South Sudan Residential Shelter

Institute without Boundaries South Sudan Residential Shelter Design Charrette Fall 2008

George Brown College - Toronto

South Sudan Residential Shelter Design Charrette Fall 2008

Institute Director Luigi Ferrara Special Projects Director Silvio Ciarlandini Special Projects Officers Marc Kennedy, Perin Ruttonsha Project Lead Connor Malloy Design Associates Evelyne Au-Navioz, Karl Johnson, Michael McMartin, Teresa Miller, Mark Watson Guest Experts Michael Cassidy, Maurice Fuoco, Fernando Lopez, Patrick Malloy

For more information on the Institute without Boundaries or School of Design please contact: George Brown College 230 Richmond Street East Toronto, ON M5A 1P4 Tel: 416.415.5000 x2029 E-mail: info@worldhouse.ca Or, visit our website at: www.worldhouse.ca www.institutewithoutboundaries.com Warranties The information in this document is for informational purposes only.

While efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy and veracity of the information in this document, and, although the Institute without Boundaries at George Brown College relies on reputable sources and believes the information posted in this document is correct, the Institute without Boundaries at George Brown College does not warrant the quality, accuracy or completeness of any information in this document. Such information is provided “as is� without warranty or condition of any kind, either express or implied (including, but not limited to implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose), and the Institute without Boundaries is not responsible in any way for damages (including but not limited to direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, special, or exemplary damages) arising out of the use of this document nor are liable for any inaccurate, delayed or incomplete information, nor for any actions taken in reliance thereon.

South Sudan Residential Shelter Design Charrette Fall 2008

Table of Contents 7

Forward

9

Charrette Overview Introduction Housing Options for South Sudan

31

Design Results Design Strategy Design Development Preliminary Design Concept Overview Design Variations Construction Sequence Product Options

Materials Cost Analysis

73

Recommended Next Steps

75

Appendices A. Background Information B. World House Matrix C. About the Team

Forward In the architectural and design community, the term ‘charrette’ is used broadly.

At the Institute without Boundaries, a charrette can be described as a fast and intensive design process in which practitioners of various disciplines work collaboratively to brainstorm around a given design opportunity or dilemma. Depending on the objectives of the initiative, results can range from conceptual to practical. Typically, clients use charrette results to test the viability of a design opportunity, pitch a concept to potential investors or mobilize community participation.

Key to the Institute’s charrette process is the consideration of all stakeholder interests, including the client, the end users, political institutions and the environment. Through this analysis, the Institute seeks to arrive at comprehensive design propositions that are strategically aligned with their intended context.

In the case of South Sudan, the opportunities for new housing development are both vast and daunting. While the government of South Sudan opened its doors to foreign investment after the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in 2005, the pending 2011 referendum and the political dynamic remaining from 50 years of

civil war leave some uncertainty for the country’s future. At the same time, productive refinement of the political system will ultimately result in heightened regulations for foreign business and construction. In addition, the poverty that crosses the country is exemplified by sparse infrastructural support, and any development would need to either lay this foundation or bring self-sufficient service amenities.

With this in mind, over the course of a three-day design charrette, an inter-professional team comprised of academics, designers and industry experts, examined the available options for Canadian-manufactured systems that could be used for permanent, low-cost housing in South Sudan.

As Director of the Institute, I would like to thank The Hampton Group for providing us with the opportunity to engage in this project, and look forward to future collaboration.

By way of next steps, we recommend beginning with a feasibility study, a business plan and a design prototype to quantify, in detail, the viability of the vision.

Luigi Ferrara Director Institute without Boundaries

FORWARD

8

Charrette Overview 12 Introduction 13 Housing Options for South Sudan

“ ‘If you build homes, people have a reason to stay...People had nothing to lose before, so fighting has almost become a way of life. Building something for them to care for and protect will make many not choose war in the future.’ ” ~Yar Manoa Majok

South Sudanese Returned Resident and Entrepreneur1

1 Kun, K. Ed.“The World As We Don’t Know It: Possibilities for Enterprise in Sudan.”Corporate Knights: The Canadian Magazine for Responsible Business (Vol 7.2, 2008): 16

Introduction In our initial investigation for this project, the Institute discovered, through articles and interviews, a country with an incredibly complex political and social dynamic, a dramatically striking landscape, and an extremely compassionate population. In South Sudan alone, the cultural and ecological diversity is considerable.

It is clear that there is necessity to raise the standard of living in South Sudan, and to set up permanent residences for the groups of expatriates now returning to their homeland. The appropriate housing system would naturally need to address the unique characteristics of the country: the strong family ethic of Sudanese populations, the unstable conditions that result from poverty and war, the physical challenges that result from the heavy rain, clay soil, termites and mosquitoes, the lack of existing or sufficient infrastructural support, the expensive cost of living in major urban areas, and the required job creation to employ returning residents.

While these considerations are reflected in the proposed design informally, the results of this charrette are more specifically targeted to The Hampton Group’s interest in achieving a low-cost housing solution that includes basic services and amenities, and offers a respectable level of comfort. The proposed design is flexible in that it could be customized to suit the interests of Sudanese residents or visiting foreign groups. When developed further, the design should also be adapted based on a site assessment as well as specific project needs.

INTRODUCTION

12

Housing Options for South Sudan As refugee populations return to South Sudan and foreign aid and investment interest increases, the demand for low-cost housing grows. Due to the limits of its domestic material economy, skilled labour force, and manufacturing capacity, at present, South Sudan is unable to address this challenge within its own borders. As a result, temporary housing solutions are being shipped, either in part or whole, from international locations.

In the market of low-cost housing in South Sudan, the options are not as inexpensive as they may appear. A nylon or canvas tent in Juba, for example, rents for $200 USD per night.2 Existing Models There are limited varieties of vernacular architecture in the region of South Sudan.

Within the larger city centres, such as Juba, buildings are constructed from concrete and steel, and resemble structures found in other African nations. Moving outward into the city peripheries and rural areas, housing comprises mainly of Tukul communities.

It could be argued that the Tukul − a cylindrical dwelling made from sticks, mud, reeds, and reclaimed waste, which represents 95% of the South Sudanese housing stock3, and uses technology dating back centuries − is the most appropriate form of shelter for the region, both culturally and environmentally. The drawbacks of this

2

Tennant Sr., David. Interview by Connor Malloy. Meeting w The Hampton Group,. London, ON. September 30, 2008

3

Berhane, Yemane and Abera Kumie,, “Crowding in a traditional rural housing (“Tukul”) in Ethiopia” Toronto Addis Ababa Psychiatry Project. (http://www.utoronto.

approach are its lengthy build process, inflexible options for adding electricity and water services, as well as frequent maintenance requirements.

On the other hand, with a large number of aid workers requiring temporary and permanent accommodation, the variety of housing types found within this demographic is much greater. Many non-profit organizations bring their own shelters from their home countries.4 NGO compounds often begin with tents, and then evolve to include permanent structures. Some groups also construct traditional Tukul shelters.

In cities such as Juba, groups who do not own property typically stay in tent motels.

A few of the tent motel complexes provide air conditioning, but other services, such as running water or lighting, are rarely available. In recent years, mainly under the initiative of Chinese companies, permanent hotel compounds have been built, constructed from concrete block and corrugated steel.5 The drawbacks of all of these types of shelter, as described by one aid worker, is the general discomfort caused by a combination of heat, humidity and insects, and an overall feeling of isolation.6

4

“South Sudan President vows to support foreign

6

Cassidy. M. Former aid worker in Sudan. Interview.

7

Tennant Sr., David. Interview by Connor Malloy.

