Class of 2021_GROBLER, S by jacques_23

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Declaration I, Soleil Grobler hereby declare that this dissertation submitted for the MArch Architecture Professional, at the Tshwane University of Technology is my own original work and has not been submitted to any other institution. All quoted text is indicated and acknowledged by a comprehensive list of references.

Acknowledgements Mom, Eloise and Dad, Jean, without you, your support, motivation and unconditional love, I would not have been where I am today, and for that, I am forever grateful. Thank you for being there when I need you, building my models, always being willing to help and always expressing how proud you are. To my brother Jayden, and grandparents, thank you for your support through the years and for believing in me.

To the rest of my friends and family, thank you for letting me share with you my passion for architecture, always showing interest and sharing motivation.

To my fiancé, Ricus, your passion for achieving goals and working hard has been nothing less than inspiring, and I am so thankful I get to share this milestone in life with you. Thank you for your love, encouragement and most importantly, your constant support.

Lastly to TUT for the financial support provided in 2021.

To my studio friends, we made it. Finally, we can breathe, take a step back and reflect on how far we have come. It has been great, and sharing this journey with you has been even better.

To my supervisor, Professor Jacques Laubscher and co-supervisor, Mr Kyle Brand, thank you for your mentorship, guidance and support through the year.

In loving memory

A special thank you to the following people

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Abstract South African wildlife is drastically decreasing because of the negative influence of human beings, be it physical or environmental factors. This proposal aims to design an environmentally aware and eco-friendly place of recovery for avian wildlife, to heal from injuries and trauma—ultimately allowing for the reintroduction of these animals into the wild. The conservation of avian species is of the utmost importance for protecting the ecosystem on which humankind depends. As part of the research, the design incorporates healthy and eco-friendly building methods, concentrating on bio-fabricated building materials. This research includes the design of a sustainable building envelope, incorporating passive design techniques, a biophilic design approach conclusively merging architecture and nature in tranquillity. The design of a sustainable avian rehabilitation facility in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, is the outcome of this mini-dissertation. The proposed design aims to contribute to the conservation and rehabilitation of the environment.

Keywords: Avian rehabilitation, bio-fabricated, biophilic design, conservation, eco-friendly, passive design, sustainable, wildlife,.

“We shall require a substantially new manner of thinking if mankind is to survive” - Albert Einstein

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Figure List PAGE | 10

Figure 1: Saddle-billed stork illustration (by Author) Figure 2: Lilac breasted roller photograph (by Author) Figure 3: Bald eagle with lead poisoning (Centre Wildlife Care, 2020) Figure 4: Duck in polluted water (One Green Planet, 2017) Figure 5: Air pollution from factory (Sciencing, 2021) Figure 6: Flying eagle illustration (by Author) Figure 7: African Hoopoe (by Author) Figure 8: Red bishop in moulting stage (by Author) Figure 9: Estimate of resources used in buildings globally (Construction, n.d.) Figure 10: Estimate of pollution attributed to buildings globally (Construction, n.d.) Figure 11: Vulture illustration (by Author) Figure 12: Disconnection drawing Figure 13: Re-connecting drawing Figure 14: Co-exhisting drawing Figure 15: Flying vulture (by Author) Figure 16: Solar energy illustration (by Author) Figure 17: Water harvesting illustration (by Author) Figure 18: Cross ventilation illustration (by Author) Figure 19: Natural light illustration (by Author) Figure 20: Fish eagle (by Author) Figure 21: Natural ventilation illustration (by Author) Figure 22: Sun angle illustration (by Author) Figure 23: Brise-soleil illustration (by Author) Figure 24: Kori Bustard (Birds, 2019) Figure 25: Martial eagle (Birds, 2019) Figure 26: Saddle billed stork (Birds, 2019) Figure 27: Lappet faced vulture (Birds, 2019) Figure 28: Cape vulture (Birds, 2019) Figure 29: Southern ground hornbill (by Author) Figure 30: Bataleur eagle (Birds, 2019) Figure 31: Denhams bustard (Birds, 2019) Figure 32: Tawny eagle (Birds, 2019) Figure 33: White headed vulture (Birds, 2019) Figure 34: King fisher illustration (by Author) Figure 35: Aviary, Bioparque aerial view (AD Editorial Team, 2012)

Figure 36: Aviary, Bioparque structure (AD Editorial Team, 2012) Figure 37: Aviary Bioparque, structural system (AD Editorial Team, 2012). Figure 38: Bois de la Bâtie Aviary, aerial view (Archdaily, 2019). Figure 39: Bois de la Bâtie Aviary, plan (Archdaily, 2019). Figure 40: Freedom park (ArchDaily, 2012) Figure 41: Freedom park pathways (ArchDaily, 2012) Figure 42: Freedom park layout (ArchDaily, 2012) Figure 43: Interior perspective (Forde, 2017) Figure 44: Dome detail (Forde, 2017) Figure 45: Exterior view of concept project (Forde, 2017) Figure 46: Southern ground hornbill eating (by Author) Figure 47: Southern ground hornbill (by Author) Figure 48: Southern ground hornbill illustration (by Author) Figure 49: African continent (by Author) Figure 50: South African country map (by Author) Figure 51: Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces (by Author) Figure 52: Kruger National Park situated in Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces (by Author) Figure 53: Photograph of proposed site (by Author) Figure 54: Red bishop collecting nesting materials (by Author) Figure 55: Proposed site in context and access roads (Google maps, adapted by author) Figure 56: Proposed site in context and surrounding infrastructure (Google maps, adapted by author) Figure 57: Proposed site in context to Malelane gate (Google maps, adapted by author) Figure 58: Proposed site and accessibility (Google maps, adapted by author) Figure 59: Climatic zones of South Africa (SANS 204 2011, Adapted by author) Figure 60: King fisher (by author) Figure 61: Violet-backed starling (by author) Figure 62: Temperature range (Climatic consultant 6, Adapted by author) Figure 63: Wind study (Climatic consultant 6) Figure 64: Weather Kruger National Park (timeanddate, 2021, Adapted by author) Figure 65: Proposed site wind study, and summer and winter solstice (Google maps,

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adapted by author) Figure 66: Proposed site with summer rainfall waterline (Google maps, adapted by author) Figure 67: Yellow-billed storks (by Author) Figure 68: Yellow-billed stork in shallow water (by Author) Figure 69: Flying eagle illustration (by Author) Figure 70: Bubble diagram (by Author) Figure 71: Bubble diagram of connecting spaces (by Author) Figure 72: Bubble diagram of spaces, public vs private (by Author) Figure 73: The influence of human VS avians (by Author) Figure 74: Parti-diagram (by Author) Figure 75: CCA Poles (Sabie poles,2018) Figure 76: Timber cladding (Exterior solutions,n.d.) Figure 77: Massaranduba timber decking (onthedeck,2018)

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Figure 78: Conceptual sketch 1 (Google maps, adapted by author) Figure 79: Conceptual sketch 2 (by Author) Figure 80: Conceptual sketch 3 (by Author) Figure 81: Conceptual sketch 4 (Google maps, adapted by author) Figure 82: Conceptual sketch 5 (by Author) Figure 83: Conceptual sketch 6 (by Author) Figure 84: Open spaces between existing vegetation identified (Google maps, adapted by author) Figure 85: Proposed avian enclosure identified between proposed structures (Google maps, adapted by author) Figure 86: Possible movement routes between structures and enclosure set out (Google maps, adapted by author) Figure 87: Conseptual layout in perspective Figure 88: Biophilic design principals portrayed in models (by Author) Figuren89: Continued biophilic design principals portrayed in models (by Author) Figure 90: Consept model of proposed bird hides (by Author) Figure91: Concept model of organic timber structure buildings (by Author) Figure 92: Consept model with pitched roof exploration (by Author) Figure 93: Consept model with pitched roof exploration side view (by Author) Figure 94: Flying fish eagle illustration (by Author) Figure 95: Ground floor plan (by Author)

Figure 96: Section A (by Author) Figure 97: Section B (by Author) Figure 98: Perspective of entrance to proposed design (by Author) Figure 99:view of proposed centre (by Author) Figure 100: View of recreational space (by Author) Figure 101: View of staff housing (by Author) Figure 102: View of proposed restaurant (by Author) Figure 103: Perspective of exhibition space (by Author) Figure 104: Perspective from entrance building (by Author) Figure 105: View of ramp and enclosure space (by Author) Figure 106: View of proposed exhibition space (by Author) Figure 107: Inside enclosure dome perspective (by Author) Figure 108: view of proposed centre (by Author) Figure 109: Final model (by Author) Figure 110: Eagle head illustration (by Author) Figure 111: Concept model and facade exploration (by Author) Figure 112: Facade concept sketches (by Author) Figure 113: Facade concept model (by Author) Figure 114: Concept section (by Author) Figure 115: Concept section with roof exploration (by Author) Figure 116: Edge detail resolution (by Author) Figure 117: Edge detail exploration alternative (by Author) Figure 118: Edge detail exploration alternative details (by Author) Figure 119: Concept model of roofing alternative, truss view (by Author) Figure 120: Concept model roofing alternative, side view (by Author) Figure 121: Secretary bird illustration (by Author)

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Chapter 1: 1.1. 1.2 1.3 1.4

Index PAGE | 14

Introduction Outline brief Research methodology Problem statement Importance and benefit of the study 10

16 - 23

Chapter 2: Sources of the problem 2.1 An environmental pandemic. 2.2 The impact of the built environment on nature 2.3 Habitat Loss

24 - 31

Chapter 3: The design intention 3.1 A Biophilic approach 3.2 Sustainability 3.3 Bio fabrication 3.4 Timber 3.5 Passive design strategies 3.6 Design for avians

32 - 45

Chapter 4: Precedent and case studies 4.1 Aviary, Bioparque Temaikén 4.2 Bois de la Bâtie Aviary 4.3 Freedom Park 4.4 Interwoven with the landscape

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Chapter 5: Analysis 5.1 Site selection 5.2 Background and history of the site 5.3 Surrounding context 5.4 Climatic study

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Chapter 6: Design Process 6.1 Programme 6.2 Concept 6.3 Material selection 6.3 Design development

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Chapter 7: The design resolution 7.1 Overview 7.2 Plans 7.3 Sections 7.4 Renders

96 - 115

Chapter 8: Techné 8.1 Component 8.2 Contract documentation

116 - 129

Chapter 9: Conclusion 9.1 Conclusion 9.2 Appendix 1 9.3 Appendix 2 9.4 Appendix 3

130 - 141

References

142

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Chapter 1

INT ROD U C T IO N

Figure 1: Saddle-billed stork illustration (by Author)

1.1. Outline brief 1.2 Research methodology 1.3 Problem statement 1.4 Importance and benefit of the study

18 19-20 21 22

1. 1 Outline Brief

This mini-dissertation documents the design of a sustainable avian rehabilitation and conservation centre in the Kruger National Park near the Malelane gate. The proposed centre accommodates endangered, orphaned and injured avian species from the Kruger National Park and surrounding areas. As the global climate deteriorates yearly, having a direct impact on the ecological environment, it is of utmost importance to protect the endangered wildlife to keep the ecosystem intact. As avian species contribute to the maintenance and existence of the ecosystem, this mini-dissertation investigates space making for avian species conservation and rehabilitation in a sustainable architectural typology.

