Class of 2021_KGOPA, L by jacques_23

Lesego Kgopa

Forced Environments:

Designing for positive community experiences in affordable housing in Tshwane, South Africa.

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Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Architecture at the Department of Architecture and Industrial Design

in the FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT at the TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Supervisor: Prof AOS Osman PRETORIA December 2021

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DECLARATION ON PLAGIARISM DEPARTMENT of ARCHITECTURE and INDUSTRIAL DESIGN

I (full names & surname): Lesego Kgopa Student number: 215544532 Declare the following: 1. I understand what plagiarism entails and I am aware of the University’s policy in this regard. 2. I declare that this assignment is my own, original work. Where someone else’s work was used, it was acknowledged and reference was made according to departmental requirements. 3. I did not copy and paste any information directly from an electronic source (e.g., a web page, electronic journal article or CD ROM) into this document. 4. I did not make use of another student’s previous work and submitted it as my own. 5. I did not allow and will not allow anyone to copy my work with the intention of presenting it as his/her own work. I further declare that this research proposal is substantially my own work. Where reference is made to the works of others, the extent to which that work has been used is indicated and fully acknowledged in the text and list of references.

Signature

Date: DECEMBER 2021

_ A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S I would like to firstly give gratitude to God for my life and abilities. I am, because You are. To my supervisor, Prof Amira Osman, thank you for expanding my knowledge and challenging my understanding. Thank you for pushing me to drive this project to go beyond.

I wish to express appreciation to the Department of Architecture for their contribution, for the process and the outcome. Thank you to Francine van Tonder, Denver Smith (DSR Architects) and Philip Lourens (Boogertman and Partners (Pty) Ltd).

To my mother, Mmapula waka, God’s grace has located me through you. Thank you for your prayers, support, and love.

To everyone who has encouraged me to continue with my academic journey, thank you for your words.

To my twin sister Lehlogonolo, I am forever grateful for your valuable prayers and support. Your contribution to my life never goes unnoticed.

Lastly, to myself, here’s to dedicating my efforts to valuable commitments, and the pursuit for more. You did it Sego!

To my late grandmother, mkhoti wami, koko Maria you are Unforgettable. To my family, friends, and peers I would like to express a sincere appreciation of the love, support and encouragement you have shown to me throughout my studies and in my life.

This book concerns a series of small ideas. It encourages a methodical and deliberate negotiation with each of these. It claims a space wherein these minute interventions assemble into an incomplete, but coherent whole. The same way a building might grow, brick by brick. ~Troy Schaum

iii

_LEXICON _In the context of this study

Forced Environments -For the purpose of this study, the researcher introduces the term to describe places where one is circumstantially inclined to be, for either physical or psychological reasons. These types of environments can be psychologically taxing as the circumstances related to the placement within them can lead to a deterioration of mental health. _descriptive example During the Covid-19 lockdown, people were “forced” to exist within spaces that did not necessarily cater to their wellbeing, although most of these environments were home to them, they contributed negatively to their physical and psychological health.

_Abbreviations & Acronyms PSAM - Public Service Accountability Monitor SAHO - South African History Online SHI - Social Housing Institutions SHRA - Social Housing Regulatory Authority

_ABSTRACT This research project investigates housing environments as one of the catalysts for physical and psychological wellness. Spaces that people occupy and form communities in will be addressed in a way that focuses on the inhabitants themselves, their wellbeing, as well as pre-construction developmental decisions that combat the related issues. The relationship between housing and the above mentioned factors is looked at also by way of addressing historical factors that have contributed to and structured the way South African housing environments are today. The predominant expansion of South African cities which happens in an unplanned manner occurs when people migrate to the economic hub each year (StatsSA, 2018) and the existing backlog of housing in Gauteng is not dealt with to close the gap (Maina, 2019). This contributes to the types of ‘forced’ living environments where people create shelter for themselves as housing when no interventions are put into place to address these inevitable migrations to the city.

Although people inhabit these spaces consciously, the circumstances they are in force them into these decisions where even the living environment then also forces them to live in spaces that have a negative physical and psychological impact. Although somewhat temporary, this current state of working and living from home should inspire and drive the designs of healthy spaces that not only solve certain social ills, but look to improve on other factors that contribute to wellness in the long run through social housing which does not uproot or segregate people, as it brings people back into the city. This dissertation introduces an emphasis to ensure that liveable spaces designed are healthy and habitable both physically and psychologically, to potentially alleviate the negative effects of the space to improve human experiences within housing environments.

Keywords: Housing, psychological well-being, space, residential architecture, socialisation, urban environment.

01 DECLARATION ON PLAGIARISM ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LEXICON ABSTRACT

I II IV V

Project Context Research Objective Research Questions Delimitations Research Methodology

Concept & Design Resolution 80-107

Concept Resolution Design Resolution

Introduction 2-5

Background 6-37

The Forced Environment Housing History & Initiatives Modern-day Social Housing Contributing factors Placemaking

Technical Development & 108-125 Resolution

Technical Development Technical Resolution

Context Appraisal 38-51

Project Location Context Appraisal Site Appraisal

Conclusion 126-127

Design Conclusion

Project Aims & Approach 52-63

Thembelihle Village Monterrey Housing Jewel City Project Brief & Clients

Appendix A and B 128-137

Appendix A: Final Exhibition Appendix B: Exhibition Speech

Concept Exploration 64-79

Concept Development Design Development

Figures & References 138-146

List of Figures References

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01.1 Introduction During the apartheid era, over 4 million people were forcefully moved to racially segregated townships, which brought about an unspeakable amount of trauma of displacement and exclusion (SAHO, 2021). The Native Land Act of 1913 was one of the first official segregation legislations passed in South Africa to racially class and group black or ‘Native’ Africans (SAHO, 2019). Although this act was made legal in 1913, it was practised long before, and can be traced back to the era of the arrival of the Dutch colonial settlers in South Africa from 1652 (SAHO, 2021). Housing conditions in South Africa have been documented well enough to form a retraceable link between housing experiences in history and intergenerational trauma inheritance. According to the Public Service Accountability Monitor (PSAM) based at Rhodes University, Gauteng currently has a

housing backlog of over 600,000 (Sidimba, 2018). The overall backlog across the country currently exceeds three million low-cost dwellings (Sidimba, 2018). The above indicates how dire the state of the housing challenges in South Africa are, and more specifically Gauteng, because an immediate need for housing and access to basic needs such as limited access to services and employment opportunities forces people to migrate to cities (Manzi, n.d.) and usually where their welfare is compromised as their immediate need is for a sheltered safety, and this happens through informal housing within the urban environments.

01.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

01.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The objective of this research is to find evidence supporting the link between a deterioration of psychological/physical well-being and environmental factors mostly focusing on housing, and develop and implement a sustainable middleground in these developments to alleviate adversity within our living environments.

5.1

For housing to function, there needs to be a level of practical governance that works hand-in-hand with the existing functional societal norms that support human development usually linked to socialisation, in that in addition to having our basic human right of housing met, even the circumstances surrounding the environment one exists within should support and positively impact our personal growth. By finding the linkages between a thriving mental wellbeing and either building material, location of home, proximity and access to general amenities, safety, comfort, etc. we can draw conclusions on how to encourage and endorse healthy spaces. This can be achieved by gathering and assessing research on environmental factors and their impact on the lives of people, to encourage the factoring in of functional amenities into these developments.

Main Question:

5.1.1 How can a physical and psychological need be interpreted architecturally in residential developments within Tshwane? 5.2

Sub-Questions:

5.2.1 What is the relation(ship) between healthy residential spaces and healthy minds? 5.2.2 How can access to “healthy spaces” encourage a positive transformation in low-income neighbourhoods and psychologically improve people’s experience of (shared) space? 5.2.3 What are the factors that impact psychological well-being? 5.2.4 How can such housing design cater for adequate physical and psychological needs without the positive aspects of one or the other being compromised?

01.4 DELIMITATIONS 1. The research project focuses specifically on psychological factors that correlate to housing developments. 2. Although there are multiple ways to address housing issues in the country according to the different needs of people dependent on circumstance and location, only certain factors will be considered. 3. The research focus is on issues related to social, inclusionary and mixed-income housing. 4. The psychological research relating to healthy spaces will rely on historical contributing factors and literature that emerged during the unprecedented time of the Covid-19 lockdown.

01.5 METHODOLOGY The research methodology employs a qualitative approach; data will be used through secondary research in the form of written work which is publicly available. The main method of data collection will be through available case studies of the research focus with expert opinions and discussions relevant to the research topic, as well as prior studies on intervention attempts, focusing as well on currently relevant research intervention precedents, to add onto the literature research that will be done on the topic of housing and psychology. The research approach will allow for an immersion within this context group to understand the impact the environmental conditions have on their lives as an ethnography approach. This will include a mapping out and analysis of Pretoria as an economic hub and metro, data on the history of public and social housing in South Africa and the theoretical patterns supporting the research. The approach of analysis through observation will include data collection through the medium of photography and drawings of such relevant data. Studies will be done on the existing environmental/ social/economical and psychological structures which exist especially for the low-income earners of South Africa. An assessment of whether any intervention has been put in place to address these social-ills will be conducted, including the

success rate of housing individuals within close proximity to cities and employment opportunities, municipal amenities and access to basic needs. A category of exploration will be defined so as to clearly outline and identify the boundaries and limitations of the research and to ensure matters relating to the topic are clearly covered. The research takes an epistemological constructivist approach and is informed by self-immersion into the research context to gather first-hand data by observation of the available and existing housing conditions and the effects thereof. Because the target population is the low to middle income residents of South Africa, the data collection will not be an intimate reflection of encounters with the research focus and subjects. The researcher is an avid advocate for emancipatory action and understanding multiple human-based data collection so as to have a pool of data that can be outlined by general or typical human behaviour, as well as unique and lived human experiences. The worldview of the researcher is of multiple definitions of participatory action and an advocacy stance when it comes to certain studies. The data collection under constructivism is of a qualitative nature as the researcher is pragmatic and believes that the basis to quantitative data collection is the qualitative aspect of that data. The researcher of this paper is inclined towards both practical experiences as the embodiment of the theory of the experiences, and the theoretical research as well.

BACKGROUND

02.1 The Forced Environment This chapter looks at conditions that have contributed to housing today, from the initiation of funded housing to modern-day housing initiatives dealing with persistent housing issues. This chapter also focuses on possible positive contributions to the conversation of housing through the idea of placemaking, the psychological impacts of certain environments, as well as the contributions of psychology in design. It is widely acknowledged that mental health is complex and can be influenced by many factors, such as genetics, lifestyle, and environment (Helbich, 2018).

Certain environmental factors, such as air pollution, housing conditions and noise, can trigger mental disorders and are known to be protective factors (Helbich, 2018). “Although some environmental factors—e.g., air pollution and green space—have already received broad attention in scientific debates, others have received very little, resulting in a tentative and partly inconclusive understanding of the environment-mental health relationship.” (Helbich, 2018). The research project is motivated by the incessant failures in housing developments and environments, which then become facilitating factors (Downey and Van Willigen, 2005) in an already desperate society with a deplorable social and mental health reputation, "laid bare" by the COVID-19 pandemic, the lockdown and the losses (Morkel, 2021). The project focus is within Pretoria in the city of Tshwane in Gauteng with existing housing initiatives implemented by several social housing institutions such as Housing Company Tshwane and Yeast City Housing.

Figure 1 Forced environment- shack as a home illustration (Author, 2021)

Social housing is government-subsidised rental housing to aid in South African government’s mandate to address structural, social, economic and spatial issues, targeting the low to mediumincome groups.

The housing projects implemented by the aforementioned social housing institutions are located strategically within proximity to the city centre and cater to a certain financial demographic of Tshwane.

Tshwane, officially recognised as one of the two major metropolitan cities within Gauteng, forms part of the South African provinces with an exponential growth in informal housing within the main metros over the years.

Jubilee Centre by Yeast City Housing as an example provides integration, affordability and safety, and is one of the few which have mixed use functions within the complex (Yeast City Housing, n.d.). The majority of the housing initiatives under the respective housing institutions cater to the most basic needs related to housing but don't prioritise features beyond the physical structure of the institution such as green spaces and landscaping. This research project is in close proximity to two socialhousing developments, as well as two dilapidated and abandoned high-rise housing projects. It is relatively close to the city centre with a 5km radius to amenities and basic necessities. The existing natural elements on the selected site allow potential for a resolved environment that not only caters to housing needs, but nurtures mental and physical health as well. Figure 2 Forced environment: inside shack illustration (Author, 2021)

02.2 Housing History & Initiatives Social and affordable housing as a concept began with a timeline in history of laws which shaped the course of what housing in South Africa is today. Segregationist laws which established the segregation and displacement of people such as the Native Act no.27 of 1923, as well as the Group Areas Act no. 41 of 1950 (SAHO, 2019) allowed the ruling government to remove people from their own homes and settlements (MSU, n.d.). Although these were settlements they had lived for generations, the ruling government relocated people to distant areas which were classified as appropriate for residential living by the dislocated people according to their race, as the government believed that people of different races should not live together (MSU, n.d.). Laws such as the Black Land Act No 27 of 1913, which was one of the first racial legislations in terms of housing (SAHO, 2019) prohibited black people from owning and/or renting land “outside of the designated reserves”, which were made up of 7% of the available land in South Africa (SAHO, 2019).

“The Natives (Urban Areas) Act No 21 of 1923 legislated on a broad front to regulate the presence of Africans in the urban areas. It gave local authorities the power to demarcate and establish African locations on the outskirts of White urban and industrial areas, and to determine access to, and the funding of, these areas.” (SAHO, 2019). This legislation was among one of the many that allowed for the forced removal of African people from their homes to other demarcated locations, and the Class Areas Bill of 1925 was a bill designed simply for the sake of segregation (SAHO, 2019). Financing for public housing in South Africa was first passed into law over a century ago in 1920, in the aftermath of the almost two-year long Spanish influenza pandemic (Mabin, 2020). The law passed, The Housing Act, no. 35 of 1920, thus created a housing subsidy system in which municipalities could borrow money for the construction of houses at lower interest rates (Mabin, 2020).

Since South Africa’s democracy in 1994, housing became one of the post-apartheid issues to be redressed, and today over 3.5 million public housing units have been delivered. Although the housing delivery by government has seemingly been successful, it has perpetuated apartheid legacies of residential segregation and displacement (Salenson, et al., 2021). One of the attempts of the post-apartheid government to address the housing shortage was through the Reconstruction and Development Programme (O’Malley, n.d.).

The plight of housing in South Africa is highlighted in literature which explains the issues in detail. One example is a publication from a religious website which speaks on housing as simply not being about housing subsidies for the poor, but as an economic structural issue of access (Morare, 2014). Another notable aspect to this is that the problem is largely urban with informal settlements mushrooming, sometimes almost overnight, in open spaces in and around the towns and cities, a clear example of urban sprawl (Morare, 2014).

The development process is said to have included a detailed policy and legislative programme in which people were actively involved and consulted and their needs were expressed in order to reach a coherent framework (O’Malley, n.d.).

Figure 3 Housing laws throughout history, depicted by Author, 2021

The apartheid government classified the lack of housing for non-white people as a “native problem”, and their solution, which was drawn up by a young architecture graduate (Artefacts, n.d.), was to design a series of sterile matchbox houses called NE 51 (Non-European 1951) as seen in Figure 4, among others, which were implemented in most townships (Findley and Ogbu, 2011), far from economic hubs. Although in the planning of these housing developments the government had emphasised greenery and trees, the only manifestation of such was greenery as a “green belt” separating white neighbourhoods from these developments (Haarhoff, n.d.). The plot sizes for these houses was minimal and the inhabitants modified their respective homes by scavenging materials for refurbishment and painting their homes with lively colours, as well as planting garden greenery on their property (Findley and Ogbu, 2011). This was especially important because the miniscule size of their plots meant no trees and greenery had been planted and occupants therefore had to personalise and make their homes as comfortable as possible (Findley and Ogbu, 2011). The naming of the housing developments had exclusionary connotations as it separated and distinguished white people (Europeans) from black people (Natives), or “non-European”.

Figure 4 NE 51/9 House Type in Atteridgeville, Tshwane (Low, 2005)

Although urban sprawl within the economic hub attempts to rectify legacies of segregation and displacement, it encourages municipal abandonment as these aren’t planned residential environments. Most major cities in developing countries are defined by large informal settlements and slums which are often located on the edge of those cities, and South Africa is no exception in this regard (Morare, 2014). There are several drawbacks to urban sprawl and it has shown itself to be a persistent urban development phenomenon regarding housing and preference of location. The South African government’s solution to the lack of housing was to develop more “cookie-cutter” matchbox housing solutions, such as RDPs, which are inexpensive with a site location that makes everything all the more inexpensive (O’Malley, n.d.). It would be constructive to invest in sustainability through well-built housing that places mixed-income earners in proximity to necessary amenities to reduce some of the social ills of displacement and environmental conditions which end up having negative implications, not only in terms of their earnings and expenditures, but deplorable environments which slowly eats away at occupants’ mental health.

Figure 5 NE 51/6 and NE 51/9 House Typology as a physical manifestation of certain legislation (Hickel, 2014)

The introduction of the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) as a socioeconomic policy was implemented to deal with South Africa’s social problems, mainly: housing, sanitation, electricity, and clean running water (DHS, n.d.).