Toronto, ON. October 31, 2008.

investors.� Sudan Tribune 3 October 2008: (http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article28810) (Accessed Oct 21. 2008) 5

Tennant Sr., David. Interview by Connor Malloy. Meeting

Meeting w The Hampton Group,. London, ON. September 30, 2008

w The Hampton Group,. London, ON. September 30, 2008

HOUSING OPTIONS FOR SOUTH SUDAN

14

Model Scenarios There are a few existing design examples that could serve as inspiration for a housing system for South Sudan. Some of these models act as temporary solutions, such as disaster relief homes, and others as permanent, but compact, options with basic amenities, such as recreational vehicles (RVs).

Based on The Hampton Group’s expressed interest in using a Canadianmanufactured design option, the team evaluated six design typologies, all of which include some degree of prefabrication. In comparing their suitability as low-cost housing solutions for the Sudanese context, the team considered factors such as: ease of assembly, comfort, longevity, and return on investment.

In specific, the diagram that follows measures their cost efficiency when using a 40ft shipping container for transportation (assuming a shipping cost of $20-25K7 per container to Juba). Ultimately, the economic feasibility of providing a Canadian-made product to Sudan will primarily depend on maintaining a low shipping volume.

1. The Shipping Container as House 1 home to 1 container

Shipping $ = 20K Unit $ = 20K $/Unit = 40K $ Volume/Container = 20K

2. Prefabricated Housing

2 homes to 1 container

Shipping $ = 20K Unit $ = 20K x 2 $/Unit = 30K $ Volume/Container = 40K

3. Kit of Parts 4 homes to 1 container

Shipping $ = 20K Unit $ = 15K x 4 $/Unit = 20K $ Volume/Container = 60K

4. Hybrid Housing 10 homes to 1 container

Shipping $ = 20K Unit $ = 10K x 10 $/Unit = 12K $ Volume/Container = 100K

5. Emergency Housing 24 homes to 1 container

Shipping $ = 20K Unit $ = 2K x 24 $/Unit = 2.8K $ Volume/Container = 48K

6. Connectors 75 homes to 1 container

Shipping $ = 20K Unit $ = $5000 x 75 $/Unit = $395.67 $ Volume/Container = 375K

HOUSING OPTIONS FOR SOUTH SUDAN

16

1. The Shipping Container as House Shipping $ = 20K Unit $ = 20K $/Unit = 40K

1 home to 1 container

$ Volume/Container = 20K

With this design model, the shipping container becomes the house, with little additional assembly required on site. This type of housing is inefficient as it only produces one residence per container, resulting in a high cost per unit for shipping.

Attributes Minimal assembly required Structurally stable Weather resistant Termite resistant Stacks well

Drawbacks Limited space adaptability Difficult to transport Poor thermal properties Potentially poor ventilation High shipping volume Temporary aesthetic

Design Examples Future Shack Designer: Sean Godsell, Melbourne Description: Located in Australia, this 20’ shipping container features a secondary roof for thermal break, collapsible interior furniture, and also sits above the ground on legs to prevent flooding.

seangodsell.com

120 Unit Housing Project in Sudan Designer: ISOPOD Description: These prefabricated container units, are manufactured in Hong Kong, are sturdy in strong winds, include R40 insulation and a 1-year warranty.

isopod.cn

HOUSING OPTIONS FOR SOUTH SUDAN

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2. Prefabricated Housing 2 homes to 1 container

Shipping $ = 20K Unit $ = 20K x 2 $/Unit = 30K $ Volume/Container = 40K

Prefabricated housing currently available on the market include variations with completely assembled walls and floors that are shipped flat, partly assembled, or that can ‘pop up’ into formation. Even when laid flat however, this housing option has wall and floor cavities that can demand a high percentage of a shipping container’s cubic volume.

Attributes Structuraly stable Insulated (if shell is SIP constructed) Quick to assemble Low skill demand

Drawbacks Limited adaptability Custom parts shipped semi-assembled Offers limited skill development opportunity Difficult to maintain High shipping volume

Design Examples Joshua Tree Prefab Home Designer: Hangar Design Group Description: This simple, elegant prefabricated mountain abode is 36 square metres, or about 400 sq ft, and has a customizable interior.

hangarprefab.com

Shoebox Home Designer: Aram Lello of Gapp Architects and Y. Tsai of Tsai Design Studio Description: This South African containersized, prefabricated unit employs a mobile space concept with retractable sleeping areas.

shoeboxhomes.co.za

HOUSING OPTIONS FOR SOUTH SUDAN

20

Metro Shed Designer: The Original Metro Shed Description: This customizable, prefabricated shed kit is shipped flat, with building instructions that can be executed by the inhabitant. The structure’s materials are green and the building does not require a foundation.

metroshed.com/metroshed

Mobile Folding Unit Designer: Fabricated Steel Manufacturing Description: These units fit in a 20’ container, stacked five high, and unfold on- site with the aid of a crane.

fsm.co.za

HOUSING OPTIONS FOR SOUTH SUDAN

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ZenKaya Designer: Aram Lello of Gapp Architects, Y. Tsai of Tsai Design Studio Cost: $20,000 Description: This prefabricated unit is designed for quality lifestyle and mobility.

It is delivered by truck, complete with electrical, water, and gas connections.

zenkaya.com

3. Kit of Parts 4 homes to 1 container

Shipping $ = 20K Unit $ = 15K x 4 $/Unit = 20K $ Volume/Container = 60K

Prefabrication can be accomplished on many levels. In this design approach, individual housing components are tooled, pre-drilled, cut to size and shipped as a package similar to a do-it-yourself furniture kit. While this option can fit more homes in one container, the units require full assembly on location.

Attributes Structurally stable Expandable Low shipping volume

Drawbacks Skill-demanding assembly Longer construction time Requires specialized replacement parts Limited adaptability

Design Examples 20 K House, Version 3 Designer: Rural Studio Cost: $32,000/unit Description: In this design, truss walls draw the structure’s load to a basic foundation with the ends divided by a dogtrot. In effect, two units are formed in the space of a single house. The units include a service core where a washroom and kitchen divide the interior space.

ruralstudio.com

HOUSING OPTIONS FOR SOUTH SUDAN

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ABOD Designer: BSB Designs Cost: $1,500/unit Description: This kit is shipped from North America, flat-packed into a 4’x12’x 2’ box, along with all tools required for assembly (screwdriver, awl, ladder). The units are designed for durability.

inhabitat.com/2008/03/14/abod-prefab-for-africa-from-bsb-desgn/

Zip-Up House Designer: Richard Rogers Description: This unit’s modular bookends can accommodate many spatial combinations of its interior ribbing.

centrepompidou.fr/education/ressources/ENS-Rogers-EN/ENS-Rogers-EN.html

HOUSING OPTIONS FOR SOUTH SUDAN

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4. Hybrid Housing

10 homes to 1 container

Shipping $ = 20K Unit $ = 10K x 10 $/Unit = 12K $ Volume/Container = 100K

With this model, locally available construction materials are integrated into a partially prefabricated design, which typically includes a framework and other special components. The approach reduces the overall shipping volume per unit.

Attributes Uses local materials Adaptable Engages local building methods Establishes link to given context Quick assembly of unit’s skeleton Can be built in stages

Drawbacks Demanding on-site assembly Longer construction periods Requires familiarity with local materials

Design Examples Sandbag House Designer: MMA Architects Cost: $6,900/unit Description: This design uses a shipped timber structure to be in-filled with bags of sand on-site.