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Figure 2: Lilac breasted roller photograph ( by Author)

1. 2 Research Methods

This research proposal consists of a pragmatist worldview using a mixed methods research approach, supporting qualitative and quantitative research whilst exploring primary and secondary data analysis. The researcher attempts to balance the often competing needs of architecture and nature while focusing on rehabilitation specific avian species found in the Kruger National Park. This research document uses a qualitative method of data/ information collection. The primary data collecting included visiting existing wildlife rehabilitation centres as case studies, urban analysis, and site analysis. The visitation and documentation of existing wildlife rehabilitation facilities benefit from having a first-hand experience of the program of such a rehabilitation centre and documenting the obstacles arising on site. Once a clear understanding of the program and the obstacles wildlife rehabilitation centres face, the design process can address these problems with solutions. Secondary data collection will consist of a desk study on available literature focussing on Wildlife rehabilitation and programs, bio-fabrication of building materials, sustainability in the built environment, and history on the proposed design site. A desk study will grant easy access to the available literature on the topics mentioned earlier. After the literature review on the issues of interest, a summary concludes the final design.

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1. 2. 1 Research objective

This research aimed to design a sustainable centre for the rehabilitation of injured Avian species by using biophilic design principles and bio fabricated building materials.

1. 2. 2 Research question

1. 2. 4 Delimitations

The design cannot resolve all issues regarding global pollution, carbon footprint, and greenhouse gasses. The design proposal focuses on the possibilities of a positive impact on the global natural environment. The design cannot accommodate all avian species, as the design is restricted in capacity, size and location. The design proposal cannot resolve the rapid decline in habitat loss but introduce methods in design to accommodate avian species.

How can architecture contribute to the rehabilitation of avian species and the conservation of the eco-system?

1. 2. 5 Hypothesis 1. 2. 3 Reseach sub questions

How can biophilic design principles contribute to the well-being of avian species and not only human beings? How can sustainability in architecture benefit the ecosystem? How can bio-fabricated materials be applied to a building envelope to be most efficient?

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The use of fabricated bio-materials can reduce the carbon footprint of the construction industry. Biophilic design principles benefit the health of human beings and the healthy output performance of the building. The final result is an eco-friendly building footprint. A selfsustaining building envelope is not only cost-effective over time. Still, it will serve back to nature in the long run and contribute positively to the environment, and if applied in large quantities, contribute to the rehabilitation of the ecosystems.

1. 3 Problem statement

Wildlife is admitted to animal rehabilitation facilities primarily due to anthropogenic factors (Goetsch, 2018). Anthropogenic factors refer to human involvement in bringing about environmental change, whether directly or indirectly (USGS, 2015). Due to the dramatic change to the ecosystem caused by human activity, namely commercial developments, agriculture, gas and oil pollution, etc., the ecosystem cannot provide fresh water, food and habit to wildlife animals, ultimately resulting in habitat loss (NWF, n.d.).

Figure 3: Bald eagle with lead poisoning (Centre Wildlife Care, 2020)

Figure 4: Duck in polluted water (One Green Planet, 2017)

Figure 5: Air pollution from factory (Sciencing, 2021)

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1. 4 Importance and benefit of the study

The human population is increasing, our human needs and wants are growing. This growth has a direct negative impact proportionate to the environment. Untouched wildlife and ecosystems are diminishing daily, the influence of humans is significantly impacting wildlife and ecosystems. With ecosystems and wildlife already being threatened by all kinds of human activities, every new development weakens the already overburdened wildlife and ecosystems (Federation, n.d.). Avian species are a vital contributor to the ecosystem as they keep our ecosystems in place, directly impacting human well-being (Law, 2019). Avian species are providers to farmers, protectors of our freshwater, environmental data collectors for scientists and the ecosystems’ maintenance, which improves human livelihood (Yeoman, 2013). Avian species pollinate approximately 5% of all plants used by humans for manufacturing medicine. The avian vulture species function is the clean-up crew of nature, stopping the spread of diseases originating from uneaten carcasses (Law, 2019). Certain avian species help control the spread of pests through the plantations of farmers as these pests infest their crops, making them impossible to harvest and sell. The specific avian species forage through the production of the plantation in search of pests like bugs and insects and control the spread of them (Yeoman, 2013). Avian species serve as an excellent indicator of environmental PAGE | 22

problems as their population changes. The indication of a decline in avian species reveals that humans damage the environment by destroying habitats, pollutions, etc. Avian species have a balancing role in the web of life and the ecosystem such that the slightest change in the structure can alter and endanger the entire system (lowa, 2009). The rehabilitation and conservation of the avian species are essential to keep the ecosystem intact. Every wild animal has a specific role in the ecosystem, and when species are threatened, the ecosystem is being put under stress (Federation, n.d.). “Surely it is our responsibility to do everything within our power to create a planet that provides a home not just for us, but for all life on earth.” David Attenborough (cited by Stubbs, 2020). The record high global temperatures of 2019 further highlighted the climate emergency humankind faces. Future Earth listed five top-ranked international research papers indicating the need for sustainable, healthy, and equitable livelihoods on earth (Lacombe, 2020). Against this backdrop, the research will use bio-fabricated building materials. The proposed building will be carbon-neutral. Biophilic design principles will enhance the genius loci, benefiting both nature and the centre’s animal and human occupants.

“The propoer use of science is not to conquer nature but to live in it” - Barry Commoner

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Figure 6: Flying eagle illustration (by Author)

Chapter 2

SOU RC E S OF T HE

PRO B LEM

2.1 An Environmental Pandemic 26 2.2 The impact of the built environment 29 on nature 2.3 Habitat loss 30

2. 1 An environmental problem

The environment is constantly developing, with a significant influx of natural disasters, different weather patterns, and warming and cooling periods, awareness of these environmental problems are crucial (Rinkesh, n.d.). sums up the following major environmental problems, which require our urgent attention: Conserve energy future

Pollution consisting of seven types: air, soil, water, radioactive, noise, waste, and thermal, affects the environment daily. A number one pollutant industry and motor vehicle exhaust pollutes the air, water and soil, requiring millions of years to recover (Rinkesh, n.d.). Global warming due to human practices such as greenhouse gas emissions, leading to the temperature rise of the earth’s surface and oceans, causing natural disasters such as sea level rises, the melting of ice caps, flooding, hurricanes, wildfires, excessive snow and drought (Rinkesh, n.d.). As a result of human activity increasing the carbon dioxide amounts in the atmosphere, climatic changes that took place historically over thousands of years now happen over decades, and the earth and ecosystems struggle to adapt quickly enough (Nunez, 2019). Deforestation, in simple terms, the clearing of green coverage to provide available land for commercial, industrial and residential purposes. Forests cover 30% of the earth, and aid in regulating temperatures, rainfall and, most importantly, produce fresh oxygen (Rinkesh, n.d.). PAGE | 26

Biodiversity loss as a result of human activity, leads to habitat loss and species extinction (Rinkesh, n.d.). The loss of biodiversity leads to species extinction and contributes to increased CO2 emissions that is damaging the ecosystems (Iberdrola, n.d.). Soil and water are threatened by biodiversity loss which affects the future of food production. Approximately 30% of the earth is already converted for human use, resulting in nearly 14% of the ecosystems and species (Iberdrola, n.d.). The depletion of the invisible ozone layer around the planet is primarily caused by the manufacturing and using chemicals, especially halocarbon refrigerants, propellants, solvents and foam blowing agents. The effects of the depletion of the ozone layer include UV-B rays causing skin and eye cancer in animals, impacting plant growth and lowering crop quality, directly affecting humans (Standard, 2020).

Figure 7: African Hoopoe (by Author)

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Figure Red bishop in molting stage (by Author) PAGE8:| 28

2. 2 The impact of the built environment on nature

The natural environment refers to living and non-living naturally existing things and the built environment as human-made surroundings to aid human survival. The development of urban cities directly affects ecosystems, habitats, endangered species and the quality of water consumed through the land. Roughly 50% of all non-renewable sources consumed by humanity is traced back to the construction industry, labelling it a top contributor to pollution and an unsustainable industry worldwide (Construction, n.d.). Closely 40% of energy-related carbon emissions are released from buildings, representing anthropogenic climate change forced from carbon dioxide. These emissions are due to the operational phase of a building. They could be traced back to the constructions and demolitions of building envelopes, such as the transportation, excavation, brick and concrete production and the damage from demolitions (Council, 2019).

Figure 9: : Estimate of resources used in buildings globally (Construction, n.d.)

Figure 10: Estimate of pollution attributed to buildings globally (Construction, n.d.)

Modern human civilisation is dependent on buildings and what these buildings contain for continued existence, but the earth cannot support the current demand of resource consumption used for constructing and maintaining an envelope (Construction, n.d.).

