǔȖȠǔșǩ ǾǓǾȅȖƺǿǏȣǾȅȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ƺǹƻǫȖȠ ƺΦ KǹƺșΦ ƺǿǷșΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠॹ ƺੈ ȅǿЙǿǏȣșȠȖǩƺॹ ƺੈ ȅǿǟƺȒǩॹ ƺΦ 2Ƞƺǹǩƺǿ ȣșǩǿǓșș FǓȠΛȅȖǷ ǔș ƺΦ ǹǹǩƺǿljǓ ȅǟ 2Ƞƺǹǩƺǿ ȅȅȒǓȖƺȠǩΚǓșঀ ੈ ࢳࢱࢲࢵঀ ǴȤǿǩȣș ࢵেǔǿ ƺǹƻǫȖȠॹ ǔș ࢳࢱࢲࢷঀ ǟǓLjȖȣƻȖ ࢲࢷেƻǿ ǾǓǠǦȅșșΦƺLjLjǫȠȅȠȠ ǴǓǠΡΦȌǷȉǿΡΚ ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦ ǓǠΡ ȠǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔș ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǦǩȠǓǹǦǓΦ ǴȣȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻȖƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ƺੈLjƺǿǷȅǷ ǔș ƺੈȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓΚȌ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǷȉΦΚǓȠǫȠȌǷ ΚǔǠȖǓ ǩș ǦƺǴȠȅȠȠƺǷঀ ੈEǩǿǩșΦȠǓȖȠƺǿƻljș ǹǿȉǷșǔǠǔǿǓǷ șǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǩ 'ȌȅșΦȠƻǹΡƺॹ ƺੈ(ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ 'ǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǔș ƺੈ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔș XǔǿΦȧǠΡǾǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ƺǹƻǫȖȠƺ ƺੈ ǷǷΚেǷ ?ȉΦȒȅǿȠǩ (ƺȖƺǿljǩƺƺǹƺȒǴƻǿƺǷ ǓǠΡǓΦǾǔǿΡǔȠ ƺੈ EǩǿǩșΦȠǓȖȠƺǿƻljș ǹǿȉǷșǔǠǓ ৅ șǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǩ KșΦȠƻǹΡ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻȖȆǹ ࢳࢱࢲࢴঀ ǾƻȖljǩȣș ࢲࢵেǔǿঀ ੈǷȧǹȉǿǹǓǠǓș ȖǔșΦǹǓǠ ࢳࢱࢲࢵঀ ǴƺǿȣƻȖ ࢲࢵে ȠȌǹ ǾȪǷȉǏǩǷঀ

t2ঀ ࢶঀ ࢳঀ ǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ lΦǹǓȠƺșșΦȅǿΡȅǷ KȖșΦƻǠȅș ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓ শ 2 ষ ࢲࢺࢷࢲেLjǓǿ eȅȖǩǿȆLjƺǿ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƻǷঀ Φ ǓǹșȌ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȅǹƺșΦ șΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ljǔǹǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǷǓǏΚॹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǷ ǔș șΦƺǷǓǾLjǓȖǓǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǔǿǓǷ ǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǓ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺঀ Φ ƺੈǹǓǠǦǩȠǓǹǓșǓLjLj ȖǓǟǓȖǓǿljǩƺȒȅǿȠ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǟǓǹǓǹȌș șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ȠȉǹȠǓǿǓǷ LjǓ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔǹǓȠLjǓǿঀ ?ǩΚƻǹȆ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǓȠ ǔș șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ǿǓǷǩǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ƺੈ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǦǓȠǿǓǷॹ ǟȅȖǾƻǹȆǏǦƺȠǿƺǷ ǔș ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠǦƺȠǴƻǷ ǾƺǠȣǷƺȠ ǾǩǿǏ șΦƺǷǾƺǩǹƺǠॹ ǾǩǿǏ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩǹƺǠঀ

ࢲࢳࢺ

Φ 2 ॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺΦ ' E ΚǩǹƻǠǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƻǿƺǷ ȖǔșΦǓॹ ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ǟǔǹ ǔΚșΦƻΦƺǏƺ ǟǓǹǓে ǹȌșǓ ƺΦ ƺǹƻLjLjǩƺǷǿƺǷॸ ॷ ƺ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƺॹ ǾǓǠșΦǩǹƻȖǏǫȠƻșƺ ƺੈǟǓǹǓǹȌșșǔǠȠǓǹǴǓș ȒȅΦǫে ljǩȆȠ LjǓȠȉǹȠȌ ǿȌǷ ǷȉȖǔLjǓǿআ ॷ ƺ ЙǠΡǓǹǓǾ ȖƻǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻșƺ ƺੈșΦƺLjƺǏ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǓȠǩǷƺǩ ǔș ǷȣǹȠȣȖƻǹǩș ǔȖȠǔǷǓǩȖǓॹ ǔș ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓॹ ॷ ƺ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǔș ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ șΦǓȖǓȒǓআ ॷ ƺ ǿȌǷ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔǿǓǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓ ƺੈǏȉǿȠǔșǦȅΦƺȠƺǹǩ ȠǓșȠȧǹǓȠǓǷLjǓǿ ƺΦ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǔș ǾƺǠƻǿǦǩΚƺȠƺǹȅǷLjƺǿআ ॷ ljǔǹȠȣǏƺȠȅș ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔș ƺੈ ǦǓǹΡǩॹ ȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩșॹ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩॹ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǩ ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ǷȅǿȠǓΠȠȣșLjƺǿ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ΚƺǹƺǾǓǿǿΡǩ ǩǹǹǓȠǔǷǓș ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿǿΡǓǹॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǦǓΦ ȖǓǿে ǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșȖǓ ƻǹǹȆ ΚƺǹƺǾǓǿǿΡǩ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻș ǟǓǹǦƺșΦǿƻǹƻșƺআ ॷ ƺ ȠƺǠȅǷ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǔș șΦȅljǩƻǹǩș ǷǔȒΦǔșǓॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠ ljǔǹǴƺǩǿƺǷ ǓǹȌে ǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƺ ƺΦ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǔșǔΚǓǹॹ ǷȅǿǟǓȖǓǿljǩƻǷॹ șΦǓǾǩǿƻȖǩȣǾȅǷ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșǔΚǓǹॹ ǷǩƺǏΚƻǿΡȅǷǷƺǹॹ ƺੈȠƺǠȅǷ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǩǿǓǷ ǟȖǩșșǫȠǔșǔΚǓǹ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆ ȠǓȖǔǿআ ॷ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠǩ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƺ Ǧƺșȅǿে ǹȆ ljǔǹȅǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ǔș ǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠȆ șΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓǷǷǓǹআ ॷ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǩ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷ ΚƺǠΡ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƺ ȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩșॹ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ șΦǩǿȠǓǿঀ ࢺࢱࢱ ȖǓǠǩșΦȠȖƻǹȠ ȠƺǠǴƻΚƺǹ ƺΦ 2 ੈLjǩΦȠȅș ȖǓǟǓȖǓǿljǩƺȒȅǿȠ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿȌ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ƺǷǩ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔǹǓȠLjǓǿ ǟǓǹǓǹȌș ȒȅΦǫljǩȆȠ ȠȉǹȠ LjǓঀ (ƺǾǾƺ ȅǿǿƺ ੈ(ƺǾǾƺ ȅǿǿƺ ǓǠΡ ȅǹƺșΦ ǿȅǿȒȖȅЙȠ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƻȠ ljǔǹȅΦΦƺঀ 'ǩǠΡǓǹǓǾǾǓǹ ǷȉΚǓȠǩ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩেǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡȠॹ ȒǹƺȠে ǟȅȖǾȅȠ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠ ƺੈ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǓșΦǾǓljșǓȖǔǷǦǓΦ ǔș ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠǔȒǫȠȌ ljșȅǾȆȒȅǿȠ șΦǓȖǓȒǔȠ ǩș LjǓȠȉǹȠǩॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ șΦƻǾȅș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅȠ ǩǿǏǫȠঀ Φ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠ ΛǓLjȅǹǏƺǹƻǿ ȠƺǹƻǹǦƺȠȣǿǷ ǦǫȖǓǷǓȠ ǔș ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷǓȠॹ ȠȅΚƻLjLjǩ ȠȣǏǿǩΚƺǹȆǷƺȠ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠȖȌǹ ǔș ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆǷƺȠ ƺΦ ǔΚǓș ǟȆȖȣǾȖȆǹঀ 'ǓǹǩȖƺȠǷȅΦǦƺȠȣǿǷ ƺੈǦǫȖǹǓΚǔǹȖǓॹ ǔș ȠƺǠǷǔǿȠ ΚƺǠΡ ৙LjƺȖƻȠǷǔǿȠ৛ ljșƺȠǹƺǷȅΦে ǦƺȠȣǿǷ ǩș ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠǦǓΦঀ

ࢲࢴࢱ

EƺȖǩșƺ ǓǹǹǩșƺȖǩȅ ǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ ੈEƺȖǩșƺ ǓǹǹǩșƺȖǩȅ ǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ ƺੈEƺȖǩșƺ ǓǹǹǩșƺȖǩȅ ǫǴ ƺǹƺȒǫȠƻșƻΚƺǹ ǩǿǏȣǹȠॹ ǔș ƺΦȆȠƺ ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǓȠȠǓ ƺੈȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓǏΚΚǓǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷ ǟǓǹে ǷȣȠƺȠƻșƻȖƺ ǔș ȠǓȖΚǓΦǔșǔȖǓॹ Ƿȧǹȉǿȉș ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠǓǹ ƺΦ ȤǴ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƻǷȖƺঀ Φ ǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ƺΦ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǔș ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿșΦǓǷȠȅȖLjƺǿॹ ǔș ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǩ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǓȠঀ ੈǿȌǷ ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ǏȉǿȠǔșǦȅΦƺȠƺǹLjƺǿ ǔș ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷLjǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ ǔȖǏǓǷǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǓȠǔǿ ȠȤǹǾǓǿȌǓǿ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷƺȠ ǔș ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠ ƺੈǷȅǾǾȣে ǿǩǷƻljǩȆॹ ƺੈǷȉΦǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȠƺǿॹ ƺੈȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǓǷॹ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǓǹǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠșǔǠ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǟǓǹǓǹȌșșǔǠΚƻǹǹƺǹƻș ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿঀ @ƺ'ǓǾEǓ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ Φ ƺǿΡƺșƻǠ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡƻǿƺǷ ȠǔǾƻǴƻΚƺǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦǩǷঀ ?ȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǓȠ ǔș ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆǷƺȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ǓǿǿǓǷ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǔǦǓΦॹ ǔș ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǩ ƺੈǿȌǷ Ǿȣǿে ǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺljǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔȠঀ ੈ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǦȅǿǹƺȒǴƺ ǾǓǠȅǹǏƻșȅǷƺȠ ǴƺΚƺșȅǹॹ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆǷƺȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ǔș ȠƺǿƻljșȅǷƺȠ ƺǏ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠǔǾƻǷLjƺǿॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈȠƻΚǾȣǿǷƺ ǔș ƺੈȖǔșΦǾȣǿǷƺǩǏȌআ ƺǿΡƺে șƻǠǩॹ ƺȒƺșƻǠǩ ǔș șΦȧǹȌǩ șΦƺLjƺǏșƻǠআ ƺΦ ǩșǷȅǹƻșǷȅȖ ǓǹȌȠȠǩ ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǓǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷঀ ΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ LjǹȅǠȅȠ ǔș ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷǓȠ ǩș ȠƺǹƻǹǦƺȠȣǿǷ ȖƺǴȠƺঀ tƺǹȅȖǓ EƺǾǾƺ ੈ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ǿȌǷॹ ƺǿΡƻǷ ǔș șΦƺǷǓǾLjǓȖǓǷ ǦȅΦȠƺǷ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǔș Ƿȣǹে ȠȣȖƻǹǩș ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆǷƺȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ƺǿΡƻǷǿƺǷঀ Φ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆǷƺȠ ǓǠΡ ǩǿǠΡǓǿǓș ǓǠΡǓȠǓǾǩ ǾƺǠƺΦǩǿȅǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǩǷॹ ƺΦ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷॹ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦȆǷॹ ΛȅȖǷșǦȅȒȅǷ ǔș șΦǓǾǩǿƻȖǩȣǾȅǷ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ȒǓǏǩǠ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠǔȒǫȠǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǿΡȤǴȠƺǿƺǷঀ ੈǾƺǠƺে Φǩǿ ǦƻȖȅǾ ǟȌ ȠǔǾƻǴƺ ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦșǔǠȧǠΡॹ ƺੈǦǫȖǓǷ ǔș ƺੈǷȣǹȠȤȖƺঀ ǠΡ ȤǴƺLjLj ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓে Φǔș ƺΦ ǿΡƻǷ ǦǓȠǓॹ ǩǿǠΡǓǿǓș șΦǓǾǩǿƻȖǩȣǾȅǷǷƺǹॹ ΛȅȖǷșǦȅȒȅǷǷƺǹ ǔș ȠȖǔǿǩǿǠǓǷǷǓǹঀ vǓLjȅǹǏƺǹȣǷȅǿ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷǓȠ ǔș LjǹȅǠȅǷƺȠ ǩș ȠƺǹƻǹǦƺȠȣǿǷঀ X2 ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ǓǹȌǿΡǓǩȠ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǟǓǹǓǹȌșșǔǠΚƻǹে ǹƺǹƻșȖƺ ǦǫΚǴƺ ǟǓǹ ƺੈ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ƺȖƻǿΡȤ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǔȠǔȠ ƺੈ șΦƺǷșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷLjǓǿ ǔș ƺΦ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠȆ ȠǓșȠȧǹǓȠǓǷLjǓǿঀ Φ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșȖǓ ǔș ǷǔȒΦǔșȖǓ ǩșॹ ΚǩșșΦƺǴǓǹΦǔșȠ ƺǏ Ǿƻșॹ ǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷȖȌǹॹ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫে Ƞǩ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻȠॹ ƺੈǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠǩ ǦƻǹȆǷ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƻȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǦǓǹΡǩ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷॹ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔș ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷ ǾǓǹǹǔ ƻǹǹঀ ࢲࢴࢲ

t2ঀ ࢷঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆইǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ ੈ ȅǿǟƺȖȠǩǠǩƺǿƺȠȅ ȅǿǿǓ 2ǾȒȖǓșƺ ǾȅΦǠƺǹȅǾ FȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ljǔǹǴƺ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ljǔǹȅǷ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƺॹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǔș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻে Ǡǩ ǔȖǏǓǷǓǩǿǓǷ ΚǔǏǓǹǾǓ ƺੈșΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅș ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǓǩΚǓǹ ȉșșΦǦƺǿǠLjƺǿঀ ੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ǓǹǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠ ƺΦ ȅǹΡƺǿ ΚǩșǓǹǷǓǏǔșǩ ǾȅǏǓǹǹǓǷ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ƺΦ ǓǾLjǓȖǩ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷ ǔȖȠǔǷǔǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓॹ ƺੈǴȅǠșΦǓȖȪșǔǠॹ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǟǓǹǓǹȌșșǔǠΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșॹ ƺੈȠǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠǓș ΚǓȖে șǓǿΡॹ ƺੈǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠΚǔǏǓǹǓǾ ǩǿșȒǩȖƻǹঀ ੈȒƻȖȠǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿॹ ƺȣȠȅǿȆǾ ǔș ǿȅǿȒȖȅЙȠ ȅǿǟƺȖȠǩǠǩƺǿƺȠȅ ȅǿǿǓ 2ǾȒȖǓșƺॹ ƺੈșΦȉΚǓȠে șǔǠ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅș ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǴƻǿ LjǓǹȧǹ ǴƺΚƺșȅǹǴƺॸ ƺষ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓǏΚॹ ƺΦ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǔș ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻে ǴƻǿƺǷ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǔȠআ Ljষ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠ ǾȣǿǷƺ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǩǿǓǷ ǾǓǠǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǔȠॹ Κƺǹƺে ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǦǩΚƺȠƺǹȅǷ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǔǿǓǷ ȖƻǴȣǷ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻșƻȠআ ljষ ƺΦ ȤǴ ǿȌǩ ǿǓǾΦǓǏǔǷǓǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ǟǓǹǓǹȌș ȒȅΦǫljǩȆǷȖƺ ȒƻǹΡƻΦΦƺǿƺǷআ Ǐষ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǔȠǔǿǓǷ ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƻȠ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǔș ǾƺǠƻǿেॹ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩॹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǔș ǷȣǹȠȣȖƻǹǩș ȠǓșȠȧǹǓȠǓǷLjǓǿআ Ǔষ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ƺੈ ȅǿǟƺȖȠǩǠǩƺǿƺȠȅেȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ șΦƺǷșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǩॹ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔș ȠƻȖে șƺǏƺǹǾǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǩLjǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ ǷȉΦΚǓȠǹǓǿ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔǿǓǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ Ǐȉǿে Ƞǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠȧǷǓȠ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǔș ƺΦ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǩLjǓǿআ ǟষ șΦƺǷǾƺǩॹ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ǔș ǷȣǹȠȣȖƻǹǩș ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǷǔȒǓে șǓǷ ǾǓǠǓȖȌșǫȠǓǿǩ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǔȠ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔǹǓȠLjǓǿআ Ǡষ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹȠ ƺੈ ȅǿǟƺȖȠǩǠǩƺǿƺȠȅ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖLjǓǿ ƺΦȅǿ ǴȅǠșΦƺLjƻǹΡǩ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǷ ǔș ȒȖȅǠে ȖƺǾȅǷ ȠƻȖǠΡƺǹƻșƻǿƻǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ȖǓǹǓΚƻǿșƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ǔș ǾǩǿǏǓǿে ǷǔȒȒǓǿ ǦƺȠƻșșƺǹ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷǷǓǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷȖǓআ Ǧষ ƺǷȠǫΚ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǔȠǓȠॹ șƺǴƻȠ ǴƺΚƺșǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǔș ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠ ƺੈșΦȅljǩƻǹǩș ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷ ȠǓে ȖȧǹǓȠǔǿॹ ȅǹΡƺǿ ljǩΚǩǹ ǟȆȖȣǾȅǿॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈșΦȅǹǩǏƺȖǩȠƻșॹ ƺੈȠǩșΦȠǓǹǓȠ ǔș ƺΦ ǓǾLjǓȖǩ ǾǔǹȠȆșƻǠ ǔȖȠǔǷǓǩ ȒȖǩȅȖǩȠƻșȠ ǔǹΚǓΦǿǓǷঀ

ࢲࢴࢳ

ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǔș ǷǷΚেȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǔșǔȖǓ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȅȠȠ ǏǫǴƺǷ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ȠȉLjLj ǏǫǴƺȠ ǩș ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔș ȖǓǠǩে ȅǿƻǹǩș șΦǩǿȠǓǿঀ FǔǦƻǿΡ ȒǔǹǏƺॸ ȅǿǿƺ 2ǾȒȖǓșƺ Xǩșƺ ǏǫǴ ΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ǴȣȠƺǹǾƺΦΦƻǷ ƺΦ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǔșșǓǹॹ ƺǷǩǷ ƺੈ ȠƺȖȠȅǾƻǿΡȅǿ LjǓǹȧǹ Ƿǩে ǓǾǓǹǷǓǏȌ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠǾǔǿΡȠ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠƺǷ ƺੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ șΦǓǷȠȅȖƺǩLjƺǿঀ ੈ ljǔǹǴƺ ȅǹΡƺǿॹ EƺljǓȖƺȠƺ ȠƺȖȠȅǾƻǿΡLjǓǹǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺॹ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǾǩǿǏǓǿে ǿƺȒ ȠƺǿȤLjǩΦȅǿΡșƻǠƻȠ ƺǏǴƻǷ ǷǩΚƻǹȆ ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǓǩǷǿǓǷ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺ ΚǩǹƻǠƻLjƺǿঀ 2ǏǓƺ 2ǿǿȅΚƺȠǩΚƺ ǏǫǴ ੈ[ȆǾƺǩ ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩॹ 2ȒƺȖǩॹ ?ǔΦǾȪǩȒƺȖǩ ǔș EǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ?ƺǾƺȖƺ ȅșΦȠǴƺ Ƿǩ ƺੈFȌǷ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƻȠ eƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠǠƺǹ ǷȉΦȉșǓǿঀ ੈǏǫǴ ƺੈǟȌΚƻȖȅșLjƺǿ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǷǓǏȌ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ șΦȆǹॹ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǾǩǷȖȅΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷ [ȆǾƻLjƺǿ ǔș ƺੈȠƺȖȠȅǾƻǿΡLjƺǿঀ ੈ ǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǷȉΦȧǹ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠǓǷ ΚƺǠΡ șΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓǷ ǿΡǓȖǦǓȠǩǷ Ǔǹ ƺΦ 2ǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ OȠǹǓȠ ǫǴƺȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷLjǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ȠƺǠȅǷ șΦƻǾƺ ǓǹǔȖǩ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺșƻǠ ȠƺǠǴƺǩǿƺǷ ǹǓǠƺǹƻLjLj ࢷࢱઔেƻȠॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȖǔșΦΚǔǿΡȠƻȖșƺșƻǠȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷে LjǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǷǔ ƺੈȠȌǷǓ ǹǓǠƺǹƻLjLj ǷǔȠǦƺȖǾƺǏƺॹ ǔș ƺΦ ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠƻș ȠǓǹǴǓș ǹǔȠșΦƻǾƻǿƺǷ ǹǓǠƺǹƻLjLj ǷǔȠǦƺȖǾƺǏƻȠ ǿȌǷ ȠǓșΦǩǷ Ƿǩঀ ੈ [ȆǾƺǩ ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ?ƺǾƺȖƻǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ȖǓǠǩșΦȠȖƻljǩȆ ƺǹƺȒǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹঀ ΛƺȖǏ EƺǠǩljƺǾǓǿȠǓ 2ǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȖǩljǓ ੈ(ȅȖǩΦǩƺ ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ?ƺǾƺȖƺ ƺΦ ǓǹǾȤǹȠ ǦƺȠ ǔΚLjǓǿ ǔΚǓǿȠǓ ǓǠΡșΦǓȖ ȅșΦȠǴƺ Ƿǩ ƺੈΚƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǏǫǴƺǷƺȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǷǓǹ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ǩșǾǓȖǩǷ Ǔǹॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǷǩǓǾǓǹǷǓǏȌǓǿ ΚǔǠΦǩǷ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƻে ǴȣǷƺȠ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆ ǔș ƺੈǷȖǓƺȠǩΚǩȠƻș ȠǓȖǔǿॹ ǓǹǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠǓǷ ƺੈȠǔȖșǔǠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓ ǩȖƻǿȠॹ ΚƺǠΡ ǔȒȒǓǿ ȤǴșΦǓȖȪǓǷ ƺੈǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓǩǷ ƺੈǷȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻljǩȆ ǔș ȒȖȅǾȆljǩȆ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿঀ @ǓǠǟȅǿȠȅșƺLjLj ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșǓǷ 'ǩƺȠƺǹ FȌǷ /ƻǹȆΦƺȠƺ Φ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹ ǿȌǷ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠLjƺ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșǔΚǓǹॹ ǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹƻșƻΚƺǹ ǔș șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșƻে ǿƺǷ ǾǓǠǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǔΚǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦǩǷঀ EǓǿȠȅȖǩ ǔș ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǔȒǫȠȌ ȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡǓǷǓȠॹ ΛȅȖǷșǦȅে ȒȅǷƺȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓșΦǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹ ǿȌǷ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦΦƺǿƺǷ ǓǠΡǾƻșșƺǹॹ ࢲࢴࢴ

ǾǓǠȅșșΦƻǷ ƺΦ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǩǷǓȠ ǔș ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠƺǩǷƺȠঀ vǓLjȅǹǏƺǹȣǷȅǿ ƻȠȠǓǷǩǿȠǔșȠ ǷƺȒǦƺȠȣǿǷ ƺΦ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷȖȌǹॹ LjǹȅǠȅǷȖȆǹ ǔș ǾǓǿȠȅȖȅǷȖȆǹॹ ǔș ljșƺȠǹƺǷȅΦǦƺȠȣǿǷ ǩș ƺੈǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǦȅΦঀ ^ǓǹǓǿƺ ΦǔȖȠ ǴȉȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓǠΡǓ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ șΦȅে ȖȅșƺLjLj ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǔș șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ƺǹƺǷǫȠșƺǿƺǷ Ƿǩ ǓǠΡǾƻșșƺǹ ǔș ǷȧǹǟȉǹǏǩ ǷȅǹǹǔǠƻǩǷǷƺǹঀ ੈǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ ǾȣǿǷƺljșȅȒȅȖȠǴƺǩ ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷǓȠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓǿǓǷॹ ȤǴ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷǓȠ ǩǿে ǏǫȠƺǿƺǷॹ ȒƻǹΡƻΦƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǔș ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǓǷǓȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǿǓǷ ȣȖȆȒƺেșΦǓȖȠǓॹ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠǴƻǷ ƺੈǏǩǠǩȠƻǹǩș ǷȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻljǩȆȠॹ ǔș ƺੈ ǠǹȅLjƺǹǩΦƻljǩȆǿƺǷ ƺੈ ǦǓǹΡǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ ǠΡƺǷȅȖȅǹȠ ǦƺȠƻșƺǩΚƺǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠǿƺǷঀ X2 ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ vȅǾƺǿ ੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓȠ ࢲࢺࢹࢺ ǴȤǹǩȣșƻLjƺǿ ǦȅΦȠƻǷ ǹǔȠȖǓ ƺੈȠȅȖǩǿȆǩ X2েLjƺǿॹ ƺੈeȅȖǩǿȆLjƺǿ ǔș ƺੈȠƺȖে ȠȅǾƻǿΡLjƺǿ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ șΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǔǦǓΦ ȠƺȖȠȅΦȆ ࢶࢶ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǔȖǓঀ ੈ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǿǓǷ ƺੈșΦƺLjƻǹΡΦƺȠƻLjƺǿ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦȅȠȠ ljǔǹǴƺǩ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌǷॸ ॷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩ ǔș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓǿǩ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ॷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩ ƺੈșΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǔș ǷǔȒΦǔș ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǩȠॹ ȠȉLjLjǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ȅǷȠƺȠƻș ǔș ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ȖǔΚǔǿ ॷ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǹȆǏǿǩ ƺΦ h ȅȖșΦƻǠƺǩǿƺǷ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠƺǩȖȆǹ ǔș ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǩȖȌǹॹ ǔș ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǓǠΡǓș ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠLjǓǿ ȒȖȅƺǷȠǫΚ ȠƻȖǠΡƺǹȆȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǷǔǿȠ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓǿǿǩ ॷ LjƻȠȅȖǫȠƺǿǩ ƺΦ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻȠॹ ȖǓǟǓȖǓǿljǩƺȒȅǿȠǷǔǿȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹǿǩ ƺΦ ȉǿƻǹǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǾǓǠǷǓΦǏǔșǔǦǓΦ ǔș ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠƻșƻǦȅΦ ॷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩ ƺੈǦǓǹΡǩ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠ ॷ ǓǹȌǿΡLjǓǿ ȖǔșΦǓșǫȠǓǿǩ ƺΦ ȅǹΡƺǿ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǔș ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈLjǔǷǔș ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșȠ ljǔǹȅΦΦƻǷ ॷ ƺ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǟǓǹǓǹȌșșǔǠΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșȖƺ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƺǿǩ ƺੈЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ॷ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦǿǩ ƺΦ ǔȖǏǓǷǔȖΚǔǿΡǓșǫȠǔșȠ ǔș ƺੈǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠǔȒǫȠǔșȠ ॷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩ ƺ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺȖȖƺ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹǿƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǦǓǹΡǓȠ ǷƺȒǴƺǿƺǷ ƺੈșΦƺǷșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷLjǓǿ ǔș ƺΦ X2 ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠȆ ȠǓșȠȧǹǓȠǓǩLjǓǿঀ Φ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠ ȉȖȉǾǾǓǹ ǟȅǠƺǏǴƺ ƺੈȠƺǠΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǔș ƺੈȠǓȖǾǓǹǔș ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ƻǠƺΦƺȠƻLjȆǹ ǴǓে ǹǓǿȠǷǓΦȌ ȠƺǠȅǷƺȠॹ ȖǓǟǓȖǓǿljǩƺে ǔș ǷƺȒljșȅǹȆǏƻșǩ ȒȅǿȠǷǔǿȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹ ǓǠΡ ȤǴ ǔș ȠȣǏƺȠȅșƺLjLj ࢲࢴࢵ

ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǔșǔLjǓǿॹ ǔș ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠǓǷॹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ǔș ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔে ǿΡǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠǔȒǫȠǔșȠॹ ƺLjLjȆǹ ƺੈljǔǹLjȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǹǔȠȖǓǴȉǴǴȉǿ ǓǠΡ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦȆșΦȆǹȆǴƺ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆǴƺঀ ljǔǹȅǷ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƺ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿ ƺΦ X2 ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǩǷ ƺੈȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩșॹ ȠƺȖȠȅǾƻǿΡǩॹ ȉǿǷȅȖǾƻǿΡΦƺȠǩॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅșॹ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǩ ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ șΦǩǿȠȪ ΚƺǹƺǾǓǿǿΡǩ ǩǹǹǓȠǔǷǓș ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿǿΡǓǹঀ eǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓ șȅȖƻǿ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ǔș ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩ ǾǩǿǏƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔș ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷǓȠॹ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠ ǔș ǷȅǿǟǓȖǓǿljǩƻǷƺȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺΦ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǓȠॹ ƺੈǾǓǠLjǔǷǔǹǔșȠॹ ƺੈȖȣǠƺǹǾƺșșƻǠȅȠ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǟǓǹǓǹȌșে șǔǠΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșȠ ǾȅΦǏǫȠǴƻǷ ǓǹȌঀ Φ X2 ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ǔș ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ǓǹȠǓȖǴǓǏǔșǔȠ șΦȅȖǠƺǹǾƺΦΦƺॹ ǟǓǹǦǫΚǴƺ ƺੈЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺș ǹǓǦǓȠ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹȅǷ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǩǿǓǷॹ ǷȖǓƺȠǩΚǩȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǔș ǩǿǿȅΚƻljǩȆș ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƻȖƺঀ Φ X2 ǓΦǔȖȠ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǓȠ শǷǩȖǓǿǏǓǹȠșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǔș ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷƺȠষ ǾȪে ǷȉǏȠǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǩǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǴȉȠȠǔȠ ǔș ǾǓǠǓȖȌșȉǏǔșǔȠॹ ǾǩΚǓǹ ȠǩșΦȠƻLjƺǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ΚǓǹǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǾȅΦǠƺȠȆȖȣǠȆǴƺঀ ?ȧǹȉǿ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ șΦǓǿȠǓǹǿǓǷ ƺǿǿƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǴƺΚȣǹǴȅǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ƺੈǏȉǿȠǔșǦȅΦƺȠƺǹǩ ǔș șΦǔǹǓș ǷȉȖLjǓǿ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǴǔǷ ǾƺǠȣǷƺȠঀ eǓȖǴǓșΦȠǩǷ ƺੈ৙ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǩ ǾȪǷȉǏǔș৛ ǾȆǏșΦǓȖȠƺǿƻȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǾȅșȠ ǾƻȖ ǓǹǓǿǠǓǏǦǓȠǓȠǹǓǿȧǹ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǓǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾLjƺǿॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ȠȣǏƻș ǔș ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆ ƺǹƺȒȤঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǓǠΡȖǓ ǿȉΚǓǷΚȌ ǔș ȠȣǏƺȠȅș ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǓ ȖǔΚǔǿ ƺΦ X2 eȅȖǩǿȅ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡΦȆ ȠǓșȠȧǹǓȠǓǩLjǓǿ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș șΦǓȖǓȒ ǴȣȠ ƺΦ X2 েȠƺǠȅǷǿƺǷঀ ੈșΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠ ǷǔȠǦƺΚȅǿȠƺ ǾǓǠǴǓǹǓǿȌॹ KFFǩǾȒȖǓșƺ ljǫǾȪ ǦǫȖǹǓΚǓǹǔLjǓǿ ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺȠ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦȆǩȖȆǹ ǔș ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǩȖȌǹঀ EǩǹƻǿȆǩ FȌǩ ^ΦƺǷǾƺǩ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠ শXv ੈ৅ XȖȅǟǓșșǩȅǿƺǹ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș șșȅljǩƺȠǩȅǿ ȅǟ Eǩǹƺǿষ ੈXvF (ǹȅLjƺǹǦȅΦ ǷƺȒljșȅǹȆǏǩǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ࢳࢵ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅȠ ȠȉǾȉȖǫȠ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷǩǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡȅΦȅȠȠ ΚǓΦǓȠǔșॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔș ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌে șǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƺ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ƻǠƺΦƺȠLjƺǿঀ ੈXv ੈȠƺǠǴƺǩǿƺǷ șΦƻǾƺ ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ࢳࢱࢱॹ ǔș ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿ șΦƺǷǓǾLjǓȖǓǷॹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ΚƺǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖȖǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ǿȌǷLjȌǹ ƻǹǹॹ ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ࢳࢱ ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ ȅȖșΦƻǠLjȆǹॹ ǔș șΦƻǾȅș ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ șΦƺǷǾƻLjȆǹঀ

ࢲࢴࢶ

ੈFȌǩ ^ΦƺǷǾƺǩ /ƻǹȆΦƺȠ শXvFষ [ȆǾƺ ੈ ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ࢳࢵ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅȠ ȠȉǾȉȖǫȠȌ XvF শXȖȅǟǓșșǩȅǿƺǹ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș FǓȠΛȅȖǷষ (ǹȅLjƺǹ ȅǹƺșΦ ƻǠƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ǓșǔǹΡǓǩȠ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ƻǠƺΦƺȠLjƺǿঀ eȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ࢴࢶࢱࢱ șΦƺǷǓǾLjǓȖ ƺੈȠƺǠǴƺ ࢺࢱ ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ ȅȖșΦƻǠLjȆǹॹ ǔș ǦƺȠƺǹǾƺș ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅȠ ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǿǓǷॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ȅЖǩǿǓ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷǓȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǿǓǷ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǷǩȖǓǿǏǓǹȠșǔǠǓǩǷ ȖǔΚǔǿঀ ੈ XvF [ȆǾƺ ǷȅǿǟǓȖǓǿljǩƻǷƺȠ ǔș ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠǔȒǫȠȌ ȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡǓǷǓȠॹ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠȌ ǾȪǦǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ǔș ǾǓǿȠȅȖǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅȠ Ƿǫǿƻǹঀ ȅǿǿǓ ǏǓǹ tǩǿȅ ࢲࢺࢹࢹ ȠƺΚƺșΦƻǿ ƺǹƺǷȣǹȠ ǾǩǿȠǓǠΡ ǦȤșΦ ǿȌΚǓǹॹ ƺǷǩǷ ƺੈLjȅȖȖƺǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș ȠȣǏƻș ǔș ƺੈLjȅȖে ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǔșǔȖǓॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǔȖǓ șΦȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȠǓǷঀ ੈ șΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠ ǟȌ ljǔǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ǓǿȅǠƺșΦȠȖȅǿȆǾǩƺǩ ȠȣȖǩΦǾȣș ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿ ǿȉΚǓǹǴǓ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǔȠॹ ǔș ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǷǓȠ ȠǓȖǴǓșșΦǓǿঀ

t2ঀ ࢸঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ @ǩǿǏƺ ^ǓȖȖƺ =ȅǠȅȠ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠॹ ǔș ȤǠΡ ǏȉǿȠȉȠȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǷȣȠƺȠƻș ǔș ƺੈ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔș ȠǓȖȧǹǓে ȠǔȖǓ șΦƺǷȅșȅǏǩǷॹ ǔș ȅǹΡƺǿ ȣȠƺǷƺȠ ǴƻȖ LjǓॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ǾƻșȅǷ ǾǔǠ ǿǓǾঀ Φ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ǹǹƺǾȅǷLjƺǿ șΦǓȖΦǓȠȠ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠƺǩ ǔș ƺੈ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠǓǷȖȌǹ șΦȆǹȆ Ƞƺে ǿȣǹǾƻǿΡƺǩ ƺǏȠƻǷ ǿǓǷǩ ƺੈǹǓǿǏȧǹǓȠǓȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǓǠƺǹƺȒǫȠșƺ ǓǹȌLjLj ƺੈ(ǩȖǹ (ǓǓǷ ǩǿǿǓȖș ȅǹȅǠǿƻȠॹ ǾƺǴǏ ƺੈvȅȖǷ vǩǏǓ vȅǾǓǿȠঀ =ǓǹǓǿǹǓǠǩ ǷȧǹǏǓȠǔșǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǟǓǹǷǔșΦǫȠǔșǓ ƺੈǴȉΚȌ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǷǩǦǫΚƻșƺǩȖƺॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ƺੈǿȌǩ ǾȣǿǷƺǿǔǹǷȧǹǩșǔǠ ljșȉǷǷǓǿȠǔșǓ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿঀ ΦǔȖȠ ǴȉȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǩ Ƞƺǿȣǹƻșǩ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ șΦƺǷǾƻǷǷƺǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦǩǷॹ ǔș ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ࢶ ǟȌ ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠঀ eȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ࢳࢱ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ȠƺǿǟȅǹΡƺǾ ǩǿǏȣǹȠ ǾƻȖॹ ǔș ȠȉLjLj ǾǩǿȠ ǓΦǓȖ ǿȌ ȖǓǠǩșΦȠȖƻǹȠ ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠLjȆǹঀ ^ȠȣǏǩȅ Eঀ^ঀ ঀ Ǐǩ Eǩljȅǹ ^ljȅǿǏȅȠȠȅ EǩǿǏǓǿ ǿȌ ƺȖȖƺ ΚƻǠΡǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ǓșǷȧΚȌǴǓ ǿƺȒǴƻǿ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǷȧǹȉǿǹǓǠǓș ǹǓǠΡǓǿঀ Eǩljȅǹ ǓǹǦƺȠƻȖȅΦȠƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǿǏǓǠΡǩǷȧǷ ƻǹǾƻȠ ΚƺǹȆȖƺ ΚƻǹȠǴƺঀ ੈȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡșΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșLjǓǿ șΦǓȖে ΦǓȠȠ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠƻǿƺǷ ǷȉșΦȉǿǦǓȠȌǓǿ ǓșǷȧΚȌșΦǓȖΚǓΦȌ ǹǓȠȠॹ ƺǷǷȅȖॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ƺੈșΦƺǷǾƺ ǾǔǠ ǿǓǾ ǷȉȖΚȅǿƺǹƺΦȆǏȅȠȠॹ ǔș ǾǓǠǔȖǷǓΦȠǓǷ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ΚǩșșΦǦƺǿǠȅǷ ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ǹǹƺǾȅǷLjȆǹঀ Eƺ ƺੈEƺǏǓ ǩǿ 2ȠƺǹΡ șΦƺǷǓǾLjǓȖǓǩΚǓǹ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏΚǓ ǩǠƺΦǩ ȅǹƺșΦ ǦƺǿǠȣǹƺȠȤ ǓșǷȧΚȌǷǓȠ ࢲࢴࢷ

șΦǓȖΚǓΦঀ ș ǾǩLjǓǿ ƻǹǹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǏǩșǔǠǓঁ Φ ȉȠΚǓǿǓș ǔΚǓǷLjȌǹ ǾǓȖǫȠǓȠȠ ǩǿșȒǩȖƻljǩȆǴƻLjƺǿঀ ࢶࢱઔেLjƺǿ ǷȧǹǟȉǹǏǩǓǷ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠǴƻǷ ȅǹȅǠǿƻȠ ǔș ƺੈΚǩǹǹƻȠॹ ƺੈǏȅǾLjȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ǓǹǦǓǹΡǓΦǷǓǏȌ ƺșȠǓǹǹȅ Ǐǩ ^ǓȖȖƺΚƺǹǹǔȠ ƺੈǦƻΦƺșșƻǠǷȉȠǔșȧǷ ǦǓǹΡșΦǫǿǔȧǹঀ EƺȖljǓǹǹƺ [Ǔǿǿƺ eȉȖȠǔǿǓȠǓǷॹ ǦƺǿǠȣǹƺȠȅǷ ǾǓșǔǹǔșǓ ǔș ǟȅȖǾƻLjƺ ȉǿȠǔșǓॹ ƺǷƻȖ ǓǠΡ ǷǔȒȖǓǠǔǿΡLjǓǿঀ EƺȖljǓǹǹƺ [Ǔǿǿƺ ƺੈȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠǾǓșǔǹǔșǦǓΦ ǔȖȠঀ ǠΡ LjƻȖLjƺǿ ΚƺǹȆ ȖȉΚǩǏ ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǴǓ ȣȠƻǿ ȤǴȖƺ ǟǓǹǟǓǏǓΦȠǓ șΦǓǿΚǓǏǔǹΡǔȠঀ ࢴࢳ ǔΚǓș ǷȅȖƻLjƺǿ ǾǓǠǔȖȠǓȠȠǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ȍ ৙ǷȉȖ ǓǠΡ șΦȉǠǹǓȠǓș ΚǩǹƻǠLjƺǿ৛ঀ 4ǠΡ ǩșǾǔȠ ǓǹǷǓΦǏǓȠȠ Ƞƺǿȣǹǿǩॹ ǷǓǾǔǿΡǓǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȅȠȠ ƺੈǾȪǦǓǹΡLjǓǿॹ ǓǠΡ ǩșǾǓȖȠ ȅǹƺșΦ ǾȪΚǔșΦ șǓǠǔǏǴǓ ǹǓȠȠॹ ǾƺǴǏ @ȅǿǏȅǿLjƺ ǷȉǹȠȉΦȉȠȠ XǓȠǓȖ vǓǩǠǹ ǾȪΚǔșΦ ǷȖǓƺȠǫΚ ǔș ǷȅΦǾȅȒȅǹǩȠƺ șȠȤে ǏǩȆǴƻLjƺঀ ΦȣȠƻǿ ΚǩșșΦƺȠǔȖȠ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺॹ ǔș ȅǹȅǠǿƻLjƺǿ ȠǓǹǓȒǓǏǓȠȠ ǹǓঀ ǹǷȅȠƻșƺǩLjƺǿ ƺΦ ȆǷȅȖǩ ǷǓȖƻǾǩƺǾȪΚǔșΦǓȠ ƺੈΚǓǷȠȅȖǠȖƺЙǷƺॹ ƺΦ ǩǹǹȣșΦȠȖƻljǩȆॹ ǔș ƺੈࢴ ǿΡȅǾȠƺȠƻș ȠǓljǦǿǩে ǷƻǩΚƺǹ ǷȅǾLjǩǿƻǹȆǏǩǷঀ EȣǿǷƻǩ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǩș ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌǷ ƺੈΛΛΛঀǾƺȖljǓǹǹƺȖǓǿǿƺঀljȅǾ ljǫǾǓǿঀ ^ǩǹΚǩƺ ǔș @ǩșƺ ^ǩǹΚǩƺ ǔș @ǩșƺ LjƺȖƻȠǿȌǷॹ ǏǓ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǓǷǓǹȌȠȠ ЙƺȠƺǹ ƺǿΡƻǷॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ ƺੈ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǿƺȒǩ ǷȧΦǏǓǹǓǾLjǓǿ ǷǓΚǔș ǩǏǓǴȧǷ ǴȣȠ ƺੈ ǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǩǷǷǓǹ ǷȉΦȉș ȒǩǦǓǿȠǓȠȌॹ șΦȆȖƺǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷƺȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǿǩঀ EǩȣȠƻǿ ǦȅșșΦȤ ǩǏǓǩǠ ǠȉȖljșȉșǓǿ ǷǓȖǓșǠǔǹȠǓǷ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǓȖǿǓȠǓǿ ǓȖǓǏǓȠǩॹ șΦȆȖƺǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǔș ȅǷȠƺȠȆ ǴǓǹǹǓǠȪ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷǓȠॹ ȤǠΡ ǏȉǿȠȉȠȠǓǷॹ ǾƻșǷǔǿȠ ȅǹǏǴƻǷ ǾǓǠ ƺੈȒȖȅLjǹǔǾƻȠॹ ǔș ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȅǹƺșΦ ƺǿΡƻǿƺǷ ǩǏȌȠ șȒȆȖȅǹǿƺǷঀ @ǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȠƻǷ ƺΦ hXE E ੈǿǓΚȪ ƺȒȒȅȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ȉșșΦǓǠΡȪǴȠǩ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ࢱ ǔș ࢲࢱ ǔΚ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǷǿǓǷ ǷǫǿƻǹȠ șΦƺLjƺǏǩǏȌș ȖǓǷȖǓƻljǩȆș ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷǓȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅșƺǿ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌ ǷǩșǾƺে ǾƺȖȣǦƻǷƺȠঀ @ǓȠȉǹȠǦǓȠȌ ǩK^েȖǓ ǔș ǿǏȖȅǩǏȖƺॹ ǔș șΦȪȖǦǓȠȌǷ LjǓǿǿǓ ƺੈȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷ ǟȉǹǏȖƺǴΦǩ ǓǹǦǓǹΡǓΦǷǓǏǔșॹ ǔǹǓȠǷȅȖॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƻȖ șΦǓȖǩǿȠঀ E^ Ǐǩ ^ȠǓǟƺǿǩƺ EȣșȅǹǓșǩ ^ȠǓǟƺǿǩƺ ǴȆ ȒǔǹǏƺ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡƺǿ ȠȣǏǴƺ ǓǠΡ ǿȌ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǓǿǩ ƺੈǦǓǹΡǔȠ ǔș ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƺǿǩ ǾƺǠƻȠ ǓǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿॹ ƺǾǓǹΡȖǓ ǷǩΦƻȖȆǹƺǠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǔȠǓ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌঀ ࢳࢱࢱࢵেLjǓǿ ƺΦ ƺȒǴƺ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ǾǓǠƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƺ ljǔǠǔȠॹ ƺǦȅǹ ljșȅǾƺǠȅǹȆǠǔȒǓǷǓȠ ǷǓΦǏȠǓǷ ǠΡƻȖȠƺǿǩঀ ৙ ǹǓǩǿȠǓ ǾǓǠǹǓȒǓȠȠǓǿ ǔș LjǩΦƺǹǾƺȠǹƺǿȣǹ ǟȅǠƺǏȠƺǷ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷॹ ǏǓ ƺੈǦƺȠƻȖȅΦȅȠȠșƻǠȅǾǾƺǹ ǔș ƺੈǷȅǾȅǹΡșƻǠȅǾǾƺǹ ǓǹǿΡǓȖȠǓǾ ƺੈLjǩΦƺǹǾȣǷƺȠ৛ ৅ ǓǾǹǔǷșΦǩǷ ΚǩșșΦƺ ^ȠǓǟƺǿǩƺॹ ƺǷǩ Ǿƺॹ ࢴࢺ ǔΚǓșǓǿ ࢲࢶ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠঀ ?ȅǾȅǹΡƺǿ ΚǓșΦǩǷ ƺੈ ЙƺȠƺǹȅǷ ǷǔȒΦǔșǔȠॹ ǔș ǟȅǿȠȅș șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺ ƺੈȖȣǠƺǹǾƺșșƻǠॹ ǾǓȖȠ Ǿǩǿǔǹ ǴȅLjLjƺǷ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǷȉȖȧǹǾǔǿΡǓǷॹ ƺǿǿƻǹ ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ƺੈȠǓȖǾǓǹǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠঀ ࢲࢴࢸ

ࢲࢴࢹ

t22ঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ

ࢲࢴࢺ

t22ঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș ੈ ǷȉΦȠƻȖșƺșƻǠ ǷǩǷǩƻǹȠƻșƺ ȣȠƻǿǩ ǓǹșȌ ƺǹǷȅȠǾƻǿΡȅș ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ ƺΦ ࢲࢺࢳࢵঀ ƻȒȖǩǹǩș ࢳࢱেǩ ƺǹে ǷȅȠǾƻǿΡॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌǓǷ ƺੈȒȅǹǠƻȖǩ ǴȅǠȅǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠǔLjǓǿঀ ȠƺȠȧȖǷ ƺȖȖƺ ȠȉȖǓǷǓǏǓȠȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈȠȉȖȉǷ ǿȌǷ ǔș ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ǴȅǠȅǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦΦǓে ǿǓǷॹ ǏǓ ǿǓǾ ȠȣǏȠƺ ǓǹǔȖǿǩ ǓΦȠ ƺੈljǔǹȠঀ EǓȖȠ ǓǹȌLjLj ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾǿƺǷ ǷǓǹǹ ǾǓǠșΦȧǿȠǓȠǿǩǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǏǩșΦǷȖǩǾǩǿƻljǩȆǴƻȠॹ ǔș ǾȅǏǓȖǿ ǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅǏƻșǾȆǏȖƺ Κƺǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠঀ ǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓে ǷǔLjǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷǩƺǹƺǷȣǹǴȅǿ ƺੈșΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǷȉΦǟǓǹǟȅǠƻșॹ ȠƺȠȧȖǷ șΦƻǾȅș LjǓșΦǔǏǓȠ ȠƺȖȠȅȠȠঀ ࢲࢺࢳࢴেLjƺǿॹ 2ΦǾǩȖLjǓǿ ǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȅΦȠƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈȠȉȖȉǷ ǿȌǷ ǩȖƻǿȠǩ ǔȖǏǓǷȠǓǹǓǿșǔǠ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺে ǹȅǾ ǷȣǏƺȖljƻǿƺǷ ȅǷƺॹ ǔș ǦȅΦΦƻȠǓȠȠǓॸ ৙/ƺ ǓǠΡ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠ ǓǠΡ șΦǓȖΚǓ ƺǷȠǫΚॹ ǾǫǠ ǓǠΡ ǾƻșǩǷ șΦǓȖΚǓ ǩǿƺǷȠǫΚॹ ƺǷǷȅȖ ƺΦ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠ ǾǓǠLjǔǿȣǹȠ৛ঀ ?ȅǿΡƻLjƺǿ ࢲࢺࢳࢴঀ ǾƻȖljǩȣș ࢳࢲেǔǿ ǓǹǾȅǿǏȠƺ ȌșΦǩǿȠǓ ǠȅǿǏȅǹƺȠƺǩȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ǴȅǠȅǷǷƺǹ ǷƺȒে ljșȅǹƺȠȅș ȖǓǟȅȖǾȅǷȖȆǹঀ EǓǠƻǹǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ৙ƺ ȠȉȖȉǷ ǿȌǷȖǓ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǷǔǿȠ ǷǓǹǹ ȠǓǷǩǿে ȠǓǿȧǿǷ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠLjǓǿॹ ΚǓǹȧǷ ǓǠΡȧȠȠ ǷǓǹǹ ǔǹǿȧǿǷ ƺΦ ǔǹǓȠȧǿǷǓȠॹ ƺੈȠȉȖȉǷ ǿȌ ƺੈǟǔȖЙ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǓॹ LjƺȖƻȠǴƺॹ șǓǠǫȠȌǴǓॹ ƺੈȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅșॹ ǓȖǷȉǹljșǩॹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǔș ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǔǹǓȠLjǓǿ৛ঀ Φ ࢲࢺࢳࢷঀ ǟǓLjȖȣƻȖ ࢲࢸেǔǿ ǷǩƺǏȅȠȠ ȠȉȖȉǷ ȒȅǹǠƻȖǩ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ ǓǹǟȅǠƺǏƻșƻΚƺǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ΚǫΚǾƻǿΡǿƺǷ șΦƻǾǫȠॹ ȠƺȠȧȖǷ ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓǏȠ ǴȅǠȅǷƺȠ ƺǏȅȠȠ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷঀ ^ȅǷ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅȠ ǾǓǠǓǹȌΦΚǓॹ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠȆǴȅǠȅȠ ǔș ǴǓǹȉǹȠǓȠǔșǩ ǴȅǠȅȠ ƺǏȅȠȠ ƺੈǿȌǷে ǿǓǷঀ Φ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠLjǓǿ LjǓȠȉǹȠȉȠȠ șΦǓȖǓȒȧǷ ǔș ƺǷȠǩΚǩȠƻșȣǷ ƺΦȅǿLjƺǿ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǿǩǿljș ƺੈǷǫΚƻǿƺȠȅș șΦǩǿȠǓǿঀ ੈΚǩǹƻǠ ǹƺǷȅșșƻǠƻǿƺǷ ǟǓǹǔȠ ƺǹǷȅȠȆ ǿȌǷ ƺੈǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔǿǓǷ ǟȌ șΦǓȖǓȒǹȌǩঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔǹǓȠǦǓΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹƻșƺॹ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǔș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșLjȌǹ șΦƻȖǾƺΦȆ ǓǹȌǿΡǓǩǷ ƺΦȅǿLjƺǿ ǿǓǾ ƺȖƻǿΡȅșƺǷ ƺੈǹǔȠșΦƻǾȣǷǷƺǹঀ ੈǿȌǷ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǓ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǔș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠƻLjƺǿॹ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺljǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔǿǓǷ ǔș ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦে ȠƺȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ ǟȅǿȠȅș ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌ ƺੈǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠƻLjƺǿঀ ੈǿȌǷ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǓ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔǹǓȠLjǓǿॹ ƺੈǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșLjǓǿ ǔș ƺੈǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșLjǓǿॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ƺੈljșƺে ǹƻǏȅǿ LjǓǹȧǹǩ ȒȅΦǫljǩȆǴȣǷ ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƺ ƺੈǹǓǠșΦȧǷșǔǠǓșǓLjLj ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓǿǩΚƺǹȆǷ ǷȉΦǔ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǿƺǷঀ LjLjǓǿ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓǟȧǠǠǔșLjǓǿ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ΚǓșΦȠǓșǔǠǓȠ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓΦॹ Ǧƺ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓǿ ǷǫΚȧǹ ΚƺǠΡ ȠǔȠǹǓǿȧǹ ǦƺǠΡǴƻǷ ƺੈȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșLjǓǿঀ ੈǿȌǷ LjǓΚȅǿƻșƺ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺljȖƺ ǔș ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠLjƺ ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǿΡǓȖǓșǔǠǓȠ ǦȅΦॹ ǔș ǟȅǿȠȅș ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌ ǹǓșΦ ƺੈǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǟǓǹǠΡȅȖșȣǹƻșƻLjƺǿ ǔș ƺੈǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșLjǓǿॹ ƺǾǩ șȠƺLjǩǹǩȠƻșǦȅΦ ΚǓΦǓȠঀ