With intelligent ventilation and the sandbag walls, this unit requires no active cooling systems.

inhabitat.com/2008/10/10/sandbag-house-mma-architects/

5. Emergency Housing 24 homes to 1 container

Shipping $ = 20K Unit $ = 2K x 24 $/Unit = 2.8K $ Volume/Container = 48K

This housing type is best suited for short-term accommodation and emergency shelter needs. It offers few amenities and also lacks the ability to grow and adapt over time.

Attributes Quick assembly Little skill and tools required for assembly Low shipping volume Inexpensive

Drawbacks Feeble construction Suited to short-term living Poor insulation

Design Examples 20-Metre Global Village Shelter Designer: Global Village Shelters, Morris, CT Cost: $2000/unit Description: An extruded 13mm polypropylene piece that folds and stacks onto a palette.

gvshelters.com

HOUSING OPTIONS FOR SOUTH SUDAN

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Paper Log Houses Designer: Shigeru Ban Site: Kobe, Japan, 1994 / Kaynasli, Turkey, 2000 / Bhuj, India, 2001 Cost: $2,000 for base structure Description: This shelter is shipped in pieces and assembled completely on location.

6. Connectors 75 homes to 1 container

Shipping $ = 20K Unit $ = $5000 x 75 $/Unit = $395.67 $ Volume/Container = 375K

Connectors are pieces that make up the primary building components of a larger housing system. This approach is adaptable to many applications. The potential number of housing units packed in each container is much greater than with other models.

Attributes Low shipping volume Building system can be interpreted Easy to expand Uses local materials

Drawbacks Skilled assembly Longer assembly process Requires specilaized pieces

Design Examples Title Block Designer: Dome Incorporated, USA Cost: Hubs / $5,200; 2”X8” Frame / $9,700 (if needed); Exterior ¾” Panels / $5,300 (if needed) Description: Creating a dome form using a wooden frame and connection hubs allow this system to achieve 1000-5000 sq ft of living space without any internal supports or bearing points.

www.domeincorporated.com

HOUSING OPTIONS FOR SOUTH SUDAN

30

Design Results 33 Design Strategy 35 Design Development 37 Preliminary Design Concept Overview Design Variations Construction Sequence Product Options

58 Materials Cost Analysis

“ ‘A big issue here now is land ownership, ‘Majok points out. Before the CPA was signed, the community owned the land. Now, land ownership and purchasing are causing confusion.’ People want to buy land, and laws are not yet in place to make this easy’.” ~Karen Kun

Publisher Corporate Knights8

8 Kun, K. Ed. “The World As We Don’t Know It: Possibilities for Enterprise in Sudan” Corporate Knights:

The Canadian Magazine for Responsible Business (Vol 7.2, 2008): 17

Design Strategy The situation in Sudan is complex, and any new business will ultimately need to consider its position within and impact on the country’s unpredictable context. There are however, a few factors that stand out as critical, when addressing the immediate need for low-cost, permanent shelter. The results of this design charrette focus on these factors as follows: Factor: Limited Material Economy Design Approach: Prefabrication Materials in South Sudan are limited and costly. Concrete is the only modern material manufactured in Sudan, and others are shipped from neighbouring countries such as Uganda and Kenya.9 With this in mind, the design proposal seeks to leverage the prefabrication capabilities and material networks available in Canada.

While Canadian companies have the capacity to manufacture and ship fully assembled prefabricated units, the cost of this approach may not be profitable. Instead, the design solution presented here seeks to maximize the number of units that could fit in one 40ft container. This is achieved by limiting the amount of shipped components to those that include the most technically-demanding aspects of the construction process.

The proposed design could also incorporate Sudanese products and materials for the appliances, furniture and wall sections, depending on availability. Either way, the unit will assemble quickly and easily.

Factor: Limited Service Infrastructure Design Approach: Service Core The destruction and poverty caused by years of war has left the country without sufficient infrastructural support for running water, sewage treatment or electricity. As such, the design proposal groups these essential services into one contained module that can attach to existing homes or become the basis of new developments. By including piping and wiring within the prefabricated panels, some of the most technically demanding aspects of the construction process are managed in advance to the unit’s final assembly. This approach will also reduce the amount of material required, such as piping and wiring, and improves the building’s overall efficiency.

Factor: Limited Skilled Labour and a Growing Labour Force Design Approach: Skill Development This design provides opportunities for training in simple construction for the local residents who have recently returned to the country and are in need of employment.

Since the most complicated processes are accomplished during prefabrication, the installation of the remaining elements can be accomplished easily by unskilled labour, and with minimal tools. This aspect may be particularly favourable for government support in the area of capacity building.10 Factor: Unsettled Political Dynamic Design Approach: Flexibility As the country’s social and political dynamic settles in the next ten years, new regulations and opportunities in areas such as land ownership, zoning and bylaws, construction, infrastructure, manufacturing and transportation may arise, affecting settlement patterns for both local and foreign groups. With this in mind, most aspects of this housing system can be customized to match the needs of the specific user, location and context. For example, the wall sections could be created using prefabricated panels, traditional Tukul materials, or other local material options that develop in the future. The unit’s shape, size and layout can be modified to be used as a residential, commercial, business or leisure space. Finally, the unit could accept appliances, furniture and products sourced locally or internationally. The units could be shipped with a kit of parts that would include pieces such as a small refrigerator and stove unit; or, alternatively, local appliances could be easily plugged into the core service panels.

Factor: Expensive Overseas Shipping Design Approach: Efficient Shipping This housing system has been designed specifically to maximize use of a 40ft shipping container.

9

Tennant Sr., David. Interview by Connor Malloy. Meeting w The Hampton Group,. London, ON. September 30, 2008

10

“Salava Kiir statement before South Sudan parliament.” Sudan Tribune 11 April 2006: (http:// www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article14995&var_ recherche=housing%2C%20juba) (Accessed Nov 11.

2008)

DESIGN RESULTS

34

Design Development During the course of the charrette the application of parameters mentioned in the previous section, progressed as three distinct design concepts. All of the options would include provisions such as space for sleeping, washing, cooking, eating, and storage; as well as, a service core with basic water facilities and a power generation device.

1. Container Home: In this variation the shipping container is reused as the main structural element of the home. The three diagrams that follow illustrate how the concept could be scaled with an increased investment in design, fabrication and labour.

Since the core is housed within the container shell, additional living units could also be built around the structure.

!

!

!

2. Bookend Core: In this variation, the core components are shipped completely pre-assembled to form either end of an expandable living space. By separating the core into two pieces, living space could be created between the two solid ends. These core ends would contain all of the required services and amenities, and any number of construction methods could be employed to construct the infill wall sections. This variation would yield a lower shipping volume than the first design option.

3. Corner Module: In this final variation, the bookend structure is separated and reduced to four corner components that can unfold and configure to suit multiple layout requirements. This would also facilitate flat packing of each corner for shipping, reducing the shipping volume even further.

DESIGN RESULTS

36

Preliminary Design Concept: The Corner Core For the final design proposal, the team combined the corner module approach with inspiration from the hybrid model (described earlier on pg 26).

The design concept revolves around one basic element: a hinged corner module created from 4ft wide by 8ft high, structurally insulated panels, that include plumbing and wiring.

When erected on a foundation, these panels form a load-bearing structure around which a home can be constructed. When coupled together, they can make one end of the home, and accept service components such as a sink, kitchen and toilet. When pulled apart and joined with wall sections, they form the framework for an interior living space, which can be created in multiple shapes and sizes, based on budget and living needs.

Since the building’s cladding is non structural, except for the corners, the wall sections could be fashioned from a range of materials, selected to meet user preferences, climate conditions and availability of labour.

