COSMOLOGY
THE ADVENTURES OF BEN-HUR AND PADILHA IN OUTER SPACE
Episode 3: The intricacies of gravity Por: J.R. SILVA BITTENCOURT
REVERSE SIGHT THEORY SEEKING ANOTHER EXPLANATION FOR THE UNIVERSE
English version
Sun
A Movement of the center of mass
Observer
B A = Bright companion (visible star) B = Dark companion (invisible star)
A Movement of the center of mass
Observer
B A = Bright companion (visible star) B = Dark companion (invisible star)
from past to present A Movement of the center of mass
Observer
B
from past to present
A = Bright companion (visible star)
B = Dark companion (invisible star)
A
past
from present to the past
Movement of the center of mass present
B
future
from future to present
A = Bright companion (visible star)
B = Dark companion (invisible star)
What??...
A Past
Invisible
B
Present
Center of mass
Center of mass
Past
Invisible
space doesn’t communicate anything to us, directly...
Sun
Light
Light
cosine image of the sun
infrared-ultraviolet
observer Uncertain position of the sun
image of the sun
infrared- ultraviolet
sine
observer
cosine image of the sun
infra-red-ultraviolet
past
future
Uncertain position of the sun
observer
infra-red-ultraviolet
sine
future
past image of the sun
observer
The existence of dotted waves is questionable
foci of the elipse
cĂrcle (apparent)
aphelion
perihelion
Sun
aphelion
elipse (real)
Uniform (relative) circular motion of the sun’s image
Ecliptic
Orbit of the Earth Uncertain position of the Sun
Earth movement
The Sun occupying one of the foci of the elipse
Earth
Sun
Center of mass of a binary. Both bodies, M1 and M2 evolve around their common center of mass, C. This is located closer to the body possessing greater mass, such that d1 / d2 = M1 / M2.
major axis of the elippse
focus of the ellipse
Earth
Sun
Elliptical motion circle radius
center of the circle
F = Fcpt
Circular motion
Sun acting as a source of ďŹ ctitious circular waves
There’s no time (directly measurable) Space + light
Sunlight has always been on Earth (from our point o view), from where it began to condense until forming the information package (quantum). Time would have been stuck in the process...
Here from the Sun I see Earth 8 minutes late...
Space + light + time
Waving in expansion
3 seconds later
2 seconds later Time
1 second later
Space
The stone hits the surface of the water
Time
The Earth will enter the light cone of the future of the Sun after 8 minutes.
8 min
Depth
zero Sun
Earth
Space
Positive work performed by the gravitational force
Negative work performed by the gravitational force
Throwing a ball into the air
Time
Time
Invisible sun (uncertain position) Earth Light cone of the future of the Sun
The observer’s light cone of the past
Visible sun
Space
Inversion towards the arrow of time in the position of the observer
I don’t see anything (yet)
Time Invisible Sun
Earth Light cone of the future of the Sun
space Shrinkage of time during stretching.
Light Light
Saturn is sighted from Earth through the reection of sunlight, which strikes the planet.
Stretched spring: negative work Ec = zero Ep = maximum V = zero
I don’t see anything (yet)...
Invisible Sun Earth Contraction of time
Light cone of the future of the Sun
stretching of space Shrinkage of time during space stretching
F = force
resting spring spring
block
Ep = zero Ec = maximum speed = maximum
Fixed end
block Fixed end
light spring
Earth Sun
Fixed end
Time
Space Spring
Stretching
Mass
Force orientation
Sun The point of view of the observer: The mass-spring assembly applied to the formation of the light cone of the future of the Sun.
2nd stage of simple harmonic motion (SHM): relaxation Time Space
Force orientation
Relaxing Sun The mass-spring assembly applied to the formation of the light cone of the future of the Sun.
Rest position: 1st stage of SHM: Negative force work: Stretches Preparation
Star moves away
Observer
2st stage of SHM: Positive force work: Gravity
the stone is loose
Star approaches
The outside of space-time:
1st Phase o SHM: negative force work Stretches
Observer
Preparation
Star moves away without being sighted
This phase retains time and information. It would correspond to the action of antigravity, but there’s no direct record of its existence.
Possibility (A): The universe is static out of time. Resting position: Force is equal to zero. Static universe
Possibility (B): The universe was expanding at an earlier time. Hence, the expansion, as assessed at present by cosmic background radiation, could not be happening in real time or is an image of the past.
1st phase of SHM: Negative force work, expansion. Stretches Star moves away Observer
Space
Beta Andromedae
Light cone of the future
Beta Andromedae (A) sends its light to Earth. This light will be retained for 75 years whithin its cone of light of the future. Until then, information regarding time time retention can’t be accessed directly by the observer on Earth.
Orientation of the force (F) space Light
black arrow: Force orientation red arrows: trap of the light
Star
Tim The work resulting from the stretching of space would be negative: light would be trapped in the curvature of space, and force would point in the opposite direction. As everything would be in the center before space bends, the negative force (antigravity) would point in the direction ‘back to the center’.
e
Everything is in the center
Formation of the curvature of space: As space stretches, light would be trapped within the light cone of the future of events, and space would communicate nothing to the observer on Earth. The force would point out of the center (antigravity), represented by the atness of space.
2nd SHM phase: Positive restoration of strength.
Gravity
Everything is in the center
widt
h
Everything is in the center
length
Static universe model
Picture of the past
Current thinking: Most stars move away from one another...