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2. 3 Habitat loss

Imagine going to bed and waking up one morning with no roof over your head or walls around you, the roads you once took to buy food are entirely gone, and you have no sense of navigation, you are now unfamiliar with your surroundings, and there is no way to survive it. This scenario is overwhelming and sad, yet wildlife endures this daily as their habitats on land and underwater are destroyed (Rinkesh, n.d.). The main reason for habitat loss is the agricultural industry requiring extra land to grow edible goods to be sold quickly and produced in masses run by large corporations. As these large corporations grow, the need for more land is provided by destroying habitats and clearing land as required (Rinkesh, n.d.). The destruction of habitats leads to the extinction of various animal species and is the reason for animal and species endangerment. The sudden invasion of natural habitat due to bulldozers and construction does not allow animal species to adapt fast enough to drastic changes and is not survivable (Rinkesh, n.d.). Solutions to combatting the loss of habitat and destruction are preserving natural sources and using them in moderation and regulation, also allowing a habitat or ecosystem to adapt to changes over a set time (Rinkesh, n.d.).

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Education is key, and educating humans on the importance and necessity of biodiversity and ecosystems can keep species alive. Alongside educating humans, awareness should be spread through documentaries and personal experiences evoking emotional responses to the situation (Rinkesh, n.d.).

“We do not in herit the earth from our ancestors,

we borrow it from our children” - Native African proverb

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T HE

Figure 11: Vulture illustration (by Author)

Chapter 3

D E SIG N

INT E NTI O N

3.1 A biophilic approach 3.2 Sustainability 3.3 Bio fabrication 3.4 Timber 3.5 Passive design strategies 3.6 Design for avians

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3. 1 A biophilic approach

Biophilia became popular in the 1980s. The scholar Edward O. Wilson describes it as the urge for humans to affiliate with other life (Gloede, 2015). Biophilic design affects humankind by improving quality of life and psychological health while contributing to building performance. A biophilic design approach promotes natural air movement throughout the building, including elements like water flow, natural light and green spaces (Render, 2020). The biophilic design principles and characteristics include bringing ample amounts of nature inside the building envelope, such as water, stones, natural lighting and greenery. Organic shapes, botanical forms and the use of a clear visual relationship between light and shadows are also forms of biophilic design (Stouhi, 2020). Biophilic design aims to create a satisfying envelope as nature inhabits the buildings, surroundings and the community. Ninety percent of the human population’s time is spent indoors (Kellert, n.d.). Thus, for the well-being of human beings, architecture should be connected with nature by biophilic principles (Stouhi, 2020).

The disconnection between building inhabits and nature drawn in figure 10, to illustate the feeling of enclosedment and detatchement from the outside.

Figure 12: Disconnection drawing

With a source of natural light and opening in the envelope of a building, the occupant experiences the reconnection to the outside as illustrated in figure 11.

Figure 13: Re-connecting drawing

In figure 12 the co-exhisting between a building envelope and nature is illustrades as the nature is allowed to pour into the structure.

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Figure 14: Co-exhisting drawing

Figure 15: Flying vulture (by Author)

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3. 2 Sustainability

Sustainability in architecture refers to the design of a building envelope that limits the impact of human beings on the ecological environment. As the world is currently facing a climate emergency, the importance of better building practices could not be more important (Hohenadel, 2021). The philosophy surrounding sustainability in architecture ensures the future of the generations to come, socially, economically, and ecologically. (Abroad, n.d.) Sustainability in architecture can also be called environmental architecture or green architecture and challenges designers to design with available resources and technologies, ensuring minimal harm to the ecological environment and surrounding communities. Building construction accounts for 35% of global energy usage, and roughly 40% is energy-related CO2 emissions (Associates, 2020) and as the already stressed out ecosystem is under pressure (Federation, n.d.), it is crucial to address current and future impacts on the ecological environment caused by building construction.

The proposed Avian Rehabilitation Centre will include the following sustainability components: The implementation of passive design principles to building energy consumption The building placement is taken into account to enforce minimal energy consumption and work alongside natural surroundings Using solar energy for power generation and water heating Designing with sustainable building materials Implementing sustainable waste management systems, such as reusing greywater Water harvesting Cross ventilation and airflow, and The use of natural light.

Characteristics of sustainability in architecture include the reduction of human impact on the environment, minimum wastage, the use of renewal energy sources, implementation of conserving water in the building design, building design integration into the landscape, alternative building materials such as bio-fabrication and incorporating biophilic design principals and environment into the building envelope (Hohenadel, 2021). The implementation of sustainability in architecture benefits the environment, but also economic aspects and social factors (Associates, 2020). PAGE | 36

Figure 16: Solar energy illustration (by Author)

Figure 17: Water harvesting illustration (by Author)

Figure 18: Cross ventilation illustration (by Author)

Figure 19: Natural light illustration (by Author)

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3. 3 Bio Fabrication

Bio-fabricated material are a technological breakthrough. The research on synthetic biology enables the exploration of reading and writing DNA as a detergent across the application of household items, agriculture and food. Bio-fabrication is considered the building block of the future (Nanalyze, 2017). Bio-fabrication in construction, also referred to as bio-construction, allows for a building envelope to reduce the carbon footprint and have a positive impact on human health (Finsa, n.d.). As technology emerges with fascinating breakthroughs, going back to nature is ironically the way forward (Nanalyze, 2017). The idea of introducing fabricated bio-materials into the project contributes to the eco-footprint of the building itself and the overall production of the materials. The production of bio-fabricated materials contributes to the environment with low carbon emissions.

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3. 4 Timber

Timber is a natural material, most likely to be one of the first materials to be used by human beings constructively and systematically to create functional buildings and structures. Timber forms a healthy internal climate increasing healthy living for occupants of the building (Meyhöfer, 2008). Timber structures are adaptable to requirements and conditions. They can be used for various projects, providing a complete solution because timber could be used for most parts of a building, including the structure, window panes, roof covering etc. (Meyhöfer, 2008). Timber is a sensible and responsible building material for projects. With timber being planted and harvested, it is considered a recent or renewable energy source (Meyhöfer, 2008).

More advantages on the use of timber in construction are timber absorbing movement; wood is easy to handle due to its lightweight characteristics; it is cheap and cost-effective, foundations can easily be used, timber structures are easy erected, and done with simple tools; and timber wall frames are conveniently prefabricated off-site (Wegelin, 2017).

Timber and forests effectively contribute to protecting the climate as the use of wood reduces non-renewable fuel consumption and the use of non-renewable resources. Timber is high in strength and a low weight material consisting of cells with cavities that provide thermal insulation absorbing and releasing moisture, with a healthy interior climate being an added benefit (Herzog, 2004). To summarise the benefits of building with timber: timber is renewable, produced naturally, timber stores carbon dioxide, and the use of timber products save energy; each time timber is used instead of non-renewable materials, it contributes to the protection of the environment (Herzog, 2004).

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Figure Fish eagle (by Author) PAGE20: | 40

3. 5 Passive design strategies

The Passive House Institute US identifies five building principles to be built and designed accordingly to be defined as passive. The building envelope should consist of insulation throughout, preventing air filtration, and high-performance windows and doors to gain solar energy during colder seasons and minimise overheating during the warmer seasons (Rote, 2021). Other design strategies include emphasising cross-ventilation, controlling heat gain with large overhangs and brise-soleil, having proper solar orientation, and designing high-performance walls (Rote, 2021).

Figure 17 illustrates the use of natural cross ventilation through a building envelope.

Figure 21: Natural ventilation illustration (by Author)

Natural ventilation is more effective in climates with comfortable air temperature outside during most months of the year, and considering how well the air will move through the space. Taking advantage of the orientation of the building is one of the most effective passive design strategies by orientating the building in accordance with the sun’s path (Marro, 2018).

The use of the correct sun angle is illustrated in figure 18.

Figure 22: Sun angle illustration (by Author)

In figure 19 the use of overhangs and brise-soleil is illustrated for controlled heat gain,

Figure 23: Brise-soleil illustration (by Author)

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3. 6 Design for avians

The proposed avian rehabilitation centre hosts a programme to rehabilitate and reintroduce avian species back into the ecosystem. The research focuses on the programmatic and spatial requirements of avian species. The research also includes the study on medical facilities for injured avian species, rehabilitation facilities, conservation facilities, accommodation facilities, and a visitor centre. Wildlife rehabilitation facilities contribute to the care, healing, and recovery of wildlife back into their natural habitat. Injured or sick wildlife are placed in captivity until the patients are recovered and fit to be put back into the wild and fill their place in the ecosystem (Association, 2015). Occasionally the wildlife cannot be placed back into the wild due to the injuries being so severe, and survival is unlikely (Association, 2015). The wildlife that cannot be rehabilitated back into the wild is placed in education facilities (Association, 2015). We looked closely at avian rehabilitation and the importance thereof to the ecosystem. Avian species hold a specific role in the ecosystem as they serve as seed dispensers, pollinators and the clean-up crew, as the vultures are referred to (International, 2011). The Rehabilitation Centre will focus on the following large avian species and the endangered avian species list of the Kruger National Park, namely: (Birds, 2019).

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Figure 24: Kori Bustard (Birds, 2019)

The Kori Bustard, scientifically known as Ardeotis kori is a near threatened species in South Africa. The habitat for the Kori Bustard consists of dry savannah and woodlands, occasionally grassland, and scrublands. These avians are omnivores and their diet includes lizards, insects, snakes, chameleons, rodents, leaves, fruit, seeds, wilds melons, and bird eggs (Chittenden, Davies , & Weiersbye, 2016). Due to habitat fragmentation, collisions with power lines, cropland expansion, nesting disturbance, and brown locust poison, the Kori Bustard are of high conservation concern (Chittenden, Davies , & Weiersbye, 2016).

Figure 25: Martial eagle (Birds, 2019)

The Martial Eagle, scientifically known as Polemaetus bellicosus is an endangered species in South Africa. The habitat for the Martial Eagle is the savanna and the shrublands, mountains and forest areas. The Martial Eagle feeds on mainly small mammals, such as jackals, small antelope, hares, and mongoose (Chittenden, Davies , & Weiersbye, 2016).