For example, in an urban setting, it may be appropriate to enclose the unit completely with steel studs and concrete board. Sheet good cladding would be a choice that could match the architectural vocabulary in cities like Juba, as buildings there are constructed predominantly from manufactured materials. In a rural setting, residents may wish to adapt the technology of the Tukul and use mud and sticks.

In addition, wall sections would be easy to modify and update in the future, greatly increasing the building’s longevity and lifecycle. Materials could be sourced in Canada, Sudan or internationally.

DESIGN RESULTS

38

Unit Elevations

Unit Elevations

DESIGN RESULTS

40

Unit Sections

Unit Perspectives

DESIGN RESULTS

42

Design Variations The Corner Core concept is designed for flexibility. Using its base elements, modules can be configured in multiple variations to result in different unit types.

1. The Core The Core would consist of two hinged, corner modules made from structural insulated panels, and would contain the home’s basic amenities such as water, power, in addition to a load-bearing structure.

The Core is the most technically skilldemanding component to construct in this home. By prefabricating this piece in Canada all plumbing, electrical and structural engineering components would be accounted for in advance, eliminating the need for a highly skilled local labour force.

The modules would come with internal roughed-in plumbing and wiring, making the installation of kitchen and bath equipment easy to accomplish. A kitchen unit and bathroom sink would be shipped fully assembled, ready to connect to one corner module. The pre-assembled composting toilet would sit on the slab.

The Core could be sold and erected separately, as an add-on for existing homes, or to facilitate a new home’s construction.

To minimize shipping volume, these corner modules are hinged to fold and lay flat.

2. Aid Shelter By placing The Core’s four corner modules together in a rectangle and adding a door and window in between, a small unit is produced. This structure would offer all of the amenities available in The Core, and would be an appropriate living space for a single aid worker, as an accessory unit to an existing home or compound, or as an emergency shelter.

It should be noted that in this variation the shower is placed outside the unit.

DESIGN RESULTS

44

3. The Accordion House In this variation, The Core is pulled apart and filled with wall sections to create various sizes of interior floor space.

4. Breezeway House By placing doors adjacent to The Core, a breezeway could be created. This covered area would provide an outdoor space for leisure or work activities, allowing users to escape the sun and rain, while still spending time outside.

DESIGN RESULTS

46

Construction Sequence The following twelve-step build sequence could take place on any given site using local labour.

1. The site is prepared for the concrete slab.

2. The slab is poured to a thickness of 4�.

3. Hinged structural insulated panels (SIPs) are unfolded in each corner and fastened to the slab foundation. These load-bearing units will form the base of the home’s structure.

4. Triangular braces add rigidity and lateral strength to the corner modules.

DESIGN RESULTS

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5. A double-rim beam is anchored to the top of the corner units. This beam would be supported temporarily until the walls are framed.

6. Steel cables are anchored to the rim beam and stretched to secure opposing walls. This element would add rigidity to the structure and also provide a frame from which portioning devices, such as curtain walls, could be hung.

7. Pre-cut rafters are fastened 2’ OC to the rim beam with metal joist clips.

8. Corrugated steel roofing is applied to the rafters. A screening material is also applied to the openings between the rafters to prevent insect infiltration while still allowing ventilation.

DESIGN RESULTS

50

9. Steel studded walls are framed below the rim beam. Openings are created for the installation of doors and windows. To accelerate assembly and installation, a jig could be created for wall layout.

10. The steel wall framing is sheeted on both the exterior and interior to close the building envelope. This cladding could be achieved with a range of materials, such as prefabricated panels, or with a traditional Sudanese method such as sticks and mud.

Windows and doors are installed, using a simple approach resembling a construction trailer or, alternatively, screen and shutters.

11. Hollow interior partitions are clipped in to divide the space into separate sleeping, kitchen and washroom areas.

12. Amenities and service outputs are connected to their respective receptacles in The Core’s walls.

DESIGN RESULTS

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Product Samples A kit of existing products could be assembled to be added to The Core module to provide for essential living needs, such as hygene and cooking.

Power While solar power is cleaner and more silent, according to a recent research paper by Croxford and Rizig, it is comparatively more expensive per Kwh than diesel generators in Sudan.

From their abstract: “The study indicates that, although photovoltaic [PV] might be the best source of electricity from an environmental and social view, unfortunately it currently cannot compete economically. The research identified that Sudanese customs and tax policy adds a significant cost to PV, making diesel generators the best power choice for rural and nomadic regions in Sudan.”

However, due to the low maintenance cost of PVs (especially when compared to generators), it is possible that PV will become more economically feasible in the near future.11 Alternatively, Sudan aims to become a major producer of ethanol fuel in the future. This could be an inexpensive source of fuel for generators.12

65Kw Super Silent Diesel Generator Although generators are expensive, a single unit of this 4-gallon tank model could be shared across 2-3 homes. This generator will run for 8 hours on full power or 10 hours on half power. www.duropower.com

$2000 36” x 21” x 29” / 12 cu ft / 400 lbs 6500 W max output 120/240 v AC or 12 v DC power

11 Croxford, B. and Rizig, M. Is photovoltaic power a cost-

effective energy solution for rural purposes in western Sudan? Solar 2006: Renewable Energy, Key to Climate Recovery. National Solar Conference Proceedings.

American Solar Energy Society, Denver, USA 12

http://www.sudantribune.com/spip. php?page=imprimable&id_article=26279

Climate Control The Corner Core home is designed with enough ventilation that air conditioning is not a requirement, unless desired for additional comfort. In a small space, an air conditioner intended for boats or RVs should be sufficient.

12-Volt/110-Volt MightyKool Model MW1 This model is inexpensive and energy efficient. It can be run off of solar power, batteries, or a generator, and will run 50-80 hours on a fully charged 105 amp/hour deep-cycle.www.swampy.net

$300 9 3/4” x 8 x 7 ¼” / 0.33 cu ft / 3 lb

Freeplay LED Lantern This product is powered by a crank and can be used as a lamp or flashlight When fully charged, the unit will last 25 hours at maximum brightness. The lamp also has a dimmer and an on/off switch. www.freeplayenergy.com

$50 8” height

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Water Because of the considerable annual rainfall, it should be possible to use captured rainwater for most household tasks.

Collapsible Rainsaver from Bulk Handling Australia The large, 1000 L rainwater tank is collapsible and includes a hose to connect to a pipe. While large, it could supply several houses with rainwater. www.bha.com.au

1120 x 1120 x 950 mm/ 4 cu ft / 20 kg

Shurflo Water RV pump

$50/unit 24” x 18” x 11”/ 2.75 cu ft / 52 lbs (for 12 units) 12v pump 2.8 gpm flow 7 amp draw

This system is sold in packs of 12. www.shurflo.com

Shower Basin & Stall The shower system is simply a floor basin with a curtain. If grey-water collection is desired, it should be possible to mount a removable capture tank underneath the basin. www.canadiantire.ca

$160 40 x 24 x 12 / 6.67cu ft / 4 lbs

Laundry/Wash Sink This simple plastic sink has a 22 gallon capacity and comes a with pre-installed washboard. The unit comes with legs and can also be mounted to a wall. www.homedepot.ca

$90 23 3/8” x 33 1/8” x 22 7/8” / 5 cu ft / 24 lbs

Visa Flush Potty These toilets are self-contained flushtoilets with a snap-down lid. The waste is collected in a lower container which could be later composted or fed into a biodigestor. www.survivalstore.com

$112 16” x 14” x 14” / 1.8 cu ft / 11 lbs

DESIGN RESULTS

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Kitchen For kitchens there are a variety of options. The simplest solution is a compact kitchen.

Alternately, a kit of part could be used to create a lower cost, more labour intensive kitchen.