Picture of the present moment
...faster and faster, because space would be stretching (expanding) in real time...
Direction of stretching
light cone of the future
Generating gravitational attraction Stretch
incubating gravity
Star moves away
1st phase of the SHM of electromagnetic radiation
Expansion
1st phase of SHM of electromagnetic radiation Stretched spring: negative force work
Fixed end Spring
Block
Contraction
2nd phase of SHM of electromagnetic radiation Spring begins to relax: positive work force
Expansion
Contraction In the celestial vault there would be no visual difference between the 1st and 2nd phase of the SHM (simple Harmonic Motion) of cosmic radiation (expansion and contraction).
I’m out of connection with the internet and without de facebook...
Time 75 years
Hick
Light cone of the future of Beta andromedae (cut in half)
Earth is outside the cone: the star is invisible
Earth Beta andromedae
space
Uncertain position Zero Time
Earth enters the cone
Before (Beta’s light cone of the future)
Inversion in the direction of the arrow of time
After
Observer’s light cone of the past: Beta andromedae is sighted instantly, but with the appearance of 75 years ago.
75 years
Image of Beta andromedae
space
time = zero Uncertain position Before
Real Sun
Time arrow
After
Instant from the past Inversion in the direction of the arrow of time
Light cone of the future of the Sun
Dilation of time Contraction of time
The observer’s cone of the past
space
Image of the Sun
75 years ago
There’s no measurable time (directly) inside the light cone of the future of the Sun. Time start to be measured only after the spread of sun’s light on Earth...
Formation of the hypothetical ‘light cone of the future of the Sun’. fixed end block Spring at rest Light/radiation
Sun
The light was already on Earth
Comparing the behavior of light with that of the mass-spring assembly.
1st phase of SHM of light: expansion or stretching Force block
spring
ďŹ xed end Intrinsic movement
Quantization of light
Invisible Sun
1st phase of SHM of light: Expansion, stretching Spring being stretched
Block
pushed away
Quantization of light
F
Fixed end
force
? Simulation of curvature in space captures light Future Earth
invisible galaxy The space curves itself negatively during the timeless phase of energy quantization, or the formation of the light packet (photon).
2nd SHM phase of light: contraction, relaxation. Spreading F
Block
Spring relaxing
Approach
The curvature of space falls apart
Time in the past
Gravity
Fixed end
Earth The galaxy is instantly sighted from Earth.
Spread of the photons: time expands and space contracts. Access to information shows the space as it is still bending or expanding. However, the space would be at the stage where its curvature would already be undoing. Characteristic of this phase: acceleration.
Earth waves in expansion
Light
Time
T=zero
Space
Light cone of the future of the Sun
Sun
Earth
Earth
Sun
The Sun and the Earth revolve around a common center of mass (C). This is located closer to the body possessing greater mass (Sun), which occupies the focus of the ellipse. The sum of the distances (d1 + d2) constitutes the major axis of the ellipse.
Radius (d2) Earth
Sun
For the calculation of gravity the major axis of the ellipse (d1 + d2) was replaced by the radius of the perfect circle (d2).
Light cone of the future of the Sun
The death of the Sun does not immediately strike us because we are not in its cone of future light.
The Earth enters the light cone of the Sun’s death approximately after 8 minutes.
Event ot the Sun’s death
Time (minutes)
Sun
Earth
Light cone of the future
Earth Time
Space
Sun Rectangle triangle
Stone
Expanding waves
Two-dimensional tank surface
waves in expansion 3 seconds later
2 seconds later time 1 second later The stone hits the surface of the water
space
Diagram of p. 53 from S. Hawking’s book ‘A Brief History of Time’ (brasilian version).
Star
‘The light of distant stars takes billions of years to reach us. They stretch so much during the trip that they turn into radio waves. We need radio telescopes to see these old lights (The ďŹ rst second of Big Bang Lawrence Krauss/Michio Kaku -Pioneer productions).
Invisible
The light was already on Earth long before the observer came.
Earth
Invisible 1st phase of SHM of light: expansion Light quantization: leveling of the energetic extremes of the Maxwell spectrum.
Curvature simulation
Moves away
2nd phase of SHM of light: contraction, restoration. Doppler: accompanying the scattering of light
Visible as image (in the past)
Curvature undoes
Approaches
The scattering communicates the expansion instantly, as if it were happening in real time.
Collision between a quantum and a free electron stationary Quantum scattered
Free electron Before spreading
Withdrawal electron After spreading
*Obs.: Boethe/Geiger (1925) have shown that the in scattering a single quantum by one electron, the scattered quantum and the retreating electron appear simultaneously (Eisberg Fundamentals of Modern Physics, p. 75).
I feel like were a traveler of time
Sun’s light cone of the future
Observer’s light cone of the past
Apparent movement of the Sun Sun’s image after Ecliptic Sun’s image after 8 minutes 8 minutes
Earth orbit
Sun in uncertain position
E1, E2: Position of the Earth in two different moments of time.
Solar density increases waves in expansion
Time
Invisible sun directly space
Earth out of the cone of the Sun
(A)
Time
Waves in expansion
Earth outside the cone of light of the future
space
(B)
Time
Waves in expansion
space
A less dense sun in (A) would curl less space than in (B). On the other hand, (A) would shine more than (B) in imaginary time (within the cone of the Sun), which would not be reected in real time.
End of third episode
The adventures of Ben-Hur and Padilha in outer space