“The policy tended to reinforce spatial divides and economic inequalities. Some beneficiaries sold their houses and decided to rent closer to central cities, even if it meant living in poorer quality, unsanitary buildings or ‘backyard shacks’” (Salenson, et al., 2021).

These were the four main objectives of dealing with and redressing the issues impacting post-apartheid South Africa, but a lot was being neglected in the implementation of these developments, and so the RDP, along with other apartheid housing models, are regarded as problematic as well, as they perpetuate apartheid policies in terms of displacement and the schemes themselves (Mashwama, et al., 2019).

This highlighted the issues related to residential segregation and a determining factor of innercity urban sprawl. Several publications highlight in detail the issues related to the existing social housing systems, but seldom go into detail about the physical and psychological impact of such environments on their inhabitants, especially on how they impact livelihoods and how these hardships can have a negative impact on the psyche, not only through a physically-lived environment, but as a key component in the socialisation that exists within the communities in low-income neighbourhoods.

Over 3.5 million houses were provided to poor black households during the period 1994 to 2004 by the Reconstruction and Development, as well as the Breaking New Ground programme (Salenson, et al., 2021), as a post-apartheid housing policy. The focus on individual ownership units has led to the development of new residential developments on the urban periphery, which is far from social and economic opportunities (Salenson, et al., 2021).

Therefore few designers and planners make lowincome housing design decisions with the psychology of space in mind, so the impact of the environment itself, rather than the impact of not having housing on its own is rarely considered.

In the opinion of the Author, none of the objectives aimed at fixing the housing dilemmas in South Africa adequately address and combat mental health issues related to the housing developments as well as environments, it is imperative to develop housing that supports people’s basic needs and human rights, without neglecting social, physical, psychological and emotional wellbeing. This intervention will not only potentially resolve a generational housing problem, but to afford the middle-income earners a level of psychological peace and healing through a range of factors which play a vital role such as material, acoustics etc. A study was conducted on the state of the RDP developments in Braamfischerville in Soweto, which is in the south of Johannesburg, from the development of the first of the four phases in 1996, till recent years (Moolla et al, 2011). Two more phases were added in 2002 and by assessment, were distinguishable from the other houses in the development only by house number (Moolla et al, 2011).

Figure 6 Floor plan of RDP house (Kotze, 2011)

The government stated that these developments would include basic services including running water, sewerage and electricity and amenities such as schools and clinics (Moolla et al, 2011). The RDP Vision and Objectives mandate included: “providing access to safe water and sanitation for all, ensuring the availability of affordable and sustainable energy sources, protecting the environment, and improving our health services and making them accessible to all.”, and most importantly, to meet the basic needs of people and improve their quality of life (O’Malley, n.d.), thus emphasising the statements made by the government. Moolla et al. (2011) however reported that six years after the initial development stage, many of the services had not been provided to the community such as a storm-water drainage system as well as space provision for parks and recreation. “It was not until 2008 that the government started paving the main roads and beautifying the area by planting trees along the roads” (Moolla, 2008 cited in Moolla et al, 2011; 139).

Figure 7 Image of depressing RDP area in Braamfischerville (Kotze, 2011)

The ambitions and goals of the RDP development was a mobilisation of South Africa’s people and resources to eradicate apartheid and to erect democratic buildings that were non-racial and non-sexist, with the central objective being to improve the quality of life of South Africans (O’Malley, n.d.). It is understood by O’Malley (n.d.) that the segregation of people from their basic needs and amenities “left deep scars of inequality” and coupled with the violence experienced by the vulnerable during the apartheid era, a culture of violence was brewed in which people do not feel a sense of safety and security in their person and property.

Apartheid was not a phenomenon that people only experienced in certain situations. Rather, it was a factor that surrounded people in every aspect of their lives, including what was supposed to be the “comfort” of their homes. The ambitions of RDP policies were to redress such and improve people’s lives to an extent that was possible (O’Malley, n.d.). The RDP programme has been met with valid criticism as beneficiaries face challenges regarding the developments (Mashwama et al, 2019). Although one of the critical priorities of the RDP policy is to address poverty and deprivation (O’Malley, n.d.), a study was conducted and the

findings revealed that the houses constructed under RDPs were too small, and their ventilation was lacking (Mashwama et al, 2019). The study by Mashwama et al (2018) also found that there was poor sanitation maintenance as well as informal housing that were developing in the form of shacks around the developments. Mashwama et al. (2018) claim that some RDP beneficiaries began leasing out backyard space or the RDP housing developments themselves to accommodate other people. Affordability also became a problem affecting the middle-income earners within these developments (Mashwama et al, 2018).

Figure 8 Inhabitants try to create privacy within the housing units (Kotze, 2011)

Because RDPs are built where there is excess land which is available at lower costs, this places them on the outskirts of cities and economic hubs, and therefore perpetuates problems encountered during the apartheid era by segregating the vulnerable from amenities such as work, schools and medical facilities (Mashwama et al, 2019), as depicted in Figure 9, an RDP development on the eastern parts of Soshanguve in Tshwane, which itself is already displaced from Pretoria as the city hub.

Figure 9 RDP-Soshanguve Crossing (Mahope, 2021)

What is evident in the apartheid NE housing typologies (as seen in Figures 4 and 5), and the post-apartheid RDP developments is the similarities they share in their displacement of people, internal “discomfort” for the inhabitants, underdeveloped environments with lacking access to basic amenities and services, as well as inconsistent upkeep and maintenance by the government.

02.3 Modern-day Social Housing In an attempt to rectify the failures of South African housing initiatives, the South African government launched a social-housing policy in 2006 after a commitment by the sitting president in 2001 to regenerate the inner cities in the country (DHS, 2009), which brought about a significant improvement in public housing as compared to before this policy came into law, with the idea being bringing working-class black citizens closer to the economic hubs (DHS, 2009). Subsidies were made available by the South African government to third-party & private organisations to build and manage affordable rental accommodation. Paradoxically, private property developers simultaneously took control of and converted abandoned and squatted buildings within the areas into rental housing which was inexpensive to renew (DHS, 2009). The main purpose of social housing, defined as government-subsidised rental housing, was to restructure South Africa’s society which would address structural, economic, social, as well as spatial inequalities (Shra, 2018). Ms. Leilani Farha, a former special rapporteur for the United Nations on adequate housing stated that housing is a commodity, as financial institutions invest in it increasingly to increase their profits, it is therefore a human rights issue as housing is about security and affordability (OHCHR, 2019).

Figure 10 Depiction of Alexandra, Johannesburg (Author, 2021) Gauteng is one of the prolific economic hubs of South Africa, and the promise of a better life, work, as well as economic opportunities encourages workers to move closer in pursuit of better living and stability (StatsSA, 2018), and one aspect of this fast-growing economy which is slow to grow is housing (Osman, 2019). “Two-thirds of South Africans live in urban areas, up from just half in 1990. Poor rural people who move to the cities suffer immediate hardship and dislocation…” (Bernstein, 2019).

“Too many South African policymakers are still 'reluctant urbanisers' who believe that cities should not grow. This is the wrong approach. The issue is not how to prevent urbanisation but how to realise its potential.” (Bernstein, 2019). Although this is post-apartheid thinking, it can be traced to the apartheid government denying black citizens access to live and own property in urban areas. The rise of single-gender hostels during the apartheid era emphasised the belief that Africans were inferior (Osman, 2000). They were treated like transient visitors to metropolitan or urban areas: no permanency was given to urban developments concerning non-white people, and townships were purposefully designed and developed to accommodate African people, as long-term settling by African migrant workers was discouraged (Osman, 2000). This therefore emphasizes the need for socialhousing. The Social Housing Regulatory Authority of South Africa describes social-housing as rental housing units targeted at low to mid-income groups with a monthly income of R1500 to R15 000 (Shra, 2018).

Figure 11 Thembelihle Village (Aerial Sat Solutions, 2018)

A relevant example to this is a social housing initiative by Yeast City Housing in Pretoria called Thembelihle Village. This project is a socially inclusive village with mixed-uses, serving as an example for urban innovation. It is located within the inner city so as to afford its tenants access to amenities and house them in proximity to economic and social opportunities (Yeast City Housing, n.d.). Thembelihle Village has recently had a protest where the residents had claimed that several things going wrong had caused them to rebel (Ngobeni, 2020). According to Ngobeni (2020), residents had complained about high utility bills as they were not given the option to use a prepaid meter.

Figure 12 Thembelihle Village in Pretoria (Dippenaar and Lapage, n.d.) The tenants also claimed that they were only offered the option of using the electrical services of a company that sourced electricity from the City of Tshwane, and had to pay for the additional service charges thereof (Ngobeni, 2020). The other problems the residents experienced were power cuts on the basis of residents’ electricity bills not being paid, including poor treatment and water leaks because of structural issues, thus resulting in the police shooting four young people, including a minor (Ngobeni, 2020). The findings of the protest in Thembelihle Village are an issue as the objective of socialhousing developments is the provision of secure affordability to people with mixed incomes, and these consequences are quite the opposite of what they should be.

Housing should not just be looked at as an enclosure with walls, but rather as the environment the structure exists within, including, but not limited to proximity to work opportunities, education, health-care services, transportation, etc., for the benefit of people not only economically or through socialisation, but psychological welfare as well. The implementation of social-housing would be beneficial not only for the sake of filling the housing gap within economic hubs, but with the potential of facilitating psychological fulfilment, which would potentially combat the psychological issues related to housing and the feeling of dislocation and disconnection from place.

02.4 Contributing Factors

Figure 13 Psychological strain illustration (Author, 2021)

The history and trauma related to the apartheid regime and housing play a crucial part in assessing the psychology of the vulnerable in South Africa today. During the apartheid era, there were certain intended outcomes from the legislations and actions, including housing issues. Although the country has had to move on from that traumatic period into its democracy, the effects of the racial injustices persist, and Zelda Knight (2019) states that this might feel like a dismissal of their being as the oppressed people. South Africa is said to have ambitious public and social housing programmes which has had a positive impact on households (Salenson, 2018). However, the benefits related to employment, education and access to opportunities appear to be modest rather than transformative (Salenson, et al., 2021). Van Niekerk (2018) defines the concept of housing as urbanism as a description of the various components of housing, which are often referred to as social, political and economic.

According to van Niekerk (2018), these are then translated into housing which is closer to principal amenities including employment, municipal services, public spaces, healthcare, schooling facilities and social services. In South African governance, the concept of housing as urbanism has been largely ignored to date (van Niekerk, 2018). The present research focuses on the existing low to middle-income housing structures in South Africa to further emphasise the need for an improvement of the kind of social housing delivered. The mental health of the individuals in these environments is just as important as their need for housing, but very little is done to combat these issues as psychological assistance is either seen as a luxury (Knight, 2019), or a western problem and it is usually frowned upon when someone exhibits mental health challenges, and this can be a problem as no support is given in these situations, which allows room for a psychologically-harmful home environment.

Figure 14 Immediate contributing factors triggering mental disorders (Author, 2021)

Housing in the history of South Africa is riddled with trauma which continued into the different environments people were resettled to, as these experiences are never addressed and dealt with on psychological and emotional levels (Prager, 2016). According to the Cambridge Dictionary (n.d.), the word ‘home’ has several definitions, but the most significant of them are a residence where someone lives as well as a place of origin, or where a person feels they belong. Through the observation of the Author, it is evident that South African homes have not been places of comfort for their dislocated inhabitants as dislocation and segregation have their unaddressed ripple effects. Encyclopedia Britannica (n.d.) defines apartheid as “apartness” in Afrikaans, and further states that the apartheid mandate was to segregate and separate people of different races, and this included the removal of people from their land, which caused separation from their roots and sense of belonging not only in their native homes, but in South Africa as a country.

South Africa has not felt like a place where nonwhite South Africans felt they belonged as they have even in recent years had to learn to best assert their belonging within the country (Vahed and Desai, 2017) that disregarded their existence and stripped them of their rights concerning home ownership and occupation within certain areas considered “white areas” SAHO, 2019). Housing developments built by the apartheid government for the low-income earners of the country in the 80s were described as inadequate (Grassroots Publication, 1983) and the government intended to build even cheaper houses that excluded things like washing lines, fences, floor coverings or finishes, ceilings, interior paint, as well as electricity (Grassroots Publication, 1983). This was a major cutback on quality and standard of housing structures that were already lacking in safety and security and it was claimed that the government department in charge of housing finances had a money shortage (Grassroots Publication, 1983).

Protests were being held as early as 1976 for better housing in South Africa (SAHO Archive, 1976) as shown in Figure 15, which is indicative of the dire housing struggles. A newspaper article from 1986 listed in the South African history archives by Maphepha(1986) highlights another aspect to the housing dilemma and discrimination in terms of who the government prioritised, as certain areas were reserved for white people whom the government felt would be affected by an overpopulated ‘Coloured’ area. In the same article Maphepha (1986) writes that a chairperson of the housing committee acknowledged its concern as government “for its white electorate and not for the people of South Africa as a whole.”, another indicator of how housing in South Africa, and South Africa itself did not feel like a home to all of its people, and further deepened the need for belonging. Dr. Magda Mostafa, an associate professor of Design in the Architecture Department of AUC, deals with progressive architecture where she specializes in autism inclusive design. Her work which has been published worldwide, has informed multiple architectural, urban and artistic projects in several countries and continents (AUC Egypt, n.d.). Figure 15 Housing march poster (SAHO Archive, 1976)

Although she specialises in architecture for autism, her work on neurodiversity, relating to how space is designed and configured to better assist people living with a multitude of disorders on the mental health spectrum, has resulted in multiple neurodiverse-friendly works where her specific responsibilities included programme development, sensory design within the developments designed and architectural design guidelines, as well as interior design detailing and material selection (AUC Egypt, n.d.).

According to New York-based think-tank and inclusive practice MIXDesign, of which Dr Mostafa has recently joined as an autism expert in their Neurodiversity Initiative, the work they do is dedicated to creating design recommendations and prototypes that respond to the traditional needs of previously marginalised individuals whom architects, interior designers and clients have long overlooked (MIXDesign, n.d.).

Dr Mostafa is also affiliated with the design of Sharjah City for Humanitarian Services (Figure 16), an integrated city in the United Arab Emirates. This development aims to address issues such as equality, inclusion, accessibility and safety within the built environment. The works on a neurodiverse architectural lens is relevant as it encourages spaces and environments that nurture a multitude of disorders on the mental health spectrum, and encourages inclusive spaces with factors that are not typically considered.

Figure 16 Sharjah City for Humanitarian Service, UAE, Dar Al Omran, Mima and Magda Mostafa (MIXDesign, n.d.)

02.5 Placemaking The unequal distribution of landscaping in South Africa is evident in the lack of tree coverage along the streets in black neighbourhoods, namely “townships” or “locations” (Venter, 2020). This is also emphasised by the average time it takes to get to the closest public park in black neighbourhoods (Venter, 2020). According to De Keijzer (2020), the global world is burdened by mental and addictive disorders which “contribute to 7% of all Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), which brings about a pressing need to preserve and encourage good mental health through intervention. It is suggested through several bodies of research that green spaces could be vital in the promotion and protection of mental health, as exposure to greenery and landscapes encourages several mental health benefits (De Keijzer, 2020). The disparities in greenness levels between neighbourhoods have up to present day not been addressed since the apartheid era ended in 1994 and has therefore been maintained (Venter et al, 2020).

Figure 17 Housing environment (Author, 2021)

These disparities are found also within private spaces such as gardens, and public spaces such as parks, and are suggestive of a failure in governmental structures to “plan and implement urban greening initiatives” (Venter et al, 2020). The term “Green Apartheid”, as seen in Figure 18, is defined by Venter (2020) as an uneven distribution of greenery and landscape, and the disparities observed between the geographical distribution and access to these landscaped spaces. Trees and greenery are important for urban sustainability, environmental quality as well as a good quality of life (Gwedla and Shackleton, 2019).

Figure 18 Green Apartheid (Getty Images in Venter, 2020)

Gwedla and Shackleton (2019) conducted a study of how urban trees are perceived and preferred by 1200 residents of “10 urban areas across multiple socio-economic contexts in South Africa.”

This is yet another issue in housing history that has not been redressed (Venter, 2020) and the effects thereof are evident in that a natural environment is an important catalyst for positive mental health effects (Masterton et al., 2020).

The findings of the study concluded that 87% of urban residents reacted positively to the presence and effects of trees. Many of the respondents expressed their dissatisfaction with the lack of trees as well as the overall appearance of their streets because of this (Gwedla and Shackleton, 2019).

Environmental stressors: The mental health impacts of living near industrial activity by Downey and Van Willigen (2005) relays the message of deterioration in mental health, especially prominent in people of colour, mostly black people with low incomes or earnings living within residential proximity to industrial activity.

A study conducted by Venter (2020) to quantify their green apartheid findings of unequal distribution of green spaces found that 96% of South African cities lived within a form of a green apartheid, and that white citizens are typically housed in areas with a substantial amount of greenery, vegetation and trees, and had easier and more access to public parks, than the areas with predominantly black Africans, Coloureds and Indian people.