Avanti 30” Compact Kitchen The compact kitchen provides a refrigerator, 2 electric grills, storage cabinet and sink at a low price. The unit requires minimal assembly. www. compactappliance.com

$650 39 ½” x 30” x 25” / 19.24 cu ft / 141 lbs 3.8 cu ft refrigerator 115 v ~ 60 Hz Elements draw 500 and 900 watts Refrigerator is rated at 300 Kwh/year

Single Burner Propane Stove Propane stoves are typically used for catering or in small restaurants. They must be used outside or with sufficient ventiliation. www.compactappliance.com

15,000 BTU $40 15”x 11” x 6” / 0.6 cu ft / 10 lbs

Coleman Camp Kitchen This model features a preparation area, sink with a drain, and water which can be gravity fed or foot pumped. www.canadiantire.ca

$60 - $200 depending on model 56.1 x 21.25 x 70.87 / 0.81 cu ft / 14 lbs

Materials Cost Analysis Materials: When selecting materials and construction methods for this housing concept, the team evaluated variables such as material characteristics, cost of materials per unit, shipping volume, the degree of prefabrication, and workability (referring to the skill required on site for assembly). Materials or building systems selected must stand up to the rain, heat, insects, and possible flooding in the region. As the units will also be shipped, attempting to keep the weight and shipping volume down is a key consideration.

Concrete

Cement

Expensive to ship

Canada: approx. $12.49 (40kg bag, 0.7 cu ft)

Expensive to purchase locally

Cost per Bag: approx. $18.32 (w/shipping)

East Africa: $20 CAD per bag

Kapoeta: Source for aggregates and sand (use to reduce the amount of shipped concrete − assuming a 1 cement/3 sand/6 stone mixture)

Canada: approx. $3.91 per bag (30kg bags of Sakrete, 0.55 cu ft) Cost per Bag: approx. $9.00 (w/shipping) Weather resistant Durable in sheet form for walls (3/8”thickness and available in many dimensions, the sheet can be screwed to a framed wall and perforated to create openings for doors and windows)

Shipping cost per bag was calculated based on a 40’ container − 2400 cubic feet − at a shipping cost of $20,000. Therefore, the estimated cost per cubic foot to transport material to South Sudan is $8.33. All material pricing was provided by Copp’s Buildall, London.

MATERIALS COST ANALYSIS

58

Wood

Corrugated Steel

A popular choice for Canadian prefabricated housing

Compact for shipping

Wood framing or sheeting in Sudan is highly susceptible to termites Short lifespan OSB or wood composites that contain resin and plastics act as a deterrent to insects Steel Cost effective as sheeting or studs Weather resilient

Easy to install with local labour Easy for homeowners to add or replace panels Estimated 30-year lifespan in the South Sudan climate Prone to radiating heat (i.e roof should include ample ventilation) Durable Available in the region

Heats quickly in sun causing increased interior temperature

Polycarbonate Sheeting

Stick and Mud

Durable

Easy to maintain with local labour

Available in flat stock or corrugated panels

Available in the region

Water resistant

Found in 95% of South Sudanese architecture

May degrade quickly under the intense

Thatch Light and breathable Available in the region Can be used in tandem with a layer of polyurethane for added protection from rain

Easy to install

South Sudan sun

Foundation: The team analyzed foundation options based on the use of pre-mixed concrete and cement mix (to be mixed on site with local sand and aggregate). Although concrete is expensive to transport over long distances, ultimately, it is more cost effective to use a Canadian product over a local one.

The foundation options explored below require complete on-site assembly. Foundation types were compared for the 16’ x 20’ housing concept application. This version has a total footprint of 320 sq ft, or a linear perimeter of 72’.

Slab on Grade

Grade Beam

110 cu ft of concrete (20 bags of St. Mary’s + sand and aggregate) 4” slab

33 cu ft of concrete (6 bags of St. Mary’s + sand and aggregate) 10”h x 18”w piers every 6’

Although this method will require the greatest amount of concrete, the slab provides all bearing points, a finished floor, and requires the least amount of time to form.

This system requires running a steel beam at grade around the perimeter of the structure, and would sit on piers instead of footings. In addition to the concrete, this method would also require a 72’ steel beam, beam clips for the piers, and a floor system.

Strip Foundation 64 cu ft of concrete (12 bags of St. Mary’s + sand and aggregate) 8”h x 16”w strip Although the South Sudan region does not have any seismic activity, rebar reinforcement of the strip is recommended. Since this method does not provide a finished floor, a flooring system would be required (see floor system options).

Rammed Earth Rammed earth foundations work well in traditional South Sudanese architecture. That said, the proposed corner modules use SIPs that require a foundation system that can receive steel anchors.

Result: The team selected slab on grade as the best approach for the foundation based on the following: the slab offers the required bearing points for the SIP walls, can hold steel anchors, requires the least amount of time and skill to form, and provides a finished floor.

Total material cost = $366.40 (+ sand and aggregate)

MATERIALS COST ANALYSIS

60

Floor: Floor systems were evaluated primarily for their degree of prefabrication since, prefabrication has the greatest affect on shipping volume, and therefore the shipping cost per unit.

Concrete Slab

Rubber Pallet

Shipped as cement bags (see cement)

Requires strip or grade beam foundation

Doubles as the foundation

Interior floor constructed from rubber shipping pallets

SIP Panels (or complete floor assemblies) Very high shipping volume (180 cu ft for a 6”d floor) Requires little to no skill for on-site construction Uses load bearing panels (whether SIP’s or steel framed and sheeted) Would bear on a foundation

Framed Floor (with steel) Low shipping volume Requires very low skilled labour on-site Raw material kit-of-parts Steel floor joists and steel beams to support the joists, with termite resistant sheet good

4’ tile system Provides a water resistant raised floor Uneven with perforations Susceptible to entrance of insects Susceptible to entrance of groundwater

Rammed Earth Cost effective Requires high amount of on-site labour Requires high amount of knowledge of finishing methods (concrete or lime) High maintenance Materials available locally Susceptible to entrance of insects Susceptible to entrance of groundwater

Result: The team selected a concrete slab foundation system since it also provides a finished floor.

Walls: Wall materials were evaluated primarily on their suitability for the South Sudanese context. This evaluation considered the following materials for the wall assembly: wood, steel, plastic, concrete, stick and mud, and thatch. Wall systems were evaluated on their degree of prefabrication, since this would determine the shipping volume as well as the amount of skill and time required on site for the unit’s assembly.

Fully Prefabricated Wall System

Complete On-Site Assembly

High shipping volume (288 cu ft - 72 linear feet of wall, 8’ high, 4.5” deep)

Low shipping volume

High cost for Canadian labour Simple on-site assembly Fixed design results

Cost effective High need for skilled labour Promotes local skill development Flexible construction process

Hybrid or Partially Prefabricated Wall System Low shipping volume High skill to assemble on site Promotes local skill development Adaptable use of materials

Result: The partial wall assembly was chosen for the proposed housing concept as it provides quick assembly of a portion of the exterior walls and allows users to fill in the remaining sections using a number of different applications. In the case of the proposed housing solution, the corner wall segments are structural insulated panels (SIPs), and the remaining wall sections are constructed from steel studs and concrete board.

MATERIALS COST ANALYSIS

62

Roofing: Before the evaluation of different roofing options, a comparative analysis was first performed on the types of sheeting materials available to the project. This analysis included the use of corrugated steel, polypropylene sheeting, and thatch. Roof systems were evaluated primarily on their degree of prefabrication. All systems explored dealt with a frame and sheet method of roof construction.