Figure 26: Saddle billed stork (Birds, 2019)

Figure 27: Lappet faced vulture (Birds, 2019)

The Saddle-Billed stork, scientifically known as Ephippiorhynchus Senegalensis is an endangered species in South Africa (Chittenden, Davies , & Weiersbye, 2016). The habitat for the Saddle-Billed stork is large tropical rivers, pans, dams, floodplains, and lake margins (Chittenden, Davies , & Weiersbye, 2016). The SaddleBilled stork eats mainly fish, but enjoys frogs, small mammals, aquatic insects and reptiles (Chittenden, Davies , & Weiersbye, 2016).

The Lappet-faced vulture, scientifically known as Torgos tracheliotos is an endangered species in South AfricaThe habitat for the Lappet-faced vulture is consists of savanna and desert. The Lappet-faced vulture feeds off carcasses and enjoys mainly the tendons, ligaments and skin (Chittenden, Davies , & Weiersbye, 2016).

The Saddle-Billed stork’s endangered status is due to habitat destruction and pollution caused by development and urbanization (Sabi Sabi, 2019) PAGE | 43

Figure 28: Cape vulture (Birds, 2019)

The Cape Vulture, scientifically known as Gyps coprotheres is an endangered species in South Africa. The habitat for the Cape Vulture is mainly on cliffs within mountain areas and it forages around. The Cape Vulture feeds on viscera and muscular tissues (Chittenden, Davies , & Weiersbye, 2016). Most Vultures are endangered or almost extinct due to poisoning, electrocution and agricultural intensification (Chittenden, Davies , & Weiersbye, 2016).

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Figure 29: Southern ground hornbill (by Author)

The Southern Ground hornbill, scientifically known as Bucorvus leadbeateri is an endangered species in South Africa (Chittenden, Davies , & Weiersbye, 2016). The habitat for the Southern Ground Hornbill includes edges of cultivation, grassland and open savanna. The Southern Ground Hornbill will eat any animal it can overpower, such as reptiles, smaller birds, and insects (Chittenden, Davies , & Weiersbye, 2016). The Southern Ground Hornbills current endangered status is due to habitat loss from developments and bush-encroachments, the loss of large nesting trees, secondary poisoning, and electrocution (Mabula Ground Hornbill project, n.d.)

Figure 30: Bataleur eagle (Birds, 2019)

The Bataleur, scientifically referred to as Terathopius ecaudatus is an endangered species in South Africa. The habitat for the Bataleur is savanna. The Bataleurs diet consists of scavenging small carcasses, and hunts small animals, insects and reptiles (Chittenden, Davies , & Weiersbye, 2016).

Figure 31: Denhams bustard (Birds, 2019)

The Denham’s Bustard, scientifically known as Neotis denhami is classified as vulnerable in South Africa The habitat of a Denham’s Bustard includes harvested crop fields, pastures and fynbos (Chittenden, Davies , & Weiersbye, 2016). The Denham’s bustards diet consists of insects and small vegetable matter (Chittenden, Davies , & Weiersbye, 2016). The Denham’s bustard are of high conservation concern due to the same factors as the Kori Bustards (Chittenden, Davies , & Weiersbye, 2016).

Figure 32: Tawny eagle (Birds, 2019)

The Tawny eagle, scientifically known as Aquila rapax is an endangered species in South Africa. The habitat for the Tawny eagle is savanna and the Karoo plains. The Tawny eagle feeds on small mammals, reptiles, birds, fish, frogs, and insects (Chittenden, Davies , & Weiersbye, 2016).

Figure 33: White headed vulture (Birds, 2019)

The White-Headed vulture, scientifically known as Trigonoceps occipitalis is a critically endangered species in South Africa. The habitat for the White- Headed vulture is broad leaved and semi-arid woodlands. The White-Headed vulture feeds of off carcasses and has reportedly preyed on small mammals like hares. The White-Headed vulture are critically endangered due to the same factors as Vultures, such as electrocution, poisoning and agricultural intensification. (Chittenden, Davies , & Weiersbye, 2016).

PAGE | 45

Figure 34: King fisher illustration (by Author)

Chapter 4

PRE C E D E N T ST U D IE S

4.1 Aviary, Bioparque Temaiken 4.2 Bois de la Batie Aviary 4.3 Freedom park 4.4 Intervowen with the landscape

48-49 50-51 52-53 54-55

4. 1 Aviary, Biopark Temaiken Location: Project year: Architects:

Escobar, Argentina 2009 Hampton+Rivoira+Arquitectos

Figure 35: Aviary, Bioparque aerial view (AD Editorial Team, 2012)

PAGE | 48

This design promotes large enclosure for the avian species and allows for human interaction via pathways through the cage. The design is of large scale to replace the stigma of birds in small scattered cages.

Figure 36: : Aviary, Bioparque structure (AD Editorial Team, 2012)

Figure 37: : Aviary Bioparque, structural system (AD Editorial Team, 2012).

The proposed design intervention adopts the concept of large enclosure and pathways as a threshold to species interaction. Also adopted from the aviary bioparque is the structural system and materials usage for the large avian enclosures. PAGE | 49

4. 2 Bois de la Batie Aviary Location: Project year: Architects:

Geneva, Switzerland 2019 group8 sar

Figure 38: : Bois de la Bâtie Aviary, aerial view (Archdaily, 2019).

PAGE | 50

Figure 39: : Bois de la Bâtie Aviary, plan (Archdaily, 2019).

The Bois-de-la-Bâtie Aviary is designed around the existing trees, as seen in Figure 17. The structure holding the concrete roof is in the shape of trees referencing the existing landscape around the building. The netting around the structure is a stainless steel mesh wire and is almost invisible.

“Plans to protect air and water, wilderness and wildlife are infact plans to protect man” - Stewart Udall

Integrated into the proposed design intervention is the organic like shaped roofing system, designed specifically around the existing vegetation, this concept allows for minimal environmental impact by leaving the existing vegetation untouched and creating organic like movement routes.

PAGE | 51

4. 3 Freedom Park Location: Project year: Architects:

Pretoria, South Africa 2008 GAPP + Mashabane Rose Architects + MMA

Figure 40: : Freedom park (ArchDaily, 2012)

PAGE | 52

Figure 41: : Freedom park pathways (ArchDaily, 2012)

The design of the Freedom Park forms a sanctuary with elements being connected by using organic pathways. The materials used create a connection between the landscape, architecture and the existing site. The concept of connecting elements with organic pathways is implemented in the proposed design as a symbol of a journey being followed from element to element. The use of natural and on-site materials draw a direct connection of people to the space inheriting biophilic principles.

Figure 42: : Freedom park layout (ArchDaily, 2012)

PAGE | 53

4. 4 Interwoven with the landscape Location: Project year: Architects:

Project not built, conceptual. 2017 Berta Risueño Muzás, Manuel Pareja Abascal

Figure 43: Interior perspective (Forde, 2017)

PAGE | 54

Figure 44: Dome detail (Forde, 2017)

Figure 45: Exterior view of concept project (Forde, 2017)

The award winning project of a bird observation tower for Bee Breeders was awarded due to their site sensitive design and the potential of becoming a landmark. This bird hide allows for visitors to engage with bird life and the resources of the park. The timber construction of this bird hide is taken into account with the proposed design intervention and the structural concept of a bird like nest as a bird hide out for bird watching. PAGE | 55

Figure Southern ground hornbill eating (by Author) PAGE46: | 56

Figure 47: Southern ground hornbill (by Author)

PAGE | 57

Chapter 5

A N A LY S I S

Figure 48: Southern ground hornbill illustration (by Author)

5.1 Site selection 5.2 Backround and history of the site 5.3 Surrounding context 5.4 Climatic study

60-62 63 64-67 68

5. 1 Site selection

Limpopo

North West Province

Africa Northern Cape

Free state

Eastern Cape Western Cape

Figure 49: African continent (by Author)

PAGE | 60

Figure 50: South African country map (by Author)

Gauteng

Mpumalanga

Kwazulu Natal

Limpopo

Mpumalanga

Figure 51: Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces (by Author)

Limpopo

Kruger National Park

Mpumalanga

Figure 52: Kruger National Park situated in Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces (by Author)

PAGE | 61

The proposed sustainable Avian Rehabilitation Centre is located in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. The site selection is based on the available access to Africa’s largest wildlife park and a large variety of avian species to assist with rehabilitation and conservation. The use of bio-materials and biophilic design principles for the proposed building is an attempt to showcase how to limit construction stress in a conservation area. The proposed site is situated South in the Kruger National Park near the Malelane Gate. The proposed site is easily accessible by the public, services and staff. The visitor first views the site when crossing the bridge spanning over the Crocodile River. The southern side of the Kruger National Park is the most visited section of the park due to the accessibility and high concentration of game. The fertile and lush savanna plains, as well as the consistent water from the Crocodile and Sabie rivers, attract the game. The big five is easily spotted in this area of the Kruger National Park (The Kruger, n.d.).

PAGE | 62

Figure 53: Photograph of proposed site (by Author)

5. 2 Backround and history of the site

In 1898, the Kruger National Park was established by the then President of the Transvaal Union, Paul Kruger. In 1884, Kruger realised the animals of the Lowveld had to be protected, and hunting between Sabie and the Crocodile river had to be restricted (The Kruger, n.d.). The Kruger National Parks surface area is 19,633 km2 and hosts more than 753 animal species, 1 982 tree species and 254 known cultural heritage sites (The Kruger, n.d.).