ࢲࢵࢱ

t22ঀ ࢳঀ Φ ȅȖșΦƻǠ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓ Φ ǩȒƺȖȅșȅǏƻșǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠ ǾǓǹǹǔǷȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǷǔǿȠ ǹǔȠȖǓǴȉȠȠ ǷǷΚেǷ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș șΦǔǹǓș ǷȉȖȪ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǷȉΦΚǓȠǹǓǿȧǹ ΚƺǠΡ ǷȉΦΚǓȠΚǓ ǔȖǩǿে ȠǓȠȠ șΦƻǾȅș Ǿƻș șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻș ƻǹȠƺǹঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșƻȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ƺੈǾȤǹȠLjƺǿ ƺੈ ǷǷΚেșΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻș ৙ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǔșǔǿǓǷ৛ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠǓǷॹ ǓǠΡȖǓ ǩǿǷƻLjLj Ƿȧǹȉǿ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǷǔǿȠ ǷǓΦǓǹǩǷঀ ǿǿǓǷ ǟȌ ȅǷƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǔș ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǩǠǓǿljșƺǷ ǓǹȠǔȖǿǓǷ ǓǠΡǾƻșȠȆǹ ƺੈǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǔș ƺੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșǩ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǩǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠǔLjǓǿঀ ੈࢳࢱࢲࢵ ǔș ࢳࢱࢲࢹ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǩǏȌșΦƺǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ eǩΦǓǏǩǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ ǓǹȌǷǔșΦǫȠǔșǓ șȅȖƻǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ǓǠΡ ǷǷΚেǷȠȆǹ ǓǹǷȧে ǹȉǿȧǹȌ șΦƺǷǩȖƻǿΡȤ LjǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠLjƺǿ ΚǩȠƺȠȠƻǷ ǾǓǠॹ ǔș Ƿȧǹȉǿ ljǫǾșȅȖ ƺǹƺȠȠ șΦǓȖǓȒǓǹȠঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓǏΚȖǓ ǔș ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǷƺȠ ǔș ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǓȠ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ƺੈ?ǷΚেșȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ǔș ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ শ^^ Xই?^ Xষॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ Ƿȣǹে ȠȤȖƺ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǷƺȠ ǔș ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǓȠ ƺੈtƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ǔș ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ শ ^ Xই(8^ Xষ ȠƻȖǠΡƺǹǴƺঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ǔș ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ শ ^ Xই(8^ Xষ Φ ^ X ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅș ljǔǹǴƺ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƺ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿॹ ǓȖȌș ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƺ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƺ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓঀ ੈȠǓȖΚ ƺΦ ƺǹƻLjLjǩƺǷLjƺǿ ǟǓǹșȅȖȅǹȠ ࢷ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ljǔǹǷǩȠȪΦǔșȠ ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦΦƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓΦƻǹȠƺǹ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠșƺ ƺΦ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅș ljǔǹǴƺǩȠ ƺੈ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ࢷ LjǓƺΚƺȠǷȅΦƻșǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǔȖǩǿȠǓȠȠ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ ǔș șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ࢳࢱࢲࢶ ǔș ࢳࢱࢲࢹ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǩǏȌșΦƺǷLjƺǿॹ Ǔ ljǔǹȅǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿ ΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴȠƺǿǏȆ ǟǓǹে ƺǏƺȠƺǩȠ ǔș ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǴǓǩȠঀ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ljǔǹȅǷॸ ࢲঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆLjƺȖƻȠ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșǩ ǷǓȖǓȠ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺ ࢳঀ Φ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ࢴঀ 'ǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ ǷǩǏȅǹǠȅΦƻșƺ ǔș ΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴȠƻșƺ ǷǩǓǾǓǹȠ ȠǓȖȧǹǓে ȠǓǷǓǿॹ ǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠॹ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹȅǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓǏΚǓॹ ƺΦ ȉǷȅΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠॹ ƺੈșΦȅljǩƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǔș ƺੈǠǹȅLjƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ࢵঀ ੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷȖƺ ǔș ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ ǿΡǩȠȅȠȠ ǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅǏƻșǾȆǏ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ࢶঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǔșǓ ƺੈǟȅȖǾƻǹǩș ǔș ǿǓǾ ǟȅȖǾƻǹǩș ȅǷȠƺȠƻșLjƺǿॹ Κƺǹƺে ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠƺǿƻljșƺǏȆǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǔǿǓǷ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺ ࢷঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ǾǓǠǷȉǿǿΡǫȠǔșǓঀ

ࢲࢵࢲ

t22ঀ ࢴঀ =ȅǠǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƺ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻǿƺǷ ǓǹșȌ ǹǔȒǔșǓ ƺΦ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ LjǓǔȒǫȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺੈǟǓǴে ǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷLjǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠঀ Φ ȣȠȆLjLjǩ ǔΚǓǷLjǓǿ ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ǷƺȒȅȠȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠঀ Φॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǾƻșȅǏǩǷ (ǹȅLjƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ljșȤljșȠƺে ǹƻǹǷȅΦȆȠ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ȖǓǿǏǓΦȠǔǷ ǾǓǠॹ ǿǓǾljșƺǷ ƺΦȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǾǓǷǷȅȖƺ ǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȠ ǟǓǷȠǓȠ ƺੈȠǔǾƻȖƺॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ƺΦȠ ǩș ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓΦȠǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǾƺǠƻȖƺ ΚȅǿȠƺ ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǔȠ ƺΦΦƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǩȠȠ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦȅȠȠ șΦƻΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǾǩǿȠǓǠΡ ࢳࢶࢱࢱ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǴǓॹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺॹ ljǩΚǩǹșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠেǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹȌǴǓ ǔș ȠȣǏȆșƺঀ /ƺ ΚǩșșΦƺȠǓǷǩǿȠȧǿǷ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǿƺǷ ƺੈ ǠǹȅLjƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǟǓǹǔ ȠǓȠȠ ǹǔȒǔșǓǩȖǓॹ ǾǓǠ ǷǓǹǹ ǓǾǹǫȠǓǿȧǿǷ ƺੈ (ǹȅLjƺǹ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ vǓǓǷǓȠঀ ࢳࢱࢱࢹে Ljƺǿ ƺΦ ǿǏǓƺΚȅȖ KȖǠƺǿǩșƺȠǩȅǿ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ljșƺȠǹƺǷȅΦȅȠȠ ƺੈ (ǹȅLjƺǹ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ vǓǓǷ ǾȅΦǠƺǹȅǾǦȅΦॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ࢳࢱࢱࢸেLjǓǿ ࢴࢸ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹȌǩ ȉșșΦǓǟȅǠΚƺ ǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠƺǷ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻȖƺঀ ࢳࢱࢱࢹেȠȆǹ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ȠȉLjLj ΚƻȖȅșƻLjƺǿ ȠƺȖȠȅȠȠƺǷ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷƺȠ ৅ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ȠȖǔǿǩǿǠǓǷǓȠॹ ǷȅǿǟǓȖǓǿljǩƻǷƺȠॹ ΛȅȖǷșǦȅȒȅǷƺȠॹ ȧΦǹǓȠǩȠǓȖΚেΚǓȖșǓǿΡǓǷǓȠॹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠǔȒǫȠȌ ȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡǓǷǓȠ ৅ ǓLjLjǓǿ ƺੈȠǔে ǾƺǷȉȖLjǓǿঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢲেLjǓǿ ȉșșΦǓșǓǿ ࢳࢴࢺ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡȠ ȠƺȖȠȅȠȠƺǷ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠșΦǓȖȠǓॹ ࢹࢲ ȠȉȖȉǷ ΚƻȖȅș ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔΚǓǹॹ ǔș ǿƺǠΡ șǩǷǓȖǓǷǓȠ ǔȖȠǓǷ Ǔǹ ƺੈǾƻȖǷƺǦƺșΦǿƻǹƺȠॹ ƺੈǷȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻljǩȆș ǷƺǾȒƻǿΡॹ ƺੈȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷ ǔș șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǷॹ ƺੈȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡǓǷ ǔș ƺੈȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌǷ șΦƻে Ǿƺ ǾǩƺȠȠॹ ǫǠΡ ƺੈࢲࢳࢱ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǷȉΦȧǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓȠȠǓǷ ƺੈ(ǹȅLjƺǹ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ vǓǓǷ ǾȅΦǠƺǹȅǾLjƺǿॹ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠȅȠ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠȅȠȠƻǷ ǾǓǠ ƺΦ ǔΚ ȅȖșΦƻǠƻǿƺǷঀ Φ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠǔLjǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ ƺੈFΡȅǹljƺǏǩǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚLjǓǿ ȠƻȖǠΡƺǹȠƻǷॹ ǏǓ șǓǾǾǩǟǔǹǓ ǾȆǏșΦǓȖȠ ΚƺǠΡ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻȠ ǿǓǾ ǓǾǹǫȠǓȠȠǓǷॹ șǓǾ ƺΦȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǹΡǓǿ ǩȖƻǿΡȠ ǷȉΚǓȠǿǓǷ ΚƺǠΡ ǷǓǹǹ ǷȉΚǓȠǿǩ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǴƺΚȣǹǴȅǿ ƺੈΚƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƺঀ ੈࢳࢱࢱࢸেࢳࢱࢲࢴেƺș ?ǩǹǓǿljǓǏǩǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚLjǓǿ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦȣǿǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ȠǔǾƻǴƻΚƺǹॹ ƺΦΦƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǷǔǿȠ ȅǹǏǦƺȠȆ ǾǓǠ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ ƻǹȠƺǹƻLjƺǿঀ /ƺǿǠșȤǹΡȅΦȠƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈșΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǷǔȒΦǔș ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǔșǓǷǔǿȠॹ ǷȉΦƺǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡȅǷ ǔș ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷॹ ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿșΦǓǷȠȅȖॹ ǓǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǷ ǔș ljǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșǔΚǓǹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷǓȠ ǷǓǹǹ ȠƺȖȠƺǿǩॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅș ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠȪ ljșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷǿƺǷ ৅ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷॹ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹȅǷǿƺǷॹ ƺੈǟȅǠΡƺȠǔǷǷƺǹ ǔǹȌǷǿǓǷ ǔș ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǿǔǹǷȧǹǩǓǷǿǓǷ ৅ ƺੈ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿঀ ΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ƺੈ ?ǩǹǓǿljǓǏǩǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ ǓǾǹǫȠǩ ƺੈ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠॹ ƺǾǩȖǓ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ǹǓǠǩǿǷƻLjLj șΦȧǷșǔǠȧǷ Κƺǿॹ ǔș ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠȌǷǔǴǔȠȌǹ ǷǓΦǏΚǓॹ ƺΦ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ȠȌǷǓ ǔș ƺੈǦǩȠǓǹǠƺȖƺǿljǩƺ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǓ ǴƺΚȣǹǿǩ ǟȅǠॹ ǔș ȅǹΡƺǿ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ΚǓΦǓȠǿǓǷ LjǓॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǾǓǠǷȉǿǿΡǫȠǩǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ƺੈǦǩȠǓǹǟǓǹΚǔȠǓǹȠॹ ǴƺΚǫȠǴƻǷ ƺੈLjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǓȠॹ ǔș ǾǩǿǏǓΦ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǔȠ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓΦǩ ǾƺǴǏঀ ࢲࢵࢳ

ੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƺ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȠ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ ƺੈ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেࢳࢱࢲࢹেƺșॹ eǩΦǓǏǩǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ ǓǾǹǫȠǩॹ ǾǓǹΡǓȠ ǿǓǾȖǔǠ ΚǓΦǓȠȠǓǷ LjǓ ƺੈ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠLjƺঀ ੈ eǩΦǓǏǩǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǓǹǓǾΦǔșǔLjǓǿ ǾǓǠȠƺǹƻǹǦƺȠȆॹ ǦȅǠΡ ࢳࢱࢱࢷ ǔș ࢳࢱࢲࢱ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺੈ ǷǷΚেǷ ȖǔșΦǓșǓǏǔșǓ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ǔș ƺΦ ǔȖȠǔǷǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ȠǓȖǔǿ ࢴઔেȅș ljșȉǷǷǓǿǔșȠ ǾȣȠƺȠȅȠȠॹ ǾǫǠ ƺੈLjǓȖȣে ǦƻΦƻșȅǷ ǓșǓȠǔLjǓǿ ࢶઔেȅș ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșȠ ЙǠΡǓǹȠǓǷ ǾǓǠঀ ΦǓǷ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ƺΦ ǔȖȠǔǷǓǷ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ȠȅΚƻLjLjȖƺ ǩș ǟȅǿȠȅș ƺੈ ǷǷΚেǷ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǔș ȠǓȖǾǓǹǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓঀ LjLjȌǹ ƺੈ șΦȧǷșǔǠǹǓȠLjȌǹ ƺǏȆǏȆƺǿ ΚǓȠȠǓ ǟȅǿȠȅǹȆȖƺ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ ƺੈ eǩΦǓǏǩǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƺ ǾǓǠǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ȠƻΚǹƺȠǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǔȠॹ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠǓǷ Ǿƻș șΦǓǾȒȅǿȠLjȆǹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠǔǾƻǴƻȖƺॹ ǔș ƺੈȠǔǾƺ ǩȖƻǿȠǩ ǔȖΦǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ƺੈǷȅȖǾƻǿΡে ΦƺȠǩ ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻLjƺǿ ǩș ǾǓǠǾȣȠƺȠǷȅΦȅȠȠঀ Φ 2ǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșॹ ƻǹǹƺǿǏȆ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǓǿ LjǓǹȧǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺੈ eǩΦǓǏǩǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ ǿǔǠΡ ǟȌ ȠǔǾƻǴƺ ǷȉΦȧǹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǩǷॹ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ƺੈ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓǏΚ ǔș ǷǷΚেǷ ljǫǾǓȠ ǷƺȒȠƺঀ ੈ ljǔǹΦȅȠȠ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ЙǠΡǓǹǓǾLjǓΚǔȠǓǹǔΚǓǹ ৅ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƺ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠƺ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ৅ ƺΦȠ ǩș ǾǓǠǓǾǹǫȠǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǷǓΦǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩǹǓǠ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ șΦǓǾȒȅǿȠLjȆǹ ǩș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩ ǷǓǹǹॹ ƺǾǩ ƺΦȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ȤǴƺLjLj ǹǔȒǔșȠ ȠǓȠȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȖǓঀ ੈȠǩΦǓǏǩǷ ȠǓȖΚLjǓǿ ǓΦȠ ƺੈȠǔǾƻȠ ৙ƺΦ ǩǿǷȣLjƻȠȅȖȅǷॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǷȉΦȒȅǿȠȅǷ ǔș ǠΡȅȖșǫȠȆ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǾǓǿǿΡǩșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǔș ǾǩǿȌșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ৛ ǫȖǴƺ ǹǓॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈȠǔǾƻLjƺǿ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǩǷ ƺੈljǩΚǩǹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾॹ ƺੈǷȉΦșΦǟǔȖƺॹ ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿșΦǓǷȠȅȖ ǔș ƺΦ ƺǷƺǏǔǾǩƺঀ ੈǷȅȖƻLjLjǩ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷȠȌǹ ǓǹȠǔȖȌǓǿॹ ƺੈȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșșƺǹ ǷƺȒে ljșȅǹƺȠLjƺǿ LjǓǷǓȖȧǹ ƺΦ ৙ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ৛ ǷǩǟǓǴǓΦǔșॹ ǔș ƺੈșȠƺȖȠȣȒȅǷǿƺǷ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ȠȌǷǓ ǩș șΦǓȖǓȒǓǹ LjǓǿǿǓঀ EǩǿǏǓΦǓǷ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ǹǔǿΡǓǠǓș ǹǔȒǔș ƺΦ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƻȖƺ ǿǔΦΚǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷǩǓǾǓǹȠ ǦǓǹΡǓȠ ǷƺȒȠƺǷ LjǓǿǿǓ ƺੈȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǔșǓॹ ƺੈȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺƻȠƺǏƻș ǔș ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ȠǔǾƻǩঀ eǩΦǓǏǩǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ƺǹƺȒΚǓȠȌ ǾƺǷȖȅȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ǏȅǷȣǾǓǿȠȣǾƺ ǷǩǟǓǴǓΦǓȠȠǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș Ƞǔে ǾƻǴƻLjƺǿ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠLjƺǿ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ǏȉǿȠǔșǓǷǓȠ ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦΦƺॸ ࢷࢺࢱঀ ljǩǷǷǓǹΡॸ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻș ΚƺǹƺǾǓǿǿΡǩ șΦǩǿȠǴǔǿॹ ǟȅȖǾƻে ǹǩș ǔș ǿǓǾ ǟȅȖǾƻǹǩș ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷȅǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹॹ ǿȉΚǓǹΚǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȒΦǔș Ǿǩে ǿȌșǔǠǔȠॹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓȖǓȒǾȅǏǓǹǹǓǷ LjǓΚǓΦǓȠǔșǓ ǔș ƺੈǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ǴȣȠƺǹǾƺΦƻșƺঀ ࢷࢺࢲঀ ljǩǷǷǓǹΡॸ EǩǿǏǓǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǿǓǷ ǔș șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǩ ƺੈǷƺȒƺljǩȠƻșƻȠ ǔșॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƺ șΦƻǾƻȖƺঀ ੈǷȉΦǴȅǠǩ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ

ࢲࢵࢴ

șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǓȠ ƻȠșΦǓȖΚǓΦǩ ƺǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǿȉΚǓǹǴǔǷ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹƻșȣǷƺȠ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺে șƻǠǦȅΦ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺșșƻǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾǓȠঀ ࢷࢺࢳঀ ljǩǷǷǓǹΡॸ FȉΚǓǹǩ ƺΦ ǩǿǷȣLjƻljǩȆॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǷȉΦȒȅǿȠȅǷ ǔș ƺੈǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșȠ ǠΡȅȖșǫȠȆ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǾǓǿǿΡǩșǔǠǔȠ ǔș ǾǩǿȌșǔǠǔȠঀ ੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșǩ ǾȅǏǓǹǹǓǷǓȠ ƺੈǷȉΦșΦǟǔে ȖƻΚƺǹॹ ƺੈljǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǷǓǹ ǔș ƺੈȒȖǩΚƻȠ șΦǓǷȠȅȖȖƺǹ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏΚǓ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǩ Ƿǩঀ ࢷࢺࢴঀ ljǩǷǷǓǹΡॸ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ ǔș ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǓȠ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠॹ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ǔș ƺੈșΦȅljǩƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǷǩǓǾǓǹȠǓǿ ǷǓΦǓǹǩॹ ƺǷƻȖljșƺǷ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅে ΚƻljǩȆȠॹ ƺੈȠǓȖǾǓǹǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǔș ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǔȠঀ ੈǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠLjƺǿ ǓΦ ƺΦȠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿΡȅǾȅǿ ǷȉΚǓȠǔșǩ ǔș ǔȖȠǔǷǓǹǔșǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǴƺΚǫȠƺǿǩ ǟȅǠǴƻǷॹ ǔș ǦƺȠƻșǓǹǓǾΦǔșে șǓǹ ǾǔȖǩǷ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹƻș ǾǔȖȠǔǷǔȠঀ ࢷࢺࢵঀ ljǩǷǷǓǹΡॸ Φ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔș ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșǔȠ ǾǓǠে ǷȉǿǿΡǫȠǩǷॸ ƺੈǷȅljǷƻΦƺȠǩ ȠȌǷǓॹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǓǿ ƺǹƺȒȣǹȆ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșȅǷॹ ƺੈǦǩȠǓǹǠƺে ȖƺǿljǩƺেЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșॹ ƺੈǾǩǷȖȅǦǩȠǓǹেǷǔȖǓǹǾǓǷ ǔș ƺੈȠȌǷǓȒǩƺljǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓঀ XȖǩȅȖǩȠƻșƻȠƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠƻȠ ƺੈ ǟǓǴǹǓȠȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǟǓǹΦƻȖǷȆΦƻș ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠƻǿƺǷ ǟǓǹে ǠΡȅȖșǫȠƻșƻΚƺǹ ȠǓȖΚǓΦǩǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩॹ ƺǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅșƺǿ ƺੈ ǾƺǠƺș ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǾȪ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ǹǓǠΡǓǿॹ ƺੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔș șΦȅljǩƻǹǩș ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȖǓ ȠǓȠȠ ǓȖȌǟǓșΦǫȠǔșǓǷ ȖǔΚǔǿঀ LjLjǓǿ ƺੈǷȅǿȠǓΠȠȣșLjƺǿ ƺੈeǩΦǓǏǩǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚLjǓǿॹ ƺੈǷȅে ȖƻLjLjǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷȠȌǹ ǓǹȠǔȖȌǓǿॹ ࢳࢶ șȒǓljǩƻǹǩș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǴȉȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓ XȖǩȅȖǩȠΡ eȖƺǿșǟȅȖǾƺȠǩȅǿ XȖȅǠȖƺǾș ǿǔΚǓǿঀ Φ ƺǹƻLjLjǩƺǷLjƺǿ ǟǓǹșȅȖȅǹȣǿǷ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠǴƻǷ ƺੈЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠॸ ࢹঀ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾॹ ࢸঀ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșॸ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǓǹȌǷǔșΦǫȠǔșǓ ǔș ΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴȠƻșƺঀ ࢹঀ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾॹ ࢹঀ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșॸ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓǏΚǓȠ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦȌ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷঀ ࢲࢲঀ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾॹ ࢳࢵঀ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșॸ Φ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǴǓǩȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǦǩȠǓǹǠƺȖƺǿljǩƺেǾǓljǦƺǿǩΦǾȣș ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƺঀ ࢲࢺঀ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾॹ ࢵঀ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșॸ Φ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷ ǷȉȖǔǿǓǷ LjȌΚǫȠǔșǓঀ

t22ঀ ࢵঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ ੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ੈࢲࢶ ǔΚǿǔǹ ǩǏȌșǓLjLj ǿǔȒǓșșǔǠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠƺ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেLjǓǿ ࢵࢶॹࢶઔॹ ǓLjLjȌǹ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ࢷࢵॹࢹઔॹ ǾǫǠ ƺੈǿȌǷǔ ࢳࢷॹࢸઔঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺljǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǓ ࢲࢵࢵ

eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ǿȌȠȠ ƺΦ ǓǹǾȤǹȠ ǔΚǓǷLjǓǿॹ ǏǓ ƺੈǟǓǴǹǓȠȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ ǾǔǠ Ǿǩǿে ǏǩǠ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡǿƺǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǦǓȠȌঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǷǔȒΦǓȠȠșǔǠǩ șΦǩǿȠǴǓ ੈǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌȒǩƺljǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǔș ƺੈΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ȉșșΦǓǟȧǠǠǔșǓǷǓȠ ΚǩΦșǠƻǹΚƺ ǾǓǠƻǹǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ǿǩǿǔǹ ǾƺǠƺșƺLjLj ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠȪǓǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǷॹ ƺǿǿƻǹ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓLjLj ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺljǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹȧǷঀ EǫǠ ƺΦ ǫȖƻșȠȣǏƺȠǹƺǿ ǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺljǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔে ǿǓǷ ǾǔȖȠǔǷǓ ࢲࢷઔ ΚȅǹȠॹ ƺੈǷȉΦǔȒǩșǷȅǹƺǩǿƻǹ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡƺLjLj șΦǩǿȠȪ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠǠǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓে ΦȌ ǿȌǷǔ ࢳࢶॹࢹઔॹ ƺੈǷȉΦǔȒǩșǷȅǹƺǩ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠȪǓǷǔ ࢴࢲॹࢺઔॹ ƺੈșΦƺǷǾȣǿǷƻșȅǷ ǔș ƺੈǾȪșΦƺǷǩ șΦƺǷǷȉΦǔȒǩșǷȅǹƻȠ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠǓǷǔ ࢴࢺॹࢹઔॹ ƺੈǏǩȒǹȅǾƻșȅǷǔ ȒǓǏǩǠ ࢸࢲॹࢴઔ ΚȅǹȠঀ ǔȖǓǷ ǔș ǴȣȠȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ৅ ǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠǓǷ ǿȌǷ ǔș ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ੈ ǿȌǷॹ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠȠȌǹ ǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿȧǹ ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLjǓȠ ǷǓȖǓșȠǓǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷঀ ੈ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেǓș ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈ ǾƺǠƺșƺǿ ǷǔȒΦǓȠȠ ǿȌǩ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷ ǟȌ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠLjȌǹ șΦƻȖে ǾƺΦȆ ǔΚǓș ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǾǓ ƻȠǹƺǠȅșƺǿ ࢲॹࢴઔেǷƺǹ ǾƺȖƺǏ Ǔǹ ƺੈǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ǩșǷȅǹƻΦȅȠȠșƻǠȤ ǟǔȖЙƺǷǔ ǾȉǠȉȠȠঀ Φ ƺੈǷȧǹȉǿLjșǔǠ ƺੈǷȉΦǔȒǩșǷȅǹƺǩǿƻǹ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡƺLjLj șΦǩǿȠȪ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠ ǓșǓȠǔLjǓǿ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǹǓǠǾƺǠƺșƺLjLjॸ ࢲॹࢹઔঀ ੈǟǔȖЙ ǔș ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƺ ੈǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿLjƺǿ ǹǓΚȌ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǿȌȠȠ ƺΦ ǓǹǾȤǹȠ ǔΚǓǷLjǓǿঀ Φ ࢲেࢵ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆॹ ǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǹǓǠǿƺǠΡȅLjLjঀ ੈǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿLjƺǿ ǹǔΚȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠǫȒȣșƺǩ ৅ ǾǔȖǓȠॹ ǴȅǠǩ ǟȅȖǾƺॹ LjǓΚǔȠǓǹ ΚƺǠΡ LjƻȖǾǓǹΡ Ǿƻș ǾȣȠƺȠȆ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ǷƺȠǓǠȅȖǩΦƻǹΚƺ ੈșΦƺǷǩȖȅǏƺǹȅǾLjƺǿ șΦƻǾȅș ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡ ȖƻǾȣȠƺȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷǩșǓLjLj ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǿǓǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷॹ ǔș ǓΦ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ șǩǿljș ǾƻșǷǔǿȠঀ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȤ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷ ƻȠǹƺǠLjƺǿ ࢲࢱেǿǔǹ ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLj ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠǴȣǷ Κƺǿঀ Φ ࢶ৅ࢲࢺ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǷǩljșǩǿǓǷॹ ƺੈ ࢳࢱ ǔș ࢺࢺ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǹǔȠșΦƻে ǾȤƺǷƺȠ ǷȉΦǓȒǓșǿǓǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǴȧǷॹ ƺੈࢲࢱࢱ ǟȉǹȉȠȠǩ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠǩ ǹǔȠșΦƻǾǾƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌǷǓȠ ȒǓǏǩǠ ƺੈ ǿƺǠΡΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠ ǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻLjƺ șȅȖȅǹǴȣǷঀ Φ ƻLjȖƻǿ ǹƻȠǦƺȠȆॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ΚǓΦǓȠǓȠȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ࢹઔেƺ ǿƺǠΡΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠॹ ǾǫǠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔǿΡǓșǓǷ ࢷઔেƺ ǿƺǠΡΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩॹ ǏǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ΚǓΦǓȠǓȠȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷ ljșȣȒƻǿ ࢳઔেƺ ǿƺǠΡΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠঀ EƻșȖǔșΦȖȌǹ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ΚǓΦǓȠǓȠȠ ǷȉΦǓȒǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj শࢴࢷઔষ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǔǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠঀ

ࢲࢵࢶ

32. ábra: ȘȖǙȘȝǙͬȤȿȿǙȖ ȸͬǚȝǙ Ǚত͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬǚȸȤȖǧǙȞ ऒৰओ

ǠƺΦƺȠȅǷ ǔș ljǔǠȠǫȒȣșȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷLjǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǴǓǹǓǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ Κ

EȣǿǷƻǹȠƺȠȆ ઔ

ǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ઔ

EǓΦȌǠƺΦǏঀ

Keresk.