Fully Prefabricated Trusses

Pre-Cut Rafters

Very high shipping volume

Low shipping volume

Very quick assembly on site

Promotes local skill development

Ensures structural integrity

Reduces work on site Cut to design specifications

Result: Pre-cut rafters have been selected to construct the roof framing, while corrugated steel has been selected for the sheeting material. In rural applications, or in cases where homeowners have limited access to funding, thatch can replace the corrugated steel.

The charts that follow illustrate estimated costs of materials and shipping for the Corner Core Unit and the Core Unit design variations.

Note: Calculations do not include the cost of prefabrication labour, local sand and aggregate, assembly labour, or purchase of service amenities.

MATERIALS COST ANALYSIS

64

Materials Cost Estimate, Core Unit (32 sq ft) Quantity

Cost/Unit

Total

Structural Insulated Panel (4x8’) (Borate Treated)

4

$150.00

$600.00

Hinge Hardware

2

$50.00

$100.00

Vinyl Corner Cap

2

$50.00

$40.00

2

$13.00

$26.00

n/a

n/a

unknown

n/a

n/a

unknown

Steel Wall Studs (2x4’) (linear ft)

32

$0.45

$14.00

Wood Beam (2x6’) (linear ft)

24

$0.29

$7.00

Wood Rafters (2x4’) (linear ft)

42

$0.50

$21.00

Wood Rafters (2x12’) (linear ft)

8

$1.46

$12.00

Duroc Concrete Board (4x8’) (sheets)

2

$43.18

$86 .00

n/a

n/a

$100.00

40

$1.23

$49.00

Materials Corner Hinged Panels

Foundation Cement (40kg bags) Sand (Local, 32ft3) Aggregate (Local, 60ft3) Structure

Miscellaneous Hardware Roof Corrugated Steel Panels (sq ft) Foam Gasket (sq ft) Screening for Rafters (roll 48x84”)

16

$0.20

$3.00

1

$19.99

$20.00

Plumbing PVC Piping 3” (linear ft) Hardware

10

$1.15

$12.00

1

$100.00

$100.00

2

$25

$50.00

20

$1

$20.00

n/a

n/a

$50.00

Electrical Light Fixtures Wiring linear ft.

Miscellaneous Hardware

TOTAL COST PER UNIT: $1,310

Materials Cost Estimate, Corner Core Unit (320 sq ft) Materials

Quantity

Cost/Unit

Total

Structural Insulated Panel (4x8’) (Borate Treated)

8

$150.00

$1,200.00

Hinge Hardware

4

$50.00

$200.00

Vinyl Corner Cap

4

$20.00

$80.00

20

$13

$260.00

Corner Hinged Panels

Foundation Cement (40kg bags) Sand (Local, 32ft3)

n/a

n/a

unknown

Aggregate (Local, 60ft3)

n/a

n/a

unknown

326.5

$0.45

$147.00

144

$0.50

$72.00

207.5

$0.29

$60.00

Structure Steel Wall Studs (2x4’) (linear ft) Wood Beam (2x6’) (linear ft) Wood Rafters (2x4’) (linear ft) Wood Rafters (2x12’) (linear ft)

72

$1.46

$105.00

Duroc Concrete Board (4x8’) (sheets)

20

$43.18

$864.00

n/a

n/a

$100.00

400

$1.23

$492.00

50

$0.20

$10.00

1

$19.99

$20.00

Misc. Hardware Roof Corrugated Steel Panels (sq ft) Foam Gasket (sq ft) Screening for Rafters (roll 48x84”) Plumbing PVC Piping 3” linear ft Hardware

10

$1.15

$12.00

1

$100.00

$100.00

Electrical 4

$25.00

$100.00

20

$1.00

$20.00

n/a

n/a

$50.00

1

$200.00

$200.00

3

$100.00

$300.00

Light Fixtures Wiring linear ft.

Miscellaneous Hardware Doors Single Pre-hung Door Windows Pre-Installed Windows

TOTAL COST PER UNIT: $4,392 MATERIALS COST ANALYSIS

66

Shipping Volume, Core Unit (32 sq ft) Materials

Quantity

ft3/Unit

Total

Structural Insulated Panel (4x8’) (Borate Treated)

4

3

24

Hinge Hardware

2

1

2

Vinyl Corner Cap

2

1.5

3

Corner Hinged Panels

Foundation 2

1.5

3

Sand (Local, 32ft )

n/a

n/a

unknown

Aggregate (Local, 60ft3)

n/a

n/a

unknown

Steel Wall Studs (2x4’) (linear ft)

32

0.0245

1

Wood Beam (2x6) (linear ft)

24

0.125

1

Wood Rafters (2x4’) (linear ft)

24

0.053

2

Wood Rafters (2x12’) (linear ft)

8

0.33

3

Duroc Concrete Board (4x8’) (sheets)

2

1

2

Miscellaneous Hardware

1

1

1

Corrugated Steel Panels (sq ft)

40

0.025

1

Foam Gasket (sq ft)

16

0.06

1

1

2

1

10

(within core)

0

1

1

1

2

0.75

1.5

20

(within core)

n/a

Cement (40kg bags) 3

Structure

Roof

Screening for Rafters (roll 48x84”) Plumbing PVC Piping 3” (linear ft) Hardware Electrical Light Fixtures Wiring (linear ft)

TOTAL = 47.5ft3

Shipping Volume, Corner Core Unit (320 sq ft) Quantity

ft3/Unit

Total

Structural Insulated Panel (4x8’) (Borate Treated)

8

6

48

Hinge Hardware

4

1

4

Vinyl Corner Cap

4

1.5

6

20

1.5

30

n/a

n/a

unknown

n/a

n/a

unknown

326.5

0.0245

8

Materials Corner Hinged Panels

Foundation Cement (40kg bags) Sand (Local, 32ft ) 3

Aggregate (Local, 60ft ) 3

Structure Steel Wall Studs (2x4’) (linear ft)

144

0.125

18

207.5

0.053

11

Wood Rafters (2x12’) (linear ft)

72

0.33

24

Duroc Concrete Board (4x8’) (sheets)

20

1

20

1

1

1

400

0.025

10

50

0.06

3

1

2

2

10

(within core)

n/a

1

1

1

4

0.75

3

20

(within core)

n/a

1

6

6

2

1.5

3

Wood Beam (2x6’) (linear ft) Wood Rafters (2x4’) (linear ft)

Miscellaneous Hardware Roof Corrugated Steel Panels (sq ft) Foam Gasket (sq ft) Screening for Rafters (roll 48x84”) Plumbing PVC Piping 3” (linear ft) Hardware Electrical Light Fixtures Wiring (linear ft) Doors Single Pre-hung Door Windows Prefabricated Windows

TOTAL = 198ft3 MATERIALS COST ANALYSIS

68

Evaluation, Core Unit (32 sq ft)

Volume Estimation

47.5ft3 + 125 ft3 172.5 ft3

(volume required for material) (volume allowance for service amenities)

2,387 ft3 / 172.5 ft3

(volume total per 40’ container) (volume total per core)

Total = 13.79 ft3 cores per container

Cost Estimation

$25,000 / 13 units $1,923

(cost of shipping per 40’ container)

$1,923 + $1,310

(cost of shipping per unit)

Total = $3,233 shipping per core

(cost of material per unit)

Evaluation, Corner Core Unit (320 sq ft)

Volume Estimation

198 ft3 + 125 ft3 323 ft3

(volume required for material) (volume allowance for service amenities)

2,387 ft3 + 323 ft3

(volume total per 40’ container) (volume total per unit)

Total = 7.39 ft3 units per container

Cost Estimation

$25,000 / 7 units $3,571

(cost of shipping per 40’ container)

$3,571 + $4,392

(cost of shipping per unit) (cost of material per unit)

Total = $7,963 shipping per unit

MATERIALS COST ANALYSIS

70

“ ‘It used to be mostly tents here in the IDP camps.