Figure 54: Red bishop collecting nesting materials (by Author)

PAGE | 63

5. 3 Surrounding context Gravel roads in Kruger National Park

Tertiary roads within wildlife enclosed areas

Proposed site

Secondary roads

Crocodile river Figure 55: Proposed site in context and access roads (Google maps, adapted by author)

PAGE | 64

R570 - Skukuza road

SURROUNDING LODGES AND PROTECTED WILDLIFE RESIDENTIAL AREA

KRUGER NATIONAL PARK

FARM LANDS

RESIDENTIAL AREA

FARM LANDS

Figure 56: Proposed site in context and surrounding infrastructure (Google maps, adapted by author)

PAGE | 65

R570 Road

Staff housing

Malelane Gate Pestana Kruger Lodge

PROPOSED SITE

Crocodile River Figure 57: Proposed site in context to Malelane gate (Google maps, adapted by author)

PAGE | 66

R570 Road

Proposed site acessibility by R570 road from the N4 offramp

Staff housing

Malelane Gate Pestana Kruger Lodge Proposed site views and focus points

PROPOSED SITE

Crocodile River Figure 58: Proposed site and accessibility (Google maps, adapted by author)

PAGE | 67

5. 4 Climatic study

In the figure below, the proposed site is identified in Climatic Zone 3, described as a hot interior (SANS 10400:XA) The proposed design was developed while bearing these climatic conditions in mind.

Figure 59: Climatic zones of South Africa (SANS 204 2011, Adapted by author)

The following studies are based on the Skukuza weather station in the Kruger National Park. Skukuza weather station is the closest to the site and, therefore, most applicable to the proposed design and proposed site. PAGE | 68

Figure 60: King fisher (by author)

Figure 61: Violet-backed starling (by author)

5. 4. 1 Temperature study

The table below identifies the average temperatures during a typical year. The lowest average temperatures occur during July (2’C) and the highest average temperature during December (34’C).

Figure 62: Temperature range (Climatic consultant 6, Adapted by author)

Taking into account the hot interior and summer temperatures, the proposed design is developed with large open spaces, high ceilings, cross ventilated airflow and well-insulated roof structure.

PAGE | 69

5. 4.2 Wind study

The table below identifies the average wind direction throughout a year, from January to December. The wind direction is not predominantly from one direction but partly for all directions, as seen below.

Figure 63: Wind study (Climatic consultant 6)

As the wind predominantly comes from north throughout to south during the span of an entire year, the proposed design takes advantage of the characteristics and adapts the design for better cross ventilation.

PAGE | 70

5. 4. 3 Precipitation Study

Figure 28 below shows the average all year climate of the Kruger National Park, focusing on the precipitation which will impact the roof design of the proposed building. The precipitation average is 51.8 mm through the year and during the rainfall season which is the summer months an average high of 134.6 mm rainfall.

The precipitation study allows the design to focus on water harvesting, and how much can and will be harvested. The study also allows for the correct size and design of gutters to accommodate the waterflow and prevent the water running into the building. All of the above mentioned climatic studies will allow for the proposed design to be environmentally sustainable, site sensitive, and environmentally friendly by making use of natural resources to the benefit of the building envelope such as working with the wind for comfortable airflow, harvesting water for building use, services, and evaporative cooling.

Figure 64: Weather Kruger National Park (timeanddate, 2021, Adapted by author)

PAGE | 71

R570 Road

Malelane Gate

Predominant Wind direction

PROPOSED SITE

Crocodile River Figure 65: Proposed site wind study, and summer and winter solstice (Google maps, adapted by author)

PAGE | 72

Winter and summer solstice

R570 Road

Malelane Gate Rainfall - summer water line

PROPOSED SITE

Crocodile River Figure 66: Proposed site with summer rainfall waterline (Google maps, adapted by author)

PAGE | 73

Figure Yellow-billed storks (by Author) PAGE67: | 74

Figure 68: Yellow-billed stork in shallow water (by Author)

PAGE | 75

Figure 69: Flying eagle illustration (by Author)

Chapter 6

D E SIG N PRO C E SS

6.1 Program 6.2 Concept 6.3 Material selection 6.4 Design development

78-81 82-83 84-85 86-95

6. 1 Program

Figure 70: Bubble diagram (by Author)

PAGE | 78

The program of the proposed rehabilitation and conservation centre consist of both public spaces, for public interaction and activity, and private spaces, accessible only by staff. The public spaces includes a visitors’ centre with a kiosk, restaurant, viewing deck, a bird hide, and education facilities.

These enclosures are designed habitat specific to each species housed within and caters for each specie’s needs. The avian species that cannot be released back into the wild forms part of the breeding program for the conservation of these species to ultimately stop the decrease of species’ populations in the wild.

The educational facilities includes access to the incubation room where visitors can learn about process of conservation and the importance thereof, viewing of the operation rooms through glass windows to learn about surgery and the delicate work of operating on avian species, and lastly exhibition spaces where staff can first hand introduce visitors to the conservation and rehabilitation of avian species. The visitor centre, namely the restaurant and kiosk shop is to produce an income to support the rehabilitation and conservation centre financially. The staff and private spaces consist of sleeping dorms with private rooms and communal kitchen areas in each buildings, ablution facilities shared between all staff in a separate building near the dorms. More private spaces include the medical examination rooms, rehabilitations rooms, isolations rooms, and the offices. The enclosures on site are allocated to rehabilitated species that cannot be released back into the wild due to physical circumstances.

PAGE | 79

In figure 71 the main proposed spaces (visitor centre, staff, medical facility and rehabilitation facility) are connected to the centre itself, and proposed spaces relating the the main proposed spaces are connected accordingly.

Learning centre

Recovery

Examination

Shop/ Kiosk

Volunteer program

VISITOR CENTRE

Treatment REHABILITATION Isolation

FACILITY

Ablutions

Recovery

Cafe/ Restaurant

CENTRE MEDICAL FACILITY

Laboratory Operation

Examination

STAFF

X-Rays Offices

Figure 71: Bubble diagram of connecting spaces (by Author)

PAGE | 80

Accomodation

Ablution

Kitchen

Figure 72 connects all the proposed spaces within the proposed design layout with thin or thick lines to illustrate the publicaly and privately accesible. Recovery

Thin lines representing publically accessible spaces and thick lines private movement routes between proposed spaces.

Isolation Examination

REHABILITATION

Treatment

Ablutions

FACILITY

Shop/ Kiosk

Volunteer program Learning centre

VISITOR CENTRE/ EMTRACE

Ablutions Cafe/ Restaurant

Recovery

MEDICAL FACILITY Offices

Laboratory

Accomodation

STAFF

Kitchen

Examination

Operation X-Rays

Ablution

Figure 72 Bubble diagram of spaces, public vs private (by Author)

PAGE | 81

6. 2 Concept

Connection Figure 73: The influence of human VS avians (by Author)

PAGE | 82

The concept of the proposed design is connection. Connection between architecture and nature, connection between human beings and avian species, and connection between existing and new. The proposed design aims to leave the existing vegetation on site as it is, and base the layout of all proposed individual buildings scattered amongst the existing trees. This layout flows between the existing trees, creating organic movement routes from building to building. The movement routes between the buildings create the journey of fleeing one building to another as like the avian species will migrate between environments during the different seasons or to habitat destruction. By creating this connection between avians and human beings, humans will adopt a level of emotional care for these endangered species as they take on this journey alongside the avians.

Figure 74: Parti-diagram (by Author)

PAGE | 83

6. 3 Material selection The material selection of the proposed design focuses on the effective use of timber structures and the environmental impact of timber versus masonry construction. As identified in the research in Chapter 2, timber is a sustainable building material with many benefits ranging from the beginning of construction up to the final project. For this proposed project the use of timber complements the natural existing vegetation on site and the surrounding context of lodges and buildings within the Kruger National Park. Concrete is used only where necessary—such as the footings of the structure, because of the environmental impact of concrete manufacturing and construction.

PAGE | 84

Figure 75: CCA Poles (Sabie poles,2018)

Figure 76: Timber cladding (Exterior solutions,n.d.)

Figure 77: Massaranduba timber decking (onthedeck,2018)

The focal point of the design material selection is natural and locally sourced building materials.

The cladding of the proposed design consists of timber as pictured in figure 76 for a natural featured look.

The decking of the movement routes around the proposed structures to be as pictured in figure 77 with a timber finish.

The eucalyptus gum poles offers strenght, durability, and locallly sourced attributes,

PAGE | 85

6. 4 Design development

Figure 78: Conceptual sketch 1 (Google maps, adapted by author)

PAGE | 86

Figure 79: Conceptual sketch 2 (by Author)

Figure 80: Conceptual sketch 3 (by Author)

Figure 82: Conceptual sketch 5 (by Author)

Figure 83: Conceptual sketch 6 (by Author)

Figure 81: Conceptual sketch 4 (Google maps, adapted by author)

Figure 84 Open spaces between existing vegetation identified (Google maps, adapted by author)

Figure 85:Proposed avian enclosure identified between proposed structures (Google maps, adapted by author)

PAGE | 87

In Figure 84 the open spaces between the existing vegetation is identified an what has not been identified as open space to be left untouched further during the development to conserve the exisiting. In figure 85 avian enclosures are scattered between the open spaced that will be proposed for the building placement as in figure 86. With the building placement identified in figure 86, movement paths are placed in a organic shappe around exisitng vegetation and proposed structures to conect the structures.

Figure 86:Possible movement routes between structures and enclosure set out (Google maps, adapted by author)

PAGE | 88

The red dashed circles in figure 89 indicated the proposed enclosure domes designed to accomodate different avians species with the necessary biome, food and space as research in Chapter 3.6. The domes are accesible for viewing by public via the walkways scattered between the buildings. The proposed domes will be designed in a geodesic style from timber.

Figure 87: Conseptual layout in perspective

PAGE | 89

Figure 88: Biophilic design principals portrayed in models (by Author)

PAGE | 90

Figure 89: Continued biophilic design principals portrayed in models (by Author)

PAGE | 91

Figure 90 indictes a possible bird hide concept where visitors to the proposed rehabilitation centre can view avian species and be disguised.

Figure90: Consept model of proposed bird hides (by Author) PAGE | 92

The roofs of the proposed design to be of sod-roof construction to enhance the biophilic design principals.