“This impact is both direct and mediated by individuals’ perceptions of neighbourhood disorder and personal powerlessness, and the impact is greater for minorities and the poor than it is for whites and wealthier individuals.” (Downey and Van Willigen, 2005).

Most studies examining the link between chronic stress and mental health only focus on individuallevel strains, only recently have they have shifted their attention to the link between psychological wellbeing and the social context (Downey and Van Willigen, 2005, 289). A development which emphasises on the psychological effect of the residential environment as well could potentially alleviate the unspoken mental health challenges in South Africa by challenging housing developments which threaten the livelihoods and psychological health of people.

The University of Stellenbosch has published work on the mental health impact of Covid-19 on the vulnerable in our communities, and this is said to be the poor and those living below the poverty line as they are typically at the forefront of misfortune, especially when it comes to global infectious disease, a precedent being the SARS outbreak in 2003, which had lasting mental disorders months after its passing (Seedat, 2021).

Figure 19 Informal home environment illustration (Author, 2021)

There is a considerable association between severe economic recession and populationlevel psychological suffering, including the emergence and development of mood, anxiety, and substance-related disorders, as well as suicidal conduct (Frasquilho et al., 2016).

Previous global economic crises have resulted in increased demand for general medical care, increased prescription drug use, and an increase in mental health hospital admissions (Silva et al., 2018). Social isolation, economic worries, heightened anxiety and guilt (about exposing others to the virus or not doing enough to help others) are all risk factors for suicidal behaviors (Seedat, 2021). According to an article by Barbarin and Richter (2001), community danger is one of the contributing factors to anxiety and depression disorders, anger and aggression issues, as well as low amiability and general unfriendliness (Barbarin and Richter, 2001). Tests concerning the risks material deprivation that is linked to a low socioeconomic status, including homelessness, have been conducted and the conclusions made confirm that these deprivations cause risks linked to the psychological well-being of children.

Figure 20 Informal home environment illustration (Author, 2021)

Children from poor backgrounds display symptoms within the syndromes of depression and anxiety more often than those with economic advantages (Gore et al., 1993: Velez et al., 1989).

Besides dislocation and segregation, the pains and trauma include other reasons such as non-white people being denied their right to co-exist on humanto-human terms with each other and treated as if they are inferior to white people (Ngcaweni, 2018).

The impacts linked to poverty and economic disadvantages are so distinct that it is considered to be an incredibly pervasive threat to children’s well-being (Brooks-Gunn and Duncan, 1997).

According to Ngcaweni (2018), it was not only land that was taken, but their dignity and identity as well.

The apartheid era is a contributor to traumatic events that South African people experienced and is a trauma most people have not dealt with as it has not been addressed adequately (Knight, 2019).

Figure 21 Informal home environment illustration (Author, 2021)

It is stated that if people perceive their immediate environmental surroundings and neighbourhood as dangerous or intimidating, that perception is typically associated with any anxiety, depression as well as conduct disorders, amongst others, prevalent in children and adolescents (Reinherz et al., 1993). This then drives the idea of people's perception of occupiable space being positive and negative contributors to their wellbeing, and emphasises a need for placemaking in the environments we call home by way of healing spaces, functions that contribute to our growth, and access to more than just the boundaries of our home. Trauma affects people differently, and this is displayed in people’s responses to different situations. These responses are dependent on a number of factors including the characteristics of a person, of the event itself, their developmental processes, sociocultural standpoint, as well as what the trauma means to the person (SAMHSA, 2014). Knight (2019) describes intergenerational trauma as referring to the notion where ‘parents transfer their unprocessed trauma to their children’. Knight (2019) describes a case involving an adult black woman who has subconsciously inherited her parents’ and grandparents’ trauma suffered

Figure 22 Intimidating home environment illustration (Author, 2021)

under the apartheid legislation. The trauma inherited and experienced by the individual is expressed through her feeling displaced in time and space and having out-of-body experiences and feeling disconnected from life (Knight, 2019).

Knight (2019) describes the woman as someone who feels as if she is not living her own life, and further states that in such therapy cases, when the trauma becomes a subject that is avoided and never spoken of, it creates an ‘intergenerational transmission of trauma’, and such trauma is repeated, as the underlying issues are not dealt with and no interruption of the cycle occurs. Prager (2016) interprets trauma as an unhealed wound that gets passed down from one generation to the next emotionally and sometimes unconsciously. In Scenarios 2030 (2018) it is stated that “...inheritors of trauma are deprived of a social location and as a result fail to build capacity to define themselves autonomously from former generations”. Prager (2016) further states that the end result of the inability to create a social-location outside of intergenerational-trauma is displacement.

Figure 23 Depiction of mentally overwhelmed woman (Author, 2021)

Professor of Psychology Puleng Segalo (2020) has explored therapeutic needlework as a means to address and combat trauma, mental health issues, physical as well as financial difficulties. Professor Segalo has done an exploration of the women in South Africa who express themselves through embroidery to “come to terms with their lives and histories, in particular, under the apartheid regime.” (Segalo, 2020).

of the creative methods of expression the women in her native country used to physically express the emotions they cannot put in words (Segalo, 2020).

Figure 24 is an embroidery art piece studied by Professor Puleng Segalo in her exploration

Based on the researcher’s perspective, having little to no access to a space where one can be free from the burden of potentially putting others at risk, among other things, is a frustrating feeling, and even more so when you are less than a few footsteps away from your neighbours’ door.

In the researcher’s opinion, the psychological wellbeing of children is highly affected by their environment; this affects their psychological, physical and emotional development, which should encourage environmental interventions that aim to nurture psychological health.

This intervention will potentially be adding extra hours a day to lowincome earners as having a home will alleviate some worries and enable simpler and inexpensive traveling to necessary amenities without the burden of long distance travelling, whether by foot or public transportation.

Figure 24 Embroidery as apartheid trauma therapy (Segalo, 2020)

CONTEXT APPRAISAL

03.1 PROJECT LOCATION

Gauteng

City of Tshwane Figure 25 Project location mapping as depicted by Author, 2021

Pretoria

“According to a report by the Public Service Accountability Monitor (PSAM), South Africa has a housing backlog of 2,3-million homes, with Gauteng requiring 600 000 new homes to meet the need. The backlog in Gauteng keeps growing due to the number of people who migrate to the /economic hub each year.” (Building & Decor, 2019).

The site is relatively close to the city centre within a 5km radius to amenities and basic necessities including public transportation, education, work opportunities etc.

5km Radius

Pretoria

Figure 26 Tshwane mapping as depicted by Author, 2021

City Hub Scale 1:8000

Figures 27 and 27.1 Tshwane map showing site as depicted by Author, Google Earth, 2021

03.2 CONTEXT APPRAISAL Site The site is conveniently placed within Tshwane CBD on two hightraffic streets, with street edges that communicate differently. It is also located near two housing developments, one being the Marabastad Townlands Social Housing initiative which is still under construction, and the other being Thembelihle Village, a socially-inclusive village with mixed uses, developed for a similar economic intervention. Figure 28 Site Context (Google Maps, 2021) Scale 1:2000 Figure 29 Key sketches (Author, 2021)

Urban Commute

Education

Social Housing Initiatives

Commercial Node

Social Housing Initiatives _Marabastad Townlands Social Housing Project_ This development is the latest addition to the social housing initiatives and is said to be the "biggest housing initiative in Gauteng". It is set to have retail and recreational facilities for its tenants, with the added benefit of its proximity to one of Pretoria's busiest transportation hubs - Belle Ombre. Figure 30 Marabastad Townlands Image by Author, 2021

Figures 31 & 32 Marabastad Townlands with city background (Google Maps, 2021)

_Thembelihle Village_ Thembelihle Village is a mixedincome and mixed-use social housing development which houses residential blocks of different sizes and forms that evade monotony and homogeneity. These housing environments make for an extensive social community. Figures 33 & 34 Thembelihle walk and play area (Aerial Sat Solutions, 2018)

Figure 36 Thembelihle Viilage (Democratic Alliance, 2018)

Figure 35 Thembelihle with city background (Google Maps, 2021)

Transport & Movement

Education

_Tshwane Bus Services (TBS) and Areyeng Bus Services _

_Confidence College and Tshwane South College _

There are several bus stops that cater for Tshwane's most prominent bus services in close proximity to the site, as well as proximity to Belle Ombre, which boasts an array of public transportation.

Confidence College, a primary school for pre-schoolers up to seventh grade learners, is a block away from the proposed site and shares a corner with Tshwane South College, a tertiary institution.

Figure 37 Areyeng bus service (Rekord East, 2015)

Figure 38 Confidence College Kidicol & Primary (Confidence College, 2021)

Commercial Node _Quick Fuel petrol station and convenience stores_ Adjacent to site is a petrol station with several retailers including a print shop, upholstery, pet store, vet pharmacy, funeral home, car accessory shop and a glass & hardware store. Figures 39 & 40 Quick Fuel Petrol Station (Google Maps, 2015)

Kruger Park

Schubert Park

This 33-storey residential building which is immediately adjacent to the site was deemed unsafe for human occupation but plans to demolish it failed and it became occupied once more.

Schubert Park is a low-income housing initiative which suffered a violent protest turned building eviction, and now houses dilapidated and “abandoned” buildings.

It fell victim to vandalism and in its poor condition, has since been inhabited by the homeless for accommodation and storage of their belongings, but it has unfortunately also become a place for illegal activities. Taxi drivers and operators also use the space to park their vehicles during the day. Figures 41.1, 41.2 & 41.3 Kruger Park site images (Author, 2021)

Some of the blocks are back to being occupied by tenants, and although a financially feasible way of housing was initiated, the current state of the buildings is hard to ignore and the model of the housing system and structure indicate a gap in an advanced development in these types of housing initiatives. Figures 42.1 & 42.2 Schubert Park site images (Author, 2021)

03.3 SITE APPRAISAL The site is perceived as relatively flat as it has a slope of 2000mm over its longest side of 157 000mm, including sloped terrain within its boundaries. Trees form a border around the site but the site itself is only covered with wild plants and dry grass from a lack of maintenance. Rocks and boulders are another natural element found on site and are spread throughout the area.

Figures 43.1, 43.2 & 43.3 Site images (Author, 2021)

_Natural Elements_

Figures 44.1 & 44.2 Planar and aerial sketches of site (Author, 2021)

_Trees Figures 45 Sketches of trees around site (Author, 2021)

• vegetation forming border around site • 11+ storey blocks on eastern & western neighbouring sites • -5 storey blocks on northern and southern sites • multi-lane traffic (Kgosi Mampuru Str and Johannes Ramokhoase Str)

_Rocks & Boulders Figures 46 Sketches of rocks and boulders on site (Author, 2021)

The sidewalk is relatively adequate in width for its current use, given the amount of traffic the area generates on average. Although this is the commercial node, the streetscape is made of hard edges and does not reflect the activity of the petrol station across the street.

Site

Johannes Ramokhoase Street

Figure 47 Street edge section (Author, 2021)

Petrol Station

PROJECT AIMS & APPROACH

04.1 PROJECT APPROACH Thembelihle Village_ Location: Pretoria CBD_ Architects: ASA Architectural Design_ The social housing initiative in Tshwane is one of the latest integrated mixed-income developments in the city where green spaces were prioritised and maximised in the design planning. It affords its numerous residents the benefits of location, access and comfort, without congestion within the space.

Figure 49 Thembelihle Village Street view (ASA Architects, n.d.)

Figure 48 Thembelihle Village Street view (Human Settlements 2018)

Figures 50.1 & 50.2 Thembelihle Village (Aerial Sat Solutions 2021)

Monterrey Housing_ Location: Chile_ Architects: Elemental_ The low-income affordable housing initiative as a means to produce affordable housing was built on affordable land with formality and structure in mind, and with the ability to be incremented spatially by the residents on the basis of affordability. The placement of the development within the urban settlement with access to basic amenities makes it easier to consider incremental improvements.

Figures 51.1-51.5 Quinta Monroy Housing (Archdaily, n.d.)

Jewel City Precinct_ Location: Johannesburg CBD_ Architects: GASS Architecture Studios_ This development encompasses a residential, retail, and commercial aspect, and emphasises the importance of a pedestrianfriendly environment. The development offers convenience and affordable housing, as well as accessible creative and green spaces that residents can enjoy with the benefit of safety, all within the city hub.

Figure 53 Jewel City Onyx (TUHF, n.d.)

Figure 52 Jewel City passenger walkway depiction (Author, 2021)

Figures 54.1 & 54.2 Jewel City Precinct (Jewel City, n.d.)

Site visit to the Jewel City Precinct in Johannesburg CBD_ Travelling to site was an experience for the researcher; it was believed to be crucial to the design process and in understanding the relationship the different functions of the precinct had with each other. The precinct was rather lively and had an accommodating presence to it. The spaces complemented each other well and there was a functional flow in the system of things.

Figures 55.1-55.4 Jewel City Precinct images (Author, 2021)

Figure 56 Onyx depiction (Author, 2021)

Figure 58 Jewel City commercial block image (Author, 2021) Figure 57 Jewel City urban furniture image (Author, 2021) The textures and materials used in the development of these spaces were well-balanced, and the colour schemes rejuvenate the precinct without isolating the Jewel City from the extended precinct of Maboneng especially with the vast openness that leads into the streetscape beyond.

The urban furniture installations enhance the streetscape and blend the architecture within the precinct together, with access to the public as a whole. These spaces collectively contribute to the designed experience of Maboneng, especially in Fox street, and unifies the precinct seamlessly.

04.2 PROJECT AIMS

Housing is a crisis that needs immediate attention. But moreover the need for housing, is there a desperate need for healthy spaces that become fundamental catalysts for societal and environmental contributions such as sustainability, healing and regeneration.

Figure 59 Abstract depiction of healthy environment (Author, 2021)

Social and incremental housing initiatives are important in this study as they comprise of formal structures that are put into place to improve infrastructure and communities. Incremental housing allows for adequate and secure housing and the appending and improvement of homes when funding becomes available. K206 is a housing development in Alexandra Johannesburg which was investigated as a concept 'of sustainable building transformation in the South African housing sector.' (Osman et al, 2011). The development is conceptually assessed, as seen in Figures 60.1 and 60.2 so as to highlight its transformation potential and to encourage architectural approaches that emphasise the importance of adaptable and transformable building systems.

Low Density Figures 61.1 & 61.2 Density (Author, 2021)

Figures 60.1 & 60.2 K206 housing development in Johannesburg (Osman et al, 2011)

High Density

A transcript on sustainable medium-density housing describes medium-density housing as housing located at 40-100 dwellings per hectare. Medium to high density is said to encourage good urban quality, integration, sustainability and affordable housing opportunities. A density of 150 people per hectare is also said to be the average for efficiency in transport, therefore encouraging the research density aim to be medium density. Several housing developments, including those previously mentioned, have been assessed to understand their density requirements. Jewel City Precinct in Johannesburg has 3 building blocks of 6, 8 and 13-storeys respectively. These blocks have a combined total of 1442 units of bachelor, 1-bed and 2-bed apartments, with bachelor units accounting for more than half of the total. This places Jewel City as a high density development. Marabastad Townlands in Pretoria which is said to accommodate the 'missing middle', will have 1200 units on completion and as the biggest social housing project in Gauteng to date, falls under high density housing. Thembelihle Village follows closely with eleven 4-storey walk-ups of 733 units and falls under high-density housing. These units include bachelor, one, two and three-bedroom apartments, thus housing over 2000 people.

Figures 62.1 & 62.2 Thembelihle Village unit types (Yeast City Housing, 2020)

Jubilee Park is a medium-density mixed-income mixed-use housing project managed by Yeast City housing in the inner city of Tshwane. Although this development is medium-density, it comprises of only 16 institutional housing units of 24 beds. Tau Village, another mixed-income mixed-use housing development under Yeast City Housing, comprises of 109 units and therefore falls under medium density housing. Elangeni flats in the inner city of Johannesburg (Figure 63) is a mixed-housing development comprising of 90 units over three storeys. The units are of a modular design which is said to offer spatial flexibility, and the retail units are said to mixed-use and densification to the development. These housing developments are all within the inner city and cater to a similar financial demographic.

Figure 63 Elangeni social housing project unit type (Savage and Dodd Architects, n.d.)

The density allocation within these developments falls between medium and high density and therefore motivates this research to be medium-density, allowing for the other contributing factors to this proposal such as psychological comfort to be addressed at this scale. The research target is a diversity of 4-storey walk-ups and individual housing, with the total number of units within the development being over 300.

04.3 POTENTIAL CLIENTS & MARKET

This research project is focused around South Africa's "missing middle', and those considered to fall under the "gap market" (Buthelezi, 2019 in AWCI Property, 2019). These are people with a monthly income of between R1500 and R15 000 (SHRA, 2018) as they are said to earn too much to qualify for RDP housing and cannot afford private rental housing. Social housing affords low to moderate-income households rentals which are subsidised by the state, making them much lower than market rates. These projects usually require management by SHIs (Social Housing Institutions) which then receive government funding for the purpose of reducing rental amounts (Western Cape Government, 2021). For a housing development to qualify for public grants/ subsidies, the social housing project has to have primary households making up at least 30% of the beneficiaries (SHRA, 2018).