Now you can see a lot of mud and brick shelters.

It’s a sign that many IDPs don’t see themselves leaving for a long while.

Suburbs are being created and children are being born, so this will be where they consider home.’ ” ~Samer Abdelnour

PhD Student, Richard Ivy School of Business, Western Ontario & Masters Student, York University, Peace and Enterprise13

13 Kun, K. Ed. “The World As We Don’t Know It: Possibilities for Enterprise in Sudan” Corporate Knights:

The Canadian Magazine for Responsible Business (Vol 7.2, 2008): 16

Recommended Next Steps With an increased foreign aid presence in South Sudan and thousands of returning IDPs (internally displaced peoples), a solution for low-cost permanent housing in this region is imperative, and is considered critical to the country’s development objectives.14 The business/market opportunities for international groups to fill this need are considerable.

The results of this three-day design charrette, executed by a small team of interdisciplinary professionals, along with invited guest experts, centred on achieving a modest, permanent residence that provides essential services for living, and could be used by local families or foreign aid workers. A primary focus of the proposed design was to meet the budget stipulations with a design that could be manufactured in Canada and shipped internationally with a low shipping volume.

There are a considerable amount of other factors that should be accounted for in the next stages of design development. First, since the infrastructural supports available in South Sudan are limited, the unit will need to be self-sufficient in its management of energy, water and sewage, and should seek to achieve close interaction with the local environment in order to harness and respect existing resources. This could also include a component for food production. Second, the unit design should be closely analyzed according to the lifestyle preferences of its intended users. This analysis would consider their habits related to social interaction, food preparation, eating, sleeping, entertaining, personal belongings, privacy preferences, and aesthetic preferences. It is also important to target the initial pilot project to a specific user group and site location. This process would likely include engaging with the unit’s projected residents, government representatives, partner corporations and other NGOs. Following this, the development of a business plan would determine how the unit could be marketed, distributed and constructed on a larger scale in the future.

14

“Salava Kiir statement before South Sudan parliament.” Sudan Tribune 11 April 2006: (http:// www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article14995&var_ recherche=housing%2C%20juba) (Accessed Nov 11.

2008)

Thus, the next steps for the continued development of this project are as follows: 1. Develop a pilot project and corresponding budget.

2. Complete design development for pilot project with user engagement.

3. Develop a business plan.

4. Build and test a prototype.

5. Conduct pilot project.

6. Revise design based on pilot and roll-out business plan.

If designed with a sensitivity to the complex social and political dynamic of the country, and executed in close collaboration with local groups, this project could have a significant impact on the country’s economic capacity, sustainable development, and social well-being.

RECOMMENDED NEXT STEPS

74

Appendices 77 A: Background Research 82 B: World House Matrix 83 C: About the Team

A. Background Information Note: The information that follows was used as a framework to guide the team’s understanding of the design context. For the purposes of this charrette, the team concentrated its research efforts on the city of Juba and the greater Equatoria region, the area in which The Hampton Group is currently most active. This research is not reflected explicitly in the design proposal in all respects, and should be revisited during the next design development phases.

Social, Economic and Political Dynamic Formerly an area impoverished by 40 years of conflict, South Sudan is now approaching the cusp of a development boom after signing the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in 2005. To support this opportunity, South Sudan President Salva Kiir Maydrit has committed to develop legal frameworks and guides that will encourage foreign investment in areas including agriculture, energy, mining, economic sustainability, industry, civic infrastructure, transportation, housing, animal resources, hotels, health, and education.15 Since 2004, Canada has contributed over $440 million to Sudan for humanitarian relief, peacekeeping and reconstruction.16 Over 100 NGOs now operate in South Sudan17, many of which are located in the capital city of Juba.

As a result of large-scale destruction from the 40 year civil war, services, amenities and road access in the Juba region are limited. There has been very little development of civic infrastructure since the fifties.18 Like most of South Sudan, Juba and its surroundings do not have access to running water, sewage or waste treatment, or electricity supplied by a grid. In addition, amenities such as internet, television, or public libraries are rare.19 Juba’s population is estimated at 163,442,20 but like most of South Sudan, increases daily as many of its internally displaced persons (IDPs) return home. These returning populations experience difficulties when trying to re-establish themselves, as like most other things during the war, their homes were either destroyed or fell into disrepair.

15

“South Sudan President vows to support foreign

18

investors.” Sudan Tribune 3 October 2008: 1. http:// www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article28810) (Accessed October 21, 2008) 16

October 10. 2008) 19

Brooks, Kimble, Murilo, Scribner. “JUBA, WAU, and

“Canada becomes Joint Donor Team Member.” The

MALAKEL – Community planning for resettlement.”

Juba Post, 20 November 2007 (http:// www.k2-media.

Ministry of Land, Housing, and Public Utilities /

org/jubapost/go/ record.php?cat =2&recordID=312)

Government of Southern Sudan. January 2007: 7-68.

(Accessed Oct 29.2008) 17

“Juba, Sudan.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba,_Sudan) (Accessed

“UNICEF preparing for surge in enrolment in southern

(http://www.southsudanmaps.org/) 20

“Juba, Sudan.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.

Sudan” UNICEF Press Centre 27 January 2005: 1.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba,_Sudan) (Accessed

(http://www.unicef.org/media/ media_24934.html)

October 10. 2008)

(Accessed October 14, 2008)

Environmental Characteristics Juba is located adjacent to the banks of the White Nile River, with much of its northern and southern surroundings situated within the river’s flood plain. The region is characterized by a combination of vast open space and swamplands, as well as the scenic peaks and valleys of the Jaral Marata mountain range to the west. The region is rich in ecological diversity and its soil is well suited for agricultural cultivation of many different crop varieties,21 such as sorghum, soybeans, vegetables and corn. The region also has a high percentage of undeveloped land, ideal for cultivation.22 Situated just 5° north of the equator, the state of Central Equatoria sits within a humid climate zone that features a pronounced dry winter and a very humid wet season between May and October.

This region experiences temperatures ranging from 23 to 27.9 °C 23, and an annual rainfall average of over 40 inches.24 As such, new housing in this region will require systems (preferably passive) that encourage ventilation and heat dissipation.

Unlike other regions in the world, rain falls only intermittently during Sudan’s wet season − about 50% of the time.24 The high volume of precipitation presents an opportunity to harvest rainwater for washing, cooking and drinking.

As a result of its proximity to the equator, the region receives relatively consistent sun exposure including sunrise and sunset times. Average sun exposure is 12 hours each day, with sunrise at 6:45 am and sunset at 6:45 pm. The largest time difference in sun exposure is only 17 minutes over the course of the entire year.25 This high sun exposure will demand a design solution that aims to reduce the amount of solar gain. Consideration of light or breathable materials, or adversely materials with thermal mass properties, should be explored.

Housing The Tukul represents 95% of housing stock in South Sudan. Tukuls are thatched roof dwellings with cylindrical walls and conical roofs, and are constructed from available materials.

21

Vanden Bossche, J.-P.; Bernacsek, G.M. Source book

23

megathermal climates.” Wikipedia, The Free

Technical Paper, No. 18.3. Rome, FAO. 1991. 219p.

Encyclopedia. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köppen_

(http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0361e/T0361E07.htm)

climate_classification#Trewartha_climate_classification_

(Accessed October 14,2008) 22

“Köppen climate classification - GROUP A: Tropical/

for the inland fishery resources of Africa: 3. CIFA

Brooks, Kimble, Murilo, Scribner. “JUBA, WAU, and

scheme) (Accessed October 10. 2008) 24

MALAKEL – Community planning for resettlement.”