Figure 91: Concept model of organic timber structure buildings (by Author)

PAGE | 93

Figure 92: Consept model with pitched roof exploration (by Author)

PAGE | 94

Figure 93: Consept model with pitched roof exploration side view (by Author)

PAGE | 95

T HE

Chapter 7

D E SIG N RE SO LU TI O N

Figure 94: Flying fish eagle illustration (by Author)

7.1 Overview 7.2 Plans 7.3 Section 7.4 Renders

98 99 100-103 104-115

7. 1 Overview The proposed avian rehabilitation and conservation centre, features a sustainable building method, passive design techniques, biophilic design principals, and universally accessible with all round ramp design. The proposed design consist mainly of walkways and ramps as movement routes to connect the individual structures. The proposed structures are connected to the proposed parking space with an accessible gravel path.

PAGE | 98

Figure 95: Ground floor plan (by Author)

PAGE | 99

PAGE | 100

Figure 96: Section A (by Author)

PAGE | 101

PAGE | 102

Figure 98:Section B (by Author)

Figure 97: Section B (by Author)

PAGE | 103

PAGE | 104

Figure 98: Perspective of entrance to proposed centre (by Author)

Figure 99: View of proposed centre (by Author)

PAGE | 105

PAGE | 106

Figure 100: View of recreational space (by Author)

Figure 101: View from staff housing (by Author)

PAGE | 107

PAGE | 108

Figure 102: View of proposed restaurant (by Author)

Figure 103: Perspective of exhibition space (by Author)

PAGE | 109

PAGE | 110

Figure 104: Perspective from entrance building (by Author)

Figure 105: View of ramp and enclosure dome interaction (by Author)

PAGE | 111

PAGE | 112

Figure 106: View from proposed exhibition space (by Author)

Figure 107: Inside enclosure dome perspective (by Author)

PAGE | 113

PAGE | 114

Figure 108: View of proposed centre (by Author)

Figure 109: Final model (by Author)

PAGE | 115

Figure 110: Eagle head illustration (by Author)

Chapter 8 T E C HNE

8.1 Spesification & Techne 8.2 Contract Documentation

118-123 124-128

8.2 Spesification & Techne

Figure 111 Concept model and facade exploration (by Author)

Figure 113: Facade concept sketches (by Author)

PAGE | 118 Figure 112: Facade concept model (by Author)

Figure114: Concept section (by Author)

Figure 115: Concept section with roof exploration (by Author)

PAGE | 119

Figure 116: Edge detail resolution (by Author) Figure 117: Edge detail exploration alternative (by Author)

PAGE |Figure 120 118: Edge detail exploration alternative details (by Author)

PAGE | 121

Figure model of roofing alternative, truss view (by Author) PAGE119:Concept | 122

Figure 120: Concept model roofing alternative, side view (by Author)

PAGE | 123

8. .2 Contact documentation

1 298

8 000 220

R 7400

330

220

900

110 1 000 1 000 110 2 132 110 8 000

900 900 214 2 194

Tiles 101 035

R1 17

RAMP NOTE: Ramp with 1:12 slope as per SANS 10400 part S

3 098

900

whb

Female

R 3 79 8

110 1 280 1 708

Tiles 101 035

900

whb

1 182

2 512

220 110 2 132

5 490

Universally accessible

380

8 29

u 3 798

Existing tree

1 241

90°

5 229

202 1 337

2 608

765

Existing tree

R 11

90°

380

2 500

Bamboo flooring 101 035

Offices 220

500 R6

4 578

4 263

220

2 230

1 90 R1

Existing tree 900

205

1 294

8 700 202

4 798 10 000

202

3 078

220

Walkway

220

400

1 922

79°

Bamboo flooring 99 560

2 908

Exhibition space 638

91°

Bamboo flooring 99 560

2 220

RAMP NOTE: Ramp with 1:12 slope as per SANS 10400 part S

4 072

102°

30 0

R 3 798

2 972

Exhibition space

RAMP NOTE: Ramp with 1:12 slope as per SANS 10400 part S

Bamboo flooring 98 990

R 8 106

R 3 798 87°

R 8 10 6

Seating

R 3 798

600 600

Walkway Bamboo flooring 100 420

Concrete strip foundation for avian enclosure dome structure

7 560

1 166

1 210

490

36°

Bamboo flooring 98 990

Bamboo flooring 101 035

220

Walkway

RAMP NOTE: Ramp with 1:12 slope as per SANS 10400 part S

Kitchen Bamboo flooring 101 035

R 22

8 000 7 560

220

Built-in countertop

970

907

Store Room

58°

900

10 000 202 1 298

49 70

R92 R 11

3 298

69 0

2 1

971

Built in countertop

R 4 798

R 7 46

Proposed avian enclosure

53°

101 035

2 500

800

Concrete strip foundation for avian enclosure dome structure

971

220

Reception

Bamboo flooring

Deck Bamboo flooring 100 960

STAIR NOTE: R: 150 mm T: 530 mm

41°

29 900

1 046

2 066 6 700

265

STAIR NOTE: R: 150 mm T: 530 mm

2 500

220

900 1 200 240

380

430

RAMP NOTE: Ramp with 1:12 slope as per SANS 10400 part S

8 000

6 560

7 000

Tiles

220

99 560

R 4 906

whb

Male

Bamboo flooring

51°

000

Bird Hide

R 4 94

220

900 769

6 90

Bamboo flooring 100 420

3 217

4 530

110 900 110

8 000

Patio

3 216 700 1 100

110 2 110

Concrete strip foundation for avian enclosure dome structure

2 061

679

9 STAIR NOTE: R: 150 mm T: 530 mm

4 780

202

23 998 4 798

Bamboo flooring 99 635

3 798

105°

22° 13°

202

4 798

202

3 676

Department of Architecture

25°

220

202

22°

Storage 880

4 679

Bamboo flooring 99 635

R6 220

Feeding room 53°

231

0 80 11 R

800

R 6 880

8 79

R 11

509

Existing tree

202

Incubation room

84 54°

SCALE 1:100

Walkway

Storage

Name

220

3 780

202

3 591

SOLEIL GROBLER

206

student number

Bamboo flooring 99 850

Bamboo flooring 100 390

8 000

Existing tree

216400070 Project description

R 7 80 0

Prep area Bamboo flooring 100 390

Built-in countertop

X-Ray room Bamboo flooring 100 390

ARCHITECTURE FOR AVIANS: REHABILITATION AND CONSERVATION CENTRE.

Drawing number & description

GROUND FLOOR PLAN Date OUT

11-08-2021 Scale:

1:100 GSPublisherVersion 85.7.89.100 GSEducationalVersion GSPublisherVersion 1525.0.0.100

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION

900

2 078 220 202

PART GROUND FLOOR PLAN N

1 974

1 400

RAMP NOTE: Ramp with 1:12 slope as per SANS 10400 part S

Date IN

Sheet No./No.

29-09-2021 2/5

Det 2 4/5

10 x 225 mm Marine ply facia board

Det 1 4/5

0.6 mm galvanised mild steel purpose made flashing Det 3 4/5

0.6 mm thick galvanised mild steel roof sheeting primed and painted on 50 x 75 mm SA PINE spaced @ 1000 mm centres timber purlin fixed to 50 x 152 mm SA PINE timber rafters spaces at 1350 mm centres

50 x 152 mm SA pine Timber framed walls with 25 mm Marine plywood panels on both sides fixed to studs @ 600 mm centres with timber skrews cladded with 38 x 38 SA pine batttens as per detail 1.1

150 mm diameter treated timber gum pole post fixed to base plate with chemical anchoring

Meranti timber window frame with 10mm toughened safety glass panel

150 mm diameter treated timber gum pole post fixed to base plate with chemical anchoring

Reception

Reception 50 x 50 x 1000 mm SA Pine timber balustrade posts fixed to bamboo decking with galvanised mild steel angles with timber skrews

20 mm thick Composite bamboo decking spaced with 10mm gap installed as per manufacturers documentation

50 x 152 mm SA pine Timber framed walls with 25 mm Marine plywood panels on both sides fixed to studs @ 600 mm centres with timber skrews cladded with 38 x 38 SA pine batttens as per detail 1.1 Meranti timber door frame with 10mm toughened safety glass panel

150 mm diameter treated timber gum pole post fixed to base plate with chemical anchoring 50 x 50 x 1000 mm SA Pine timber balustrade posts fixed to bamboo decking with galvanised mild steel angles with timber skrews

25 mm Marine ply plywood board 38 x 38 mm SA PINE battens spaces @ 600 mm centres

12 x 250 mm Marine ply facia varnished to desired colour

Walkway

20 mm thick Composite bamboo decking spaced with 10mm gap installed as per manufacturers documentation 12 x 250 mm Marine ply facia varnished to desired colour

Base plate fixed to reinforced concrete footing with chemical anchoring bolts

Base plate fixed to reinforced concrete footing with chemical anchoring bolts ngl

500 x 500 x 1000 mm Concrete footing

5 000

500 x 500 x 1000 mm Concrete footing

5 000

500 x 500 x 1000 mm Concrete footing

5 000

SECTION A

500 x 500 x 1000 mm Concrete footing

5 000

10 x 225 mm Marine ply facia board

SCALE 1:50 0.6 mm thick galvanised mild steel roof sheeting primed and painted on 50 x 75 mm SA PINE spaced @ 1000 mm centres timber purlin fixed to 50 x 152 mm SA PINE timber rafters spaces at 1350 mm centres

0.6 mm thick galvanised mild steel roof sheeting primed and painted on 50 x 75 mm SA PINE spaced @ 1000 mm centres timber purlin fixed to 50 x 152 mm SA PINE timber rafters spaces at 1350 mm centres

150 mm diameter treated timber gum pole post fixed to base plate with chemical anchoring

150 mm diameter treated timber gum pole post fixed to base plate W1 with chemical anchoring

Vertical timber cladding Reception 50 x 50 x 1000 mm SA Pine timber balustrade posts fixed to bamboo decking with galvanised mild steel angles with timber skrews

20 mm thick Composite bamboo decking spaced with 10mm gap installed as per manufacturers documentation

W1 150 mm diameter treated timber gum pole post fixed to base plate with chemical anchoring

Vertical timber cladding Reception

20 mm thick Composite bamboo decking spaced with 10mm gap installed as per manufacturers documentation

50 x 50 x 1000 mm SA Pine timber balustrade posts fixed to bamboo decking with galvanised mild steel angles with timber skrews

12 x 250 mm Marine ply facia varnished to desired colour

Walkway

Department of Architecture

12 x 250 mm Marine ply facia varnished to desired colour

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION Name

SOLEIL GROBLER student number

ngl

500 x 500 x 1000 mm Concrete footing

NORTH ELEVATION SCALE 1:50

500 x 500 x 1000 mm Concrete footing

216400070 Project description

500 x 500 x 1000 mm Concrete footing

ARCHITECTURE FOR AVIANS: REHABILITATION AND CONSERVATION CENTRE.