^ΦȅǹǠƻǹ Ƞঀ EǓΦȌ ǠƺΦǏঀ

Keresk.

^ΦȅǹǠƻǹ Ƞঀ

ࢳࢱࢱࢸ

ࢲࢴॹࢴ

ࢲࢴॹࢴ

ࢸࢴॹࢵ

ࢸࢱॹࢶ

ࢲࢲॹࢸ

ࢲࢸॹࢹ

ࢳࢱࢱࢹ

ࢲࢹॹࢳ

ࢲࢲॹࢸ

ࢸࢱॹࢲ

ࢵࢺॹࢺ

ࢲࢵॹࢱ

ࢳࢲॹࢲ

ࢳࢱࢱࢺ

ࢺॹࢱ

ࢲࢲॹࢶ

ࢸࢺॹࢶ

ࢶࢵॹࢶ

ࢲࢸॹࢶ

ࢳࢹॹࢱ

ࢳࢱࢲࢱ

ࢲࢳॹࢲ

ࢲࢱॹࢹ

ࢸࢸॹࢲ

ࢶࢲॹࢹ

ࢲࢹॹࢺ

ࢳࢺॹࢴ

ࢳࢱࢲࢲ

ࢺॹࢳ

ࢲࢲॹࢶ

ࢸࢺॹࢴ

ࢶࢴॹࢳ

ࢲࢺॹࢱ

ࢳࢸॹࢹ

ࢳࢱࢲࢳ

ࢹॹࢶ

ࢲࢳॹࢹ

ࢸࢹॹࢸ

ࢶࢳॹࢵ

ࢲࢸॹࢴ

ࢴࢱॹࢴ

33. ábra: তȞȫȈ ȝɂȞȖǙǙǮȥȖ dzȸ DzǿͧdzȞȈ ͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬȥȖ ǚǿǙͬǙȿȈ ȝDzǿȤȸͬȘǚȸǙ eȨȵȨȖȤȵȸͬǚǿǧǙȞ࣓ Ǚ ȝDzͬȫǿǙͬǮǙȸǚǿ࣓ Ǚ ȖDzȵDzȸȖDzǮDzȘDzȝ dzȸ Ǚ ȸͬȤȘǿǚȘȿǙȿǚȸ ȿDzȵɆȘDzȿdzȞ

ࢳࢱࢲࢳেǩǠ ƺੈࢺࢵ ǓΦǓȖ ǿȌǩ ǾȣǿǷƺƺǏȆȠ ȠǓǷǩǿȠΚǓ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿॸ ࢸࢹॹࢸઔ ƺੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿॹ ࢲࢳॹࢹઔ ƺੈ ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾLjǓǿ ǔș ࢹॹࢶઔ ƺੈ ǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠLjƺǿ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǷǓǏǓȠȠঀ ੈࢸࢹࢹ ǓΦǓȖ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌLjȌǹ ࢴࢱॹࢴઔ ƺੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿॹ ࢲࢸॹࢴઔ ƺੈǷǓȖǓșে ǷǓǏǓǹǓǾLjǓǿ ǔș ࢶࢳॹࢵઔ ƺੈǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠLjƺǿ ΚǓȠȠ ȖǔșΦȠঀ ੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖ ǓȖȌșǓLjLj ǴǓǹǓǿǹǔȠǔȠ ƺΦ ǩǿǏȅǷȅǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦȅȠȠॹ ǔș ǓΦ ƺੈșΦǓǷȠȅȖ ΚǩșΦȅǿΡǹƺǠ ǷǩșǓLjLj ȠȌǷǔȠ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǹঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƺ ǩǠǓǿ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡ ƺΦ ȅǹΡƺǿ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷLjƺǿॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖ ǔș ƺੈǠǔȒǩȒƺȖঀ ǿǿǓǷ ǹǓǠǟȅǿȠȅșƺLjLj ȅǷƺǩ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩॹ ǷȣǹȠȣȖƻǹǩș ǔș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩেǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǔLjǓǿ ȖǓǴǹȌ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷঀ ੈ ǿȌǩ ǾȣǿǷƺƺǏȆǷ ǔș ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǾǓǠȅșΦǹƻșƺ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǾǔȖǓȠǔে ǿǓǷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌǓǿ ȠȉLjLjǿΡǩȖǓ ࢲ৅ࢵ ǓǾLjǓȖȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǾǩǷȖȅΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșঀ Φ ƺȖȖƺ ࢲࢵࢷ

ǓǿǠǓǏ ǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȠǓȠǿǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǓǹȌǿΡLjǓǿ ȖǔșΦǓșǫȠǩǷ ƺੈǷǩș ǾǔȖǓȠȪॹ Ƿǩș ȠȌǷǓǩǠǔǿΡȪ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǷǓȠঀ ǿǿǓǷ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǹǓǠǟȌLjLj ȅǷƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșȖǓ ƻǹǹȆ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷ ǓǹǔǠȠǓǹǓǿșǔǠǓঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ Φ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেLjƺǿ ࢲࢴઔ ΚȅǹȠঀ ੈǹǓǠǾƺǠƺșƺLjLj ƺȖƻǿΡLjƺǿ ǓΦǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺੈFƺǠΡে ǔș ǷǩșǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾॹ ƺੈǠǔȒǴƻȖǾȪΚǓǷ ǔș ǾȅȠȅȖǷǓȖǔǷȒƻȖȅǷ ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƺ ƻǠƺে ΦƺȠ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹȌǩ ΚȅǹȠƺǷঀ ΦȠ ƺੈșΦǓǷȠȅȖȠ ǷȉΚǓȠǩ ࢲࢵॹࢶઔেȅș ƺȖƻǿǿΡƺǹ ƺੈǠΡƻȖȠƻș ǔș ࢲࢲॹࢵઔেǷƺǹ ƺΦ ǔȒǫȠȌǩȒƺȖǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖঀ =ȅǠǩ șȠƻȠȣșȣǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈࢳࢱࢲࢷেLjƺǿ ǹǔȠȖǓǴȉȠȠ ǾȣǿǷƻǹȠƺȠȆǩ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ǹǓǠǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿ ΚȅǹȠॹ ࢸࢲॹࢴઔেLjƺǿঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেLjƺǿ ƺΦ ȤǴȅǿǿƺǿ ǹǔȠȖǓǴȉȠȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻে șȅǷ ࢵࢸॹࢸઔেƻȠ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠǓȠȠǔǷ Ƿǩঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦȧǹǓȠǔșǩ ǾȣȠƺȠȆǩॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢷ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦȧǹǓȠǔșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ iǴȅǿǿƺǿ ǹǔȠȖǓǴȉȠȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ

% ࢲࢴॹࢱ ࢷॹࢱ

ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǓǠșΦȪǿǔșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেLjǓǿ ࢲࢲॹࢶઔ ΚȅǹȠঀ ੈǹǓǠǾƺǠƺșƺLjLj ǾǓǠșΦȪে ǿǔșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡ ࢴࢲॹࢺઔ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǿƺǠΡে ǔș ǷǩșǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾॹ ǠǔȒǴƻȖǾȪে ǔș ǾȅȠȅȖǷǓȖǔǷȒƻȖেǴƺΚǫে Ƞƻșǩ ƻǠƺΦƺȠLjƺǿঀ ΦȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȠǓ ࢲࢷॹࢳઔেǷƺǹ ƺੈǠΡƻȖȠƻș ǔș ࢲࢱॹࢵઔেǷƺǹ ƺੈșΦƻǹǹǫȠƻș ǔș ȖƺǷȠƻȖȅΦƻș șΦǓǷȠȅȖঀ =ȅǠǩ șȠƻȠȣșȣǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেLjǓǿ ƺΦ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ljǔǠǓǷ ǾǓǠșΦȪǿǔșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǹǓǠǿƺǠΡȅLjLjॸ ࢸࢴॹࢵઔঀ ੈࢳࢱࢲࢵেLjǓǿ ǾǓǠșΦȪǿȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ǷȉΦȧǹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƻǹȠƺȠȆǩ ΚǓșΦȠǓșǔǠ ࢵࢸॹࢸઔেƻȠ ȠǓȠȠǔǷ Ƿǩঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǓǠșΦȪǿǔșǩ ǾȣȠƺȠȆǩॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢵ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǓǠșΦȪǿǔșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡ ΚǓșΦȠǓșǔǠǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǓǠșΦȪǿǔșǓ ǾǩƺȠȠ

% ࢲࢲॹࢶ ࢶॹࢺ

A 2015-ben indult alkalmazottakat foglalkoztató cégek 82.9%-a 2016-ban is fennmaradt. ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠȤǹǔǹǔșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢶ

%

Φ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠȤǹǔǹǔșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেLjƺǿ

ࢹࢳॹࢺ

Φ ȤǴ ǔș ƺੈȠȤǹǔǹȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেLjƺǿ

ࢹࢱॹࢳ

ࢲࢵࢸ

t22ঀ ࢶঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ t22ঀ ࢶঀ ࢲঀ ǹǹƺǾǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ?ǩșে ǔș ?ȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƺǩǿƺǷ 'ǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǔș eƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ^ΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓ শ?ȧnjȧǷ ΚǓ KȖȠƺ OǹnjǓǷǹǩ 8ȜǹǓȠǾǓǹǓȖǩ (ǓǹǩȜȠǩȖǾǓ ΚǓ ǓșȠǓǷǹǓǾǓ 8ǏƺȖǓșǩ ƺȜǷƺǿǹǪǡǪॹ ?K^( ষ ǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿ ǴȉȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǿȉΚǓǹǴǔǷ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȖǔșΦǓșǓǏǔșǔȠ ǔș ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠƻȠ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ șΦȧǷșǔǠǹǓȠǓǩǿǓǷ ǷǩǓǹǔǠǫȠǔșǔে LjǓǿॹ ǔș ǦȅǠΡ ǿȉΚǓǹǴǔǷ ƺੈΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓșșǔǠȧǷǓȠ ǔș șΦǫǿΚȅǿƺǹȣǷƺȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖƻǠ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔΚǓǹ ȉșșΦǦƺǿǠLjƺǿ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠșƻǷ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǓǠȖƻljǩȆǴȣǷƺȠঀ ੈ?K^( ǷǔȒΦǔșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǾǓǠǷǓΦǏǔșǔǿǓǷ șΦƺǷƺșΦƻLjƺǿॹ ǾƺǴǏ LjƺǿǷǩ ǓǠΡǓΦǾǔǿΡǓǷǓǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹॹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșșƺǹ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǴȉȠȠǔȠॹ ƺੈǾȣǿে ǷƻǹȠƺȠȆǷƺȠॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔȠ ǔș ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǔȠঀ ੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȖƺ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǴȅǠȅșȣǹȠॹ ǏǓ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǷƺǹ șΦǓǾLjǓǿǩ ȒȅΦǩে ȠǫΚ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȠǓȠǔș ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓșΦǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǾƺǠƺșƺLjLj ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ǷƺȒǴƺǿƺǷঀ ੈǹǓǠǟȌLjLj ?K^( েȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷॸ ॷ eƻǾȅǠƺȠƻș ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷঀ eƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșǩ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǷॸ ǾȣǿǷƺǿǔǹǷȧǹǩ ǦƻΦǩƺșșΦȅǿΡȅǷǿƺǷ ǔș șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșLjƺ ǷǓΦǏǓǿǩ ΚƻǠΡȆ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ ȖǔșΦȠ ǷǓǹǹ ΚǓǿǿǩȧǷ ƺੈ ?K^( ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȣȖΦȣșƻǿঀ eƻǾȅǠƺȠƻș ȠƺȖȠƺǹে Ǿƺॸ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǦǓΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷॹ ǟǓǹșΦǓȖǓǹǔșǓǷ LjǓșΦǓȖΦǔșǓঀ ॷ ੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȖǓ ǔș ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǔȖǓ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȅȠȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșঀ /ǩȠǓǹȉșșΦǓǠॸ ࢲࢱࢱঀࢱࢱࢱ e@ ǷƺǾƺȠǾǓǿȠǓșǓǿ শƺ /ƺǹǷLjƺǿǷ ǔș ƺੈ ?K^( ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșǓ ȖǔΚǔǿষ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ lΦǹǓȠǩ /ƻǹȆΦƺȠ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǷȅȅȖǏǩǿƻljǩȆǴƻȠ ƺੈ?K^( ΚǔǠΦǩঀ ੈǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ ljǔǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșȠ ƺǹƺǷǫȠșȅǿ Ƿǩ ƺΦƻǹȠƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƺǹƺǾǓǿǿΡǩ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǔș ǾƺǠƻǿșΦǓǷȠȅȖLjǓǹǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǩȠ ȉșșΦǓǟȅǠǴƺ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǟȉǹǏȖƺǴΦǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠȖȌǹॹ ƺੈǷȉΦে ǔș ǾƺǠƻǿșΦǓǷȠȅȖLjǓǹǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠ șǩǷǓȖǓș ȒǔǹǏƻǴƺǷǔǿȠঀ ੈ ࢴࢲ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅȠ ȠȉǾȉȖǫȠȌ FȌǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠȆ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ /ƻǹȆΦƺȠLjƺǿ শ ȣȖȅȒǓƺǿ FǓȠΛȅȖǷ Ƞȅ XȖȅǾȅȠǓ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒষ ƺੈ?K^( ǷǔȒΚǩে șǓǹǩ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠȅȠঀ ੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓॹ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ǾǔȖǓȠǔǿǓǷ ǔș ǹƻȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿ ΚǩȠƺȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾȅȠ ƺǹƺǷǫȠȅȠȠƺǷ Ƿǩঀ ੈljǔǹȅǷ ǷȉΦǔ ࢲࢵࢹ

ȠƺȖȠȅΦǩǷ ƺੈLjǓΚƻǹȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ ǾǓǠȅșΦȠƻșƺ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǷȉΦȉș ȒȖȅǴǓǷে ȠǓǷ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƺঀ

t22ঀ ࢶঀ ࢳঀ ǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǩ ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏȌǷ ǔș 2ȒƺȖȅșȅǷ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓ শeȧȖǷǩΡǓ șǿƺǟ ΚǓ ^ƺǿƺȠǷƺȖǹƺȖǪ ?ȅǿǟǓǏǓȖƺșΡȅǿȣॹ e ^?ষ ੈ e ^?েǓȠ ƺΦǔȖȠ ǦȅΦȠƻǷ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǷƺȒǴƺǿƺǷ ƺੈ ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ǔș ǩȒƺȖǩ ǷƺǾƺȖƻǷ ƺΦ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșȖǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠșǔǷ ƺΦ ǓǹȌȖǓǦƺǹƺǏƻșȠ ǔș ƺੈǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșȠॹ ǴƺΚǫȠে șƻǷ ƺੈșΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǷǔȒΦǔșȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǴǔǷ ƺੈǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏȌǷǓȠ ǔș ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖȅșȅǷƺȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ șΦǩǿȠǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǓǠȠǓǠΡǔǷ ƺੈșΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǹǔȒǔșǓǷǓȠ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉে Φǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷLjǓǿ ƺੈȒȖȅLjǹǔǾƻǷ ǾǓǠȅǹǏƻșƺ ǟǓǹǔঀ ੈ e ^? șΦƻǾȅșॹ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆ ƻǹȠƺǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȅȠȠ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓȠ ǓǹȌǷǔșΦǫȠǓȠȠॹ ǔș LjǓ ǩș ǾȣȠƺȠȠƺ ȌǷǓȠ ƺΦ hেǿƺǷঀ ΦǓǷ ǷȉΦȧǹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǩǷ ƺੈFȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ȒȖȅে ǴǓǷȠǴǓ ΚȅǹȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ǓǹșȌ ǫΦLjǓǿ ࢳࢱࢱࢳেLjǓǿ ǦƺǴȠȅȠȠƺǷ ΚǔǠȖǓ șǩǷǓȖǓșǓǿॹ ǾƺǴǏ ࢳࢱࢱࢸেLjǓǿ ǩșǾǔȠ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠȅȠȠƻǷঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻȖƺ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǩǿǓǷ ǷȉΦǔȒȒȅǿȠǴƻLjƺǿ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻș ƻǹǹȠঀ ੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ƻǹȠƺǹƻLjƺǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹॹ Ƿȧǹȉǿȉș ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠে ȠǓǹ ƺǿǿƺǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔȖǓ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿȌǷ ǷȉȖǔLjǓǿॹ ƺǷǩǷ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩॹ ȠƺǿƻljșƺǏȆǩ ǔș ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠȧǷ ȖǔΚǔǿ ƺǷȠǫΚ șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ǴƻȠșΦƺǿƺǷ Ƿǩș ljșƺǹƻǏǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺǹƺȒǫȠƻșƻLjƺǿঀ Φ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǷǓȖǓȠǔLjǓǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠǔǾƻǷȖȆǹ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺǷ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆΚƺǹॹ ǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠǩ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡॹ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ȉȠǹǓȠॹ ƺΦ ǩǠǔǿΡǟǓǹǾǔȖǔșॹ ǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠॹ Ȓǩƺljॹ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșॹ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡ ȠǓȖǓǾȠǔș ǴȅǠǩ ƺǹƺȒǴƺǩॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ƺǹƺȒǫȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǴȅǠǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠƺǩॹ ǿǓǦǔΦșǔǠǓǷ ǔș șΦƺǿǷljǩȆǷॹ ǟȅȖǠȆǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷ ǷǔșΦǹǓȠǿΡǩǹে ΚƻǿȠƺȖȠƻșƺॹ ǿΡǩǹΚƻǿȠƺȖȠƻșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǓǷॹ ƺੈǷȉǹȠșǔǠǓǷ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦƻșƺॹ ƺੈǷȉǹȠșǔǠেƻȖ ƺȖƻǿΡॹ ƺੈǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǾǓΦȌșǔǠॹ ƺੈǦǩȠǓǹЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻș ǔș ƺੈǷȧǹǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾঀ FȌǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓ শeȧȖǷǩΡǓ ?ƺǏǪǿ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾljǩǹǓȖ ǓȖǿǓǡǩॹ ? (8 [ষ ǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ljǔǹǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȅǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹঀ ੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǿǓǾ ljșȣȒƻǿ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ƺੈȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ǔș ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ șΦǓে ȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǔȠ ǩș ljǔǹȣǹ ȠȪΦǩ Ƿǩঀ eƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔȠॹ

ࢲࢵࢺ

ǦȅǠΡ ΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠǦƺșșƺǿƺǷ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌȠǹǓǿ ǔș ǷǩȖǓǷǓșΦȠȌ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠȧǷȉǿॹ ǔș ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺে șƻǠǩ șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻș ǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǓ ȖǔΚǔǿ ƻǹȠƺǹƻLjƺǿ ǩș ǟȅǷȅΦȆǏǴȅǿ ƺੈșΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșȣǷঀ EǓǠƺǹƺǷȣǹƻșƺ ȆȠƺ șΦƻǾȅș ǔȖǏǓǷǓǹȠ ǟǔǹǹǓǹ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷ ǓǠΡȧȠȠ ƺੈǷȉΦșΦǟǔȖƻLjȆǹॹ ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿে șΦǓǷȠȅȖLjȆǹ ǔș ƺੈljǩΚǩǹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾLjȆǹ ǦǓǹΡǩॹ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ șΦǩǿȠǓǿঀ iȠǾȣȠƺȠƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠॹ ǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹǴƺॹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠॹ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǔș ǿȌǷ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǔȠ ȒƻȖে ȠȅǹǴƺঀ ੈ? (8 [ ǩǿǠΡǓǿ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǷ ǓǹǩǿǏǫȠƺǿǩ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷƺȠঀ ^ƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ǩǿǏǫȠȅǷॻ ੈ? (8 [ ৅ ƺǾǓǹΡ ȠȖǔǿǩǿǠǓǷǷǓǹॹ ǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹƻșșƺǹॹ ǩǿǷȣLjƻljǩȆΚƺǹ ǔș ȠƺǿƻljșƺǏƻșșƺǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ৅ ࢳࢱࢱࢹেLjƺǿ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȠƺ ƺΦ 2ঢ়Ǿ șȠƺȖȠǩǿǠ ǾΡ ȅΛǿ Ljȣșǩে ǿǓșș ljǫǾȪ ǷǔȒΦǔșǔȠঀ ੈǦƻȖȅǾǿƺȒȅș ǷǔȒΦǔșȠ ȅǹΡƺǿ ? (8 [ ȠƺǠȅǷ ȠǓȖΚǓΦȠǔǷ ǾǓǠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǿǓǾljșƺǷ ȅǷȠƺȠȆǷॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ǾƺǠȣǷ ǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷঀ ੈǷǔȒΦǔș ljǔǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǩ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆǷƺȠ ǿΡȤǴȠșȅǿ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ Κƺǿ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǹΡǓǿ ȉȠǹǓȠǓॹ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ șΦǓে ȖǓȠǿǔǿǓǷ ǩǿǏǫȠƺǿǩঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦǿǩ ΚƻǠΡȆ ǔș ƺੈǾƻȖ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ǷǔȒΦǔșLjǓǿ ȖǔșΦǓșȧǹে ǿǓǷॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ȠǔǾƻǩ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩȠǓȖΚেǷǔșΦǫȠǔșॹ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǓǷॹ șΦǓǹǹǓǾǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿǴȅǠȅǷॹ ǴȅǠে șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅǷॹ ǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠ ǔș ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǔșॹ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺ ǔș ǦȣǾƻǿǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșেǾǓǿǓǏΦșǾǓǿȠঀ EǓǿȠȅȖǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ FȌǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ^ΦƻǾƻȖƺ ੈǾǓǿȠȅȖǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ ȠƺǿƻljșƺǏƻșȠ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦॹ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǦǓΦ ǔș ƺੈǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǦǓΦঀ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠȅȠ ƺੈ? (8 [ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǩ ǓLjLjǓǿ ƺੈࢲࢸ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅȠ ǟǓǹȉǹǓǹȌ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾLjƺǿঀ ȣȖșƺ lΦǹǓȠƺșșΦȅǿΡȅǷ ǔș EǓǿǓǏΦșǓȖǓǷ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓ শ ȣȖșƺ 8Ȝ ?ƺǏǪǿǹƺȖǪ ΚǓ |ȉǿǓȠǩljǩǹǓȖǩ ǓȖǿǓǡǩॹ h8? ষ ੈ h8? ॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ΚǫΦǩȆǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ৙ǓȖȌș eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠȅȠ ǦȅΦǿƺǷ ǹǔȠȖǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǓȖǓǴǔΚǓǹ৛ॹ ƺΦΦƺǹ ƺੈljǔǹǹƺǹ ΚƺǹȆșǫȠȅȠȠƺ ǾǓǠ ƺੈșȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǩȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǦȅΦƻșLjƺǿ ǔș ǏȉǿȠǔșǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷLjƺǿ ΚƺǹȆ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠƻȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ΚǓে ΦǓȠȌǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșȧǷǓȠॹ ǿȉΚǓǹΚǓ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƻȠॹ ǔș ǾǓǠǓȖȌșǫȠΚǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǔȠǔȠ ƺΦ ǔǹǓȠ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿঀ ੈ h8? ljǔǹǴƺ șȅǷǷƺǹ ǩǿǷƻLjLj ƺੈǿȌǷ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǔȠǔǿǓǷ ǓȖȌșǫে ȠǔșǓ ƺੈΚǓȖșǓǿΡșΦǟǔȖƻLjƺǿॹ ǿǓǾ ȒǓǏǩǠ ƺੈǴȅLjLj ǾȣǿǷƺǷȉȖȧǹǾǔǿΡǓǷ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƺঀ ॷ OșșΦǓǟȅǠǹƺǹȆ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠॸ ǿǿǓǷ ǷǓȖǓȠǔLjǓǿ ƺੈ ǟǓǹșȌȅǷȠƺȠƻșLjƺǿ ǟǓǹșȌLjLj ǔΚǟȅে ǹΡƺǾȅǷLjƺǿ ȠƺǿȣǹȆ ǿȌǷ ȖǔșΦǓșȧǹǿǓǷ ǟǓǹǷǔșΦǫȠǔșLjǓǿঀ ੈࢹ ǔΚǓ ǟȅǹΡȆ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ șȅȖƻǿ ƺΦ ȉǿǷǔǿȠǓș h8? ȠƺǠȅǷ ǷȉȖȧǹLjǓǹȧǹ ࢲࢶࢱ ǿȌǩ ǦƺǹǹǠƺȠȆȠ ȅǷȠƺȠȠƺǷঀ ࢲࢶࢱ