Ministry of Land, Housing, and Public Utilities / Government of Southern Sudan. January 2007: 7-68. (http://www.southsudanmaps.org/) (Accessed Oct13.

Gasima – Juba, Sudan. (http://www.gaisma.com/en/ location/juba.html) (Accessed October 10. 2008)

25

Gasima – Juba, Sudan. (http://www.gaisma.com/en/ location/juba.html) (Accessed October 10. 2008)

2008)

APPENDICES

78

Typically, bamboo or any available wood is used to construct the wall and roof frames. The walls are then filled in with agricultural waste, mainly the stocks of regional sorghum crops (in this given context, kelle and ladoka). Following this, similar to strawbale structures, the walls are finished with a mud mixture skin, which traditionally contains mud, ash, and fresh cow manure. A single post located in the centre of the Tukul supports the roof. Grasses or bamboo are used for the roofing material, in addition to woods planks if available.

A typical Tukul is a one room dwelling with a total area of less than 10 m2. According to density and crowding studies, a 10 m2 Tukul is appropriate for 1-2 people, although up to 5 inhabitants to a single Tukul have been reported.27 For larger families, additional Tukuls may be built depending on need and available land. Tukuls are often arranged to form a family compound with an open fire cooking area at the centre.

Land Use and Regional Planning Zoning and plot sizes in South Sudan can be separated into four class distinctions: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, and informal Tukul zones. The majority of South Sudanese live in the informal Tukul zones. These Tukul dwellings and communities are usually situated close to sorghum crops and subsistence farming plots. NGOs operating in South Sudan typically build compounds within Class 1 zoned plots.28 Class 1: Typically found in large cities, towards the core, or beside the Nile River’s banks.

Population density: 128 people per hectare Plot size: 30 m x 30 m and larger Land lease: 50 years, renewable once for 30 years Leasing cost: $50 USD per annum payable to the Government of Southern Sudan (GoSS) Structure types: permanent residential and commercial, access to services Formation: grid arrangement

27

Berhane, Yemane and Abera Kumie,, “Crowding in a traditional rural housing (“Tukul”) in Ethiopia” Toronto Addis Ababa Psychiatry Project.

28

Brooks, Kimble, Murilo, Scribner. “JUBA, WAU, and MALAKEL – Community planning for resettlement.”

Ministry of Land, Housing, and Public Utilities / Government of Southern Sudan. January 2007: 7-68. (http://www.southsudanmaps.org/) (Accessed Oct13.

2008)

Class 2: Typically found in both large and small cities. In large cities they are usually located adjacent Class 1 zones.

Population density: 200 people per hectare Plot size: 20 m x 20 m Land lease: 30 years, renewable once for 20 years Leasing cost: $35 USD per annum payable to GoSS Structure types: basic residential and commercial, some with sanitation Formation: grid arrangement Class 3: Typically found in the periphery of larger cities, and smaller cities/towns.

Population density: 266 people per hectare Plot size: 15 m x 15 m Land lease: 20 years, renewable twice for 10 years each Leasing cost: $25 USD per annum payable to GoSS Structure types: removable residential and commercial, limited or no sanitation Formation: grid arrangement Informal Tukul zones: Typically found in the periphery of larger cities, unsettled plots within the city core, and rural areas.

Population density: 532 people per hectare Plot size: n/a Land lease: land is informally settled Leasing cost: n/a Structure types: Tukuls Formation: organic and clustered29

APPENDICES

80

Additional requirements and regulations exist for each land class designation. In order to honour the leasing agreement between the lessee and GoSS, timelines for development, types of accepted structures, and land coverage must be met.23 Despite the seemingly limitless land for housing developments, the lack of services and access to water and electricity illustrates the need to increase density in order to successfully create some of these supply networks. As the aim of this design process is to create low-cost permanent housing solutions, it would seem inappropriate to place this type of concept on a Class 1 land designation.

With the more permanent land leases also being the largest plot size options available, possible consideration should be made to develop shared ownership of Class 3 designated lands.

29

Brooks, Kimble, Murilo, Scribner. “JUBA, WAU, and MALAKEL – Community planning for resettlement.”

Ministry of Land, Housing, and Public Utilities / Government of Southern Sudan. January 2007: 7-68. (http://www.southsudanmaps.org/) (Accessed Oct13.

2008)

B. World House Matrix The Institute without Boundaries has categorized the basic elements of housing design into a Matrix system, which is used as a framework for generating holistic and innovative results during the design process. The Institute uses the Matrix primarily for housing design challenges, although it can be adapted to suit other scenarios. As part of this charrette, the Institute applied the Matrix to consider the following aspects of the project’s context: Climate

Energy, Air, Construction

Terrain

Food, Water, Waste

Economy

Finance, Communication, Mobility

Culture

Social, Identity, Spatial

APPENDICES

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C. About the Team The Institute Silvio Ciarlandini is currently a principle with P2, a social innovation company whose mandate is to create partnerships that develop sustainable, intelligent, affordable and universal urban communities. He is also Director of Special Projects at the Institute without Boundaries.

Luigi Ferrara is the Director of the Centre for Arts and Design at George Brown College and the Institute without Boundaries. He is also a registered architect and a member of the Association of Chartered Industrial Designers. His consulting firm Co. Ferrara Inc. provides strategy for branding and design, real property, consumer products and media properties.

Perin Ruttonsha is a project manager who specializes in communication, strategic business development and fine arts. In addition to working at the Institute she also teaches arts and design to children.

Marc Kennedy is an expert in real property development, material sourcing and custom fabrication.

He also has a background in nutrition.

Charrette Lead Connor Malloy is a driven leader, passionate about working with inter-disciplinary teams to develop architectural and design projects centred on social and environmental sustainability. He holds an undergraduate degree in Interior Design from Ryerson University, and is a recent graduate of the Institute without Boundaries in Toronto, Canada.

Satellite Team Evelyne Au-Navioz is a multi-disciplinary designer who specializes in areas spanning from graphic to spatial design. She studied at Concordia University and is a co-founder of BAAU & Co. Karl Johnson is an architect, who has a fascination with prefabricated residential structures.

Working on international residential design contracts, he has a comprehensive understanding of appropriate and adaptable prefabrication solutions for different cultures and geographical locations.

Michael McMartin holds an undergraduate degree in Landscape Architecture from the University of Guelph, and completed a Masters of Interior Design while living in Italy. Working for top interior firms in the Toronto, Mike brings a critical and detailed eye to all of his projects.

Teresa Miller’s background in the sciences strengthens her perspective on environmental considerations while her understanding of the design process allows her to fully engage in design discussions. Her interests in sustainable design range from housing-based initiatives to larger institutional projects.

Mark Watson is an interaction designer, who specializes in the design and construction of systems for human interaction. With a background in Computer Science and Mathematics, Mark has the ability to analyze and synthesize data to construct design methodologies and approaches for complex projects.

Guest Experts Michael Cassidy is the former community development officer of non-profit organization, Evergreen.

He has also worked in Sudan for eight years with the Canadian International Development Agency, as well as with an organization that trained foreign aid workers on Sudanese lifestyle.

Maurice Fuoco is a high-end custom home builder and product developer for Safety Bracket and the Fifth Wall.

Fernando Lopez is an architect and urban planner by education and a master craftsman by trade.

He is the owner of Design 2100, a company which produces custom millwork for residential, business and institutional applications.

Patrick Malloy is a London based residential design/build general contractor. In addition to coowing and operating Duo Building Ltd, he is co-owner of Nova Craft Canoe.

APPENDICES

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