Drawing number & description

SECTION A-A & ELEVATION Date OUT

11-08-2021 Scale:

1:50 GSPublisherVersion 85.7.89.100 GSEducationalVersion GSPublisherVersion 1525.0.0.100

Date IN

Sheet No./No.

29-09-2021 3/5

0.6 mm thick galvanised mild steel roof sheeting primed and painted on 50 x 75 mm SA PINE spaced @ 1000 mm centres timber purlin fixed to 50 x 152 mm SA PINE timber rafters spaces at 1350 mm centres 0.6 mm thick galvanised mild steel roof sheeting primed and painted on 50 x 75 mm SA PINE spaced @ 1000 mm centres timber purlin fixed to 50 x 152 mm SA PINE timber rafters spaces at 1350 mm centres

10 x 225 mm Marine ply facia board fixed to 50 x 75 mm SA PINE purlin with timber screws Aluminium window frame fixed to timber rafters according to manufacturers documentation

30mm thick SANBOARD polystyrene ceiling boards installed between trusses as per manufacturers documentation

0.6 mm galvanised mild steel purpose made flashing

30mm thick SANBOARD polystyrene ceiling boards installed between trusses as per manufacturers documentation

0.6 mm thick galvanised mild steel roof sheeting primed and painted on 50 x 75 mm SA PINE spaced @ 1000 mm centres timber purlin fixed to 50 x 152 mm SA PINE timber rafters spaces at 1350 mm centres

10 x 225 mm Marine ply facia board fixed to 50 x 75 mm SA PINE purlin with timber screws

Rope diamond knotted mesh installed as bird barrier

50 x 152 mm SA PINE timber wall plate fixed to top plate 25 mm thick Marine ply plywood boards fixed to 38 x 38 mm timber wall studs spaced @ 600 centres fixed with Timber screws

50 x 152 mm SA PINE timber wall plate fixed to top plate

45 mm thick ISOWALL wall cavity wall insulation

25 mm thick Marine ply plywood boards fixed to 38 x 38 mm timber wall studs spaced @ 600 centres fixed with Timber skrews

Meranti window frame to manufacturers documentation

Reception

Reception Deck

Det 1.1 4/5

Walkway

12 mm thick BRIGHTFIELDS Strand woven bamboo flooring fixed to marine ply plywood boards as per manufacturers documentation

20 mm thick Composite bamboo decking spaced with 10mm gap installed as per manufacturers documentation

25 mm thick Marine ply plywood boards fixed to 38 x 38 mm timber wall studs spaced @ 600 centres fixed with Timber skrews

25 mm thick Marine ply plywood boards fixed to 38 x 38 mm timber battens spaces @ 600 centres with Timber screws

35 mm thick ISOWALL under surface bed insulation

12 x 250 mm Marine ply facia varnished to desired colour

25 mm thick Marine ply plywood board fixed to floor beams with Timber screws

50 x 152 mm SA PINE floor beam spaced @ 1000 mm centres fixed with galvanised mild steel joist hangers

50 x 152 mm SA PINE bearer beam fixed to 150 mm diameter gumpole posts with nut and bolt

50 x 152 mm SA PINE floor beam spaced @ 1000 mm centres fixed with galvanised mild steel joist hangers

50 x 152 mm SA PINE bearer beam fixed to 150 mm diameter gumpole posts with nut and bolt

Base plate fixed to reinforced concrete footing with chemical anchoring bolts

NGL

20 mm thick Composite bamboo decking spaced with 10mm gap installed as per manufacturers documentation

12 mm thick BRIGHTFIELDS Strand woven bamboo flooring fixed to marine ply plywood boards as per manufacturers documentation

50 x 152 mm SA PINE floor beam spaced @ 1000 mm centres fixed with galvanised mild steel joist hangers

150 mm diameter treated timber gum pole post fixed to base plate with chemical anchoring

Det 1.2 4/5

35 mm thick ISOWALL under surface bed insulation

25 mm thick Marine ply plywood board fixed to floor beams with Timber screws

150 mm diameter treated timber gum pole post fixed to base plate with chemical anchoring

Det 2.2 4/5

150 mm diameter treated timber gum pole post fixed to base plate with chemical anchoring

Base plate fixed to reinforced concrete footing with chemical anchoring bolts

500 x 500 x 1000 mm Concrete footing

50 x 152 mm SA PINE bearer beam fixed to 150 mm diameter gumpole posts with nut and bolt

Department of Architecture

500 x 500 x 1000 mm Concrete footing

NGL

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION Name

SOLEIL GROBLER student number

216400070 Project description

500 x 500 x 1000 mm Concrete footing

ARCHITECTURE FOR AVIANS: REHABILITATION AND CONSERVATION CENTRE.

Drawing number & description

Det 1

DETAIL 1 SCALE 1:20

GSPublisherVersion 85.7.89.100 GSEducationalVersion GSPublisherVersion 1525.0.0.100

4/5

1:20 DETAIL 2

SCALE 1:20

EDGE DETAIL 1 & EDGE DETAIL 2 Date OUT

11-08-2021 Scale:

1:20

Date IN

Sheet No./No.

29-09-2021 4/5

10 mm thick toughened safety glass Meranti window frame to manufacturers documentation

25 x 250 mm Marine ply plywood window sill

25 mm thick Marine ply plywood boards fixed to 38 x 38 mm timber wall studs spaced @ 600 centres fixed with Timber screws 45 mm thick ISOWALL wall cavity wall insulation 20 mm thick Composite bamboo decking spaced with 10mm gap installed as per manufacturers documentation

25 mm thick Marine ply plywood boards fixed to 38 x 38 mm timber wall studs spaced @ 600 centres fixed with Timber screws 30 x 30 mm BRIGHTFIELDS Strand woven bamboo skirting fixed to marine ply plywood boards as per manufacturers documentation 12 mm thick BRIGHTFIELDS Strand woven bamboo flooring fixed to marine ply plywood boards as per manufacturers documentation

50 x 152 mm SA PINE bottom plate 10mm drainage gap

25 mm thick Marine ply plywood boards fixed to 38 x 38 mm timber battens spaces @ 600 centres with Timber screws

50 x 152 mm SA PINE bearer beam spaces @ 1000 mm centres fixed with galvanised mild steel joist hangers

35 mm thick ISOWALL under surface bed insulation 25 mm thick Marine ply plywood board fixed to bearer beams with Timber screws 50 x 152 mm SA PINE bearer beam spaces @ 1000 mm centres fixed with galvanised mild steel joist hangers

0.6 mm thick galvanised mild steel roof sheeting primed and painted on 50 x 75 mm SA PINE spaced @ 1000 mm centres timber purlin fixed to 50 x 152 mm SA PINE timber rafters spaces at 1350 mm centres

DETAIL 1.1 SCALE 1:10 10 mm thick toughened safety glass 50 X 225 mm SA PINE Tie beam fixed to 150 mm diameter gum poles with purpose made fixing plates fixed with timber screws

50 x 150 mm meranti timber door frame Sealant 50 x 150 mm meranti timber door frame

50 x 152 mm SA PINE bottom plate 12 mm thick BRIGHTFIELDS Strand woven bamboo flooring fixed to marine ply plywood boards as per manufacturers documentation

10 mm galvanised mild steel purpose made box gutter fixed to rafters between purlins and roof sheeting 150 mm diameter treated timber gum pole post fixed to base plate with chemical anchoring

38 x 220 mm Meranti timber door threshold 20 mm thick Composite bamboo decking spaced with 10mm gap installed as per manufacturers documentation

35 mm thick ISOWALL under surface bed insulation

25 mm thick Marine ply plywood boards fixed to 38 x 38 mm timber battens spaces @ 600 centres with Timber screws

50 x 152 mm SA PINE bearer beam spaces @ 1000 mm centres fixed with galvanised mild steel joist hangers

DETAIL 3

50 x 152 mm SA PINE bearer beam fixed to 150 mm diameter gumpole posts with nut and bolt

SCALE 1:10

150 mm diameter treated timber gum pole post fixed to base plate with chemical anchoring

DETAIL 2.1 SCALE 1:10 150 mm diameter treated timber gum pole post 15 mm thick galvanised mild steel support plate welded to galvanised mild steel base plate Nut and bolt fixing of galvanised mild steel support plate to timber post

Chemical anchoring bolt fixing to specialist documentation 400 x 400 x 15mm galvanised mild steel base plate Department of Architecture

500 x 500 x 1000 mm reinforced concrete footing

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION

ngl

Name

SOLEIL GROBLER student number

216400070 Project description

ARCHITECTURE FOR AVIANS: REHABILITATION AND CONSERVATION CENTRE.

Drawing number & description

GSPublisherVersion 85.7.89.100 GSEducationalVersion GSPublisherVersion 1525.0.0.100

DETAIL 2.2

AXO DETAIL 2.2

SCALE 1:10

DETAILS Date OUT

11-08-2021 Scale:

1:10

Date IN

Sheet No./No.