ॷ EǓǿȠȅȖǩ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠॸ ੈǹǓǓǿǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ǾȅȠǩΚƻǹƻșȠ ǔș ȠǓljǦǿǩǷƺǩ ȠƻǾȅে ǠƺȠƻșȠ ǷƺȒǿƺǷ ƺੈ ǾǓǿȠȅȖȅǷȠȆǹঀ EǫǠ ƺੈ ȠȖǔǿǩǿǠ ȣȠƻǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșLjƺ ǷǓΦǏȌ ǿȌǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ࢴઔॹ ƺੈǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹƻșȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȌǓǿ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ࢸઔঀ Φ ǓǹșȌ ǟƻΦǩșLjƺǿ ࢲࢶࢱੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǷƺȒȅȠȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠॹ ǔș ƺੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠȆǏǩǷঀ ॷ EƻȖljǩȣș ࢹেƺǩ ǏǫǴǷǩȅșΦȠȆ ȧǿǿǓȒșǔǠॸ EǩǿǏǓǿ ǔΚ ǾƻȖljǩȣș ࢹেƻǿ ǏǫǴǷǩȅșΦȠȆ Ǡƻে ǹƻȠ ȠƺȖȠƺǿƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠƻǾȅǠƺșșƻǷ ǔș ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦΦǔǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠঀ ǿǿǓǷ ǷǓȖǓȠǔLjǓǿ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠॹ ƺੈǷȉΦে ǔș ǾƺǠƻǿșΦǓǷȠȅȖ ǿȌǷǓȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǷǔȒে ΚǩșǓǹȌǩȠ ǔș ljǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǓȠ ǏǫǴƺΦǿƺǷঀ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǩ lΦǹǓȠǩ ǿǠΡƺǹȅǷ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓ শEǓǹǓǷ |ƺȠǪȖǪǾljǪǹƺȖ ǓȖǿǓǡǩষ ࢳࢱࢲࢲেLjǓǿ ǦȅΦȠƺ ǹǔȠȖǓ ȤȠȠȉȖȌ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ƺǿǠΡƺǹȅǷ শLjȣșǩǿǓșș ƺǿǠǓǹșষ ǓǠΡ ljșȅȒȅȖȠǴƺঀ KǹΡƺǿ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅȠ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ LjǓljșǹǔșǓǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ǾǩǿȠǓǠΡ ࢶࢱࢱ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ǓȣȖȆȠ ǟǓǷȠǓȠ LjǓ ǔΚǓǿȠǓॹ ǔș ǷȣǹljșșΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ǴƻȠșΦǩǷ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǴȉΚȌǴǔLjǓǿॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșƻLjƺǿॹ ƺੈǴȆǹǔȠ ǔș ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡȠǓȖǓǾȠǔș ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿঀ ?ȧǹǏǓȠǔșǓॸ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓǿǿǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈȠȉȖȉǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǾǓǠǩșǾǓȖǷǓǏǴǓǿǓǷ ƺੈȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƻǴƻΚƺǹঀ ǹǴȉȠȠ ƺΦ ǩǏȌॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈȠȉȖȉǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠǓǹǴǓșǓǿ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ǾȅǏǓǹǹȠ ǷȉΚǓșșǓǿǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ƺੈe ੈশeȣȖǷǓΡ ȣșǩǿǓșș ǿǠǓǹș șșȅljǩƺȠǩȅǿষ ΚǓΦǓȠǓȠȠ LjǓঀ ੈ৙ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠǩ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƻLjƺǿ৛ ƺੈȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹȠ ȧΦǹǓȠǓǾLjǓȖǓǷ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǿǓǷ ƺΦ ȤǴȅǿǿƺǿ ƺǹƺǷȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǷƺǹঀ ȖΡƺ vȅǾǓǿ 2ǿΚǓșȠǾǓǿȠ XǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ শ ȖΡƺ ?ƺǏǪǿ |ƺȠǪȖǪǾ XǹƺȠǟȅȖǾȣষ ^ΦƻǾȅș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ƺǿǠΡƺǹ Κƺǿॹ ǔș șΦƻǾȅș ȣșǩǿǓșș ǿǠǓǹ XǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ ǾȪǷȉǏǩǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ Ƞƻে ǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠॹ ƺΦ ȖΡƺ vȅǾǓǿ ƺΦȅǿLjƺǿ ǷǩǟǓǴǓΦǓȠȠǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺঀ Φ ȖΡƺ vȅǾǓǿ 2ǿΚǓșȠǾǓǿȠ XǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǓǹșȌ ǔș ǓǠΡǓȠǹǓǿ ǿȌǩ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾǴƺঀ OșșΦǓǠΡȪǴȠǩ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠॹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ƺǿǠΡƺǹȅǷƺȠॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ƺǿǠΡƺǹȅǷƺȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǦǩșΦǿǓǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǓȖǓǴǔLjǓǿॹ ǔș ƺLjLjƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷǔȒǓșǓǷ Ȥǿঀ ^ǾƺȖȠ EȅǿǓΡ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǓǷȖǓॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ƺੈȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩǓǷǓǿ ȠȤǹǾȣȠƺȠȆ ǔȖȠǔǷȧǷ Κƺǿঀ Φ ȖΡƺ ǓȖǓǴǓ ƺੈLjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǷ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǔș șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșƺǩǿƺǷ ǓǠΡǓșǫে ȠǔșǔLjȌǹ șΦƻȖǾƺΦǩǷॹ ǓΦƻǹȠƺǹ ǠΡȅȖșǫȠǴƺ ǟǓǹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǩ ȧȠǓǾǔȠঀ Φ ȖΡƺ 2ǿΚǓșȠȅȖș șΦǩǿȠǔǿ șǩǷǓȖǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷLjȆǹ ƻǹǹঀ EǩȣȠƻǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƻȠǓșǿǓǷ ƺΦ ǔȖȠǔে ǷǓǹǔșǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǿॹ șΦȧǷșǔǠǹǓȠǓǩǷ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ȉșșΦǓǦȅΦΦƻǷ ȌǷǓȠ LjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǷǷǓǹঀ Ƿǩ ǾǓǠে ǷƺȒǴƺ ƺੈLjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșȠ ǦƺșΦǿƻǹǦƺȠǴƺ ƺΦ ǩǿǟȖƺșȠȖȣǷȠȤȖƻȠॹ ƺੈǷȉΦȉș LjǓșΦƻǹǹǫȠȆǷƺȠॹ ƺੈǏǩǠǩȠƻǹǩș șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ șΦƺǷǔȖȠȌǷǓȠ ǔș ƺੈȠȉLjLjǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ljșƺȒƺȠȅȠঀ ੈLjǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǷ ǓșǔǹΡȠ ǷƺȒǿƺǷ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔǿǓǷ ȖǔșΦǔΚǔ ΚƻǹǴƺǿƺǷ ƺੈ৙ȠƺǿȣǹǴ ǓǠΡ ǷǩljșǩȠॹ ȠǔǠΡ ǿǔǾǩ șΦǫΚǓșșǔǠǓȠ ǔș ǷǓȖǓșș ǓǠΡ Ƿǩș ȒǔǿΦȠ৛ ǓǹΚ șΦǓǹǹǓǾǔLjǓǿঀ

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t22ঀ ࢷঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆইǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ FȌǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ tǓȖșǓǿΡ ੈ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ƺੈ (ƺȖƺǿȠǩ ƺǿǷॹ ƺΦ ljȅǿȅǾǩșȠ EƺǠƺΦǩǿǓ ǔș ƺੈ eȉȖȉǷ FȌǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠ শ? (8 [ষ ǷȉΦȖǓǾȪǷȉǏǔșǔΚǓǹ ΚƺǹȆșȣǹ ǾǓǠঀ ǔǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǿΡȤǴȠșȅǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǹǹǩȆǷǿƺǷ ƺǏǴƻǷ ȠȣǏȠƻȖƺ ƺੈșǩǷǓȖȧǷǓȠॹ ǔș șǓǠǫȠșǓ ȌǷǓȠ ȒǔǹǏƺǷǔȒȒǔ Κƻǹǿǩ ƺੈȠȉLjLjǩ ǿȌ șΦƻǾƻȖƺঀ ੈ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ FȌǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ƺǏǿƺǷ ƻȠ ǏǫǴƺȠ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǫǠǔȖǓȠǓș ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺॹ FȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆॹ ƺǷǩ ǷǩǓǾǓǹǷǓǏǩǷ ƺੈ ȖǔǠǩȆǴƻLjƺǿ ǔș eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ șΦȅে ljǩƻǹǩș ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻǷLjƺǿ ǩșঀ ੈ ǴȣȠƺǹǾƺǷ ǔΚǓǿȠǓ ΚƻǹȠȅΦǿƺǷॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢸেLjǓǿ ƺੈeȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ࢴࢱ ࢱࢱࢱ e@েȠॹ ੈeȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǫǠǔȖǓȠǓș ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆে Ǵƺॹ ƺੈFȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆॹ ƺǷǩ ǷǩǓǾǓǹǷǓǏǩǷ ƺੈȖǔǠǩȆǴƻLjƺǿ ǔș eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ șΦȅljǩƻǹǩș ǿȌǩ Κƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ࢳࢶ ࢱࢱࢱ e@েȠ ǷƺȒȅȠȠঀ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǠΡȌΦȠǓș ǿȌ ࢲ ǔΚǓș ǩǿǠΡǓǿǓș ȠƺǠșƻǠȅȠ ǷƺȒ ƺੈ? (8 [েLjǓॹ ǔș ǓǹȌЙΦǓȠǔșȠ ƺੈ ƺȒǩȠƺǹॹ ƺΦ ljȅǿȅǾǩșȠ ǔș ƺΦ ǹǹǓ ǾƺǠƺΦǩǿȅǷȖƺঀ Φ ǓǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ƺੈ ? (8 [ ƺੈ ȠȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǩ ǴȆ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠ ȒǔǹǏƻǴƺে ǷǔǿȠ ǾȣȠƺȠȅȠȠ LjǓ ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ FǓǾΦǓȠǓǷ FȌǷ /ǓǹΡΦǓȠǔǿǓǷ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠƺ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦȆǩǿॹ ƺੈ(ƺȖƺǿȠǩ ƺǿǷǷƺǹ ǷȉΦȉșǓǿঀ Φ ƺੈǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔș ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșॹ ǾǔȖǦǓȠȌ ǓǹȌǿΡȉǷǷǓǹ ǴƻȖॹ ǦǩșΦǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹ ǿȉΚǓǹǩ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǾȅȠǩΚƻljǩȆǴƻȠ ǔș ǓȖȌșǫȠǩ ƺੈșΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșȣǷƺȠঀ ǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠে ǷǔǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓǏΚ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǩ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿ ΚǔǠǓΦǿǓǷ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷƺȠॹ ǔș ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǾǓǠȖƺǠƺǏǿƺǷ ƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȅে ΦƻșƻȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ȅȠȠǦȅǿ ǾƺȖƺǏƻșƺ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ΚǓșΦȠǓșǔǠǓȠ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓΦ ǓǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾLjƺǿॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈ ǹƺǷȅșșƻǠ ǟǓǹǓ ǿȌঀ FΡȅǹlj ǔΚ ƺǹƺȠȠ ǷȉΦǓǹ ࢴࢱ ࢱࢱࢱ ǿȌȠ șǩǷǓȖȧǹȠ ǓǹǔȖǿǩȧǷ ƺੈeȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǩ FȌǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ tǓȖșǓǿΡ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹঀ Φ ƺΦȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺǾǓǿǿΡǩLjǓǿ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠॹ ƺǷǷȅȖ ƺǷƺǏǿƺǷ ƺΦ ȅȖে șΦƻǠLjƺǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ LjƻȠȅȖ ǿȌǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǦǩșΦǿǓǷ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ǾȣǿǷƻǴȣǷ ǔȖȠǔǷǔLjǓǿॹ ƺੈǠǓǿǓȠǩǷƻȠȆǹ ƺੈ șΦƻǹǹǫȠǾƻǿΡȅΦƻșǩǠॹ ƺੈ ǷǔȠǷǓΦǩ ǾȣǿǷƻȠȆǹ ƺੈ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșǩǠॹ ƺΦ ǩǏǓǠǓǿǟȅȖǠƺǹȅǾȠȆǹ ƺੈ ȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșǩǠ ƺੈ ǹǓǠǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǔLjLj ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷLjƺǿঀ ੈ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡ ǷǓȖǓȠǔLjǓǿ ǔȖȠǔǷǓǹȠ ȒȖȅǴǓǷে ȠǓǷ șǩǷǓȖȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠǓǷǷǔǿȠ ǩș șΦȅǹǠƻǹǿƺǷ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠǿƺǷ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿঀ EǩΚǓǹ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșȖȌǹ Κƺǿ șΦȆॹ ƺੈ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǹǓǓǿǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ȣȠƺȠ ǾȣȠƺȠঀ

ࢲࢶࢳ

eȉLjLj ǔș ǴȅLjLj ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ৅ ȠǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠǓș ǾȣǿǷƻΚƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ǿȌǷ șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǓ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ੈFǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ EȣǿǷƺȧǠΡǩ ^ΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ শ2@Kষ ǔș ƺੈeȉȖȉǷ EȣǿǷƺȧǠΡǩ /ƺȠȆșƻǠ শ8a?h[ষ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșǔΚǓǹ ǔș ƺੈ ^ΚǔǏȅȖșΦƻǠǩ FǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ 'ǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșǩ lǠΡǿȉǷșǔǠ শ^2 ষ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșƻΚƺǹ ǹǔȠȖǓǴȉΚȌ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȠ ǷǫΚƻǿ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦǿǩॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǴƺΚǫȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠƻȠॹ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔে ǠǓǷǓȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠ ƺΦ ƺǷȠǫΚ ǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ǔș ǟǓǹǦǫΚǴƺ ƺੈЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠȖǓ ǔș ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǷȉȖȧǹǾǔǿΡǓǷȖǓঀ ੈ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǩǿȠǓǠȖƻǹȠ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǷƺȠ ǷǫΚƻǿ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƺǿǩॹ ǩǏǓǔȖȠΚǓ ƺΦ ƺǷȠǫΚ ǾȣǿǷƺে ǓȖȌেȒǩƺljǩ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ǦǓǹΡǩ șΦǩǿȠȪ ǔȖΦǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƻȠ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǿǓǾȖǓॹ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǿǓǾǓǿ ƺǹƺȒȣǹȆ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺॹ ǔș ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǿǓǾǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌȠে ǹǓǿșǔǠǓǷȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆƺǿঀ ੈljǔǹǴƺ ƺΦ ƺǷȠǫΚ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺljǩ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ǠǓǿǏǓȖǔȖΦǔে ǷǓǿΡ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔșǓǩǿǓǷ ǩǿȠǓǠȖƻǹƻșƺॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠΚƻȖȅșȅǷLjƺǿ ৅ 2șΦȠƺǾLjȣǹLjƺǿॹ ǿǷƺȖƻLjƺǿॹ ȣȖșƻLjƺǿ ǔș ?ȅǿΡƻLjƺǿ ৅ ǔǹȌ ǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ȠǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠǓșǓLjLj ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǹǓǦǓে ȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǷǫǿƻǹȆ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǷ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺঀ tƺǹȆșΦǫǿȪǹǓǠ ȒǔǹǏƻȠ ƻǹǹǫȠ Ǿƻș ΚƻȖȅșȅǷǿƺǷ ǩș ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷǓǿॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿǓǾǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌȠǹǓǿșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǹșΦƻǾȅǹƻșƺ ΚƺǠΡ ƺੈȠǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠǓș ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǷ ǹǔȠǓșǫȠǔșǓॹ ƺΦƻǹȠƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǩǿȠǓǠȖƻǹǴƺ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǓǾLjǓȖǩ ǴȅǠƺǩǿƺǷ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ ǾȅǏȣǹǴƺǩȠ ǔș ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠLjǓǹǩ ǴȅǠȣǷƺȠ ƺੈșΦƺǷǷǔȒΦǔșȖǓॹ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ǷǩǏȅǹǠȅΦȅȠȠ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷǷƺǹ শȒǹঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓষঀ EǩΚǓǹ ƺੈȠǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠǓșॹ LjǓǴǓǹǓǿȠǓȠȠ ǔș ЙΦǓȠǓȠȠ ǾȣǿǷƻǷ ǓȖȌșǫȠǩǷ ƺΦ ǓǾLjǓȖǓǷॹ ǔș ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșƻȠॹ ƺੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ljǔǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ șΦǓǷȠȅȖȅǷLjƺǿ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠșȅǿ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦে ȠƺȠƻșȠ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺΦ ǓǾLjǓȖ Κƺǿ ƺੈǷȉΦǔȒȒȅǿȠLjƺǿॹ ǔș ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈȠǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠǓș ǾȣǿǷƺǹǓǦǓে ȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ƺΦ ǓǹȠǓȖǴǓǏȠǓǷঀ tƻȖǦƺȠȆ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓǷǔǿȠ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǿǩ ǟȅǠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ȖƻȠƻǴƺॹ ǷȉșΦȉǿǦǓȠȌǓǿ ƺΦ 8a?h[েǿƺǷॹ ƺੈΚƻȖȅș ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ǔș șΦƺǷǷǔȒΦǔșǩ Ƞƺǿƻljșƺǩ ǾǓǠǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǓȠȠ ǷƺȒƺljǩȠƻșƻǿƺǷॹ LjǓǟȅǹΡƻșǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿǓǷॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșƻে Ȗƺ ǔș ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǿǓǷঀ ੈșǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ΚƻȖǦƺȠȆƺǿ ƺΦ 8a?h[ ǾƺǠƺ ƺǹƺǷǫȠǴƺ ǾƺǴǏ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ǷƺȒƺljǩȠƻșƺǩȠ ǔș șΦȅǹǠƻǹে ȠƺȠƻșƺǩȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌȒǩƺljȅǿ ǟǓǹǾǓȖȧǹȌ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠঀ ੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠșȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ǦƻȖȅǾǏǩǾǓǿΦǩȆș ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔșȠ ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦΦƺॸ ॷ ੈ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǷ ǔș ƺੈ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠ ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƺ ƺǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ȠǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠǓș ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǷ ǴȉǴǴǓǿǓǷ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǔș ǷǩƺǹƺǷȣǹǴȅǿ ƺੈȠƻȖে șƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ॷ ੈǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ǓșǔǹΡǔǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ ǔș ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǿǔǹǷȧǹǩ ǿȌǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺে Ƞƻșƺ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡ ǾȣǿǷƺǷǓȖǓșǔșșǓǹ ǔș ƺǷȠǫΚ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻΚƺǹ ࢲࢶࢴ

ॷ Φ 2@K শ2ǿȠǓȖǿƺȠǩȅǿƺǹ @ƺLjȅȣȖ KȖǠƺǿǩΦƺȠǩȅǿॹ FǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ EȣǿǷƺȧǠΡǩ ^ΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠষ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǴȅǠȅǿ ƺǹƺȒȣǹȆ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫে ȠǔșǔȠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦΚƺ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷ ǓǹǔȖǔșǓ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǔș ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǷȉȖȧǹǾǔǿΡǓǷ ȠǓȖǔǿ ੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǷǓȖǓȠǔLjǓǿ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌǷ ΚƺǹȆșȣǹȠƺǷ ǾǓǠॸ ॷ ǹǷǔșΦȧǹȠ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǿƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșƻȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǓǹșȌ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ljșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓॹ ǔș ǴƺΚȣǹȠƺǷ ƺੈ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠȖǓ ǔȖΦǔǷǓǿΡ ǿȌǩ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǷঀ ॷ /ǓǹΡǩ șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡƺǿ ƻȠȧǹȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺੈ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠLjƺ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ƺǷȠǫΚ ǾȣǿǷƺে ǓȖȌȒǩƺljǩ șΦƺLjƻǹΡȅΦƻșƻȠ ƺΦ 8a?h[ ǔș ƺੈΚƻȖȅș ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ǔș șΦƺǷǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ȠƺǿƻljșƺǩǿƺǷ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹঀ Φ 8a?h[ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșƺǩȠ ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǿǔǹǷȧǹǩ ǿȌǷǓȠ ǩș LjǓΚȅǿǴƻǷॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ ǷȅȖǹƻে ȠȅΦȅȠȠ ƺੈǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșȧǷ ƺੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷǦȅΦঀ ॷ eǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠǓș ǾȣǿǷƺǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠǓȠȠǓǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺঀ ॷ FȉΚǓǹȠǔǷ ƺੈȠȣǏƺȠȅșșƻǠȅȠ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǷȉȖȧǹǾǔǿΡǓǷ ȠǓȖǔǿ ǔȖΚǔǿΡǓșǫȠǓǿǏȌॹ ȠƻȖে șƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠȖǓঀ eǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ শȒȖȅǴǓǷȠȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǓǷॸ ? (8 [ ǔș /ǓȒșǩLjȣȖƺǏƺঀljȅǾষ ΦȅǷ ƺੈǿȌǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷƺȠ Ƿǩ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǷ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǓǿǩ ƺΦ ǓেǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾ ȒǹƺȠে ǟȅȖǾǴƻȖƺॹ ƺΦ ǓেǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾLjǓǿ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǿǩ ǔș Κƺǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ȉȠǹǓȠȧǷॹ șΦƻǾȅș ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǷƺȒǿƺǷ ƺੈ/ǓȒșǩLjȣȖƺǏƺ EƺȖǷǓȠ XǹƺljǓেǓǿ ƺੈ? (8 [ ǔș ƺੈǦǓȒে șǩLjȣȖƺǏƺঀljȅǾ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǷȉșΦȉǿǦǓȠȌǓǿঀ ੈǿȌǷǓȠ ǓΦǓǷ ƺੈǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ șǓǠǫȠǩǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻLjƺǿ ǔș LjȌΚǫȠǔșǔLjǓǿঀ ΦȅǷ ƺΦ ȧǠΡǟǓǹǓǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ƺੈ /ǓȒșǩLjȣȖƺǏƻǿ ΚƻșƻȖȅǹǿƺǷॹ șΦǩǿȠǔǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǏǫǴǾǓǿȠǓșǓǿ ǿΡǩȠǦƺȠǿƺǷ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ƻȖȣǦƻΦƺȠॹ ǔș ǷǓΚǓșǓLjLj ǴȣȠƺǹǔǷȅȠ ЙΦǓȠǿǓǷ ƺΦ ǓǹƺǏȅȠȠ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǷ ȣȠƻǿॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙ ΛǓLjƻȖȣǦƻΦেȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷঀ ੈ ǿȌǷ ǓΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ǿƺǠΡȅLjLj ǹƻȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠȅȠ ǷƺȒǿƺǷॹ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ǩș ƺΦ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǔșǦǓΦॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǷƺǾȒƻǿΡȅǷǷƺǹॹ LjƺǿǿǓȖǓǷǷǓǹॹ ȒȖȅǾȆljǩȆǷǷƺǹॹ ǓΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ƺੈȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǩǷ ǦƻΦǦȅΦ șΦƻǹǹǫȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǷȉǹȠșǔǠǓ ǩș ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡƺLjLjঀ @ǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠȧǷ Κƺǿ ƺȖȖƺ ǩșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ/ǓȒșǩLjȣȖƺǏƺ ǟȌȅǹǏƺǹƻǿ ǦǩȖǏǓșșǓǿǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǦƺΚȅǿȠƺ ࢷࢶ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ǹƻȠȅǠƺȠȆǴƺ Κƺǿঀ

ࢲࢶࢵ

| eȣȖǷǓΡ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖ vȅǾǓǿ @ǓƺǏǓȖș XȖȅǠȖƺǾ /ƺȠǔǷȅǿΡ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠ șǓǠǫȠǩॹ ƺǷǩǷ LjȌΚǫȠǓǿǔǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻে șȣǷƺȠॹ șΦǓǿΚǓǏǔǹΡǓșǓǿ ǓǹǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠǓǷ ǓΦ ǩȖƻǿΡLjƺ ǔș ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǿǓǷ ƺΦ ǓǦǦǓΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș Ƿǔে ȒǓșșǔǠǓǷǷǓǹঀ Φ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔΚǓș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǷǔșΦȧǹȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠȧǷȉǿ ƺǷƺȖǿƺǷ ΚǓΦǓȠȌ șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ Κƻǹǹƺǹǿǩॹ ǔș ǷǔșΦǓǷ ƺǷȠǫΚƺǿ ǾȪǷȉǏǿǩ ƺੈǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ȒǩƺljȅǷȅǿ ƺΦƻǹȠƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠȧǷǓȠ ƺΦ ƺǹƻLjLjǩ ǓǹȌǿΡȉǷǷǓǹ LjȌΚǫȠǩǷॸ ॷ eƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșॹ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻljǩȆljșǓȖǓ ƺੈ șΦǓǷȠȅȖ ƺǷȠȣƻǹǩș ǦǫȖǓǩȖȌǹॹ ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǷȖȆǹॹ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǷȖȆǹ ǔș ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷȖȆǹআ ॷ ੈȒȅȠǓǿljǩƻǹǩș ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠǓǷॹ ƺੈșȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșǓǷॹ ƺΦ ȤǴ ȧǠΡǟǓǹǓǷ ǔș LjǓșΦƻǹǹǫȠȆǷॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ƺੈǹǓǦǓȠșǔǠǓș ȠȌǷǓǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷ ǟǓǹǷȣȠƺȠƻșƺআ ॷ ^ΦǓǾǔǹΡǓș ǾǓǿȠȅȖǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșআ ॷ ੈΚǓΦǓȠȌǩॹ ǾǓǿǓǏΦșǾǓǿȠে ǔș ȅȒǓȖƺȠǫΚ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓ ƺੈΚǓΦǓȠȌ Ƞƺǿƻljșে ƺǏȆǷǷƺǹ ǔș ǩșǾǓȖȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǷƺǹ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠȅȠȠ ȒƻȖLjǓșΦǔǏ ȖǔΚǔǿআ ॷ OǿǾƺǠȣǷ ǔș ljǔǠǓǩǷ ǹƻȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǷॹ ƺੈLjǓǟǓǷȠǓে ȠȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǾǔǏǩƺ ǟǓǹǔঀ ੈȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌǷ ࢸࢸઔেƺ ƺȖȖȆǹ șΦƻǾȅǹȠ LjǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ șǓǠǫȠǓȠȠ ǿǓǷǩ ƺੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾঀ ੈǦƺȠƻșƻȖƺ ƻȠǹƺে Ǡȅșƺǿ ǔΚǩ ࢴࢶઔ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓΚȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǩ ȧȠǓǾǓঀ ?K^( ?ǩșে ǔș ?ȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǫǴƺǷ Φ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǔș ƺΦȠ ƺੈljǔǹȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿΡǩǹΚƻǿȅșșƻǠ ǾǓǠǩșǾǓȖǴǓ ƺੈșǩǷǓȖǓș ǷǷΚেǷƺȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷȉΦǩșǾǓȖȠȠǔ ΚƻǹǴȅǿॹ ǾǩǹΡǓǿ ǿƺǠΡ ǾǔȖȠǔǷLjǓǿ ǴƻȖȣǹȠƺǷ ǦȅΦΦƻ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻে ǠƻǦȅΦঀ ੈǏǫǴ ǓǠΡLjǓǿ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔș ǩș șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺঀ ੈǏǫǴƺȠ ǦƻȖȅǾ ǟȌ ǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻLjƺǿॹ ǔș ƺΦȅǿ LjǓǹȧǹ ǿΡȅǹlj ƺǹǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻLjƺǿ ȅșΦȠǴƻǷ Ƿǩॸ ࢲঀ Φ ǔΚ șǩǷǓȖǓș ǷǷΚেǴƻǿƺǷ ǿƺǠΡǏǫǴƺ ࢳঀ Φ ǔΚ șǩǷǓȖǓș ǷǷΚেǴƻǿƺǷ ǏǫǴƺ ƺঀ Φ ǔΚ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǷǷΚেǴƺ Ljঀ Φ ǔΚ ǷȅȅȒǓȖƺȠǫΚ ǔș ǷȅǹǹƺLjȅȖƺȠǫΚ ǷǷΚেǴƺ ljঀ Φ ǔΚ șǩǷǓȖǓș ǷǷΚেǴƺ Ǐঀ Φ ǔΚ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠLjƺȖƻȠ ǷǷΚেǴƺ ࢴঀ Φ ǔΚ șǩǷǓȖǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ǏǫǴ ƺঀ Φ ǔΚ ЙƺȠƺǹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ Ljঀ Φ ǔΚ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ljঀ Φ ǔΚ ǠǹȅLjƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ Ǐঀ Φ ǔΚ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ࢲࢶࢶ