Figure 64 'Unhealthy' environment depiction (Author, 2021

_Primary household income_ R1500 - R5 500 per month _Secondary household income_ R5 500 - R15 000 per month According to Daily Maverick (2017), rent-based social housing may be the most sustainable option for the "gap market". This demographic struggles to access bonds, and when the do get financing from the bank; they struggle to find something to buy. This emphasises the need for an entity designed to focus on rental housing.

Figure 65 'Overlooking' (Author, 2021)

Sensory Design Sensory contributions to the design, as inspired by the works of MIXDesign (n.d.) will be achieved through: haptic features such as texture of material in brick and rock etc., visual appeal of the precinct especially from its social and environmental features.

This is achieved especially through outdoor spaces such as play areas, open green spaces, walkways, social and gathering spaces, and the retail area.

The contributions of these features and elements evoke a sense of spatial stimuli and promote interactive and social spaces. Figure 66 Sensory elements (Author, 2021)

The resultant outcome is the design of a mixeduse and mixed-income residential development in Tshwane CBD that redefines housing.

Figure 67 Haptic senses in brick and autoclaved aerated concrete (Author, 2021)

CONCEPT EXPLORATION

05.1 CONCEPT EXPLORATION COMFORT & WELL-BEING Urban scale - proximity and access to services & green spaces Building scale – Community, public space, material, thermal Person scale – psychological comfort The conceptual thinking towards a resolution to the design of the housing development incorporates a combination of the main concept of comfort with derivative concepts thereof. The categories of comfort are explored through an urban, building and person scale so as to identify the needs of the intervention On building scale, this includes a fragmentation of typical & solid forms of housing, as seen in Figures 67.1-67.3, into regenerative compartments, for adaptability and changeability. Thus a combination of housing types to accommodate multiple families and create a heterogeneous precinct. Disentanglement & regeneration as a means to achieve comfort is redefined where fragmentation as disassembly is equated to the design for disassembly, which is the design of buildings to facilitate future changes and dismantlement for the recyclability and sustainability of the building. This can be done through incremental housing, and therefore requires a housing type that can accommodate future changes to its form. Under this regeneration, it is also crucial to include other functions and spaces as the "connection" components of the precinct. Figures 68.1-68.3 Abstract depiction of comfort (Author, 2021)

There is a clear distinction between the housing types represented within and outside of formal and urban structures, and to what extent they can be configured. Repetitive uniformity representing monotony within housing developments is broken, and functioning elements of these forms of housing are reconfigured and integrated to form more meaningful patterns and connections, as a way of envisioning and developing an alternative housing development beyond dispersed and congested forms of housing.

Figures 69.1 & 69.2 Housing types: informal shacks and RDPs (Author, 2021)

Multi-storey housing block connections will be formed by transitional and sensory spaces through visual and haptic interventions within the environment. The layering of sensory connections and interventions through the housing units will aid in “unlayering” monotony and creating social and accessible communal spaces.

Figures 69.3 Soviet-style multi-storey housing type (Author, 2021)

URBAN SCALE Within the urban or neighbourhood scale, the site location contributes to comfort in terms of access to services and job opportunities etc. Proximity and access to green spaces at an urban level is also considered for the development and the public beyond.

Figures 70.1 & 70.2 Access and proximity (Author, 2021)

A communal space is offered through the design of a commercial or retail space through hardscaping and an urban furniture layout along the street edges with fast-traffic, thus developing a space which acts as a tool for integration, social and community cohesion. This contributes to the sustainable & continuous use of the space and directs the structural urban development in a compact way along the path of fast lines of public transportation.

Figures 71.1 & 71.2 Site plan & perspective conceptualisation (Author, 2021)

Collaborative integration and placemaking spaces The publicly accessible space explores ways in which inclusivity can be used as a tool for integration and community cohesion in its design. This space will be utilised for its required purpose through its site placement, allowing for seamless access, as well as its proximity to the retail development and function.

Figure 73 Play area (Author, 2021) Play areas are to be installed within the development with consideration for the natural landscape and maximised use of existing site conditions.

Figure 72 Conceptual user influx aim (Author, 2021)

Designed Public Spaces

Figure 74 Public space (Author, 2021)

BUILDING SCALE

Within the building scale, building types are explored through the relationship between the buildings on site, their contributions to the development, as well as the development within its infrastructural context.

Figures 75.1, 75.2 & 75.3 Elevation and block considerations (Author, 2021)

Categories of Housing

A-Type Housing 4-storey rental walk-ups of two unit types

B-Type Housing 2-storey rental & ownership housing of three unit types

Commercial & Retail Node Retail and public facade serving housing development and community beyond

Figure 76 Site Planning (Author, 2021)

(Right) Figure 77 Multi-storey unit prototype (Author, 2021)

MULTI-STOREY UNITS PROTOTYPE The model exploration contributed to the form, height and shape of the housing developments, especially the block-to-block relationships.

A-Type Housing The A-type units are rental units which have been configured in such a way that they create a liveable multi-storey/4-storey walk-up with medium-density occupation. This use of available space ensures non-congestion and the balancing of housing with nature and comfort, which, within these units, is provided through thermal and acoustic considerations in the structural material used.

Figure 78 A-type housing model exploration (Author, 2021)

The A-type housing is comprised of 4 and 6 unit blocks. These blocks are 4-storey walk-ups with 2 bedroom units on the edges and studio units in the middle.

The blocks are accessed through a central circulation stair and lift which connect the 4-unit block to another of 6 units.

(Right) Figure 79 Studio unit prototype (Author, 2021)

PROTOTYPE STUDIO UNIT The detailed model was used as a tool to determine unit types to the level of required comfort and form.

B-Type Housing The B-type units as incremental housing units are configured using comfortable connections as seen in Figures 80.1 - 80.3. These connections fit to the existing structure like connecting puzzle pieces.

Figures 80.1, 80.2 & 80.3 Incremental housing exploration (Author, 2021)

The B-type units incorporate two-story single family housing which has been configured in such a way that they can be incremented at a later stage. The housing type comprises of single bedroom units which can be incremented to a two-bedroom, as well two-bedroom units which can be incremented to three-bedrooms. There are three bedroom units which are permanent structures in that they have no incremental abilities. These can be utilised as the ownership units to generate a stable income to the development.

Figures 81.1, 81.2 & 81.3 B-type housing form exploration (Author, 2021)

Figures 82 B-type housing elevation exploration (Author, 2021)

These units have one parking space available to the tenants, which can also be utilised as a private outside space. Although they are designed to be more intimate units within the development, they have access to the public spaces and amenities on site as well.

Figures 83.1 & 83.2 B-type housing floor plan exploration (Author, 2021)

The Type-B units are all physically connected and two units share a common wall. This connection is what makes the incremental abilities of the units possible. Single and two-bedroom units are all equipped with a balcony space with a flat roof that holds the position of the room to be added at a later stage.

Figures 84.1, 84.2 & 84.3 B-type housing perspectives (Author, 2021)

PERSON SCALE Person or psychological scale looks at the positive psychological impact that the intervention contributes to. These are intangible contributions that cannot be physically measured. Their potential impact is inspired by the works of MIXDesign (n.d.) initiatives in their understanding of neurodiversity in architecture.

Figure 85 Person scale interventions (Author, 2021)

CONCEPT & DESIGN RESOLUTION

06.1 CONCEPT RESOLUTION COMFORT & WELL-BEING The concept of comfort & well-being is therefore represented by connections through the scales: The connection of the housing development to the city and the urban context, the connection of people and communities, the connection of a new form in incremental housing, and the connection of the dualism of public and private spaces.

Singular solid form

Singular components

Figures 86.1, 86.2 & 86.3 Depiction of comfort & well-being through connection (Author, 2021)

Components forming connected whole

Figure 87 (Right) Resolved urban context (Author, 2021)

06.2 DESIGN RESOLUTION Figures 88 Resolved site plan (Author, 2021)

The concept is then translated into a design that diversifies and unifies difference within its context. The intervention serves as an alternative solution to typical design solutions for affordable housing developments, and challenges housing standards. The development combines the two housing unit types to allow for a diversity in demographics and financial stability.

Figure 89 Overall perspective (Author, 2021)

Figure 90.1 Ground floor plan (Author, 2021)

Figure 90 shows a partially comprehensive ground floor plan of the development and how the housing units and blocks are placed in relation to each other. The A and B-type units are placed strategically around the site so as not to define a portion of site by unit type. The unit types are also placed in a way that balances out the unit heights and breaking uniformity of same-type units. The spaces assigned to retail are clearly set out and give an indication of how the retail blocks can be used.

A-Type housing

B-Type housing

Retail

Two-bedroom unit

Single-bedroom unit

Store

Studio unit

Two-bedroom unit

Store

Three-bedroom unit Figure 90.2 Ground floor plan key (Author, 2021)

Type-B housing: 3-bedroom and 2-bedroom unit

Figure 91 B-type housing ground floor plan (Author, 2021)

Figure 92 B-type housing first floor plan (Author, 2021)

Figure 93 Singular B-type housing unit (Author, 2021)

Figures 94.1 & 94.2 B-type housing sections (Author, 2021)

The units within the development are offset from each other to allow private spaces to be more intimate and different unit types are placed next to each other for a more diverse connection.

Figure 95.1 & 95.2 B-type housing elevations (Author, 2021)

Figure 96 B-type housing perspective (Author, 2021)

Figure 97 A-type housing ground floor plan (Author, 2021)

The A-type units are two blocks which are offset from each other to break monotony. The provision of internal comfort is provided in the spatial layout of the units where each unit has natural northern light entering the units through the patio and balcony spaces. Plants on the ground floor level are encouraged to thrive around the walkways so as to break the rigidity of infrastructure.

Figure 98 A-type housing first floor plan (Author, 2021)

Figure 99.1 & 99.2 A-type housing sections (Author, 2021)

Figure 100.1 & 100.2 A-type housing elevations (Author, 2021)

The vast difference between the floor levels of housing provided in the neighbouring Kruger Park and this development are highlighted in Figure 101, which emphasises the importance of prioritising a development which caters to good quality housing rather than quantity of housing supplied. This housing environment achieves its intended purpose of physical and psychological wellness through: the internal layout of space, the building material used through texture and properties, the planted green spaces which are provided around the whole development, and the placement of the different unit types to cohesively connect the units assuming hierarchy of one or the other.

Figure 101 Internal perspective (Author, 2021)

Figure 102 Play area floor plan (Author, 2021)

Functional greenery is prioritised within the development as play areas and outdoor seating areas become social and relaxing spaces. Texture is explored in the provision of hardscaping spaces such as paving, where colour differentiates between uses of space, where urban furniture such as tyres are used as seating and as a play tool. The contrast to the hard spaces becomes the natural play area and sloped green space.

Figure 103 Play area perspective (Author, 2021)

Figure 104 Public and retail area (Author, 2021)

Figure 105 Public area approach (Author, 2021)

Figure 106 Retail area (Author, 2021)

100

The openness of the retail area is achieved through the cutting out of the housing blocks in an attempt to draw the public into a significant portion of the development and ensure social contact and community inclusivity. The retail area can accommodate a few shops as well as a restaurant, to firstly serve the needs of the development, as well as ensuring densification of the area of the development. Hardscaping is used through the provision of seating and defined walkways, as well as the rock gardens, which utilise material found on site. As seen in Figure 108, the development is equipped with several accessible green spaces and gardens which cater to all age groups and can be viewed from multiple units. These green spaces are natural outdoor spaces which break the rigidity of infrastructure and solid forms, and allow for recreation within the development.

Figure 107 Restaurant perspective (Author, 2021)

101

Figure 108 Green-space garden perspective (Author, 2021)

102

The development includes a multi-purpose community hall which can be used as a study hall as well as a small-scale hosting hall for functions, parties and conferences within the development.

The retail area of the development is accessible on the busiest street edge to the public outside of the confines of the development and can be accessed by the tenants through a tenant gate to retain privacy within intimate spaces. The stores can be merged to form a bigger store or split to accommodate up to 3 retail stores, a restaurant with outdoor seating, as well as a convenience store/laundromat.

103

Figure 109.1 & 109.2 Retail area (Author, 2021)

Figure 110 Detailed sections (Author, 2021)

104

Figure 111 Axonometric Detail A (Author, 2021)

Figure 112 Axonometric Detail B (Author, 2021)

106

Figure 113 Details (Author, 2021)

107

TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT & RESOLUTION

07.1 TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT _SPECIFICATION_

109

PROTOTYPE EXPLORATION Figure 114 AAC wall panel prototype (Author, 2021)

AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE WALL PANEL PROTOTYPE

07.2 TECHNICAL RESOLUTION

KG OS IM AM P

UR U

ST RE ET

OA OKH RAM NES N A H

T TREE SE S

3D VIEW Scale: 1:250

116

Johannes Ramokhoa

ERF R/1/3018

ERF 3/3020 Johannes Ramokhoase Street

Bazaar St 322

ERF R/1/3018

309 307

324

367

323

2/690

Kgosi Mampuru Street

R/691

557 R/690

Belle Ombre

R/221

695

ERF 3/3020

Area of Focus636 - JR

R/693

R/688

R/689

719

558 681

R/680

7/680

13561

1/693

Eleventh St

Barber Street East

Johannes Ramokhoase Street

286

ERF 3/3019

R/18

Mogul St

5/49 48

3/43 2515 2514 2513 2512 2511 2510 2509 2508 2507

R/49

3286

3/54

469

2/3018

1000

3/3020

Kgosi Mampuru St (Previously Potgieter Street)

R/219

1/360

6/362

3/362 3/364

R/363

2/362

361

Bo un

2861

469

R/394

3/394

2681

3041

2871

R/401

2717

402

3/3020

R/2982 3/394 2/3018

3242

R/359

1/407

3423

R/407

R/408

3/362

Lin

ou n

3006

3264

1/256

R/256

3/257 1/258

1/587

3571

R/1/305 3468

2/589 255 442

586

5/587

Prince's Park St

R/304

R/588

2670

3269 3519

1/2970

3/589

1/637 1/636 3620

2/638

4/259

2/544

3410

R/549

4/262

2881

R/259

8/265

551

266

7/262

R/592 3/592 2/592 R/307 1/592

267

552 R/3071

R/550

R/593

6/592 R/308

1/593

3070

3/318

3/3071

3446

3384 3404

R/594

2/310

2/593

R/595 1/594

4/596 R/1/595

R/597 2/596

R/598 R/599

1/597

R/318 600 4/318

3334

6/362 3220

R/353

2887

640

R/681

3265 R/2982

2719

2728

7/355

R/356 1/360

3039

R/2923

2960

R/357

2669

R/637

1/360 361

R/2586

2/364 1/363

3614

6/362

3/362 2910

1/647

2/362

3270

3/362

R/363

3/364

1/407

3423

R/407

R/408

3/356 3321 2775

R14

R/394

3/394

2681

R/401

2717

2/2923

3042 3041

3158

3048

3322

R/359

402

3242

R/690 3/687 2/401

3/394

3/688

3543

R/3106 2978

2709

1/689

2957

1/3431

1/3498

897

898

R/450

R/449

1/450

451

452

454

453

877

899

e Lin ry un da Bo m

R/455

3547

2597

3595

1/497 R/498 1/498 1/499

R/496

2/499 R/500 1/500

3419 1127

906

907

501

P94

P96

6/538

7/538

3023

P101 P103 P105 P107 P101 P100 P103 P105 P107 P106 P102 P104 P108 P98 P102 P104 P106 P108 P99

Proposed 4 Storey Housing

2/545

3263

3410

918

5/587

R/588

3/589

919

R/2367

R/3486

927

920

921

R/592 3/592 2/592 1/592

1/2970

928

929

13561

P83

Planter box

P87 P89 P91 P91 P86 P86 P87 P88P88 P89P90 P90

P85

ParkingParking Paving

Proposed 4 Storey Housing Proposed 4 Storey Housing (x16 units) (x16 units)

P109

P111

IE RE

110mm Ø uPVC soil pipe to municipal fall 1:40 as per 110mm Ø sewer uPVC connection soil pipe totomunicipal SANS 10400 Part P as per sewer connection to fall 1:40

RE 110mm Ø uPVC soil pipe

Paving

P113

P123 P124

P115

SANS 10400 Part P

P117

Walkway

P112 P115 P114 P117 P116 P118 Shared Play Area P109 P111P110 P113 P110 P112 P114 P116 P118 Shared Play Area

P125 P126 P127 P128 P129 P130

Parking

Paving

Proposed 4 Storey Housing (x16 units)

P125 P126 P127 P128 P129 P130

Parking

P124

06 13

Paving

1309

Parking

Paving

Proposed 4 Storey Housing (x16 units)

Walkway

Parking

Walkway

Paving 3m Building Line

3m Building Line

130.2m Site Boundary B

Site Boundary Madiba 130.2m Street

Madiba Street Department of Architecture

R/549

551

922

1/593

923

R/594 2/593

930

ERF 2/258

552

M.Arch. Architectural Technology

931

R/595 1/594

885

4/596 R/1/595

886

R/597 2/596

ERF 3468

884

ERF 255

ERF 5/257 ERF 2/258

ERF 3/258

ERF 1/259

R/599

892

600

ERF 3468

893

ERF 1/256 ERF R/256

ERF 255

ERF 6/257 ERF 3/257

ERF 5/257

ERF 3/258

ERF 1/259

1/637 2670 3269

1/636

Name:

2/638

3459 3519

2887

640

3614 R/2923

2960

ERF 1/256 ERF R/256

2910

ERF 6/257 ERF 3/257

ERF 2/257 ERF 3/259

R/637

ERF 5/258

R14 3322

ERF 1/258

ERF 3/259

LOCALITY PLAN

SITE PLAN N

Scale: 1:5000

LOCALITY PLAN N

117

Scale: 1:5000

SITE PLAN N

ERF 5/258

ERF 1/258

LESEGO KGOPA

Student Number:

Locality Plan & Site Planin Tshwa Housing Date OUT:

Scale: 1:500

for Positive Comm Experiences in Aff

Drawing Number & Description:

Scale: 1:500

DOCUMEN

215544532

Name: LESEGO KGOPA Forced Environments: Designing Student Number: for Positive Community 215544532 Experiences in Affordable Project Description: Housing in Tshwane, South Africa Forced Environme

Project Description:

ERF 2/257

CONTRACTM.Arch. Architectural Tech ERF 2/259DOCUMENTATION CONTRAC

ERF 2/259

R/598 1/597

891

932

Department of Architectur

R/550

R/593

6/592

3484

P81

50mm Ø uPVC RE soil pipe

Walkway

7/503

2/544

586

P79

Walkway P119 P120 P121 P122 P119 P120 P121 P122

P123

ERF R/3022 ERF R/3022

3/545

R/2970

1/587

R/916

2/589 442

R/3393

P77

1/550

3262

3500

P75

Garden

P80 P82 P84 P78 P81 P80 P82 P84 P79 P83 P85

Walkway 4000

1307

1/882

5/539

1135

P77P76

ProposedProposed 4 Storey4 Housing Storey Housing (x24 units) (x24 units)

130 5

Paving

P92

P97 P96 P93 P98P95 P100 P97 P99

1306

R/504

R/878

1/881 4/544

P78

Parking Parking 130 Paving

P95

ERF R/169 14396

914

R/1/3479

1134

502

Paving

P75

Proposed Shop Proposed Shop

R/882 913

Proposed 2 Storey Housing (x3 units)

Parking

Paving P76

R/456

R/881

908

Shared Play Area

Parking

Paving

P72 P73 P74

7093

R/2490

1126

Driveway

Walkway

4/490

R/3498

Walkway

ERF R/169

14396

Proposed 2 Storey Housing (x3 units)

Paving Paving

Garden

1/878

R/497

3541

P93

2369

Waste Collection Area

Shared Play Area

Proposed 2 Storey Housing (x3 units)

P72 P73 P74

Shared Play Area

Walkway

2369

Proposed Security Gate

Driveway Parking

3/448

3/443

1106

P59

Proposed

Planter box Gate 2198 6029 Security

Waste Collection Area

P65 P64 P66 P67 Walkway

Proposed 2 Storey Housing (x3 units)

7093

2/490

Shared Play Area

Proposed 4 Storey Housing(x24 units) (x24 units)

4000

R14

1105

P92

DR WF Nkomo St (Previously Church Street)

3/350

3459

3263

2000

Paving

Walkway

Proposed 4 Storey Housing Proposed 4 Storey Housing (x24 units) (x24 units)

1/550 2/545

42.9m Boundary Line

255

222

Madiba Vermeulen Street) 4/544 St (Previously 3/545 3/259

8000

Parking

G H Walkway 4036

P66 P67

P63

P62

Shared Garden

Proposed 2 Storey Housing (x3 units)

(x2 units)

444

Paving

1305

3468

221

2999

1304

R/219

7907

2/258 R/2970 3/258

3023

Booth St

3262

7/538

Kgosi Mampuru St (Previously Potgieter Street)

5/539 6/538

Lin

7/503 R/218 1/218

220

R/504 1/178

e 502

176 1/219

180

un da

501

179

3022

2/499 R/500 1/500

2/178

3021

R/3022

R/456 R/178

Proposed Development

2/3019

1/497 R/498 1/498 1/499

R/496

R/455

1/177

4m Building Line

3595

454

453

R/177

1305

1307

2597

ERF 3/3019

3547

452

R/175

42.9m Boundary Line

1307

1303

Cowie St

R/2490 R/3019

451

.9 m

1/450

135 .00 °

R/450

Lin

0 0° 45.0 330

1306

R/449

3/448

R/169 R/170 1/3021

1/169

R/497 4/490

1304

2957

Ramokhoase St (Previously 3/443Proes Street)

2000

8000

0 0° 45.0 330

Johannes 2/490

3541

Bosman

R14

Sophie De Bruyn St (Schubart)

8505

3378

G H 4036

3543

P64

Shared Garden P60

Driveway

Raised Parking Area

P62 P61

Paving

9.5

1/139

2/401

R/1/3018

P71

800 Proposed 2 Storey Housing P68 P69 P70 P71 Proposed 2 Storey Housing (x2 units) m (x3 units) B 444 800 Proposed 2 Storey Housing

I da

P70

P65

2198 6029

Planter box P58

Paving

P63

P60

Parking P69

4517

1/360

3039 R/357

3/356

Paving

P68

1422

9. 5m

2/364 1/363

R/356

8907

7/355

45.0 0°

2728

1422

2719

P61

P58

Driveway Walkway

ERF 3/3019 Raised Parking Area

4/318

6/362 R/353

Raised Parking Area

ERF 3/3019 Proposed Shop

Proposed 4 Storey Housing (x24 units)

8907

3334

DR WF Nkomo St (Previously Church Street)

3220

P53 P54 P55 P56 P57

Parking

Proposed 2 Storey Housing (x3 units) P59

Walkway

13 0

R/318

2669

3321

1303

3404

2/310

R/307

3/350

3526

3446

3/318

2m Building Line

3/3071

2m Building Line

3070 3384

Proposed 4 Storey Housing (x24 units) 83m Boundary Line

7/262

Raised Parking Area

Walkway Proposed Shop

83m Boundary Line

R/3071

2m Building Line

267

8505

3620

266

2m Building Line

255

Prince's Park St

R/308

Scale: 1:500

3468

R/304

8/265

Shared Play Area

P44 P45 P46 P47 P48 P49 P50 P51 P52

135 .00 °

3571

4/262

R/259

4m Building Line

R/1/305

2881

4/259

Paving

Madiba St (Previously Vermeulen Street) 3/259

Walkway

P40 P41 P42 P43

Proposed 2 Storey Housing P44 P45 P46 P48 P37 P49P38 P50P39 P51 P52 P34 P47 P35 P36 P40 P41 P42 P43 (x3 units)

Walkway

Parking P53 P54 P55 P56 P57

7907

1/258

Walkway

Proposed 4 Storey Housing units) Shared Play(x16 Area

Paving

222

Proposed 4 Storey Housing (x24 units)

Paving

Parking

Shared Play Area

4517

3/257

221

2999

1307

R/256

Booth St

2/258 3/258

1/256

180

Shared Play Area

3D VIEW

255

179

1303

2/178

1/178

1307

R/178

176 1/219 3022

Walkway

Parking

Driveway P34 P35 P36 P37 P38 P39 Parking

Walkway

Proposed 4 Storey Housing (x24 units)

1/177 R/177

R/175

3021

220

1307

R/170 1/3021

R/169

R/3022

Driveway

Proposed 4 Storey Housing Paving P5 (x24 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 units)

45.0 0°

1307

1303

1/169

ERF 3/3019

ET 2/3019 REERF E ST OAS H K AMO ES R ANN JO H

1307

1306

ST RE ET

Paving

ERF 2/3019

3264

Bosman

UR U

3006

R/218 1/218

3468

P17 P18 P19 P20 P21 P22 P23 P24 P25 P26 P27 Proposed 4 Storey Housing P28 P29(x16 P30 units) P31 P32 P33

Walkway

Parking 3378

Proposed Development

2/3019

Proposed 4 Storey Housing (x24 units)

1/139

R/1/3018

R/3019

Walkway

Paving

P28 P29 P30 P31 P32 P33

Parking

P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16

2871

Planter box

10507

11907

Proposed 2 Storey Housing (x2 units)

1304

2861

Johannes Ramokhoase St (Previously Proes Street)

Cowie St

2/57

1/3297

R/43

ERF R/169

Walkway Proposed 4 Storey Housing (x16 units)

P17 P18 P19 P20 P21 P22 P23 P24 P25 P26 P27

Walkway

5086

Proposed 4 Storey Housing (x24 units)

Paving

Proposed 2 Storey Housing P1 (x2 units)

Struben St

KG OS IM AM P

Parking

P4 P3

130

R/57

Struben St

3526

1000

2/3297 3007

5/50

15564

2767

1/47

R/3297

3204

R/1/5 2941

Setting Out Point

15564

R/5

Proposed 4 Storey Housing (x16 units)

Play Area

Kgosi Mampuru Street Kgosi Mampuru Street

1/4

3/46 R/47

P2Shared

Planter box

R/4

1/46

Proposed 2 Storey Housing (x2 units)

Planter box

R/3

1/45

4/43

Proposed 2 Storey Housing P1 (x2 units) 5086

Planter box Planter box

456 457

1/3

5/9

Madiba Street

Proposed 4 Storey Housing (x24 units)

3m Building Line

Planterbox boxPlanter Planter Planter boxbox

455 458

408 409

R/2

Stand St R/44 2700 1/44

116.7m Site Boundary

Planter Planterbox box

407 410

360 361

2/2

1307

2690

1305

359 362

312 313

2531 2530 2529 2528 2527 2526 2525

6/866

1307 3237

2516 2517 2518 2519 2520 2521 2522 2523 2524

2/865

Bloed St

1/2

2533 2532

3188

2886

1/865

1/864

1305

311 314

451 462

1/836

R/864

1/863

12498

454 459

R/863

12498

453 460

406 411

3133

833

2/862

4517

Bloed St

405 412

358 363

2/861

4517

403

357 364

310 315

832

R/862

R/861

157.2m Site Boundary 157.2m Site Boundary

354 355 366 356 365

309 316

831

1/861

5198

2538 2539 2540 2541

450 463

R/830

1/860

Setting Out Point

Site Access 2m Building 2m Building Line LineSite Access

3314 1/857

12507

827

R/857

5198

2544 2543 2542

2546 2545

2548

1/826

4/856

449 464

308 317

307 318

2549

R/826

R/856

7000

528 529

R/825

7000

527 530

496 497

401 416 402 415 414

R/824

1/3137 R/3137

9907

495 498

448 465

368

306 319

3491

Shared Play Area

447 466

400 417

Bloed St 305 320

3490

12507

399 418

351 370 352 369

3188

15443

526 531

16043

525 532

494 499

Eighth St

493 500

446 467

15443

524 533

445 468

398 419

16553

492 501

397 420

350 371

3/830

16043

444 469

Grand St

349 372

2565 2566

16553

522 535 523 534

1306

490 503 491 502

1306

442 471 443 470

Ninth St

Sixth St

396 421

Johannes Ramokhoase Street

3m Building Line

Tenth St

394 423 395 422

116.7m Site Boundary

K Boom St

Kgosi Mampuru St (Potgieter)

346 375 347 374

280

9907

662 664

10507

661 666 659 665

653 655

13 0

649 R/702 652 656

645

Boom St

11907

647 643 646

635 637

Seventh St

633 639 634 638

629

348 373

Jerusalem St

660 667

2/702 3/702

642 648

627 631 628

Fehrs St

632 640

626

617 623 619 621

Sophie De Bruyn St (Schubart)

616 624 618 622

08/09/2021

Date IN:

Sheet Drawing Number & No./No. Description:

27/09/2021

Scale:

1:5000 & 1:500

1/8

Locality Plan Plan

Date OUT:

08/09/2021

Date IN:

08/09

Scale:

1:5000 & 1:500

Johannes Ramokhoase Stree

32230

230

925

230

925

665

1200

230 435

1538

1200

874

1200

230 348

3079

1200

2343

230 506

1200

504

1800

230

1800

575

1200

1171

1200

274 230

1800

230

1800

230 345

1200

435 230 506

1200

504

274

230

1800

230

1800

616

1200

1800

230

1800

616

1200

2957

394 230

2333

1200

587

1190

1200

200 230

1200

357 230

1190

1200

200 230

ERF 3/301

Parking Area Brick Pavers 76

P76

Madiba S

P77

P78

5308

P75

99 745

2912

P79

P80

P81

P82

P83

P84

P85

Ground Floor Developed P

2912 76 2912 76

3077

115

1950

485 230

1185

50mm Ø uPVC waste pipe 230 2702

170mm thick brushed concrete bench @550mm high Service Duct

AVP and IE

1657

485 230

600

Landing

185 230

415 2360

895

8010

928 110

1965

Bedroom 2

Ceramic Tile

100 000

220mm thick EVERITE AUTOCLAVED AERATED HEBEL CONCRETE infill wall panel

1562

230

2590

Garden

110mm Precast Concrete edging

E 170MM HIGH RAISED WALKWAY Brick Pavers

300 x 500mm thick Reinforced concrete column

99 915 110mm Precast Concrete edging

100 x 100mm dia. fullbore pipe cast in reinforced concrete column

Driveway Brick Pavers

230

W3 110

99 915

100 x 100mm dia. fullbore pipe cast in 300 x 500mm reinforced concrete column

101 503

925

HWB

Service Duct

12mm thick Fibre cement duct cover

115

AVP and IE

50mm Ø uPVC waste pipe

Brick Pavers

BIC

1949

BIC

928

Bathroom

230 485

308

Ceramic Tile

170MM HIGH RAISED WALKWAY

110mm Precast Concrete edging

308

SHR

Ceramic Tile

115

618 115 618

Stove

Stove SHR

2130

10mm thick GYPROC RHINOLITE Multipurpose plaster

100 000

500

2580

925

Sink

170mm step

230mm thick Fire wall

300 x 500mm thick Reinforced concrete column

99 745

500

6/9

HWB

170mm thick brushed concrete bench @ 550mm high

500

230

100 000

Bathroom D4

12mm thick Fibre cement duct cover

230mm thick Fire wall

100 x 100mm dia. fullbore pipe cast in 300 x 500mm reinforced concrete column

Ceramic Tile

110mm Precast Concrete edging

100 000

Staircase

Ceramic Tile

HWB

Service Duct

Staircase: Tread: 250mm Riser: 167mm

Double Volume

AVP and IE

Fire Exit

50mm Ø uPVC waste pipe

1000 high steel balustrade to Arch's detail (acc to SANS 10400 M) 7

230 867

Kitchen

Bathroom Ceramic Tile

230

170mm thick brushed concrete bench @ 550mm high

SHR

Ceramic Tile

Kitchen

230

1185

SHR

230 413

HWB

5 6

Bedroom 1 100 000

Sink

115

HWB

230

210

1185

FHR

230

1647

230

Brushed Concrete

230 485

Fire rated wall as per SANS Part T

2335

600

230mm Reinforced concrete frame wall

Sink

Ceramic Tile

2590

2145

925

100 000

Sink

230

1880

230

925

2145

Ceramic Tile

110

2595

100 000

Bathroom

230

Ceramic Tile

Bathroom

115

230

SHR

2850

300

100 000

SHR

230

775

Bathroom

2557

230

Sink

115

960

Sink

Stove

100 000

1265

100 000

1338

BIC

2440

Ceramic Tile

115

Ceramic Tile

BIC

925

Ceramic Tile

633

230

Kitchen

6/9

1200 1076

230mm Reinforced concrete frame wall

Kitchen

BIC

874

99 915

100 000

Kitchen

Stove

323

110

164

1611

2335

2580

100 000

Stove

Ceramic Tile

100 000

230

945

Kitchen

BIC

Patio Ceramic Tile

Ceramic Tile

100 000

230

Ceramic Tile

2803

100 000

Living Area

Studio Ceramic Tile

Studio

Ceramic Tile

230mm Reinforced concrete frame wall

323

BIC

230

1790

1080

99 915

Studio

Ceramic Tile

800

85mm step

Ceramic Tile

99 915

10mm thick GYPROC RHINOLITE Multipurpose plaster

Ceramic Tile

Bedroom 2

Fire Door

230

805

575

Ceramic Tile

99 915

BIC

Ceramic Tile 100 000

220mm thick EVERITE AUTOCLAVED AERATED HEBEL CONCRETE infill wall panel

895

Patio

230

85mm step

230

110

Patio

600mm Reinforced Concrete Upstand 230

230110

1880

99 830

230

Studio

230

Ceramic Tile

925

2140

Living Area

100 000

11230

1076 230

85mm step

Ceramic Tile

99 915

Brick Pavers

Bedroom 1

HWB

1185

Patio

99 915

100 000

3040

Patio

230

85mm step

6/9

A W3

50mm dia. stainless steel handrails fixed to balusters at 500mm high

Brick Pavers 110mm Precast Concrete Edging

Ceramic Tile

603 115 603

925

2140

170MM HIGH RAISED WALKWAY

230

925

115

5699

220mm thick EVERITE AUTOCLAVED AERATED HEBEL CONCRETE infill wall panel

99 830 110mm Precast Concrete Edging

230

1200

170MM HIGH RAISED WALKWAY

Brick Pavers

6/9

170mm step

170MM HIGH RAISED WALKWAY

170mm step

300

170mm step

2375

3077

230

3077

Circulation Stairs

10 3.8 3°

300mm Precast Concrete Edging

110mm Ø uPVC soil pipe

300mm Precast Concrete edging

110mm Ø uPVC soil pipe

Department of Architecture

M.Arch. Architectural Technolog

230

925

230

1180

230

1155

1185

1155

115

1195

467

5758

433

570

433

570

230 230 185 185 340

600

900

1007

570

925

423

643

925

1017

900

340

415 230 415

7310

600

340

900

1007

2477

925

423 230 413

925

1066

925

115

902

900

185 340 230 230

1017

900

340 230

600

755

570

900

1309

925

900

1309

925

230

1190

1420

1205

195 230

1205

425

CONTRACT DOCUMENTA Name:

32230

LESEGO KGOPA

Student Number:

215544532 1160

2820

2702

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

GROUND Scale: 1:50 Scale: 1:50

1418

FLOOR PLAN

4240

2393

1727

2820

Project Description:

Forced Environments: for Positive Community Experiences in Afforda Housing in Tshwane, S Drawing Number & Description:

118

Ground Floor Pla

Date OUT:

08/09/2021

Scale:

1:50

Date IN:

27/09/2021

3980

4120

4240

4120

2820

32230

230

102 915

Ceramic Tile

11230

Bathroom

103 000

SHR

Ceramic Tile

Bathroom Ceramic Tile

103 000 230

925

230

2595

230

925

115

HWB

103 000

1950

900

230

900

1647

115

925

HWB

1415

6682

Stove

Ceramic Tile

103 000

Bathroom D4

925

SHR

HWB

170mm thick brushed concrete bench @ 550mm high

AVP and IE

230

SHR

2142 WC

230

600

230

2435 WC

AVP and IE

50mm Ø uPVC waste pipe

Service Duct

115

HWB

925

230

9 8

BIC 7

925

Bedroom 2 2590

230

Ceramic Tile

220mm thick EVERITE AUTOCLAVED AERATED HEBEL CONCRETE infill wall panel 230

1502

Circulation Stairs

W2 230

2590

230

E 500mm high steel balustrade (acc to SANS 10400)

300 x 500mm thick Reinforced concrete column

600mm high reinforced concrete upstand beam

100 x 100mm dia. fullbore pipe cast in reinforced concrete column

100 x 100mm dia. fullbore pipe cast in 300 x 500mm reinforced concrete column

3 2

103 000

300 x 500mm thick Reinforced concrete column 300

F 500

500mm high steel balustrade (acc to SANS 10400)

6/9

2595

1155

BIC

500

230

230 230

230mm thick Fire wall 100 x 100mm dia. fullbore pipe cast in 300 x 500mm reinforced concrete column

Double Volume

500mm high steel balustrade (acc to SANS 10400)

100 x 100mm dia. fullbore pipe cast in 300 x 500mm reinforced concrete column

6/9

2580

600mm high reinforced concrete upstand beam

100 x 100mm dia. fullbore pipe cast in 300 x 500mm reinforced concrete column

104 503

12mm thick Fibre cement duct cover

500

Ceramic Tile

Bathroom Ceramic Tile

Ceramic Tile

115

HWB

103 000

500

Sink

Ceramic Tile

12mm thick Fibre cement duct cover

500mm high steel balustrade (acc to SANS 10400)

230mm thick Fire wall 230

Kitchen

Bathroom Ceramic Tile

1155

Kitchen

Sink

230 413

HWB

50mm Ø uPVC waste pipe

Landing

Staircase

SHR

115

103 000

Service Duct

103 000

Double Volume

SHR

2850

230mm Reinforced concrete frame wall

600mm high reinforced concrete upstand beam

Staircase: Tread: 250mm Riser: 167mm

2580

Fire Exit Brushed Concrete

Ceramic Tile

1000 high steel balustrade to Arch's detail (acc to SANS 10400 M) 7

3202

FHR

170mm thick brushed concrete bench @550mm high Service Duct

AVP and IE

170mm thick brushed concrete bench @ 550mm high

230

Fire Door

230

50mm Ø uPVC waste pipe

Fire rated wall as per SANS Part T

230

Bathroom

230

Bedroom 1

Sink

230

230 1185

103 000

Sink

423 230

SS 1105mm high Reinforced concrete upstand

103 000

1265

Stove

Ceramic Tile

Sink

2557

950

Sink

115

1200

Bedroom 2

115

770

Ceramic Tile

103 000

1338

2040

Ceramic Tile

230

8010

Kitchen

103 000

1348

925

Kitchen

BIC

486

Kitchen

945

Ceramic Tile

567 115

230mm Reinforced concrete frame wall

925

Kitchen

1980 103 000

103 000

633

603

BIC

115

230

BIC

718

BIC

102 915

925

103 000

775

230mm Reinforced concrete frame wall

Ceramic Tile

103 000

Ceramic Tile

2803

4499

Ceramic Tile

Living Area

Studio Ceramic Tile

Studio

Ceramic Tile

775

Ceramic Tile

Studio

Stove

Ceramic Tile

10mm thick plaster

Studio

BIC

Living Area

10mm thick GYPROC RHINOLITE Multipurpose 10mm thick plaster plaster

Ceramic Tile

BIC

2462

Bedroom 1

230

2298

1800 102 915

1380

230

925

1980

230

Patio

230

Ceramic Tile

230

2850

Ceramic Tile

230

115

1200

600mm Reinforced Concrete Upstand

230

925

103 000

1076

200 230

1780

230

Ceramic Tile 575

2595

103 000

1306

200 230

1200

3387

Patio

1200

1190

3387

Patio

1190

357 230

1415

220mm thick EVERITE AUTOCLAVED AERATED HEBEL CONCRETE infill wall panel

587

1200

415

50mm dia. stainless steel handrails fixed to balusters at 500mm high

600mm Reinforced Concrete Upstand

1200

895

50mm dia. stainless steel handrails fixed to balusters at 500mm high

230

1185

2333

Stove

230

Ceramic Tile

3040

2957

394 230

230

1200

2130

1200

616

1370

616

1800

925

Patio

1800

230

Patio

230

1800

2438

1800

230

618 115 618

220mm thick EVERITE AUTOCLAVED AERATED HEBEL CONCRETE infill wall panel

504

274

1005

1200

185 230

435 230 506

895

1200

230

230 345

2130

1800

115

230

925

1800

1140

1200

274 230

230

1171

1200

230

1200

1080

575

230

1800

2453

230 506

230

2343

1800

960

1200

504

185230

230 348

1200

895

960

3079

632

1200

230 435

1538

6/9

925

1200

230

665

6/9

1155

115

1195

467

5758

433

340

230 230 230 185 185 340

570

600

570

900

892

900

1007

115

925

423 230 413

925

1066

925

115

902

900

1017

900

340 230 415

570

185 230 340

600

570

900

892

900

1007

115

925

423 230 413

925

1066

925

115

902

900

1017

900

340

230 230 230 185 185 340

570

600

570

900

1194

115

1309

925

230

1190

1205

195 230

925

230

1190

1205

425

32230

Department of Architecture

M.Arch. Architectural Techn 1160

2820

2702

1418

4240

2393

1727

CONTRACT DOCUMEN

2820

Name:

LESEGO KGOPA

Student Number:

215544532 Project Description:

119

TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN - FIRST FLOOR Scale: 1:50

Forced Environmen for Positive Commu Experiences in Affo Housing in Tshwan Drawing Number & Description:

Typical Floor P Date OUT:

08/09/2021 Scale:

1:50

Date IN:

27/09/2

Johannes Ramokhoase Street

Roof Note: 0.6mm thick CHROMADEK galvanised corrugated steel roof sheeting @ 11 deg. pitch fall with min. 150mm overlap fixed to SA PINE purlins using 65mm Tek screws with 19mm bonded washer in accordance to Manufacturer's detail.

ERF 3/3019

43 RE

Madiba Street

3980

2702

1418

4240

2393

1727

Ground Floor Key: Documented Portio

2820

6/9

38 x 114mm SA PINE rafters @ 1060mm CC 50 x 76mm SA PINE purlins @ 1320mm CC

600mm Roof overhang

3387

1415

C Line of roof below

300mm Roof overhang onto concrete roof

Fall @ 11 deg. pitch to concrete roof below

770

0.6mm thick CHROMADEK galvanised corrugated steel roof sheeting by Specialist to be cranked at the edge

Double Volume

Line of roof below

E 2040

300 x 500mm thick Reinforced concrete column

100 x 100mm dia. fullbore pipe cast in 300 x 500mm reinforced concrete column

Fullbore on concrete roof below to detail

300 x 500mm thick Reinforced concrete column

100 x 100mm dia. fullbore pipe cast in 300 x 500mm reinforced concrete column

100 x 100mm dia. fullbore pipe cast in reinforced concrete column

Line of roof below

6/9

100 x 100mm dia. fullbore pipe cast in 300 x 500mm reinforced concrete column

Department of Architecture M.Arch. Architectural Technology

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION Name:

LESEGO KGOPA

Student Number:

215544532 Project Description:

ROOF PLAN N

Forced Environments: Designin for Positive Community Experiences in Affordable Housing in Tshwane, South Afr Drawing Number & Description:

Scale: 1:50

120

Roof Plan Date OUT:

08/09/2021 Scale:

1:50

Date IN:

27/09/2021

Sheet No

3387

1415

770

2040

6/8

0.6mm thick CHROMADEK galvanised corrugated steel roof sheeting

76 x 76mm SA PINE splayed purlin 0.6mm thick CHROMADEK galvanised corrugated steel roof sheeting by Specialist to be cranked at the edge

10 x 225mm EVERITE NUTEC fascia board

12mm EVERITE NUTEC fascia board

38 x 114mm SA PINE rafter

Mortar filling

10mm Soffit Board

600mm high reinforced concrete up-stand

0.6mm thick CHROMADEK galvanised corrugated steel roof sheeting by Specialist to be cranked at the edge

10mm Soffit Board

6/8

Mortar filling

Galvanised metal nail plate

ROOF LEVEL UFFL 600mm high reinforced concrete up-stand

76 x 200mm SA Pine wall plate

ROOF LEVEL

112 600

UFFL

Passage

Covered Walkway

Leveling floor bed mortar 10mm Ceramic tile on 25mm cement screed

536

1700

min. 25mm thick cement screed @ 1:100 fall to fullbore

300x500mm thick Reinforced concrete column

20mm Weephole

min 255mm thick Reinforced concrete slab to Engineer's Detail THIRD FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 109 000

50mm dia. stainless steel THIRD FLOOR LEVEL handrails fixed to UFFL balusters at 1000mm high 109 000 255

220 x 600 x 6000mm AUTOCLAVED AERATED HEBEL CONCRETE infill wall panel

Covered Walkway

2745

110mm thick Concrete Lintel

Passage

Leveling floor bed mortar

600mm Reinforced Concrete Upstand beam

6/8

Rain Drip

10mm Gyproc RhinoLite Multipurpose Plaster

100 x 100 dia. fullbore pipe cast in reinforced concrete column

Rain Drip

Brushed concrete finish

D5 SECOND FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 300x500mm thick 106 000 Reinforced concrete column

Hebel reinforcement mesh

Bedroom 2

Covered Walkway

8 7 6

110mm thick Concrete Lintel

10mm Gyproc RhinoLite Multipurpose Plaster

110mm thick Concrete Lintel

230mm Fire wall

min 255mm thick Reinforced concrete slab to Engineer's Detail

Staircase: Tread: 250mm Riser: 167mm

350 micron GUNPLAS USB Green Damp Proof Membrane to Manufacturer's Specification

10mm Ceramic Tile

110mm thick Concrete Lintel

Walkway

Studio

Landscape fabric 300x340mm Precast Concrete Edging

110mm thick Concrete Lintel

Passage 3 6/8 10mm Ceramic tile on 25mm Cement screed

220x60mm Brick paver on sand layer to fall 1:40 to driveway

20mm Weephole

Covered Walkway Leveling floor bed mortar

Hebel reinforcement mesh

Driveway Rain Drip 300x500mm thick Reinforced concrete column

220x60mm Brick paver on sand layer to fall 1:40 to driveway

Driveway

Landscape fabric

100 000

300x340mm Precast Concrete Edging

Bedroom 2

100 x 100 dia. fullbore pipe cast in reinforced concrete column

Staircase

Brushed concrete finish

4 3

25mm Cement screed

10mm Ceramic Tile

220x60mm Brick paver on sand layer GROUND FLOOR LEVEL to fall 1:40 UFFL

Covered Walkway

Hebel thin bed AAC mortar

2745

Bedroom 1

FIRST FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 103 000

85mm Step 170mm thick Reinforced concrete floor slab

10mm Gyproc RhinoLite Multipurpose Plaster

220x60mm Brick paver on sand layer to fall 1:40 to driveway

Leveling floor bed mortar

FIRST FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 103 000

2 1

85mm Step 255

Hebel reinforcement mesh

min 255mm thick Reinforced concrete slab to Engineer's Detail

2745

Driveway

Covered Walkway

D3 25mm Cement screed

220 x 600 x 6000mm Autoclaved Aerated Hebel Concrete infill wall panel

10mm Gyproc RhinoLite Multipurpose Plaster

170mm thick Reinforced concrete floor slab

min 255mm thick Reinforced concrete slab to Engineer's Detail

Walkway

Bedroom 2

Covered Walkway

Staircase

8 7 6

Bedroom 1

10mm Ceramic tile on 25mm Cement screed

Leveling floor bed mortar

220x60mm Brick paver on sand layer to fall 1:40

Driveway

1000mm high steel balustrade to Arch's detail (acc to SANS 10400-M)

100 x 100 dia. fullbore pipe cast in reinforced concrete column

GROUND FLOOR LEVEL

4 3 2 1

85mm Step

230mm Fire wall

Brushed concrete finish 2745

20mm Weephole

300x500mm thick Reinforced concrete column

255

Hebel thin bed AAC mortar

Passage

2745

Studio

3000

Hebel thin bed AAC mortar Hebel reinforcement mesh

SECOND FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 106 000

85mm Step

10mm Gyproc RhinoLite Multipurpose Plaster

100 x 100 dia. fullbore pipe cast in reinforced concrete column

50mm dia. stainless steel handrails fixed to balusters at 100mm spacing cc

Staircase: Tread: 250mm Riser: 167mm

Bedroom 1

Staircase

100 x 100 dia. fullbore pipe cast in reinforced concrete column

255

20mm Weephole

230mm Fire wall

min 255mm thick Reinforced concrete slab to Engineer's Detail

Hebel thin bed AAC mortar

255

85mm Step

min. 25mm thick cement screed @ 1:100 fall to fullbore

Staircase

85mm Step

2745

10mm Gyproc RhinoLite Multipurpose Plaster

100 x 100 dia. fullbore outlet to fall into reinforced concrete column

85mm Step

Rain Drip

Studio

Covered Walkway

1000mm high steel balustrade to Arch's detail (acc to SANS 10400-M)

10mm Ceramic tile on 25mm cement screed

255

20mm Weephole

Bedroom 2

Brushed concrete finish

255

min 255mm thick Reinforced concrete slab to Engineer's Detail

110 x 600 x 6000mm Autoclaved Aerated Hebel Concrete wall panel

Bedroom 1

2814

2970

Studio

HEBEL thin bed AAC mortar

230mm Fire wall

255

600mm high Reinforced concrete up-stand

110mm thick Concrete Lintel

Concrete Roof

10mm thick Gyproc RhinoLite Multipurpose Plaster

100 x 100 dia. fullbore outlet to fall into reinforced concrete column

2745

220 x 600 x 6000mm AUTOCLAVED AERATED HEBEL CONCRETE wall panel

Fibreboard ceiling tile 220 x 600 x 6000mm AUTOCLAVED AERATED HEBEL CONCRETE infill wall panel

220 x 600 x 6000mm Autoclaved Aerated Hebel Concrete infill wall panel

112 600

Concrete Roof

Twisted wire

2970

38 x 114mm SA PINE anchor

536

50 x 76mm SA PINE purlins

NGL

Staircase: Tread: 250mm Riser: 167mm

220x60mm Brick paver on sand layer to fall 1:40

UFFL 100 000

NGL

Department of Architecture M.Arch. Architectural Technolog

Foundation Note: 255mm thick Concrete Foundation to comply with NBR:SANS 10400 Part H, on consolidated backfill compacted to 93% MODAASHTO to Engineer's Approval compacted in wet layers of max. 150mm thick.

Section A Scale 1:50

500x1100mm Reinforced Concrete foundation according to Engineer's Detail

220x60mm Brick paver on sand layer to fall 1:40

Compacted Hardcore in layers of 150mm

Line of Reinforced Concrete column foundation according to Engineer's Detail

255mm thick Reinforced concrete foundation to Engineer's Specification

350 micron GUNPLAS USB Green Damp Proof Membrane to Manufacturer's Specification

Section B Scale 1:50

255mm thick Reinforced concrete foundation to Engineer's Specification

Compacted Hardcore in layers of 150mm

425x800mm thickened Reinforced Concrete edge foundation according to Engineer's Specification

CONTRACT DOCUMENTA Name:

LESEGO KGOPA

Student Number:

215544532 Project Description:

Forced Environments: for Positive Community Experiences in Afforda Housing in Tshwane, S Drawing Number & Description:

121

Sections Date OUT:

08/09/2021 Scale:

1:50

Date IN:

27/09/2021

A Roof Note: 0.6mm thick CHROMADEK galvanised corrugated steel roof sheeting @ 11 deg. pitch fall with min. 150mm overlap fixed to SA PINE purlins using 65mm Tek screws with 19mm bonded washer in accordance to Manufacturer's detail.