29-09-2021 5/5

PAGE | 129

Chapter 9

C ON C LU SIO N

Figure 121: Secretary bird illustration (by Author)

9.1 Conclusion 9.2 Appendix A 9.3 Appendix B 9.4 Appendix C

132 134-137 138-139 140-141

9. 1 Conclusion This mini-dissertation researched the current state of pollution and the impact human infrastructure has on the environment. With the current state of global environmental crises’ studied in the minidissertation, The importance of conserving the environment in an architectural manner is evident. The conservation of avian species flow like a life cycle. Conserving the current avian species allows the continued spread of seeds, allowing for new growth and pollination. New growth allows for the ecosystem to stay intact, contributing to a healthy ecosystem with food and water sources for human kind, and the rest of the cycle takes place naturally. Conservation of avian species is not only limited to the physical rehabilitation of the injured, but the possibility of only building with sustainable materials, and building materials not impacting the environment negatively with chemical and physical pollution. With this mini dissertation although a conceptual design, the aim brought across the important message that as architectural designers, there is a responsibility to conserve the natural environment by building with sustainably sourced natural materials, ultimately going back to nature in order to protect it. Architecturally it is possible to conserve the environement when building with suistainably sourced materials in a responsible way. Building with sustainable sourced materials will lower the building impact footprint on the environement. PAGE | 132

PAGE | 133

9. 2 Appendix 1

Figure Author standing by examination exhibition (by Author) PAGE122: | 134

PAGE | 135

Figure Examination Exhibition (by Author) PAGE123: | 136

Figure 124: Author with model by examination (by Author)

PAGE | 137

9. 3 Appendix 2 FRAMED DOOR OPENINGS

Principles

Examples

A door acts as a transitional threshold between 2 spaces, such as old vs new and inside vs outside.

Davidson house forbury square dn-a Architects.

The framed openings announced the entrance and acts as an emotional preparation to what lies ahead.

- (framed door/threshold)

The doors act as a privicay barrier, security and accesibility.

Ronchamp by Le Corbusier.

DESIGNED WINDOWS

Windows direct views and manage natural light.

PAGE | 138

Windows are energy saving and contribute to ventilation.

-(Window design)

Figure 125: Table of design matrix (by Author)

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

Toilet 2

Toilet

tom

Text UP

DOWN

Cus

Toilet

Approach

Plan/ Layout Restaurant Outside seating

Door are ‘boxed’ in to sybolize a threshold of change as a user is passing through. Restaurant Inside seating

Restaurant Kitchen

GSEducationalVersion GSPublisherVersion 1659.0.0.100

Toilet 2

tom

Cus

Text

Toilet

DOWN

10 9 8 7 6 5 4

Windows are framed and overlooks a sertain direction of interest onsite.

Toilet

Restaurant Outside seating PAGE | 139

Restaurant

Existing staff housing

Gravel road

1 Proposed avian enclosure

Existing tree

Bird Hide

Walkway

Existing tree

Walkway

Male Toilet

Female Toilet

Universally accessable

Kiosk

Existing tree

Reception

Proposed avian enclosure

GSEducationalVersion

9. 3 Appendix 3

Storage

Office

Walkway

Kitchen

Walkway

Exhibition space

Existing tree

Proposed avian enclosure

Existing tree

Feeding Incubation ro om ro om Storage

Meds Storage

Existing tree

Recovery Ward

Lab area

X-Ray ro om Operation Ward

Operation Ward

5 Walkway

Walkway

Ultrasound ro om

Walkway

Lab area

Isolation ro om Treatment/ Rehabilitation

Recreational Space

Existing tree

Examination area

Walkway

Toilet

Office

Text

Office

Kitchen

Bed 3

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Custom

Text

Living

DOWN

Bed 1

Proposed avian enclosure

Bed 2

Bed 1

Female Dorms

Male Living Dorms

Bed 4

Walkway

Kitchen

Proposed avian enclosure

4 Female Showers

Female Toilets

Male Toilets

Male Showers

PAGE | 140

Walkway

Bed 4

Walkway

Bed 2

Kitchen Bed 3

Custom

Existing tree

DOWN

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Storage

ENT/ Recept.

Viewing Deck

Existing tree

Proposed avian enclosure

Proposed layout of service in Figure 129. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Visitor parking Gravel services road Proposed building service ( refuse, delivery) Septic tank Septic tank Septic tank Fire hydrants

PAGE | 141

References PAGE | 142

AD Editorial Team. (2012). Aviary, Bioparque Temaikén. Retrieved June 14, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/301109/aviary-bioparquetemaiken-hamptonrivoiraarquitectos?ad_medium=gallery ArchDaily. (2012). ArchDaily. Retrieved May 21, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/297678/freedom-park-phase-1-gapp-mashabane-rosearchitects-mma?ad_source=search&ad_medium=projects_tab Archdaily. (2019). Archdaily. Retrieved June 14, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/catalog/us/products/21365/webnet-for-animalenclosures-jakob?ad_source=myarchdaily&ad_medium=bookmark-show&ad_content=current-user Baker Associates. (2020). Retrieved July 5, 2021, from https://www.barker-associates.co.uk/service/architecture/what-is-sustainable-architecture Build Abroad. (n.d.). Build abroad. Retrieved April 11, 2021, from https://buildabroad.org/2017/08/15/sustainability-in-architecture/ Chittenden, H., Davies , G., & Weiersbye, I. (2016). Roberts Bird Guide (2nd Edition ed.). Cape Town: The John Voelcker Bird Book Fund. Federation, N. W. (n.d.). The National Wildlife Federation. Retrieved April 6, 2021, from https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/WildlifeGuide/Threats-to-Wildlife Finsa, C. b. (n.d.). Connections by finsa. Retrieved July 2, 2021, from https://www.connectionsbyfinsa.com/bioconstruction-healthy-andenvironmentally-friendly-houses/?lang=en Forde, T. (2017). ArchDaily. Retrieved September 12, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/884229/bee-breeders-announces-winners-ofpape-bird-observation-tower-competition Gloede, K. (2015). Architect Magazine. Retrieved June 6, 2021, from https://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/7-ways-to-enhanceindoor-environments-with-biophilic-design_o Goetsch, K. (2018). BioWeb. Retrieved June 30, 2021, from http://bioweb.ie/importance-wildlife-rehabilitation/ Hohenadel, K. (2021). The Spruce. Retrieved July 4, 2021, from https://www.thespruce.com/what-is-sustainable-architecture-4846497 Iberdrola. (n.d.). Iberdrola. Retrieved from Iberdrola: https://www.iberdrola.com/sustainability/biodiversity-loss PAGE | 143

International, E. S. (2011). Endangered Species International. Retrieved June 6, 2021, from https://www.endangeredspeciesinternational.org/ birds4.html Lacombe, P. (2020). Future Earth. Retrieved April 10, 2021, from https://futureearth.org/2020/01/06/top-30-global-sustainability-researchpapers-in-2019/ Law, J. (2019). Birdlife international. Retrieved June 29, 2021, from https://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/news/why-we-need-birds-far-morethey-need-us lowa, B. f. (2009). Birds as environmental indicators . Mabula Ground Hornbill project. (n.d.). Mabula Ground Hornbill project. Retrieved November 01, 2021, from https://ground-hornbill.org.za/ Marro, M. (2018). Metal Architecture. Retrieved June 12, 2021, from https://www.metalarchitecture.com/articles/passive-design-strategies Meyhöfer, D. (2008). Touch Wood (1st edition ed.). Switzerland: Braun. Nanalyze. (2017). Nanalyze. Retrieved April 11, 2021, from https://www.nanalyze.com/2017/02/grow-recyclable-building-materials/ Nanalyze. (2017). Nanalyze. Retrieved July 4, 2021, from https://www.nanalyze.com/2017/02/grow-recyclable-building-materials/ National Wildlife Rehabilitation Association(2015). National Wildlife Rehabilitation Association. Retrieved May 30, 2021, from https://www. nwrawildlife.org/page/What_Is_WLRehab Not only birds. (2019). Not only birds. Retrieved June 2, 2021, from https://notonlybirds.com/endangered-birds-kruger-national-park/ Nunez, C. (2019, January 22). Causes and effects of climate change. National Geographic, p. 1. NWF. (n.d.). The National Wildlife Federation. Retrieved June 29, 2021, from https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/ Threats-to-Wildlife/Habitat-Loss Kellert, S. (n.d.). Metropolis. Retrieved June 30, 2021, from https://www.metropolismag.com/architecture/what-is-and-is-not-biophilic-design/ PAGE | 144

Render, E. (2020). Easy Render. Retrieved June 2, 2021, from https://www.easyrender.com/a/biophilic-architecture-what-is-it-and-how-can-itbe-applied Rinkesh. (n.d.). Conserve Energy Future. Retrieved from Conserve Energy Future: https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/15-currentenvironmental-problems.php Rote, L. (2021). gbd magazine. Retrieved August 14, 2021, from https://gbdmagazine.com/passive-design-strategies/ Sabi Sabi. (2019). Sabi Sabi. Retrieved November 01, 2021, from https://www.sabisabi.com/blog/19505/saddle-billed-stork/ Standard, B. (2020, September 16). Ozone layer depletion: cause, effects, and solutions. Nusiness Standard, p. 1. Stouhi, D. (2020). Archdaily. Retrieved July 2, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/923100/bringing-the-outdoors-inside-the-benefits-ofbiophilia-in-architecture-and-interior-spaces Stubbs, P. (2020). The Environment show. Retrieved April 6, 2021, from https://www.environmentshow.com/ The Kruger Safari. (n.d.). The Kruger Safari Co. Retrieved August 10, 2021, from https://www.krugerpark.travel/history/ Herzog, T. (2004). Timber Construction Manual (1st Edition ed.). Basel: Birkhäuser. Timeanddate. (2021). timeanddate. Retrieved September 18, 2021, from https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/@986833/climate USGS. (2015). USGS. Retrieved June 29, 2021, from https://www.usgs.gov/news/earthword-anthropogenic Wilmot Dixon (n.d.). Impact of Built environment on natural environment. Built Construction. World Green Building Council. (2019). World Green Building Council. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from https://worldgbc.org/clean-airbuildings/impacts Wegelin, H. (2017). Construction Primer (2nd Edition ed.). Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis. Yeoman, B. (2013). What do birds do for us? Audubon.

PAGE | 145

Thank You

for taking the time to read this mini-dissertation.

PAGE | 146

- Author

Fin

PAGE | 147