ੈ?K^( lΦǹǓȠǩ eǓȖΚ ǫǴ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǓॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ƺੈǟȅȖǾƻǹǩș ȅǷȠƺȠƻșে Ljƺǿॹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȒΦǔșLjǓǿ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓΚȌ ǦƺǹǹǠƺȠȆǷ ǷȉȖǔLjǓǿ ȠƺȖȠƺǿƺǷॹ ƺੈ?K^( ǔș ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǷ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșǔΚǓǹॹ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǓǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǿঀ ੈΚǓȖșǓǿΡ ΚǔǠǔǿ ƺੈ?K^( ǔș ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǷ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹȌǩLjȌǹ ƻǹǹȆ ΦșȪȖǩ ƻǹȠƺǹ ƺੈǹǓǠǴȅLjLjে ǿƺǷ ǫȠǔǹȠ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓȖΚ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƺ ࢲࢶ ࢱࢱࢱॹ ƺੈǾƻșȅǏǩǷ ࢲࢱ ࢱࢱࢱॹ ƺੈǦƺȖǾƺǏǩǷ ȒǓǏǩǠ ࢶࢱࢱࢱ e@েȠ ǷƺȒॹ ƺΦΦƺǹ ƺੈǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǹǓǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷƺȠ ࢳࢵ ǦȆǿƺȒȅǿ LjǓǹȧǹ ǓǹǩǿǏǫȠǴƻǷঀ

t22ঀ ࢸঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ ȣΡǠȣ ?ƺΡƺǾƺǿ ੈࢳࢶ ǔΚǓș ǹƻȠƻșșǔȖȧǹȠ ȣΡǠȣ ?ƺΡƺǾƺǿ ƺੈ/ƺǹǩnj ǠΡǓȠǓǾ ȒșΦǩljǦȅǹȆǠǩƺ șΦƺǷƻǿ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠॹ ǔș ƺੈ ǩǹǠǩ ǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǿ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠǴƺ E ੈȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡƺǩȠঀ ੈEΡ ȖǓƺǾ XƺȖȠǿǓȖ ǾȅLjǩǹ ǔș ΛǓে LjǓș ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦƻș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠȌǴǓॹ ǓΦȠ ƺੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓȠ ΚǓΦǓȠǩ ƺΦ |( ੈǔș ƺੈeȣȖǷljǓǹǹ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠǔΚǓǹঀ Φ ƻǹȠƺǹƺ ǷǩǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓȠȠ ǾȅLjǩǹƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦƻș ǟǓǹȅǹΚƺșȆ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșȠ ȤǴșƻǠȅǷǦȅΦॹ ǷȉǿΡΚǓǷǦǓΦॹ ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷǦǓΦঀ FƺȒǴƺǩǿǷȖƺ ƺΦ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦƻșLjƺǿ ǔș ƺੈ ΛǓLjȅǹǏƺǹȅǿ ƺੈ ǾǓǠǦƺǹǹǠƺȠƻșȅǷ ǩǏȌȠƺȖȠƺǾƺ ǓǹǔȖȠǓ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǾǩǹǹǩȆ ȒǓȖljǓȠঀ ੈ ЙƺȠƺǹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǓǹǿΡǓȖȠǓ ƺΦ E2e eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǹǓǠЙƺȠƺǹƺLjLj șΦȅljǩƻǹǩș ǩǿǿȅΚƻȠȅȖƺ ǏǫǴƻȠঀ LjȖȣ ǓΡǹƺǿ ƺȒ ੈࢴࢹ ǔΚǓș LjȖȣ ǓΡǹƺǿ ƺȒ ǷǔȠǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǓș ƺǿΡƺঀ EǩȣȠƻǿ ǓǹΚǔǠǓΦȠǓ ƺੈǷȉΦǔȒǩșǷȅǹƻȠॹ ljșƺǹƻǏƺǿΡƺǷǔǿȠ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠȠƺ ǔǹǓȠǔȠॹ ǾƺǴǏ ࢳࢱࢱࢹেLjƺǿ ȤǠΡ ǏȉǿȠȉȠȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșLjƺ ǷǓΦǏঀ EȅșȠ ǾƻȖ ǦƻΦǩƺșșΦȅǿΡ ǔș ȧΦǹǓȠƺșșΦȅǿΡ ǓǠΡ șΦǓে ǾǔǹΡLjǓǿঀ ^ƺǴƻȠ ƺǴƻǿǏǔǷLjȅǹȠȅȠ ǦȅΦȅȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓ XȖǩǾƺȖǩǾƺ ǿǔΚǓǿॹ ǾǓǹΡǓȠ ƺੈȖƺǴΦȅǹƻșॹ ƺੈǟǓșȠǔș ǔș Ǿƻșॹ ǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ǦȅLjLjǩǷ ǩȖƻǿȠǩ ΚȅǿΦȆǏƻșƺ ǩǦǹǓȠǓȠȠঀ ^ƺǴƻȠ ȠǓȖΚǓΦǔșȪ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǩȠ ǓșǷȧΚȌǷǷǓǹ ǷȉȖȧǹǩ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷȖǓ ৅ ǦǓǿǿƺǔǴșΦƺǷƺॹ ǿƻșΦȤȠॹ ǹƺǷȅǏƺǹȅǾॹ ǹǓǠǔǿΡLjȤljșȤ ৅ॹ ǾǓǠȖǓǿǏǓে ǹǔșȖǓ ǷǔșΦǫȠǩঀ 'Ȍ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǩ ǷȉΦǔ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǿƺǷ șΦƺȒȒƺǿȅǷॹ ǷȉǹǿǩǷॹ ȠƺǾLjȣȖǩǿȅǷॹ ǷǓȖǓȠǓǷॹ ƺǴƻǿǏǔǷǏȅLjȅΦȅǷॹ ǾǓǠǦǫΚȆǷॹ ǾǓǿΡƺșșΦȅǿΡǩ ǟǓǹșȌǷঀ KȠȠǦȅǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷॹ ǔș ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠǓ

ࢲࢶࢷ

ƺੈ ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǓǩȖȌǹ ǩș ǠȅǿǏȅșǷȅǏǩǷঀ ੈ ǾǓǠȖǓǿǏǓǹǔșǓǷǓȠ ƺੈ ΛǓLjȅǹǏƺǹƻǿ ǔș ƺੈ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǩ ǾǔǏǩƻǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹ ǷƺȒǴƺঀ ^ǓΚǓǿ |ǪǹǾƺΦȠȧȖǷ ࢵࢷ ǔΚǓșॹ ǟǔȖǴǓΦǓȠȠ ǔș ǓǠΡ ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷ ǔǏǓșƺǿΡǴƺঀ Φ ƺǾǓȖǩǷƺǩ ȖǓΡǓȖ ^ȠƺȠǓ hǿǩΚǓȖșǩȠΡ ?ȉΦǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡǩ ?ƺȖƻǿ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠॹ ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾȖǓ șȒǓljǩƺǹǩΦƻǹȆǏȅȠȠ ƺੈǾǓșȠǓȖǷǔȒΦǔșǓǿঀ ࢲࢺࢺࢹেLjƺǿ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȠƺ ƺੈX[Kে^ [ ǿǓΚȪ ljǔǠǓȠॹ ǔș ǹƺLjȅȖƺȠȆȖǩȣǾǩ ΚǩΦșǠƻǹƺȠǩ LjǓȖǓǿǏǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǾǩǿȌșǔǠǓǹǹǓǿȌȖΦȌ ΚǩΦșǠƻে ǹȆLjǓȖǓǿǏǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠ ǷǓΦǏǓȠȠ ǠΡƻȖȠƺǿǩ 2^K ࢺࢱࢱࢲেࢳࢱࢱࢱ ǾǩǿȌșǔǠǩ șΦƺLjΚƻǿΡȅǷǷƺǹঀ ੈǾƻȖে ǷƻȠ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷLjƺǿ ǩș LjǓǾȣȠƺȠȠƺॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ࢳࢱࢲࢱেLjǓǿ XƻȖǩΦșLjƺǿ ǩș ǩȖȅǏƻȠ ǿΡǩȠȅȠȠঀ ੈX[Kে^ [ ƺΦ 2eE ੈEǩǹƺǿȅ ࢳࢱࢲࢶ ǷǩƻǹǹǫȠƻșȅǿ ǩș LjǓǾȣȠƺȠȠƺ ƺΦ ƻǹȠƺǹƺ ǷǩǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓȠȠ ȤǴ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƻǷƺȠঀ FƺΦƺǿ ǷǪǿljǪ ࢳࢱࢲࢳেLjǓǿ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƺ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƻȠ ƺੈ ?K^( ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻΚƺǹঀ 'ǔȖǴǓΦǓȠȠॹ ǓǠΡ ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǓ Κƺǿঀ Φ ?? ੈ?ƺǹǪȒ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȆǴƺ ǔș ȖǔșΦΚǔে ǿΡǓșǓঀ EȪƺǿΡƺǠ ƺǹǷƺȠȖǔșΦǓǷǓȠ ǠΡƻȖȠ ƺȣȠȆǩȒƺȖǩ LjǓșΦƻǹǹǫȠȆǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ǔș Ȍ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓȠǹǓǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌ ǓΦǓǿ ƺੈȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿঀ ੈ ?K^( ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩǿƺǷ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǔǿ ࢳࢱࢲࢶেLjǓǿ LjǓǷǓȖȧǹȠ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ȉȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǷȉΦǔঀ R ǿΡǓȖȠǓ Ǔǹ ƺੈ e^K শ ȣȖșƺǩ ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ǔș 2ȒƺȖǩ ?ƺǾƺȖƺষ ǏǫǴƻȠ ੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǦȅΦ ǹǓǠȠȉLjLj ǔȖȠǔǷǓȠ ǦȅΦΦƻƺǏȆǷ ƺΦ ƺȣȠȆǩȒƺȖLjƺǿ ǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻLjƺǿঀ ^ǓΚƺǹ aǓǿǠȉȖ ^ǓΚƺǹ aǓǿǠȉȖ ࢲࢺࢸࢶেLjǓǿ șΦȧǹǓȠǓȠȠ ȣȖșƻLjƺǿঀ Φ hǹȣǏƺǡ ǠΡǓȠǓǾ (ƺΦǏƻǹǷȅǏƻșȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡǩ ǔș ?ȉΦǩǠƺΦǠƺȠƻșȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡǩ ?ƺȖƻǿ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠঀ EǩȣȠƻǿ ȠǫΦ ǔΚǩǠ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǷǓǏǓȠȠ ƺੈǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠ ǔș ƺੈȒǔǿΦে ȧǠΡ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿॹ ǿȌΚǔȖǔΚǓǹ ǷȉΦȉșǓǿ ǟȉǹǏǓȠ ΚƻșƻȖȅǹȠ ?ƺȖƺljƺLjǓΡ |ƺȖǪȜ ǟƺǹȣǴƻLjƺǿॹ ǔș șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǷǓȖǓȠǔLjǓǿ ljșǩȖǷǔǷǓȠ ǿǓΚǓǹঀ ੈ e? ? ǩǿȠǔΦǓȠȠȌǹ ǷƺȒȅȠȠ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșșƺǹ ࢳࢱࢲࢶেLjǓǿ ǷǓΦǏȠǔǷ Ǔǹ ƺੈ ȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșȠ ǷǔȠ ƺljǔǹǷǓȠȖǓljljǓǹ ǓǠΡ ࢴࢶࢳࢱ ǿǔǠΡΦǓȠǾǔে ȠǓȖǓș LjǓǹȠǔȖǩ ǹǔȠǓșǫȠǾǔǿΡLjǓǿॹ ȠǓǹǴǓș ƺȣȠȅǾƺȠǩΦƻǹƻșșƺǹঀ ੈ ࢳࢱࢲࢹ ǓǹǓǴǔǿ ǟǓǹǔȒǫȠǓȠȠ ࢲࢷࢴࢱ ǿǔǠΡΦǓȠǾǔȠǓȖǓș ǦƺȖǾƺǏǩǷ ǷǓȠȖǓlj ǾǓǠǔȒǫȠǔșǔΚǓǹ ࢷࢱ ࢱࢱࢱেȖȌǹ ࢺࢱ ࢲࢶࢸ

ࢱࢱࢱ ǏƺȖƺLjȖƺ ǿȉΚǓǹȠǓ ƺΦ ǩǏȌșΦƺǷȅș ǷƺȒƺljǩȠƻșƻȠॹ ǔș ǾȅșȠ ǔΚǩ ࢷࢱࢱ ࢱࢱࢱ ǏƺȖƺLj ƺΦ ǔΚǩ ǷƺȒƺে ljǩȠƻșƺঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƺ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǩǷ ƺੈǴȆ ǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ ȠƺǿȤșǫȠΚƻǿǿΡƺǹॹ ǔș ƺੈȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșȠ ƺੈȠƺǿȤșǫȠΚƻǿΡǿƺǷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǷȖǩȠǔȖǩȣǾȅǷ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠǴƺঀ eȧǹǩǿ ǷǪǿ ǩȒǹȅǾƻǴƻȠ ƺΦ ǿƺǏȅǹȣ ǠΡǓȠǓǾ ?ȉΦǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡǩ ?ƺȖƻǿ ǔș ƺੈ ȅǡƺΦǩnjǩ ǠΡǓȠǓǾ ǾǩǷȖȅেE ੈ ȠƺǿșΦǔǷǔǿ șΦǓȖǓΦȠǓঀ EǫǠ ƺΦ ǷǏǓǿǩΦ ǠΡǓȠǓǾ ǠȖƻȖǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠ ȠƺǿșΦǔǷǔǿǓǷ ǦƺǹǹǠƺȠȆǴƺ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦে Ƞƺ ƺੈΛΛΛঀȠƺȖǩǾșƺǹȒƺΦƺȖǹƺǾƺঀljȅǾেȅȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺে șƻǠǩ ǷȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻljǩȆș ǔș ǓেǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ΛǓLjȅǹǏƺǹॹ ǔș ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦȅȠȠ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǠƺΦǏƻǷǷƺǹॹ ƺǷǩǷ 2?e ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƻǷƺȠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǿƺǷঀ eȉLjLj ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓȠ ǦƺǴȠȅȠȠ ΚǔǠȖǓ ƺੈ ǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ȠǓȖǾǓǹȌǷ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǩǦǓΦ ǷƺȒljșȅǹȆǏȆƺǿঀ ?ǔȒΦǔșǓǩΚǓǹॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ǷȧǹȉǿLjȉΦȌ ȠǔǾƻǷLjƺǿ ȠǓȠȠ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌΚǔ শȒǹঀ ƺੈȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦƻșƻȖȆǹ ΚƺǠΡ ƺΦ ȉǿȠȉΦǔșȖȌǹষ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠȌǹǓǠ ࢲࢳ ࢱࢱࢱ ǟƺǹȣȠ ǔȖȠ Ǔǹঀ R ƺੈtȅǏƺǟȅǿǓ ^ǾƺȖȠ tǩǹǹƺǠǓ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠȌǴǓॹ ƺǾǩ ƺΦ ȤǴ ǠǓǿǓȖƻljǩȆș ΚǩǏǔǷǩ ǔǹǓȠǾȅে ǏǓǹǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ȉȠΚȉΦǩ ƺੈǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǾȆǏșΦǓȖǓǩȠ ǔș ƺੈǟǓǴǹǓȠȠ ȠǓljǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƻȠঀ ^ΦƻǾȅș ǏǫǴƺȠ ǓǹǿΡǓȖȠॸ ƺੈࢳࢱࢱࢸেǓș ΠȒȅȖȠ ^ȠƺȖșȠॹ ƺੈࢳࢱࢲࢳেǓș = 2 eK|X Κ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ǏǫǴƺȠॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢴেLjƺǿ ƺੈ ^ƺLjƺǿljǪ ǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ (ǓǿǓȖƺȠǩǿǠ ǩАǓȖǓǿljǓ ǏǫǴƻȠॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢳেLjǓǿ ƺΦ ǿǩȠƺ ȅȖǠ vȅȖǹǏ ^ȅljǩƺǹ 2ǾȒƺljȠ ǏǫǴƺȠॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ࢳࢱࢲࢴেLjƺǿ ƺੈ(ƺȖƺǿȠǩ ƺǿǷƺșǪে?ƺǠǩǏǓȖ ƺΦ ǔΚ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ǏǫǴƻȠঀ

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t222ঀ ?ȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȠǓȠǔșǓǷ

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FƺȒǴƺǩǿǷLjƺǿ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǷǩ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔș ƺੈǾȣǿǷƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹȆ ǿȌǷ ǦȅΦে ΦƻǴƻȖȣǹǿƺǷ ȤǴ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǷ ǹǔȠǓșǫȠǔșǔǦǓΦ ǔș ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔǦǓΦঀ ΦǔȖȠ șΦƻǾȠƺǹƺǿ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔș ǩǿǏȣǹȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǷǓǏΚ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔȖǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷȉȖǔLjǓǿॹ ǓΦǓǷ ǓǠΡǩǷǓ ƺੈ vঀ ঀ^ঀeঀ ৅ FȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾǴƺ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠঀ =ǓǹǓǿ ǷǩƺǏΚƻǿΡ ǓǹȌΦǓȠǓș ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ǔș ƺǏƺȠǠΡȪǴȠǔș ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓॹ ǔș ǟȅȖȖƻș ƺੈǹǓǓǿǏȌ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦঀ ੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǿǓǷ ǷǔȠ ǟȌ ljǔǹljșȅȒȅȖȠǴƺ Κƺǿঀ Φ ǓǠΡǩǷ ljǔǹljșȅȒȅȖȠ ƺΦȅǷ ƺੈǿȌǷॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ Κƺǿ ȉȠǹǓȠȧǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȖƺॹ ǾǔǠ ǿǓǾ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƺǷ ljǔǠǓȠॹ ǏǓ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǿǓǷঀ ੈǾƻșǩǷ ljșȅȒȅȖȠ ƺΦȅǷ ƺੈǿȌǷॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ ǾƻȖ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ǷǩșেΚƺǠΡ ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷ Κƺǿॹ ǏǓ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǿǓǷ ȠȅΚƻLjLj ǟǓǴǹȌǏǿǩঀ ȖȖǓ ƺੈǷǔȠ ljșȅȒȅȖȠȖƺॹ ƺǾǩȠ ƺੈvঀ ঀ^ঀeঀ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǿ LjǓǹȧǹ ǓǹǷȧǹȉǿǫȠǓȠȠǓǿ ǷǓΦǓǹȧǿǷॹ ƻȠǟȅǠȆƺǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔǿȠ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓǿǓǷॹ ǔș șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺ ȣǠΡƺǿƺΦȠ ƺΦ ǓǠΡșǔǠǓș ǷǔȒΦǔșȠ ǷǫǿƻǹǴƻǷঀ ǏǏǩǠ ƺǾǫǠ șΦƻǾȅș ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǹǔȠǓΦǩǷॹ ƺǾǩ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǓǏΚ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔȖǓॹ ƺੈǾƻȖ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠƻȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷে Ƿƺǹ ljșƺǷ ǓǹΚǔȠΚǓ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦǿǩঀ ΦȠ ǹƻȠΚƺ ǔȖǓΦȠȧǷ șΦȧǷșǔǠǔȠ ƺǿǿƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǷǔȠ ljǔǹljșȅȒȅȖȠ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǓǹȠǔȖȌ ƺǿΡƺǠȅǷƺȠ LjǩΦȠȅșǫȠșȣǿǷॹ ƺΦ Ȍ șȒǓljǩƻǹǩș ǩǠǔǿΡǓǩǷǿǓǷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌǓǿঀ /ƺLjƻȖ ƺੈ ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǷLjƺǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƻȠ ƻLjȖƻΦȅǹȆ ǠȖƺЙǷȅǿȅǷ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǿƺǷॹ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌȒǩƺljǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǓ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ƺǹƺljșȅǿΡ ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷǦȅΦ Κǩে șΦȅǿΡǫȠΚƺঀ Φ ǩș ǾǓǠЙǠΡǓǹǦǓȠȌॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ǧƺ ljǔǠƺǹƺȒǫȠƻșȖȆǹॹ ΚƺǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșȖȌǹ Κƺǿ șΦȆॹ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǾǔǠ ǷǩșǓLjLjঀ LjLjȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ LjǓΚǔȠǓǹǓ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓǿ ǹǓǾƺȖƺǏ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǔȠȆǹॹ ƺΦ ǩș ǹƻȠșΦǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǾƻȖ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȆ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǩș LjǩΦȅǿΡǫȠƺǿǩȣǷ ǷǓǹǹঀ Φ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷƺȠ ΚǩΦșǠƻǹΚƺ ǾǓǠƻǹǹƺȒǫȠǦƺȠȆॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦǩǿȠǓ șȅǦƺ ǿǓǾ ǩș ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ǴǓǹǓǿॹ ȒǓǏǩǠ ƺੈǷȣȠƺȠȆǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǓǩ LjƻȖǾǓǹΡ șΦǓǷȠȅȖLjƺǿ ǦƺșΦǿȅșǫȠǦƺȠȆǷ ǹǓǿǿǔǿǓǷঀ Φ ǩș ǹƻȠǦƺȠȆॹ ǦȅǠΡ șȅǷ ǓșΦǷȉΦ ǔș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǹǔে ȠǓΦǩǷॹ ƺǾǩ ƺੈǿȌǷ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǴȣȠƻșƻȠ ǦǩΚƺȠȅȠȠ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǓǿǩॹ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǾǔǠǩș ȅǹΡƺǿ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷLjƺǿ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǷǓǏǿǓǷ ǩǿǷƻLjLjॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺΦ ǓǹǩǿǏȣǹƻșǦȅΦ ǾǩǿǩǾƻǹǩș ȠȌǷǓ ǩș ǓǹǓǠǓǿǏȌঀ /ƺLjƻȖ șȅǷǟǔǹǓ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻș ǹǔȠǓΦǩǷॹ ǾǔǠ LjȌΚǓǿ Κƺǿ ǦȅΚƺ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǿǩ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓ ȠǓȖǔǿॹ ǾǓȖȠ ǓΦǓǷ ƺੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷ ǿǓǾ ǴȣȠǿƺǷ Ǔǹ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǾǔȖে ȠǔǷLjǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǷǦȉΦॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ǷǫΚƻǿƺȠȅș Κȅǹǿƺঀ LjLjǓǿ ƺੈ ǷȅǿȠǓΠȠȣșLjƺǿ ƺੈ ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ȤǠΡ ǹƻȠǴȣǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ șΦȧǷșǔǠ Κƺǿ ȠȣǏƺȠȅșșƻǠ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǔȖǓॹ ǔș ǷȉΦΚǓȠǹǓǿ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǿΡȤǴȠƻșȖƺ ƺੈFȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾǴƻǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹॸ ॷ Φ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǔș ƺੈǾƻȖ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ǷǷΚেǷǷƺǹ ǷƺȒljșȅǹƺȠȅș ǷǔȖǏǔșǓে ǷǓȠ Ƿȧǹȉǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǷǓΦǓǹǿǩঀ ॷ eȣǏƺȠȅșǫȠƺǿǩ ǷǓǹǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ƺੈljǔǠƺǹƺȒǫȠƻșȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȌǓǿ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩ ǷǓǹǹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠƺ ǔȖǏǓǷǔLjǓǿঀ ࢲࢷࢱ

ॷ ੈǷǓΦǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ǔș ƺੈǾƻȖ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ǷǷΚেǷ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƺǩǿƺǷ Ƿȧǹȉǿ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ǾȅǏȣǹȅǷƺȠ ǷǓǹǹ ǷǩǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓǿǩॹ ƺΦ ǓǹȌΦǓȠǓș ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǷȖƺ ƺǹƺȒȅΦΚƺ Йে ǠΡǓǹǓǾLjǓ ΚǔΚǓ ǓǹȠǔȖȌ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǩǷǓȠঀ ॷ 'Ǔǹ ǷǓǹǹ ǦǫΚǿǩ ƺੈ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ƺੈ LjȧȖȅǷȖƻljǩƺ ljșȉǷǷǓǿȠǔșǔǿǓǷ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓșșǔǠǔȖǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷȉǿǿΡǓLjLj ǹǓǠΡǓǿ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦǿǩॹ ljǔǠǓȠ ƺǹƺȒǫȠƺǿǩঀ ॷ /ƺǿǠșȤǹΡȅΦǿǩ ǷǓǹǹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆে ǔș ǷǷΚেLjƺȖƻȠ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠƻȠঀ ॷ ȖȌșǫȠǓǿǩ ǷǓǹǹ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷȉȖǔLjǓǿ ƺੈǾǓǿȠȅȖǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠঀ ॷ ^ΦǔǹǓș ǷȉȖLjǓǿ ǾǓǠ ǷǓǹǹ ȅșΦȠƺǿǩ șǩǷǓȖǓș ǿȌǷ ȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠǓǩȠॹ ǓΦΦǓǹ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹΚƺ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǴǓǿ ƺΦȅǷ ȉǿLjǩΦƺǹǾƺॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǾƺǠȣǷȖƺ ǩșǾǓȖǿǓǷ ǓΦǓǷLjǓǿ ƺੈȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠǓǷLjǓǿঀ

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2{ঀ [ǓǟǓȖǓǿljǩƻǷ

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tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠLjƺǿ ^KF ȅǹǹǓǠǓॹ ( [ ॹ ǓȠ ƺǹঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢸঀ (ǹȅLjƺǹ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ EȅǿǩȠȅȖ ࢳࢱࢲࢷইࢳࢱࢲࢸ [ǓȒȅȖȠ ȅǿ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ȅǏǓǿ =Ȗॹ [ঀ ƺǿǏ ঀ Fȣljljǩ শࢳࢱࢱࢱষॹ ৚Kǿ ȠǦǓ ^ȣȖΚǩΚƺǹ XȖȅșȒǓljȠș ȅǟ EǓǿঢ়ș ƺǿǏ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș FǓΛ ȣșǩǿǓșș tǓǿȠȣȖǓș৛ॹ =ȅȣȖǿƺǹ ȅǟ ȣșǩǿǓșș tǓǿȠȣȖǩǿǠॹ tȅǹঀ ࢲࢶ শࢵষॹ ȒȒঀ ࢴࢵࢸেࢴࢷࢳ ȖȣșǦॹ ঀॹ Fঀ ƺȖȠǓȖॹ ঀ (ƺȠǓΛȅȅǏॹ Xঀ (ȖǓǓǿǓॹ ƺǿǏ Eঀ /ƺȖȠ শࢳࢱࢱࢵষॹ ǹǓƺȖǩǿǠ ȠǦǓ /ȣȖǏǹǓșॸ vȅǾǓǿ ȣǩǹǏǩǿǠ /ǩǠǦে(ȖȅΛȠǦ ȣșǩǿǓșșǓșॹ hȒȒǓȖ ^ƺǏǏǹǓ [ǩΚǓȖॹ F=ॸ XȖǓǿȠǩljǓ /ƺǹǹঀ 'ȣȠȣȖȒȖǓǿǓȣȖ ƺǿƺǏƺॹ ^ȖƺȠǓǠǩlj Xǹƺǿ ࢳࢱࢳࢱॹ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǟȣȠȣȖȒȖǓǿǓȣȖঀljƺইǓǿই ƺLjȅȣȠই (ȅǿΦƻǹǓΦ EǓǿǔǿǏǓΦॹ Eঀ ঀ ૭ ȣǓȠȅॹ ঀ শࢳࢱࢲࢶষ ȣșǩǿǓșș ^ȠƺȖȠেhȒș ƺǿǏ |ȅȣȠǦ ^Ǔǹǟে ǾȒǹȅΡǾǓǿȠ ǩǿ ^Ȓƺǩǿॸ ੈXȅǹǩljΡ @ǩȠǓȖƺȠȣȖǓ [ǓΚǩǓΛॹ ^e|@ vȅȖǷǩǿǠ XƺȒǓȖșॹ ^e|@ েvXࢸঀࢲই ^ঀ [KE ॹ hǿǩΚǓȖșǩȠΡ ȅǟ ȖǩǠǦȠȅǿॹ ȖǩǠǦȠȅǿঀ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀșȠΡǹǓেȖǓșǓƺȖljǦঀǓȣইȒȣLjǹǩljƺȠǩȅǿșইΛȅȖǷǩǿǠেȒƺȒǓȖș (ȧǿǓΡॹ ^ঀॹ ড়?ƺǏǪǿ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾljǩǹǩǡǩǿǓ (ǓǿǓǹ ǩȖ ƺǷǪȜঢ় ǦȠȠȒॸইইǠǩȖǩșǩǾঀljȅǾȣঀǓǏȣঀȠȖ ǦȠȠȒॸইইLjȖǩǿǠǩǿǠȅȣȠșȣljljǓșșǟȣǹșǩșȠǓȖșঀLjǹȅǠșȒȅȠঀljȅǾঀȠȖইȒইƺLjȅȣȠেLjȅșșেǿǓȠΛȅȖǷঀǦȠǾǹ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀLjƺLjΡǹȅƺǿঀȅȖǠইǓǿইǾȣǦƺǾǾƺǏেΡȣǿȣșেȠǦǓেǩǿΚǓǿȠȅȖেȅǟেǾǩljȖȅljȖǓǏǩȠ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইȠǩǹǹΚƺΠȠΚǓȖǷǓȠঀșǓইǏȅΛǿǹȅƺǏইࢲࢹঀࢴࢷࢹࢸǓࢴࢹƺࢲࢶǓࢹࢵࢷࢴࢳࢲࢲࢶࢵࢶ ࢵljࢶইࢲࢶࢱࢶࢹࢺࢺࢸࢵࢷࢷࢳࢴইǩǿǟȅউࢱࢵࢵࢶউΛǓLjLjউࢲࢳࢱࢷࢲࢶࢱࢹࢶࢸࢱࢳঀȒǏǟ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖঀljȅǾইΛȅǾǓǿ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖǾƺǠঀljȅঀΦƺইƺǏΚǩljǓইΛȅǾǓǿেǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșইșȣȒে ȒȅȖȠেΛȅǾǓǿেǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșইǟȣǿǏǩǿǠেƺǿǏেЙǿƺǿljǩƺǹেƺșșǩșȠƺǿljǓেǟȅȖেșƺেΛȅǾে ǓǿেǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșই ǦȠȠȒॸইইǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖǾǓǏǩƺঀljȅǾই ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǟȅȖLjǓșঀljȅǾইșǩȠǓșইǾǓǠǦƺǿljƺșșǓȖǹΡইࢳࢱࢲࢴইࢱࢹইࢳࢲইȠǦǓেࢲࢱেLjǓșȠেΛǓLjșǩȠǓșে ǟȅȖেΛȅǾƺǿেǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșেࢳࢱࢲࢴইॾࢸࢱࢸljǏࢴࢲࢲࢸࢱࢹࢱ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀǠȖǓƺȠLjȣșǩǿǓșșঀǠȅΚঀȣǷইΛȅǾǓǿেǩǿেǓǿȠǓȖȒȖǩșǓই ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǹǓǠljȅঀǠȅΚঀǦǷইȖǓșǓƺȖljǦেȒȣLjǹǩljƺȠǩȅǿșইǓǿǠǹǩșǦইǓșșǓǿে ȠǩƺǹșেࢲࢵࢲࢶǩșǓࢱࢸেȒȖȅǾȅȠǩǿǠেΡȅȣȠǦেǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒেǩǿেșȅȣȠǦেǷȅȖǓƺঀǦȠǾ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀǹǩȅǿǓșșǓșȅǟƺǟȖǩljƺঀljȅǾইLjǹȅǠইࢳࢱࢲࢶইࢲইࢲࢸইȠǦǓেșȠƺȖȠȣȒেșȠȅȖΡেȅǟেǓȠǦǓǹেljȅে ЙǓ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǾǓǏǩǾƺǠƺΦǩǿঀljȅǾঀȠȖইȠǓǾȒǹƺȠǓșইǏǓǟƺȣǹȠইljǷЙǿǏǓȖইȣșǓȖЙǹǓșইǩǾƺǠǓșই ǷǩșǩǹǓȖইǾǓǦǾǓȠউșǓǹǩǾউLjƺǠǹǩঀǴȒǠ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀȖǓșǓƺȖljǦǠƺȠǓঀǿǓȠইȒȣLjǹǩljƺȠǩȅǿইࢴࢲࢳࢶࢳࢳࢷࢹࢴউ^ȣljljǓșșউ^ȠȅȖǩǓșউȅǟউ vȅǾǓǿউ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒে ƺșǓউ^ȠȣǏǩǓș ࢲࢷࢵ

ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀșLjƺঀǠȅΚইșLjǩlj ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀșLjƺঀǠȅΚইǹǓǿǏǓȖǾƺȠljǦ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀșLjƺঀǠȅΚইȅГljǓșইǦǓƺǏȕȣƺȖȠǓȖșইΛLjȅইȖǓșȅȣȖljǓș ǦȠȠȒșॸইইșȣljljǓșșșȠȅȖΡঀljȅǾইȒǓȅȒǹǓইƺLjǩǠƺǩǹেǴȅǦǿșȅǿ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀȣǿΛȅǾǓǿঀȅȖǠইǓǿইƺLjȅȣȠেȣșইƺLjȅȣȠেȣǿেΛȅǾǓǿ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀΛȅǾǓǿșLjȣșǩǿǓșșljȅȣǿljǩǹঀljȅঀȣǷইǾƺljƺই ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀΛȅǾǓǿșǓǏƺΡঀȅȖǠইƺLjȅȣȠেȣșইȅȣȖেșȠȅȖΡই 8ǹȠǓȖॹ ঀॹ শࢳࢱࢲࢱষ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾljǩǹǩǷ ^ȧȖǓljǩǿǏǓ ?ƺǏǪǿ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾljǩǹǓȖǩǿ ?ƺȖȜǪǹƺȜȠǪǷǹƺȖǪ ^ȅȖȣǿে ǹƺȖǪǿ ǿƺǹǩΦǩॸ ? (8 [ OȖǿǓǡǩॹ ǏƺǹǓȠ |ƺΡǪǿǓΚǩॹ ǿǷƺȖƺ 8Ȓnjǩȅǡǹȣॹ 8ঀ শࢳࢱࢲࢲষ ?ƺǏǪǿ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾljǩǹǩǷॹ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾljǩǹǩǷ ΚǓ ?ȅLjǩǹǓȖॸ eǓȅȖǩ ΚǓ hΡǠȣǹƺǾƺ ǩnjǩǿǏǓ শ Ǐॸ ঀ ƺǟǓȖ [ K) Fষॹ ࢺࢸেࢲࢲࢱॹ Ƿǩǿ |ƺΡǪǿǹƺȖǪॹ ȣȖșƺ ?ƺǿȠǩșॹ /ঀॹ 2șǦǩǏƺॹ Eঀ ƺǿǏ ?ȅǾȅȖǩॹ Eঀ শࢳࢱࢱࢳষ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ǩǿ ǾǓȖǠǩǿǠ ljȅǿȅǾǩǓșॸ eǦǓ ȖǓƺȠǩȅǿ ƺǿǏ ǓΚǓǹȅȒǾǓǿȠ ȅǟ FǓΛ 'ǩȖǾș ǩǿ @ƺȠǩǿ ǾǓȖǩে ljƺ ƺǿǏ ƺșȠ șǩƺॹ 2ǿȠǓȖে ǾǓȖǩljƺǿ ǓΚǓǹȅȒǾǓǿȠ ƺǿǷॹ vƺșǦǩǿǠȠȅǿ ঀ ?ƺȖǿƺȠƺǷƺ ^ȠƺȠǓ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș hǿǩΚǓȖșǩȠΡșȣljljǓșș ^ȠȅȖǩǓș ȅǟ vȅǾǓǿ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖে șǦǩȒে ƺșǓ ^ȠȣǏǩǓșঀ ?Ǧƺǿ E2ঀ শࢳࢱࢲࢶষ vȅǾǓǿ ǾȒȅΛǓȖǾǓǿȠॹ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒॹ ƺǿǏ ƺȒƺljǩȠΡ Ǔে ΚǓǹȅȒǾǓǿȠঀ =ȅȣȖǿƺǹ ǟȅȖ ^ȠȣǏǩǓș ǩǿ EƺǿƺǠǓǾǓǿȠ ƺǿǏ XǹƺǿǿǩǿǠ ࢲࢱॸ ࢵࢴেࢶࢷঀ ?ǹΡΚǓȖॹ ?ঀ ƺǿǏ ^ঀ (ȖƺǿȠॹ শࢳࢱࢲࢱষॹ ৚(ǓǿǏǓȖ ǏǩАǓȖǓǿljǓș ǩǿ ǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖǩƺǹ ǿǓȠΛȅȖǷে ǩǿǠ ƺǿǏ ȒƺȖȠǩljǩȒƺȠǩȅǿ৛ॹ 2ǿȠǓȖǿƺȠǩȅǿƺǹ =ȅȣȖǿƺǹ ȅǟ (ǓǿǏǓȖ ƺǿǏ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖে șǦǩȒॹ tȅǹঀ ࢳ শࢴষॹ ȒȒঀࢳࢲࢴেࢳࢳࢸঀ ?ȅǦǹǩǿॹ (ঀॹ ঀ Kঀ ^ǩǹǹșॹ ǓȠ ƺǹঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢲঀ ৚ ǿǓȖǠΡॹ (ǓǿǏǓȖ ƺǿǏ ǓΚǓǹȅȒǾǓǿȠॸ vǦƺȠ ƺȖǓ ȠǦǓ @ǩǿǷƺǠǓșঁ vǦǓȖǓ ǩș ȠǦǓ ΚǩǏǓǿljǓঁ৛ XȅǹǩljΡ [ǓșǓƺȖljǦ vȅȖǷǩǿǠ XƺȒǓȖ ࢶࢹࢱࢱঀ vƺșǦǩǿǠȠȅǿॹ ॸ vȅȖǹǏ ƺǿǷ @ȣǿǏșȠȖȉǾॹ ঀ ƺǿǏ ^ȠǓΚǓǿșȅǿॹ @ঀ শࢳࢱࢱࢶষ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ XȅǹǩljΡॸ eǦǓȅȖΡ ƺǿǏ XȖƺljȠǩljǓșॹ ?ǹȣΛǓȖ ljƺǏǓǾǩlj XȣLjǹǩșǦǓȖșॹ FǓΛ |ȅȖǷঀ EƺȖǹȅΛॹ ^ঀॹ ƺǿǏ ^ঀ ƺȖȠǓȖ শࢳࢱࢱࢵষॹ ৚ ljljȅȣǿȠǩǿǠ ǟȅȖ ǦƺǿǠǓॸ XȖȅǟǓșșǩȅǿƺǹ șȠƺȠȣșॹ (ǓǿǏǓȖ ǩșƺǏΚƺǿȠƺǠǓ ƺǿǏ ^ǓǹǟেǓǾȒǹȅΡǾǓǿȠॹ৛ vȅǾǓǿ ǩǿ EƺǿƺǠǓǾǓǿȠ [ǓΚǩǓΛॹ tȅǹঀ ࢲࢺ শࢲষॹ ȒȒঀ ࢶেࢲࢷঀ EǩȖΦƺǿȠǩॹ 2ঀॹ^ǩǾƺȠȣȒƺǿǠॹeঀॹ @ƺȖșȅঀॹ Λǩॹ শࢳࢱࢲࢵষ৚ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ȒȅǹǩljΡ ǩǾȒǹǓে ǾǓǿȠƺȠǩȅǿ ǾȅǏǓǹ ǩǿ 2ǿǏȅǿǓșǩƺ৛ 2ǿȠঀ =ঀ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ƺǿǏ ^Ǿƺǹǹ ȣșǩে ǿǓșș K ই h শࢳࢱࢲࢸষॹ ৚XȅǹǩljΡ ȖǩǓǟ ȅǿ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒেK ৛ॹ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀȅǓljǏঀȅȖǠইljǟǓইșǾǓșইXȅǹǩljΡে ȖǩǓǟেȅǿেvȅǾǓǿেșে ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖে șǦǩȒঀȒǏǟ

ࢲࢷࢶ

K ই h শࢳࢱࢲࢶষॹ ৚XȅǹǩljΡ ȖǩǓǟ ȅǿ ΠȒƺǿǏǩǿǠ FǓȠΛȅȖǷș ǟȅȖ 2ǿljǹȣșǩΚǓ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓে ǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ৛ॹ ǦȠȠȒॸইইǏΠঀǏȅǩঀȅȖǠইࢲࢱঀࢲࢸࢹࢸইࢶǴȖȠȒLjΦࢳࢺǾǴǦেǓǿঀ K ॹশࢳࢱࢲࢷষ K [ǓȒȅȖȠ Ƞȅ (ࢸ @ǓƺǏǓȖș ȅǿ vȅǾǓǿ ƺǿǏ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖে șǦǩȒॹ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀȅǓljǏঀȅȖǠইǠǓǿǏǓȖইK ে[ǓȒȅȖȠઔࢳࢱেȠȅে(ࢸে@ǓƺǏে ǓȖșেȅǿেvȅǾǓǿেƺǿǏে ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒঀȒǏǟ K ॹ শࢳࢱࢲࢷষॹ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ƺȠ ƺੈ(ǹƺǿljǓ KΦȠȣȖǷ Eঀ ঀ Ȗșǹƺǿ 2ঀ?ঀ শࢳࢱࢱࢷষ ৚eȧȖǷǩΡǓঢ়ǏǓ ?ƺǏǩǿ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾljǩǹǩǷॸ ?ƺǏǩǿǹƺȖǩ (ǩে ȖǩȜǩǾljǩǹǩǡǓ |ȉǿǓǹȠǓǿ 'ƺǷȠȉȖǹǓȖॹ ?ƺȖȜǩǹƺȜȠǩǷǹƺȖǩ ^ȅȖȣǿǹƺȖ tǓ ȉΦȧǾ OǿǓȖǩǹǓȖǩ৛ 2șȠƺǿLjȣǹ eǩljƺȖǓȠ lǿǩΚǓȖșǩȠǓșǩ ǩȜ eǩljƺȖǓȠ ǿșȠǩȠȧșȧ vȅȖǷǩǿǠ XƺȒǓȖ ^ǓȖǩǓș eƺȖȠǩȜǾƺ EǓȠǩǿǹǓȖǩ XǩƺljǓǿȠǩǿǩॹ Eঀ শࢳࢱࢲࢴষॹ ৚vȅǾǓǿ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖș ǩǿ ȠǦǓ K ॸ?ǓΡ ΚǩǏǓǿljǓ ƺǿǏ XȅǹǩljΡ ǦƺǹǹǓǿǠǓș৛ॹ K ^ȅljǩƺǹॹ ǾȒǹȅΡǾǓǿȠ ƺǿǏ EǩǠȖƺȠǩȅǿ vȅȖǷǩǿǠ XƺȒǓȖșॹ Fȅঀ ࢲࢵࢸॹ K XȣLjǹǩșǦǩǿǠঀ ǦȠȠȒॸইইǏΠঀǏȅǩঀȅȖǠইࢲࢱঀࢲࢸࢹࢸইࢶǷࢵࢴLjΚȠে ǷǾLjࢹΚেǓǿ ^ǦƺΛॹ ঀॹ ^ঀ EƺȖǹȅΛॹ vঀ @ƺǾ ƺǿǏ ^ঀ ƺȖȠǓȖ শࢳࢱࢱࢺষॹ ৚(ǓǿǏǓȖ ƺǿǏ ǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖǩƺǹ ljƺȒǩȠƺǹॸ ǩǾȒǹǩljƺȠǩȅǿș ǟȅȖ ЙȖǾ ȒǓȖǟȅȖǾƺǿljǓ৛ॹ 2ǿȠǓȖǿƺȠǩȅǿƺǹ =ȅȣȖǿƺǹ ȅǟ (Ǔǿে ǏǓȖ ƺǿǏ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒॹ tȅǹঀ ࢲ শࢲষॹ ȒȒঀ ࢳࢶেࢵࢲ ^ȅΡƺǷॹEঀॹ শࢳࢱࢲࢱষॹ ৚?ƺǏǪǿ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾljǩǹǩǡǩ tǓ EǩǷȖȅЙǿƺǿșॸ eȧȖǷǩΡǓ ǓǿǓΡǩǾǩ৛ Eȣǡǹƺ lǿǩΚǓȖșǩȠǓșǩ ^ȅșΡƺǹ ǩǹǩǾǹǓȖ ǿșȠǩȠȧșȧ ǓȖǠǩșǩ শ8@? ষ ƺǦƺȖ ࢳࢱࢲࢱ ^ƺΡǪ ࢳࢵ eȅǾȅș 'ॹ ǹƺȖǷ ੈƺǿǏ eǦȣȖƺȖǩƺǴ ^ঀ শࢳࢱࢲࢷষ eǦǓ ǾǓȖǠǓǿljǓ ȅǟ vȅǾǓǿ ǿȠȖǓে ȒȖǓǿǓȣȖș ƺǿǏ ȅǾǾȣǿǩȠǩǓș ȅǟ XȖƺljȠǩljǓ ΛǩȠǦǩǿ ȠǦǓ (ǹȅLjƺǹ ȅǿȠǓΠȠঀ ॸ 2(2 (ǹȅLjƺǹঀ hΦΦǩॹ ঀ শࢲࢺࢺࢺষॹ ৚ ǾLjǓǏǏǓǏǿǓșș ǩǿ ȠǦǓ EƺǷǩǿǠ ȅǟ 'ǩǿƺǿljǩƺǹ ƺȒǩȠƺǹॸ /ȅΛ ^ȅljǩƺǹ [ǓǹƺȠǩȅǿș ƺǿǏ FǓȠΛȅȖǷș ǓǿǓЙȠ 'ǩȖǾș ^ǓǓǷǩǿǠ 'ǩǿƺǿljǩǿǠॹ৛ ǾǓȖǩljƺǿ ^ȅে ljǩȅǹȅǠǩljƺǹ [ǓΚǩǓΛॹ tȅǹঀ ࢷࢵॹ ȒȒঀ ࢵࢹࢲেࢶࢱࢶ v 'ॹশࢳࢱࢲࢷষ ৚(ǹȅLjƺǹ (ǓǿǏǓȖ (ƺȒ [ǓȒȅȖȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢷ ǦȠȠȒॸইইȖǓȒȅȖȠșঀΛǓǟȅȖȣǾঀȅȖǠই ǠǹȅLjƺǹেǠǓǿǏǓȖেǠƺȒেȖǓȒȅȖȠেࢳࢱࢲࢷইȠǦǓেǠǹȅLjƺǹেǠǓǿǏǓȖেǠƺȒেȖǓȒȅȖȠেࢳࢱࢲࢷই vȅȖǹǏ ƺǿǷॹশࢳࢱࢲࢵষ (ǓǿǏǓȖ ƺȠ vȅȖǷॸ ੈ ȅǾȒƺǿǩȅǿ Ƞȅ ȠǦǓ vȅȖǹǏ ǓΚǓǹȅȒǾǓǿȠ [ǓȒȅȖȠ ȅǿ =ȅLjșॹ vȅȖǹǏ ƺǿǷ XȣLjǹǩșǦǩǿǠঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆLjƺǿ ΚƺǹȣƺȠǪȅǿ ȅǿ XȅǹǪljΡॸ XȖȅǾȅȠǪȅǿ Kǟ vȅǾǓǿ 2ǿǿȅΚƺȠȅȖș ǿǏ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖে șǦǪȒশࢳࢱࢱࢹষॹ Ǡ ǿȠǓȖȒȖǪșǓ ǿǏ 2ǿǏȣșȠȖΡॹ ȣȖȅȒǓƺǿ ljȅǾǾǪșșǪȅǿ ^ȠƺȠǩșȠǩljƺǹ ƺȠƺ ȅǿ vȅǾǓǿ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖș ǩǿ ȣȖȅȒǓॹ শࢳࢱࢲࢵষ Ǡ ǿȠǓȖȒȖǪșǓ ǿǏ 2ǿǏȣșȠȖΡॹ ȣȖȅȒǓƺǿ ljȅǾǾǪșșǪȅǿ ࢲࢷࢷ

ǦȠȠȒșॸইইǓljঀǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইǠȖȅΛȠǦইșǾǓșইșȣȒȒȅȖȠইǓǿȠǓȖȒȖǩșǓেȒȖȅǾȅȠǩȅǿেƺΛƺȖǏș ǦȠȠȒॸইইǓȣȖেǹǓΠঀǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইǹǓǠƺǹেljȅǿȠǓǿȠ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইǓljঀǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইǠȖȅΛȠǦইǩǿǏȣșȠȖΡইȒȅǹǩljΡউǓǿ ǦȠȠȒॸইইǓljঀǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইȖǓșǓƺȖljǦইǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǩȅǿেȣǿǩȅǿইǩǿǏǓΠঀljǟǾ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইǓljঀǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইȖǓșǓƺȖljǦইȒƺȖȠǩljǩȒƺǿȠșইȒȅȖȠƺǹইǏǓșǷȠȅȒইǓǿইǦȅǾǓঀǦȠǾǹ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইǓljঀǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǾǓșইǦȅȖǩΦȅǿࢳࢱࢳࢱইǓǿইǦࢳࢱࢳࢱেșǓljȠǩȅǿইșǾǓেǩǿșȠȖȣে ǾǓǿȠ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইǓǓǿঀǓljঀǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইƺLjȅȣȠইƺLjȅȣȠ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইΡȅȣȖǓȣȖȅȒǓইLjȣșǩǿǓșșইǟȣǿǏǩǿǠেǠȖƺǿȠșইƺljljǓșșেȠȅেЙǿƺǿljǓই ǦȠȠȒॸইইǓljঀǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইǠȖȅΛȠǦইșǾǓșইȒȖȅǾȅȠǩǿǠেǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒইƺǏΚǩljǓেȅȒȒȅȖȠȣে ǿǩȠǩǓșই ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛǓǠƺȠǓঀǓȣইșǓƺȖljǦঁșǓƺȖljǦউƺȒǩউΚǩǓΛșউǟȣǹǹȠǓΠȠ઀FȅǿেǠȅΚǓȖǿǾǓǿȠƺǹ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛǓǠƺȠǓঀǓȣইࢲࢱࢱǾǩȖȖȅȖșেǓΠȠǓǿǏǓǏ eǦǓ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ljȠǩȅǿ Xǹƺǿॹ শࢳࢱࢲࢴষ ॹ ȣȖȅȒǓƺǿ ȅǾǩșșǩȅǿ ǹLjǓȖȠ ȖƺΚȅে ǩȅșljƺ ঄eǦǓ ǏΡǿƺǾǩljș ȅǟ ȣȖȅȒǓঅș ǩǿǏȣșȠȖǩƺǹ șȠȖȣljȠȣȖǓ ƺǿǏ ȠǦǓ ǠȖȅΛȠǦ ȅǟ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǩΚǓ ЙȖǾș঄=[ ȅǿǟǓȖǓǿljǓ ^ǓΚǩǹǹǓॹ KljȠȅLjǓȖ ࢳࢱࢲࢲঀ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইȒǦƺȖǾƺLjȅƺȖǏȖȅȅǾঀljȅǾইǩǿȠǓȖΚǩǓΛșইǩǿȠǓȖΚǩǓΛেǾǩljǦƺǓǹƺেǦȖǏǹǩljǷȅΚƺেljȅȣǿে ȠȖΡেǏǩȖǓljȠȅȖেLjǩȅǠǓǿেljΦǓljǦেȖǓȒȣLjǹǩljই ǦȠȠȒșॸইইࢲࢱࢱǾǩȖȖȅȖșঀǓȣইǓΠȠইșǹইǩljȠেȠȅȅǹইLjǹȅǠইǩȠǓǾইࢴࢹࢴেșȒǓǹƺেǴƺǷșƺ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইࢲࢱࢱǾǩȖȖȅȖșঀǓȣইǓΠȠইǓǿইǩljȠেȠȅȅǹইLjǹȅǠইǩȠǓǾইࢴࢳࢵেǹǓǿǷƺেȒȣǦ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀࢲࢱࢱǾǩȖȖȅȖșঀǓȣইǓΠȠইǓǿইǩljȠেȠȅȅǹইLjǹȅǠইǩȠǓǾইࢳࢶࢹেǾǩljǦƺǓǹƺেǦȖǏǹǩljǷȅΚƺ ǦȠȠȒॸইইǓljঀǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইǓȣȖȅșȠƺȠইΛǓLjইșȠȖȣljȠȣȖƺǹেLjȣșǩǿǓșșেșȠƺȠǩșȠǩljșইǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖে șǦǩȒই ǩǿǏǩljƺȠȅȖș ৚eǦǩǿǷ ^Ǿƺǹǹ 'ǩȖșȠ৛ ੈ৚^Ǿƺǹǹ ȣșǩǿǓșș ljȠ৛ ǟȅȖ ȣȖȅȒǓॹ শࢳࢱࢱࢹষ ȣȖȅȒǓƺǿ ȅǾǩșে șǩȅǿ @ƻșΦǹȆ ȅȖLjƻșॹ ࢳࢱࢱࢺॹ E ࢳࢱࢱࢺ ৅ ࢸȠǦ 2ǿȠǓȖǿƺȠǩȅǿƺǹ ȅǿǟǓȖǓǿljǓ ȅǿ EƺǿƺǠǓে ǾǓǿȠॹ ǿȠǓȖȒȖǩșǓ ƺǿǏ ǓǿljǦǾƺȖǷǩǿǠ ॹ ੈ ȖǩȠǩljƺǹ ǿƺǹΡșǩș ȅǟ ȠǦǓ ৚^Ǿƺǹǹ ȣșǩǿǓșș ljȠ৛ ǟȅȖ ȣȖȅȒǓ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ ࢳࢱࢲࢸ ^ ੈ'ƺljȠ ^ǦǓǓȠ ৅ ȣȖȅȒǓƺǿ ȅǾǾǩșșǩȅǿ শǹƺșȠ ȣȒǏƺȠǓǏ ࢳࢴইࢲࢲইࢳࢱࢲࢸষ ৅ ǏȅΛǿǹȅƺǏǓǏ ǟȖȅǾ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইǓljঀǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইǏȅljșȖȅȅǾইǏȅljȣǾǓǿȠșইࢳࢷࢶࢷࢳ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀLjǩșǿȅǏǓঀǦȣইȠȣǏƺșȠƺȖইǠȅǿǏȅǹƺȠȅǷইǹƺșșȣǹȅেǿȅΚǓǷǓǏǓșেƺেǿȅǩেΚǓΦǓে ȠȅǷেǓșেȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷেƺȖƺǿΡƺLjƺǿই ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǿǹljƺǟǓঀǦȣইǓΦΚƺǿইࢳࢱࢲࢲࢱࢷࢱࢲইƺউǹǓǠǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǩΚƺLjLjউǿȅǩউΚƺǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȅউউ ƺΦউƺǿΡƺউƺǷǩউȅșșΦǓǦȅΦȠƺউƺউǷǓΦǾȣΚǓșǩȒƺȖȠউƺΦউǩǿȠǓȖǿǓȠȠǓǹই ࢲࢷࢸ