A 50mm thick ISOBOARD Insulation layed over purlins installed to Manufacturer's specification

38 x 114mm SA PINE rafters @ 1060mm CC

Plaster & paint finish 76 x 76mm SA PINE splayed purlin @ 1320mm CC fixed to 114mm SA PINE rafter

10 x 150 x 50mm MACSTEEL Parallel Flange Channel bolted on 38 x 152mm SA PINE wall tie 50mm thick ISOBOARD Insulation layed over purlins installed to Manufacturer's specification

76 x 200mm SA PINE wall plate on HEBEL thin bed AAC mortar fixed in accordance to Engineer's specification

50mm dia. stainless steel handrails fixed to balusters at 500mm high

38 x 152mm SA PINE tie beam

25mm dia. stainless steel guardrails fixed to base plates at 100mm spacing cc

76 x 76mm SA PINE splayed purlin @ 1320mm CC fixed to 114mm SA PINE rafter

12 x 300mm EVERITE NUTEC fascia board fixed to SA PINE rafter using 35mm corrugated steel flathead nail ring shank

Galvanised metal nail plate fixed to Manufacturer's specification

M8 hexagonal set screws

0.6mm thick CHROMADEK galvanised corrugated steel roof sheeting by Specialist to be cranked at the edge

50 X 50 X 5mm stainless steel base plate fixed to screed finish with M8 hexagonal set screws and approved chemical anchor

35mm Corrugated steel flathead nail ring shank in accordance to Engineer's specification

600mm Reinforced Concrete Upstand beam

Counterflashing to approved DERBIGUM contractor's specification

12 x 225mm EVERITE NUTEC fascia board fixed to SA PINE rafter using 35mm corrugated steel flathead nail ring shank

Two coats bituminous ROOFKOTE Aluminium paint above one layer DERBIGUM waterproofing membrane applied by approved DERBIGUM contractor

Detail 3 Scale 1:10

511

12 x 225mm NUTEC FIBRE CEMENT soffit board fixed to SA PINE rafter using 35mm corrugated steel flathead nail ring shank

One layer of 4mm DERBIGUM torchon waterproofing membrane applied by 'torch-fusion' on bitumen-primed surface with 75mm side laps and 100mm end laps by approved DERBIGUM contractor

600mm high Reinforced concrete upstand beam

min. 25mm thick cement screed @ 1:100 fall to fullbore outlet in reinforced concrete column Concrete Roof

12 x 225mm NUTEC FIBRE CEMENT soffit board fixed to SA PINE anchor using 35mm corrugated steel flathead nail ring shank

300 x 500mm reinforced concrete column

Galvanised hanging wire as required not exceeding 1200mm CC

E 100 x 100Ø dia. fullbore outlet to fall into reinforced concrete column

38 x 114mm SA PINE anchor @53 deg. fixed with 38mm galvanised steel truss hanger

min. 25mm thick cement screed @ 1:100 fall to fullbore

170

35mm Corrugated steel flathead nail ring shank in accordance to Engineer's specification

100 x 100Ø dia. fullbore pipe cast in reinforced concrete column

38 x 114mm SA PINE rafters @ 1060mm CC

800x1200x25mm Fibreboard ceiling panel

min 255mm thick Reinforced concrete slab to Engineer's Detail

Twisted wire

10mm thick Hebel external skim plaster finish applied in accordance to Manufacturer's specification

25 x 38mm SINIAT exposed Main Tee with slots @ 300mm CC

Fall 1:100

220 x 600 x 6000mm EVERITE AUTOCLAVED AERATED HEBEL CONCRETE infill wall panel with 10mm HEBEL external skim plaster in accordance with Manufacturer's specification.

60 x 50 x 10mm SIGMA Aluminium Plaster Trim fixed to wall using approved HEBEL AAC wall anchors @ 450mm CC

Detail 1

Detail 4

Scale 1:5 min. 25mm thick cement screed @ 1:100 fall to fullbore

Fall 1:100

Scale 1:10

Fullbore Detail

38 x 114mm SA PINE anchor fixed @ 27 deg. with 38mm galvanised steel truss hanger

Scale 1:10

38 x 114mm SA PINE roof truss member 12 x 225mm NUTEC FIBRE CEMENT soffit board fixed to SA PINE anchor using 35mm corrugated steel flathead nail ring shank

35mm Corrugated steel flathead nail ring shank in accordance to Engineer's specification HEBEL external skim plaster finish on 220mm AUTOCLAVED AERATED HEBEL CONCRETE infill wall panel in accordance to Manufacturer's specification

37.0

0°

Two coats bituminous ROOFKOTE Aluminium paint above one layer DERBIGUM waterproofing membrane applied by approved DERBIGUM contractor

One layer of 4mm DERBIGUM torch-on waterproofing membrane applied on bitumenprimed surface according to Manufacturer's specifications with 75mm side laps and 100mm end-laps down outside face of 600mm high reinforced concrete upstand

One layer of 4mm DERBIGUM torchon waterproofing membrane applied on bitumen-primed surface according to Manufacturer's specifications with 75mm side laps and 100mm end-laps down outside face of 600mm high reinforced concrete upstand

Galvanised metal nail plate fixed to Manufacturer's specification

38mm Galvanised steel truss hanger fixed to 38 x 114mm SA PINE rafter with M8 galvanised mild steel bolt and nut with rubber washer in accordance to Engineer's specification

M8 galvanised mild steel bolt and nut with galvanised mild steel washer in accordance to Engineer's specification

Counterflashing to DERBIGUM contractor's specification

One layer of 4mm DERBIGUM torchon waterproofing membrane applied by 'torch-fusion' on bitumen-primed surface with 75mm side laps and 100mm end laps by approved DERBIGUM contractor

min. 25mm thick cement screed @ 1:100 fall to fullbore

600mm high reinforced concrete up-stand 100 x 100 dia. fullbore outlet to fall into reinforced concrete column

76 x 230mm SA PINE wall plate on HEBEL thin bed AAC mortar fixed in accordance to Engineer's specification

CONTRACT DOCUMENTA

10 x 150 x 50mm MACSTEEL Parallel Flange Channel bolted on 38 x 152mm SA PINE wall tie 10mm Gyproc RhinoLite Multipurpose Plaster

170

Twisted wire

LESEGO KGOPA 215544532

Project Description:

25mm dia. Rain Drip

Galvanised hanging wire as required not exceeding 1200mm CC

170mm thick Reinforced concrete slab 300x500mm thick Reinforced Concrete Column

220 x 210 x 6000mm AUTOCLAVED AERATED HEBEL CONCRETE wall panel

Scale 1:5

Name:

Student Number:

10mm thick Hebel external skim plaster finish applied in accordance to Manufacturer's specification

Detail 2

Department of Architecture

M.Arch. Architectural Technolog

Detail 5

100 x 100 dia. fullbore pipe cast in in 300 x 500mm reinforced concrete column

Forced Environments: for Positive Community Experiences in Afforda Housing in Tshwane, S Drawing Number & Description:

122

Details

Date OUT:

Scale 1:5

08/09/2021

Scale:

As indicated

Date IN:

27/09/2021

10mm thick HEBEL external skim plaster finish

50mm thick ISOBOARD Insulation layed over purlins installed to Manufacturer's specification

10mm Ceramic tile on 25mm Cement screed

Driveway

76 x 76mm SA PINE splayed purlin fixed to 114mm SA PINE rafter

Walkway

Patio

Studio 1800 x 2125mm powder coated Aluminium Sliding Door Panel

210x420mm Precast Concrete Edging 12 x 225mm EVERITE NUTEC fascia board fixed to SA PINE rafter using 35mm corrugated steel flathead nail ring shank

Leveling floor bed mortar to a quality acceptable by a HEBEL specialist

220x60mm Brick paver on sand layer to fall 1:40 12mm NUTEC FIBRE CEMENT soffit board fixed to SA PINE rafter using 35mm corrugated steel flathead nail ring shank

10mm Ceramic tile on 25mm Cement screed

220x60mm Brick paver on sand layer to fall 1:40 to driveway

7/8 38 x 114mm SA PINE rafter

Landscape fabric

12mm NUTEC FIBRE CEMENT soffit board fixed to SA PINE anchor using 35mm corrugated steel flathead nail ring shank

255mm thick Reinforced concrete slab to Engineer's Detail

300x340mm Precast Concrete Edging

255

85mm Step

38 x 114mm SA PINE anchor fixed with 38mm galvanised steel truss hanger

170mm Step

Galvanised metal nail plate fixed to Manufacturer's specification

2 7/8

38mm Galvanised steel truss hanger in accordance to Engineer's specification 76 x 200mm SA PINE wall plate on HEBEL thin bed AAC mortar fixed in accordance to Engineer's specification

255mm thick Reinforced concrete foundation to Engineer's Specification 800x1200x25mm Fibreboard ceiling panel

10 x 150 x 50mm MACSTEEL Parallel Flange Channel bolted on 38 x 152mm SA PINE wall tie Galvanised hanging wire as required not exceeding 1200mm CC

Foundation Note: 200mm thick Concrete Raft Foundation to comply with NBR:SANS 10400 Part H, on consolidated backfill compacted to 93% MODAASHTO to Engineer's Approval compacted in wet layers of max. 150mm thick.

Twisted wire

350 micron GUNPLAS USB Green Damp Proof Membrane to Manufacturer's Specification

50mm thick Concrete blinding 60 x 50 x 10mm SIGMA Aluminium Plaster Trim fixed to wall using approved HEBEL AAC wall anchors @ 450mm CC

25 x 38mm SINIAT exposed Main Tee with slots @ 300mm CC

Compacted Hardcore in layers of 150mm

220 x 210 x 6000mm AUTOCLAVED AERATED HEBEL CONCRETE infill wall panel

500x1100mm thickened Reinforced Concrete edge foundation according to Engineer's Detail

10mm Gyproc RhinoLite Multipurpose Plaster

HEBEL thin bed AAC mortar 110mm thick Concrete Lintel with min. 150mm bearing depth fixed with HEBEL reinforcement mesh on HEBEL thin bed AAC mortar in accordance to Manufacturer's specification

HEBEL reinforcement mesh

1800 x 2125mm powder coated Aluminium Sliding Door Panel

Studio D3

Perimeter Detail Part 3

Perimeter Detail Part 1

50mm thick ISOBOARD Insulation layed over purlins installed to Manufacturer's specification

Scale 1:20

0.6mm thick CHROMADEK galvanised corrugated steel roof sheeting by Specialist to be cranked at the edge

Scale 1:20

12 x 300mm EVERITE NUTEC fascia board fixed to SA PINE rafter using 35mm corrugated steel flathead nail ring shank

Counterflashing to approved DERBIGUM contractor's specification

Plaster & paint finish 50mm dia. stainless steel handrails fixed to balusters at 500mm high

25mm dia. stainless steel guardrails fixed to base plates at 100mm spacing cc

M8 hexagonal set screws

Studio

Bituminous ROOFKOTE Aluminium paint above one layer DERBIGUM waterproofing membrane applied by approved DERBIGUM contractor

7/8 4mm DERBIGUM torch-on waterproofing membrane with 100mm end-laps applied according to Manufacturer's specifications

100 X 100 X 5mm stainless steel base plate fixed to screed finish with M8 hexagonal set screws and approved chemical anchor

600mm Reinforced Concrete Upstand beam Concrete Roof

10mm Ceramic tile on 25mm Cement screed

5 7/8

20mm Weephole

Rain Drip

10mm thick Gyproc RhinoLite Multipurpose Plaster

800x1200x25mm Fibreboard ceiling panel Galvanised metal nail plate fixed to Manufacturer's specification

min 255mm thick Reinforced concrete slab to Engineer's Detail

600mm high reinforced concrete up-stand

170

10 255

10mm Cement plaster on 25mm thick cement screed

min. 25mm thick cement screed @ 1:100 fall to fullbore

7/8

170mm thick Reinforced concrete slab

100 x 100 dia. fullbore outlet to fall into reinforced concrete column

25mm Rain Drip

38 x 152mm SA PINE tie beam

100 x 100 dia. fullbore pipe cast in reinforced concrete column

Department of Architecture M.Arch. Architectural Technology

CONTRACT DOCUMENTATI Name:

LESEGO KGOPA

Student Number:

300x500mm thick Reinforced Concrete Column

Hebel thin bed AAC mortar

Studio

Hebel reinforcement mesh

220 x 600 x 6000mm EVERITE AUTOCLAVED AERATED HEBEL CONCRETE infill wall panel with 10mm HEBEL external skim plaster in accordance with Manufacturer's specification.

1800 x 2125mm powder coated Aluminium sliding door panel

123

110mm thick Concrete Lintel

Perimeter Detail Part 2

Concrete Roof Detail

Scale 1:20 D3

215544532 Project Description:

Scale 1:20

Forced Environments: Desi for Positive Community Experiences in Affordable Housing in Tshwane, South Drawing Number & Description:

Perimeter Details Date OUT:

08/09/2021 Scale:

1:20

Date IN:

27/09/2021

53 54

EVERITE NUTEC fascia board

600

ROOF LEVEL UFFL 112 600 600mm high reinforced concrete upstand beam

Hebel external skim plaster finish W2

Hebel external skim plaster finish W2 W2

500mm high steel balustrade (acc to SANS 10400)

Hebel external skim plaster finish W2

600mm Reinforced concrete downstand

Fire Wall D7

THIRD FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 109 000

AUTOCLAVED AERATED HEBEL CONCRETE panels

500mm high steel balustrade (acc to SANS 10400)

Fire Wall W3

D7 SECOND FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 106 000

500mm high steel balustrade (acc to SANS 10400)

Fire Wall W3

500mm high steel balustrade (acc to SANS 10400) 500mm high steel balustrade (acc to SANS 10400) W3

FIRST FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 103 000

500mm high steel balustrade (acc to SANS 10400)

Fire Wall D7 Fire Door GROUND FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 100 000

NGL NGL

North Elevation Scale 1:100

54 53

E A

Plaster and paint finish

50mm dia. vent pipe

ROOF LEVEL UFFL 112 600

600mm high reinforced concrete upstand beam

Reinforced concrete column

Reinforced concrete column HWB

SHR

HWB

Reinforced concrete column

SHR

HWB

110mm dia. Single stack with 2-way vent

SHR

HWB

Plaster and paint finish

Reinforced concrete column

THIRD FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 109 000

1105mm Reinforced concrete upstand

THIRD FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 109 000

D2 W2

HWB

ROOF LEVEL UFFL 112 600

HWB

EVERITE NUTEC fascia board

Hebel external skim plaster finish

W2 HWB

110mm dia. Single stack with 2-way vent

SECOND FLOOR LEVEL UFFL

50mm dia. vent pipe

600

50mm dia. vent pipe Plaster and paint finish

ROOF LEVEL UFFL 112 600

THIRD FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 109 000

HWB

SECOND FLOOR LEVEL

124

500mm high steel balustrade (acc to SANS 10400)

AUTOCLAVED AERATED HEBEL CONCRETE panels

500mm high steel balustrade (acc to SANS 10400)

109 000

Fire Wall W3

D7 SECOND FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 106 000

500mm high steel balustrade (acc to SANS 10400)

Fire Wall W3

500mm high steel balustrade (acc to SANS 10400) 500mm high steel balustrade (acc to SANS 10400) W3

FIRST FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 103 000

500mm high steel balustrade (acc to SANS 10400)

Fire Wall D7

Fire Door GROUND FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 100 000 NGL NGL

North Elevation Scale 1:100

54 53

E A

Plaster and paint finish

50mm dia. vent pipe

600

50mm dia. vent pipe Plaster and paint finish

50mm dia. vent pipe

SHR

HWB

Reinforced concrete column

Reinforced concrete column HWB

Reinforced concrete column

110mm dia. Single stack with 2-way vent

SECOND FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 106 000

600mm high reinforced concrete upstand beam

SHR

HWB

110mm dia. Single stack with 2-way vent

SHR

HWB

110mm dia. Single stack with 2-way vent

SHR

HWB

Reinforced concrete column

SHR

Reinforced concrete column

Plaster and paint finish W2

HWB

ROOF LEVEL UFFL 112 600 Hebel external skim plaster finish

THIRD FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 109 000

1105mm Reinforced concrete upstand

D2 W2

EVERITE NUTEC fascia board

ROOF LEVEL UFFL 112 600

W2 HWB

ROOF LEVEL UFFL 112 600

THIRD FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 109 000

HWB

SECOND FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 106 000

500mm high steel balustrade (acc to SANS 10400)

Department of Architecture W2

FIRST FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 103 000

HWB

SHR

HWB

Reinforced concrete column

SHR

HWB

500mm high steel balustrade (acc to SANS 10400) W1

SHR

HWB

500mm high steel balustrade (acc to SANS 10400)

D2 W3

GROUND FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 100 000

HWB

SHR

HWB

SHR

HWB

NGL

SHR

FIRST FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 103 000

HWB

CONTRACT DOCUMENTAT

W3 Name:

1100mm high steel balustrade (acc to SANS 10400)

GROUND FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 100 000

GROUND FLOOR LEVEL UFFL 100 000 NGL

110mm dia.uPVC soil pipe to municipal sewer connection to fall 1:40 as per SANS 10400 Part P

M.Arch. Architectural Technology

NGL

LESEGO KGOPA

Student Number:

215544532 Project Description:

Forced Environments: De for Positive Community Experiences in Affordable Housing in Tshwane, Sou

110mm dia.uPVC soil pipe to municipal sewer connection to fall 1:40 as per SANS 10400 Part P

Drawing Number & Description:

South Elevation

West Elevation

Scale 1:100

Elevations Date OUT:

08/09/2021 Scale:

1:100

125

Date IN:

27/09/2021

CONCLUSION

08.0 CONCLUSION The main question for this research dissertation was: "How can a physical and psychological need be interpreted architecturally in residential developments within Tshwane?" The intervention, in response to this question, considers what makes a home healthy and sustainable, and incorporates elements that have been previously implemented successfully in housing environments. The resolution allows for the creation of a narrative that redefines public housing, not only through the provision of housing as a home, but through integration, urban placemaking and access. The built form of the housing developments incorporates housing principles within the context of South Africa, and the needs of Tshwane, while allowing for psychological needs to be addressed beyond merely the physical aspect. The housing developments are equipped with creating an environment that surpasses housing norms. The designed precinct creates a connection between the demarcated private and public amenities which subsequently contribute to the sustainable and continuous use of the spaces. The public access to these spaces allows the precinct to facilitate community cohesion, as it serves multiple needs especially of the immediate housing community, so as not to operate in a vacuum. The collective efforts of the design resolution thus provide a healthier living environment which fulfils physical and psychological needs within this ideal environment. Although housing is a topic which has been explored endlessly, the conversation is never really settled as there are always some things to improve on relating to the comfort and security of people. This dissertation contains one of many solutions researched, and brings forward another perspective to the solutions in the housing plight.