^ȅǹȠǔșΦ ǿǩǷȆ শǓǏǩȠȅȖষঀ শࢳࢱࢱࢷষ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ƺੈ{{2ঀ șΦƻΦƺǏLjƺǿঀ ȣǏƺȒǓșȠঀ Et ੈǷȉǿΡΚǓǷ șȅȖȅΦƺȠ ৅ 22ঀ ǷȉǿΡΚ ?ǓΚǓǦƻΦǩ ?ƺȠƺǹǩǿঀ ੈFRॹ / ੈt @@ @?K 2? ৅ /ǓǹΡΦǓȠǷǔȒ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿঀ EƺǠΡƺȖ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǿȌǷ ?ȉΦǦƺșΦǿȤ ǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠǓঀ ^ΦǓǿǓș (ƻLjȅȖ শǓǏǩȠȅȖষঀশࢳࢱࢲࢵষ lΦǹǓȠǩ ȠƺǿƻljșȅǷ ǟǓǴǹȌǏȌ ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȖǔșΦǔȖǓঀ XȖǓșșȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǩǠǩȠƺǹ ^ȠƺȖȠȣȒ ^ȠȖƺȠǓǠΡ ȅǟ /ȣǿǠƺȖΡঀ ȅΛǿǹȅƺǏǓǏ ǟȖȅǾॸ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইǏǩǠǩȠƺǹǩșǴȅǹǓȠȒȖȅে ǠȖƺǾঀǦȣইЙǹǓșইࢹࢺইǓƺইࢹࢺǓƺljࢶljǓࢶǟࢸࢵࢲࢸࢹǟࢴǟࢶࢳࢸࢺࢵࢶǟࢸǓǏǏࢱࢹǟঀȒǏǟ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻLjƺǿ ǦȠȠȒॸইইǠǓǾȅȖǠঀLjǠইΛȒেljȅǿȠǓǿȠইȣȒǹȅƺǏșইࢳࢱࢲࢸইࢲࢱই( Eে ǿǿȣƺǹে[ǓȒȅȖȠে F(ে ࢳࢱࢲࢸেЙǿƺǹেv ঀȒǏǟ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀǩǠǓঀȣǿǩljƺǾȒঀLjȖইșȒǓljইΛȒেljȅǿȠǓǿȠইȣȒǹȅƺǏșইșǩȠǓșইࢲࢶইࢳࢱࢲࢶইࢱࢸই ȅȅǷে ǦƺȒȠǓȖউtȅǿȅȖȠƺșে?ǩǾউࢳࢱࢲࢶঀȒǏǟ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀǾǩঀǠȅΚǓȖǿǾǓǿȠঀLjǠইLjǠইȠǦǓǾǓșইȒǹƺǿেΦƺেǏǓǩșȠΚǩǓেȒȖǓǏȒȖǩǓǾƺljǦǓșȠে ΚȅেࢳࢱࢳࢱেLjƺǹǠƺȖǩΡƺেࢲࢷࢲࢳেࢱঀǦȠǾǹ ȅǾǾȣǿǩljƺȠǩȅǿ ǟȖȅǾ ȠǦǓ ȅǾǾǩșșǩȅǿ Ƞȅ ȠǦǓ ȣȖȅȒǓƺǿ ȒƺȖǹǩƺǾǓǿȠॹ ȠǦǓ ȅȣǿে ljǩǹॹ ȠǦǓ ȣȖȅȒǓƺǿ ǓljȅǿȅǾǩlj ƺǿǏ șȅljǩƺǹ ljȅǾǾǩȠȠǓǓ ƺǿǏ ȠǦǓ ȅǾǾǩȠȠǓǓ ȅǟ ȠǦǓ ȖǓǠǩȅǿș ǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ljȠǩȅǿ Ȓǹƺǿ ৅ [ǓǩǠǿǩȠǩǿǠ ȠǦǓ ǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓে ǿǓȣȖǩƺǹ șȒǩȖǩȠ ǩǿ ȣȖȅȒǓ শ KE শࢳࢱࢲࢳষࢱࢸࢺࢶষ ȅǾǾǩșșǩȅǿ [ǓljȅǾǾǓǿǏƺȠǩȅǿ ࢳࢱࢱࢴইࢴࢷࢲই ȅǟ ࢷ EƺΡ ࢳࢱࢱࢴ ljȅǿljǓȖǿǩǿǠ ȠǦǓ ǏǓЙǿǩȠǩȅǿ ȅǟ ǾǩljȖȅॹ șǾƺǹǹ ƺǿǏ ǾǓǏǩȣǾেșǩΦǓǏ ǓǿȠǓȖȒȖǩșǓș h[KX ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ੈșȠȖƺȠǓǠΡ ǟȅȖ șǾƺȖȠॹ șȣșȠƺǩǿƺLjǹǓ ƺǿǏ ǩǿljǹȣșǩΚǓ ǠȖȅΛȠǦ ই KEইࢳࢱࢲࢱইࢳࢱࢳࢱ Йǿƺǹই ǏǏǩȠǩȅǿƺǹ ȖǓǟǓȖǓǿljǓșॸ ǦȠȠȒॸইইǓǩǠǓঀǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইǠǓǿǏǓȖেǾƺǩǿșȠȖǓƺǾǩǿǠইǠȅȅǏেȒȖƺljȠǩljǓșইLjȣǹǠƺȖǩƺইƺljȠǩΚǓে ǹΡেșǓƺȖljǦǩǿǠেΛȅǾǓǿșেȅȒǩǿǩȅǿেǾƺǹǓেǏȅǾǩǿƺȠǓǏেșȣLjǴǓljȠș tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ^ȒǓǓljǦ ৚ȠǦǓ ȒȖȅȠǓljȠǩȅǿ ȅǟ ΛȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ȖǩǠǦȠș৛ ॹ2Ƞƺǹǩƺǿ 2ǿșȠǩȠȣȠǓ ȅǟ ȣǹȠȣȖǓ ৅ FǓΛ |ȅȖǷ ৅ ^ǓȒȠǓǾLjǓȖ ࢳࢵȠǦ ࢳࢱࢲࢱॹ vȅȖǹǏ ljȅǿȅǾǩlj 'ȅȖȣǾ শvǓ'ষ ৅ (ǹȅLjƺǹ (ǓǿǏǓȖ (ƺȒ 2Ƞƺǹǩƺ [ƺǿǷǩǿǠ ৅ ǦȠȠȒॸইই ΛΛΛࢴঀΛǓǟȅȖȣǾঀȅȖǠইǏȅljșই((([ࢳࢱࢲࢶই2e ঀȒǏǟ ৅ ȒȒǓǿǏǩΠ ࢲࢷࢹ

hǿǩȅǿljƺǾǓȖǓ ৅ [ƺȒȒȅȖȠȅ 2ǾȒȖǓșƺ Ǐǩ ǠǓǿǓȖǓ ࢳࢱࢲࢷ ৅ ࢴ૴ ȖƺȒȒȅȖȠȅ ǿƺΦǩȅǿƺǹǓ șȣǹǹঢ়ǩǾȒȖǓǏǩǩȠȅȖǩƺ ǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓ eǦǓ 2Ƞƺǹǩƺǿ ǹǓǠǩșǹƺȠǩȅǿ ǩǿ șȣȒȒȅȖȠ ȅǟ ǹǓǠǩșǹƺȠǩΚǓ șȠƺȖȠ ȣȒș ৅ ǓΠǓljȣȠǩΚǓ șȣǾǾƺȖΡ ǾǩǿǩেȖǓȒȅȖȠ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ^ȅljǩƺǹ ǿȠǓȖȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ǩǿ 2ȠƺǹΡ ^Ǿƺǹǹ ȣșǩǿǓșș ljȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢷ ৅ ^ȣȒȒȅȖȠ ǩǿǩȠǩƺȠǩΚǓș ǟȅȖ ǾǩljȖȅॹ șǾƺǹǹ ƺǿǏ ǾǓǏǩȣǾ ǓǿȠǓȖে ȒȖǩșǓș ǩǾȒǹǓǾǓǿȠǓǏ ǩǿ 2ȠƺǹΡ ǩǿ ࢳࢱࢲࢶ ƺǿǏ ǩǿ ȠǦǓ ЙȖșȠ Ǧƺǹǟ ȅǟ ࢳࢱࢲࢷ ৅ EǩǿǩșȠȖΡ ȅǟ ljȅǿȅǾǩlj ǓΚǓǹȅȒǾǓǿȠ 2F^e eॹ 2ǿǏƺǠǩǿǓ ljȅǿȅșljǩȠǩΚƺ șȣǹǹǓ ȒȅǹǩȠǩljǦǓ ǩǿ ǾƺȠǓȖǩƺ Ǐǩ ȒƺȖǩȠƿ ȠȖƺ ǏȅǿǿǓ Ǔ ȣȅে Ǿǩǿǩॹ ȣǏǩΦǩȅǿǓ ǏǓǹ XȖǓșǩǏǓǿȠǓ ǏǓǹǹঢ়2șȠǩȠȣȠȅ ǿƺΦǩȅǿƺǹǓ Ǐǩ șȠƺȠǩșȠǩljƺ (ǩȅȖǠǩȅ ǹǹǓΚƺ ৅ 2 ȅǾǾǩșșǩȅǿǓ ঄ АƺȖǩ ljȅșȠǩȠȣΦǩȅǿƺǹǩ঄ ǏǓǹǹƺ ƺǾǓȖƺ ǏǓǩ ǓȒȣȠƺȠǩ ৅ [ȅǾƺॹ ࢳࢶ ȅȠȠȅLjȖǓ ࢳࢱࢲࢸ ȣȖȅȒǓƺǿ ȣșǩǿǓșș /ǩșȠȅȖΡ șșȅljǩƺȠǩȅǿ ࢳࢲșȠ ǿǿȣƺǹ ȅǿǠȖǓșș ৚eȖƺǿșǟȅȖǾƺȠǩȅǿ ǩǿ ȣșǩǿǓșș ƺǿǏ ^ȅljǩǓȠΡॸ ੈ/ǩșȠȅȖǩljƺǹ ȒȒȖȅƺljǦ৛ tǩǓǿǿƺ hǿǩΚǓȖșǩȠΡ ȅǟ ljȅǿȅǾǩljș ƺǿǏ ȣșǩǿǓșșॹ ࢳࢵ Ƞȅ ࢳࢷ ȣǠȣșȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢸ ৅ vȅǾǓǿ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖș ǩǿ 2ȠƺǹΡॸ ੈXȖȅșȅȒȅǠȖƺȒǦǩlj ^ȠȣǏΡ ȣȠǦȅȖș ॸ ǹLjǓȖȠȅ [ǩǿƺǹǏǩ শƺǹLjǓȖȠȅঀȖǩǿƺǹে Ǐǩ૬ȣǿǩǾȅȖǓঀǩȠষ শ ǩȒƺȖȠǩǾǓǿȠȅ Ǐǩ ljȅǿȅǾǩƺ ৚EƺȖljȅ ǩƺǠǩ৛ॹ hǿǩΚǓȖșǩȠƿ Ǐǩ EȅǏǓǿƺ Ǔ [ǓǠǠǩȅ Ǿǩǹǩƺ ƺǿǏ [ ǓǿȠষআ (ǩȣǹǩƺ eƺǠǹǩƺΦȣljljǦǩ শǠǩȣǹǩƺঀȠƺǠǹǩে ƺΦȣljljǦǩ૬ȣǿǩǾȅȖǓঀǩȠষ শ ǩȒƺȖȠǩǾǓǿȠȅ Ǐǩ ljȅǿȅǾǩƺ ৚EƺȖljȅ ǩƺǠǩ৛ॹ hǿǩΚǓȖșǩে Ƞƿ Ǐǩ EȅǏǓǿƺ Ǔ [ǓǠǠǩȅ Ǿǩǹǩƺষ 2F^e eॹ ȅǾǓ ljƺǾLjǩƺ ǹƺ ΚǩȠƺ ǏǓǹǹǓ ǏȅǿǿǓ ৅ ࢳࢱࢱࢵ ৅ ࢳࢱࢲࢵ K ^ȠȣǏǩǓș ȅǿ ^E ș ƺǿǏ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ 2ȠƺǹΡॸ ?ǓΡ 2șșȣǓș ƺǿǏ XȅǹǩljǩǓș ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǩșȠƺȠঀǩȠইǩȠইЙǹǓșইࢳࢱࢲࢸইࢲࢱই ে ȣǏǩΦǩȅǿǓেȒƺȖǩȠƿেǏǩেǠǓǿǓȖǓেࢳࢶেȅȠȠȅLjȖǓউ ǏǓЙǿǩȠǩΚȅঀȒǏǟঁȠǩȠǹǓ઀XƺȖǩȠƿ੼ȠȖƺ੼ǏȅǿǿǓ੼Ǔ੼ȣȅǾǩǿǩ੼ে੼ࢳࢷইȅȠȠইࢳࢱࢲࢸ੼ে੼eǓșে Ƞȅ੼ǩǿȠǓǠȖƺǹǓঀȒǏǟ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǩșȠƺȠঀǩȠইǩȠইЙǹǓșইইࢳࢱࢲࢶইࢲࢳইljȅǾǓেljƺǾLjǩƺেǹƺেΚǩȠƺেǏǓǹǹǓেǏȅǿǿǓঀȒǏǟ șǾǓ ȖǓȒȅȖȠ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀșΚǩǹȣȒȒȅǓljȅǿȅǾǩljȅঀǠȅΚঀǩȠইǩǾƺǠǓșইșȠȅȖǩǓșইȒȣLjLjǹǩljƺΦǩȅǿǩই [ƺȒȒȅȖȠȅউ^ উ FঀȒǏǟ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀΛǓșȠেǩǿǟȅঀǓȣইǩȠইΛǓșȠেǿǓΛșইǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓেȒƺȖǩȠƺেǓেǏǩșে ljȖǩǾǩǿƺΦǩȅǿǓেǏǩেǠǓǿǓȖǓইঁȠ઀ࢷࢷࢱ ৅ ȖǓȒȅȖȠ șljƺȖǩljƺȠȅ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓঀljƺǾljȅǾঀǩȠ ৅ ȒȖȅǾȅȠǩȅǿ ȅǟ ΛȅǾǓǿ ǓǿȠǓȖে ȒȖǩșǓș ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀȣǿǩȅǿljƺǾǓȖǓঀǠȅΚঀǩȠইXࢵࢳ ࢱ ࢳࢸࢱࢺ^ࢲࢵࢵইǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓঀ ǦȠǾ ǦȠȠȒॸইইǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȖǩljǩȅǠǠǩঀǠȅΚǓȖǿȅঀǩȠে ƺǠǓΚȅǹƺΦǩȅǿǩ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀȒƺȖǩȅȒȒȅȖȠȣǿǩȠƺঀǠȅΚঀǩȠইǾƺȠǓȖǩƺǹǓইǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓই ৅ Йǿƺǿে ΦǩƺǾǓǿȠǩ ࢲࢷࢺ

ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀșΚǩǹȣȒȒȅǓljȅǿȅǾǩljȅঀǠȅΚঀǩȠইǩǿǏǓΠঀȒǦȒইǩȠইǾǩǿǩșȠǓȖȅইȅȖǠƺǿǩșǾǩইljȅে ǾǩȠƺȠȅেȣǿǩljȅেǏǩেǠƺȖƺǿΦǩƺইǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓ ৅ ȒƺȖǩ ȅȒȒȅȖȠȣǿǩȠƿ ৅ ЙǿƺǿΦǩƺǾǓǿȠǩ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀȒǾǩঀǩȠইȠƺǠইǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓে LjƺǿǏǩ Ǔ ǩǿljǓǿȠǩΚǩ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀLjȅঀljƺǾljȅǾঀǠȅΚঀǩȠইXȖȅǾȅΦǩȅǿǓেǓে2ǿȠǓȖǿƺΦǩȅǿƺǹǩΦΦƺΦǩȅǿǓইƺǹȠȖǓেƺȠȠǩΚে ǩȠƺেȒȖȅǾȅΦǩȅǿƺǹǩই ȅǾǩȠƺȠȅেȒǓȖেǹƺেȒȖȅǾȅΦǩȅǿǓেǏǓǹǹেǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩে ǿǩǹǓে ƺǩȣȠǩ Ǔ ǟȅȖǾƺΦǩȅǿǓ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀƺȒǩǏঀȠȅঀǩȠইǏǓǟƺȣǹȠঀƺșȒΠে ȖǓȠǓ Ǔ șȅșȠǓǠǿȅ ǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺ ǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀȖǓǠǩȅǿǓঀLjƺșǩǹǩljƺȠƺঀǩȠইǠǩȣǿȠƺইșǩȠǓইǠǩȣǿȠƺইǏǓȒƺȖȠǾǓǿȠঀ ǴșȒঁƺȖǓƺ઀ࢶࢹࢸࢴࢸࢳ૭ǹǓΚǓǹ઀ࢱ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀljȅǿșǩǠǹǩȅঀLjƺșǩǹǩljƺȠƺঀǩȠইljȅǿșǩǠǹǩȅǿǓΛইșǩȠǓইljȅǿșǩǠǹǩȅইșǓljȠǩȅǿঀ ǴșȒঁșǓlj઀ࢲࢱࢲࢹࢷࢳে ȒƺȖǩ ȅȒȒȅȖȠȣǿǩȠƿ ǦȠȠȒॸইইǠǩȅΚƺǿǩșǩঀǩȠইȠƺǠইǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓইে ȅȒȒȅȖȠȣǿǩȠƿ ǏȅǿǿǓ ǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȖǩljǩ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀljȅǿǟƺȖȠǩǠǩƺǿƺȠȅঀǩȠইࢳࢱࢲࢸইࢲࢲইǏȅǿǿǓেǩǾȒȖǓșƺেǩȠƺে ǹǩƺেƺǹেȠȅȒেǩǿেȣǓেȒǓȖেǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȖǩljǩেǾƺেΛǓǹǟƺȖǓেǿȅǿেƺǩȣȠƺেǾƺǾǾǓেǹƺΚȅȖƺȠȖǩে ljǩই ȖƺșșǓǠǿƺ șȠƺǾȒƺ ǏȅǿǿǓ ǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȖǩljǩ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀljȅǿǟƺȖȠǩǠǩƺǿƺȠȅঀǩȠইΛȒেljȅǿে ȠǓǿȠইȣȒǹȅƺǏșইࢳࢱࢲࢸইࢱࢶই[ƺșșǓǠǿƺেvǓLjউ ȅǿǿǓে2ǾȒȖǓșƺেࢳࢱࢲࢸঀȒǏǟ șȠƺȠǩșȠǩljǦǓ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǩșȠƺȠঀǩȠইǩȠইЙǹǓșইࢳࢱࢲࢸইࢲࢱই ে ȣǏǩΦǩȅǿǓেȒƺȖǩȠƿেǏǩেǠǓǿǓে ȖǓেࢳࢶেȅȠȠȅLjȖǓউǏǓЙǿǩȠǩΚȅঀȒǏǟঁȠǩȠǹǓ઀XƺȖǩȠƿ੼ȠȖƺ੼ǏȅǿǿǓ੼Ǔ੼ȣȅǾǩǿǩ੼ে੼ࢳࢷই ȅȠȠইࢳࢱࢲࢸ੼ে੼eǓșȠȅ੼ǩǿȠǓǠȖƺǹǓঀȒǏǟ ǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺ ǿǓȠΛȅȖǷ ৅ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛǓǠƺȠǓঀǓȣইǩȠইǹǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓেljǩǟȖǓ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǩșȠƺȠঀǩȠইǩȠইƺȖljǦǩΚǩȅইȒƺȖǩ੼ȅȒȒȅȖȠȣǿǩȠƿে ǏǩșljȖǩǾǩǿƺΦǩȅǿǩ ǩǾȒȖǓșǓ ৅ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǩșȠƺȠঀǩȠইǩȠইƺȖljǦǩΚǩȅইࢸࢵࢲࢺࢳ ǏȅǿǿǓ ǩǾȒȖǓșƺ ৅ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀljȅǿǟƺȖȠǩǠǩƺǿƺȠȅঀǩȠইljȅǾǓইǏȅǿǿǓেǩǾȒȖǓșƺইে ǦȠȠȒॸইই ǏȅǿǿǓǩǾȒȖǓșƺঀljȅǿǟƺȖȠǩǠǩƺǿƺȠȅঀǩȠ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǠȣǩǏƺЙșljȅঀǩȠইЙǿƺǿΦǩƺǾǓǿȠǩেƺǠǓΚȅǹƺȠǩেǏȅǿǿǓেࢲࢵࢲࢲে ƺǠǓΚȅǹƺΦǩȅǿǩ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǾȅǿǏȅǹƺΚȅȖȅঀǩȠইLjǹȅǠইЙǿƺǿΦǩƺǾǓǿȠǩেƺǠǓΚȅǹƺȠǩেȒǓȖেǏȅǿǿǓেǏǓǹেࢳࢱࢲࢹে ǩেLjƺǿǏǩেǓেljȅǾǓেǟƺȖǓেǏȅǾƺǿǏƺইে ЙǿƺǿΦǩƺǾǓǿȠǩ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛǓșȠƺȖȠǓȣȖȅȒǓঀȅȖǠইȖǓșȅȣȖljǓșই ৅ LjǓșȠ ȒȖƺljȠǩșǓș ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀLjȅǹȅǠǿƺȠȅǏƺΡঀǩȠইǓljȅǿȅǾǩƺইƺΦǩǓǿǏǓেǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǩেLjȅǹȅǠǿƺেǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȖǩে ljǩেǏȅǿǿǓঀǦȠǾǹ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀȖǓȒȣLjLjǹǩljƺঀǩȠইǓljȅǿȅǾǩƺইࢳࢱࢲࢸইࢲࢱইࢳࢱইǿǓΛșইșȠǩȒǓǿǏǩউǠƺȒউȣȅǾȅউ Ǐȅǿǿƺেࢲࢸࢹࢹࢳࢱࢹࢲࢶই ǦȠȠȒॸইইǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȖǩljǩȅǠǠǩঀǠȅΚǓȖǿȅঀǩȠে ƺǠǓΚȅǹƺΦǩȅǿǩ

ࢲࢸࢱ

ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀȣǿǩȅǿljƺǾǓȖǓঀǠȅΚঀǩȠইXࢵࢳ ࢱ ࢳࢸࢱࢺ^ࢲࢵࢵইǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓঀ ǦȠǾ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀȒǾǩঀǩȠইȠƺǠইǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓে LjƺǿǏǩ Ǔ ǩǿljǓǿȠǩΚǩ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀLjȅঀljƺǾljȅǾঀǠȅΚঀǩȠইXȖȅǾȅΦǩȅǿǓেǓে2ǿȠǓȖǿƺΦǩȅǿƺǹǩΦΦƺΦǩȅǿǓইƺǹȠȖǓেƺȠȠǩΚে ǩȠƺেȒȖȅǾȅΦǩȅǿƺǹǩই ȅǾǩȠƺȠȅেȒǓȖেǹƺেȒȖȅǾȅΦǩȅǿǓেǏǓǹǹেǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩে ǿǩǹǓে ƺǩȣȠǩ Ǔ ǟȅȖǾƺΦǩȅǿǓ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǠȣǩǏƺЙșljȅঀǩȠইЙǿƺǿΦǩƺǾǓǿȠǩেƺǠǓΚȅǹƺȠǩেǏȅǿǿǓেࢲࢵࢲࢲে ƺǠǓΚȅǹƺΦǩȅǿǩ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǾȅǿǏȅǹƺΚȅȖȅঀǩȠইLjǹȅǠইЙǿƺǿΦǩƺǾǓǿȠǩেƺǠǓΚȅǹƺȠǩেȒǓȖেǏȅǿǿǓেǏǓǹেࢳࢱࢲࢹে ǩেLjƺǿǏǩেǓেljȅǾǓেǟƺȖǓেǏȅǾƺǿǏƺইে ЙǿƺǿΦǩƺǾǓǿȠǩ ǦȠȠȒॸইইǏȅǿǿǓǩǾȒȖǓșƺঀljȅǿǟƺȖȠǩǠǩƺǿƺȠȅঀǩȠ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛǓǠƺȠǓঀǓȣইǹǩșȠেΛȅǾǓǿেǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒেΛǓLjșǩȠǓș ৅ ǹǩșȠƺ Ǐǩ ǩǾȒȖǓșǓ Ǔ ȖǓȠǩ Ǐǩ ǏȅǿǿǓ ǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȖǩljǩ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛǓǠƺȠǓঀǓȣইǩȠইǹǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓেljǩǟȖǓ K ^ȠȣǏǩǓș ȅǿ ^E ș ƺǿǏ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ 2ȠƺǹΡॸ ?ǓΡ 2șșȣǓș ƺǿǏ XȅǹǩljǩǓș t2ঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠLjƺǿ ৚ ǿƺΡƺșƺǹƺȖǪǾǪΦ Ǐƺ ?ƺǏǪǿ /ƺǷǹƺȖǪ৛ ȖǏঀ ȅnjঀ Ȗঀ /[ ੈশK | ?E ষ @eে 2F a ȠƺȠȧȖǷ ȖƺȜȠǪȖǾƺ EǓȖǷǓΦǩ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾljǩǹǩǷ ǩșȠƺȠǩșȠǩǷǹǓȖǩॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢹॹeh8? /ƺLjǓȖ ȧǹȠǓǿǩ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀǷƺǠǩǏǓȖঀȅȖǠইǷȣȖȣǾșƺǹইǷƺǠǩǏǓȖেǦƺǷǷǩǿǏƺইǷƺǠǩǏǓȖেǦƺǷǷǩǿǏƺ ࢱࢷঀࢱࢸঀࢳࢱࢲࢴ ȠƺȖǩǦ ΚǓ ࢳࢹࢷࢺࢺ șƺΡǪǹǪ EȧǷǓȖȖǓȖ [ǓșǾǩ (ƺΦǓȠǓঢ়ǏǓ ΡƺΡǪǾǹƺǿƺǿ Kǿȣǿljȣ ?ƺǹǷǪǿǾƺ XǹƺǿǪ 8ǹȅ hǹȣșǹƺȖ ȖƺșǪ ƺǹǪȜǾƺ OȖǠȧȠȧ eȧȖǷǩΡǓ KЙșǩ e X tॹ 8ǹǹǓȖǩǿ eȅȒǹȣǾșƺǹ ǩǿșǩΡǓȠ ȜǩȠșǩΦǹǩǡǩ ?ƺȖǿǓșǩ শࢳࢱࢲࢶষ el8?ॹ ǩȜǠȧljȧ ǩșȠƺȠǩșȠǩǷǹǓȖǩ ΚǓȖǩ ȠƺLjƺǿǪॹ ΛΛΛঀȠȣǩǷঀǠȅΚঀȠȖ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀǷȅșǠǓLjঀǠȅΚঀȠȖই ȅǿȠǓǿȠইhȒǹȅƺǏই ȅșΡƺইEƺǹǩઔࢳࢱeƺLjǹȅǹƺȖই(ǩে șǓȒউࢳࢱࢲࢶেࢳࢱࢲࢹউe[ঀȒǏǟ 8LjȖƺǦǩǾ ȧǷǓǹॹ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾljǩǹǩǷ ǡǩȠǩǾǩǿǓ 8ǹǩȜǷǩǿ 'ƺƺǹǩΡǓȠǹǓȖǹǓ 8ǹǠǩǹǩ (ǓǿǓǹ ǓǡǓȖে ǹǓǿǏǩȖǾǓॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢴ শΡƺΡǪǿǹƺǿǾƺǾǪȜ ȖƺȒȅȖষ ǿǷƺȖƺ ?ƺǹǷǪǿǾƺ ǴƺǿșǪ শ Ke l ΚǓ ƺȜǷǓǿȠ lǿǩΚǓȖșǩȠǓǹǓȖǩ ষ ǿǷƺȖƺ Ǐƺ ?ƺǏǪǿ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾljǩǹǩǡǩ Ȗঀ | eȧȖǷǩΡǓ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾljǩ ?ƺǏǪǿ @ǩǏǓȖǹǓȖ XȖȅǠȖƺǾǪ K ǩȖ ƺǷǪȜȠƺ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾljǩǹǩǷ ࢳࢱࢲࢴ [ƺȒȅȖȣ eȧȖǷǩΡǓ ȣǾǦȣȖǩΡǓȠǩ ǩǹǩǾॹ ^ƺǿƺΡǩ ΚǓ eǓǷǿȅǹȅǴǩ ƺǷƺǿǹǪǡǪ ΡƺΡǪǿǹƺȖǪ শ ?ƺǹǷǪǿǾƺǏƺ ǿƺǦȠƺȖ tǓȖǩǾǹǩǹǩǷ ষ

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ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀǷƺǹǷǩǿǾƺঀǠȅΚঀȠȖইXƺǠǓșইKǿljǓǹǩǷǹǩ ȅǿȣșȣǾXȖȅǠȖƺǾǹƺȖǩ ΡǹǓǾXǹƺǿে ǹƺȖǩঀƺșȒΠ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀȠȣǩǷঀǠȅΚঀȠȖইXȖǓ/ƺLjǓȖ ȣǹȠǓǿǹǓȖǩঀǏȅঁǩǏ઀ࢳࢸࢹࢵࢶ ?ǓșǷǩǿॹ ^ǓΚȠƺȒ শࢳࢱࢲࢵষॹ eȧȖǷǩΡǓঢ়ǏǓ ?ƺǏǪǿ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾljǩǹǓȖǩǿ ȣȖȣǾȣॹ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾljǩǹǩǷ ΚǓ ?ƺǹǷǪǿǾƺ ǓȖǠǩșǩॹ শࢺঀࢲষॹ șঀࢸࢲেࢺࢵঀ ǓLjǓljǩॹ eȅǹǠƺআ șșǾƺȠॹ ^ƺǾǾƺȖআ শࢳࢱࢲࢶষॹ eȧȖǷǩΡǓঢ়ǏǓ ǷƺǏǪǿǹƺȖǪǿ ǹǩǏǓȖǹǩǡǩǿǏǓǷǩ ǩȜǹǓȠে ǾǓǹǓȖॹ eǦǓ vȅȖǹǏ ƺǿǷ el8?ॹ eȧȖǷǩΡǓ ǩșȠƺȠǩșȠǩǷ ΡǪǹǹǪǡǪ ࢳࢱࢱࢺॹ șঀࢲࢹࢲআ eȧȖǷǩΡǓ ǩșȠƺȠǩșȠǩǷ ΡǪǹǹǪǡǪ ࢳࢱࢲࢲॹ șࢲࢸࢲ ΚǓ eȧȖǷǩΡǓ ǩșȠƺȠǩșȠǩǷ ΡǪǹǹǪǡǪ ࢳࢱࢲࢳॹ șঀࢲࢹࢴঀ

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