127

APPENDIX A and B

09.1 APPENDIX A - FINAL EXHIBITION

Figure 132 Final Exam Exhibition A-type Housing Model (Author, 2022)

Figure 133 Final Exam Exhibition B-type Housing Model (Author, 2022)

Appendix A consists of the final exhibition photographs and the presentation speech which brought about clarification and enlightening to the panel and to the author. The models displayed are of the two housing types explored by the author, as well as a comprehensive model of the design resolution. The site model graphically indicates the interventions as well as how greenery plays an important role within the development. Figure 134 Final Exam Exhibition Site Model (Author, 2022)

129

Figure 135 Final Exam Exhibition (Author, 2022)

130

Figure 136 Final Exam Exhibition (Author, 2022)

131

The project was inspired by how in March of 2020, South Africa was placed on a level 5 lockdown which required almost everyone to stay and work from home. During that time, I had the privilege of being able to completely immerse myself into my academic work while my family worked around me and ensured that I was okay and ate regularly. I felt a lot of gratitude to my family and thought about how blessed I am to have them, and then I came to thinking about how other people are not as lucky as I am and wondered about what their time of lockdown at home is like. Acknowledging and understanding that some people were dissatisfied with their home environments, and them not being conducive for their wellbeing activated my thinking of what more a home environment and the experience thereof should be beyond housing as a shelter.

132

Understanding that middle to lower-income households are more likely to experience dissatisfactory environments pushed this project to understanding housing in all its derivations, in hopes of challenging housing norms and what has been accepted as housing standards to better improve the lives of people. The final presentation brought clarification and enlightening to the panel and to the author where the panel of examiners observed the presentation and had commentary for the author which was well received. The different perspectives and suggestions of the several panel members was appreciated as it brought about important discussions on the topic of housing.

Figure 137 Final Exam Exhibition Presentation (Author, 2022)

133

09.2 APPENDIX B - EXHIBITION SPEECH The author prepared the following speech after greetings and an introduction to the examination panel: "This research project is titled 'The Forced Environment', which is a design focused on an urban living space as a catalyst for psychological and physical wellness. This came from thinking about how in 2020, South Africa was placed on a level 5 lockdown and how everyone was 'forced' to stay within their home environments, which, to some people, these home environments had dire negative effects to their psychological and physical wellbeing. The objective is to find the evidence supporting the link between a deterioration of psychological and physical wellbeing, and environmental factors mostly related to housing, and to develop and implement sustainable middle-ground housing to alleviate adversity within our living environments. Contributions include immediate factors such as lack of access to basic municipal services and healthy environments. Remote factors include a lack of access to decent amenities, medical facilities and employment opportunities as housing developments are placed far from the economic hub. Historical factors include past laws that have transformed housing into what it is today, from the inception of the RDP in 1994, to social housing initiatives in 1995. Retention and community sustenance looks at things that exist in housing developments that assist in community building such as a sense of community, economic empowerment and a sense of privacy, personal space and autonomy. Socialisation is also a factor in the formation of a functioning society by the agents of socialisation such as school, family, peer groups, ethnic and cultural background etc.

Figure 138 Final Exam Exhibition Presentation (Author, 2022)

134

Tshwane’s executive mayor, Randall Williams, announced in 2021 that several migrations to the economic hub are mostly from residential settlements such as Soshanguve, Mabopane and GaRankuwa. Assimilation to the site as a housing environment is achieved through placemaking, in which green and public spaces are emphasised so that the transition to site does not feel like displacement.

The social housing initiatives include Marabastad Townlands Social Housing Project, which is said to be the “biggest housing initiative in Gauteng”, and Thembelihle Village with blocks of different sizes and forms. These initiatives are both mixed-income and mixed-use and have the added advantage of proximity to one of Pretoria’s busiest transportation hubs. These will make for an extensive housing community for the research development.

The site is located on the edge of Pretoria CBD but is within an appropriate walking distance to several amenities including educational and commercial nodes, retail, commute, and one of the major transportation hubs, Belle Ombre. The site is also located near two low-cost housing initiatives and two social housing initiatives. The low-cost housing initiatives are residential buildings which are more than 20 storeys high including Kruger Park which was deemed unsafe for human occupation and has now become abandoned and vandalised and Schubert Park which suffered a violent protest turned eviction and now mostly abandoned.

The site has vegetation forming a border around it and boulders all over; it is connected to multi-lane traffic routes on its Northern and Eastern sides and has a pedestrian walkway which is relatively adequate for the pedestrian traffic the site currently generates.

Figure 139 Final Exam Exhibition Process Presentation (Author, 2022)

135

The project aims include creating healthy spaces to become fundamental catalysts for societal and environmental contributions such as sustainability, healing and regeneration, with the assistance of these initiatives including the previously mentioned Thembelihle Village in its capacity to integrate mixed-uses and greenery as a prioritisation of the development.

Monterrey Housing as a method of incremental housing according to affordability, and Jewel City precinct in Maboneng in its capacity to integrate residential, retail and commercial amenities and emphasizing the importance of a pedestrian-friendly environment. The balance of texture, colour, material, and the urban furniture installations throughout enhance the streetscape and blend the precinct to the rest of Maboneng and also allow for access to the public. Considerations to the development are density, as medium to high density is said to encourage good urban quality, integration, sustainability and affordable housing opportunities, sensory design in haptic features such as texture and material, visual appeal, outdoor social and gathering spaces to evoke a sense of spatial stimuli and to promote social and interactive spaces. Potential clients are those classified as South Africa’s “missing middle” who fall under the “gap market” as they are said to earn too much to qualify for RDPs or government assistance, and are too poor to afford private rental housing and assistance from the banks. The conceptual thinking towards a resolution incorporates a combination of the main concept of comfort and wellbeing and their derivative concepts thereof. On an urban scale, it is translated to comfort as proximity and access to services and green spaces. On building scale, it is comfort as community, public space, material and thermal comfort. On person scale, comfort is psychological and can therefore not be measured. It is also looked at as design for disassembly, which is the design of buildings to facilitate future changes and dismantlement for the recyclability and sustainability of the

building. Urban scale explores ways in which inclusivity can be used as a tool for integration and community cohesion. Building scale explores the relationships between the buildings within the development as well as the development within its infrastructural context. The retail development is looked at as a connection between site and the public. Different housing types are explored for diversity and feasibility; A-type housing is 4-storey walkup rental units with medium density occupation. The unit options are 2-bedroom and studio units. B-type housing is incremental housing units of 2-storey single family units with unit options of 1-bedroom to be incremented to 2 or 3-bedroom, 2-bedroom to be incremented to 3-bedroom, and 3-bedroom which cannot be further incremented. The incremental space remains a private balcony space for the unit until such a time the tenants become financially able to do add on. Both these housing types connect to and share a common wall with another unit through a material called AAC, or Aerated Autoclaved Concrete, which is said to be more resilient and have better thermal and acoustic properties to brick. As previously mentioned, person scale looks at the positive psychological impact that the intervention contributes to, which is inspired by the works of MIXDesign initiatives in their understanding of neurodiversity in architecture. The concept is then translated into an intervention which serves as an alternative to typical housing design for affordable housing developments. The locality plan shows the development within its context, where the partially comprehensive ground floor plan shows the relation of the units and the retail development to each other. The retail space can accommodate up to 4 stores and 1 convenience store.

136

The housing developments are placed strategically so as not to define a portion of site by unit type and to break monotony by ensuring a difference in unit-height placement. The A-type units are two-block units which are offset from each other to break monotony and plants are encouraged to thrive around the walkways to break the rigidity of the infrastructure. The two-bedroom units are on the edges of each block, whereas the single or studio units are in the center. The retail area of the development is accessible on the busiest street edge to the public outside of the confines of the development and can be accessed by the tenants through a tenant gate to retain privacy within intimate spaces. The development includes a multi-purpose community hall which can be used as a study hall as well as a small-scale hosting hall for functions, parties and conferences within the development. Functional greenery is prioritised as play areas and outdoor seating areas become social and relaxing spaces, and texture is explored in the provision of hardscaping spaces. This housing environment achieves its intended purpose of physical and psychological wellness through; the internal layout of space, the building material used through texture and properties, the planted green spaces which are provided around the whole development, and the placement of the different unit types to cohesively connect the units assuming hierarchy of one or the other. Thank you."

137

Figure 140 Final Exhibition Viewing (Author, 2022)

FIGURES & REFERENCES

10.1 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: Forced environment: shack as a home illustration FIGURE 2: Forced environment: inside shack illustration FIGURE 3: Housing laws throughout history FIGURE 4: The NE 51/9 House Type Atteridgeville, Tshwane FIGURE 5: The NE 51/6 and NE 51/9 House Typology as a physical manifestation of certain legislation FIGURE 6: Floor plan of RDP house FIGURE 7: Image of depressing RDP area in Braamfischerville FIGURE 8: Inhabitants try to create privacy within the housing units FIGURE 9: RDP-Soshanguve Crossing FIGURE 10: Depiction of Alexandra, Johannesburg FIGURE 11: Thembelihle Village FIGURE 12: Thembelihle Village in Pretoria FIGURE 13: Psychological strain illustration FIGURE 14: Immediate contributing factors triggering mental disorders FIGURE 15: Housing march poster FIGURE 16: Sharjah City for Humanitarian Service, UAE, Dar Al Omran, Mima and Magda Mostafa FIGURE 17: Housing environment FIGURE 18: Green Apartheid FIGURE 19-21: Informal home environment illustration FIGURE 22: Intimidating home environment illustration FIGURE 23: Depiction of mentally overwhelmed woman FIGURE 24: Embroidery as apartheid trauma therapy FIGURE 25: Project location mapping

139

FIGURE 26: Tshwane mapping FIGURE 27.1: Tshwane mapping showing site FIGURE 27.2: Tshwane mapping showing site (zoomed) FIGURE 28: Site context FIGURE 29: Key sketches FIGURE 30: Marabastad Townlands FIGURE 31: Marabastad Townlands with city background FIGURE 32: Marabastad Townlands with city background FIGURE 33: Thembelihle walk area FIGURE 34: Thembelihle play area FIGURE 35: Thembelihle with city background FIGURE 36: Thembelihle Village FIGURE 37: Areyeng bus service FIGURE 38: Confidence College Kidicol & Primary FIGURE 39-40: Quick Fuel Petrol Station FIGURE 41.1, 41.2 & 41.3: Kruger Park site images FIGURE 42.1 & 42.2: Schubert Park site images FIGURE 43.1, 43.2 & 43.3: Site images FIGURE 44.1 & 44.2: Planar and aerial sketches of site FIGURE 45: Sketches of trees around site FIGURE 46: Sketches of rocks and boulders on site FIGURE 47: Street edge section FIGURE 48: Thembelihle Village Street view FIGURE 49: Thembelihle Village Street view FIGURE 50.1 & 50.2: Thembelihle Village FIGURE 51.1 - 51.5: Quinta Monroy Housing

FIGURE 52: Jewel City passenger walkway FIGURE 53: Jewel City Onyx FIGURE 54.1 & 54.2: Jewel City Precinct FIGURE 55.1 - 55.4: Jewel City Precinct images FIGURE 56: Onyx FIGURE 57: Jewel City urban furniture FIGURE 58: Jewel City commercial block FIGURE 59: Abstract depiction of healthy environment FIGURE 60.1 & 60.2: K206 housing development in Johannesburg FIGURE 61.1 & 61.2: Density FIGURE 62.1 & 62.2: Thembelihle Village unit types FIGURE 63: Elangeni social housing project unit type FIGURE 64: ‘Unhealthy’ environment FIGURE 65: ‘Overlooking’ FIGURE 66: Sensory Elements FIGURE 67: Haptic senses in brick and autoclaved aerated concrete FIGURE 68.1, 68.2 & 68.3: Abstract depiction of disentanglement and regeneration FIGURE 69.1: Housing Types: Informal shacks FIGURE 69.2: Housing Types: RDP FIGURE 69.3: Housing Types: Soviet-style multi-storey FIGURE 70.1 & 70.2: Access and proximity FIGURE 71.1 & 71.2: Site plan & perspective conceptualisation FIGURE 72: Conceptual user influx aim FIGURE 73: Play area

FIGURE 74: Public space FIGURE 75.1, 75.2 & 75.3: Elevation and block considerations FIGURE 76: Site planning FIGURE 77: Multi-storey unit prototype FIGURE 78: A-type housing model exploration FIGURE 79: Studio unit prototype FIGURE 80.1, 80.2 & 80.3: Incremental housing exploration FIGURE 81.1, 81.2 & 81.3: B-type housing form exploration FIGURE 82: B-type housing elevation exploration FIGURE 83: B-type housing floor plan exploration FIGURE 84.1, 84.2 & 84.3: B-type housing perspectives FIGURE 85: Person scale interventions FIGURE 86.1, 86.2 & 86.3: Depiction of comfort & well-being through connection FIGURE 87: Resolved urban context FIGURE 88: Resolved site plan FIGURE 89: Overall perspective FIGURE 90.1: Ground floor plan FIGURE 90.2: Ground floor plan key FIGURE 91: B-type housing ground floor plan FIGURE 92: B-type housing first floor plan FIGURE 93: B-type housing unit FIGURE 94.1 & 94.2: B-type housing sections FIGURE 95.1 & 95.2: B-type housing elevations

140

FIGURE 96: B-type housing perspective FIGURE 97: A-type housing ground floor plan FIGURE 98: A-type housing first floor plan FIGURE 99.1 & 99.2: A-type housing sections FIGURE 100.1 & 100.2: A-type housing elevations FIGURE 101: Internal perspective FIGURE 102: Play area floor plan FIGURE 103: Play area perspective FIGURE 104: Public and retail area FIGURE 105: Public area approach FIGURE 106: Retail area FIGURE 107: Restaurant perspective FIGURE 108: Green space garden perspective FIGURE 109.1 & 109.2: Retail area FIGURE 110: Detailed sections FIGURE 111: Axonometric Detail A FIGURE 112: Axonometric Detail B FIGURE 113: Details FIGURE 114: Technical development theme and system FIGURE 115: AAC wall panel prototype FIGURE 116: Specification Theme FIGURE 117: Composite masonry wall composition FIGURE 118: Composite masonry wall details FIGURE 119: Composite masonry wall model detail and section FIGURE 120: Composite masonry wall system specification FIGURE 121: Composite masonry wall model resolution FIGURE 122: 3D View

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FIGURE 123: Locality Plan FIGURE 124: Site Plan FIGURE 125: Ground Floor Plan FIGURE 126: Typical Floor Plan - First Floor FIGURE 127: Roof Plan FIGURE 128: Section A & Section B FIGURE 129: Details FIGURE 130: Perimeter Details FIGURE 131: Elevations FIGURE 132: Final Exam Exhibition A-type housing Model FIGURE 133: Final Exam Exhibition B-type Housing Model FIGURE 134: Final Exam Exhibition Site Model FIGURE 135: Final Exam Exhibition FIGURE 136: Final Exam Exhibition FIGURE 137: Final Exam Exhibition Presentation FIGURE 138: Final Exam Exhibition Presentation FIGURE 139: Final Exam Exhibition Process Presentation FIGURE 140: Final Exhibition Viewing

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