Students of Hope: MArch 2021 by jacques_23

Students of

HOPE

MArch 2021

Master of Architecture mini-dissertations

Department of Architecture + Industrial Design Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Tshwane University of Technology

Table of Contents

Page

HOD

Introduction Prof Jacques Laubscher

Locations 10 Gauteng Gauteng Pretoria Central 12 Atteridgeville 14 Mayville 16 Pienaarspoort 18 Ekandustria 20 Alexandra 22 Newtown 24 Kempton Park 26 North West West Hartbeespoort 28 Brits 30 Mpumalanga 32 Limpopo 34 Northern Cape

Abstracts 38 Modipi 40 Kinnear 42 Mistry 44 Thomas 46 Grobler 48 Eckard 50 Struthers 52 Steinberg 54 Burger 56 Botha 58 Mahlangu 60 Lucas 62 Myburgh

Milestones

64 Duarte 66 Swart 68 Peinke 70 Du Plessis 72 Noi 74 Stoop 76 Van den Berg 78 Kgopa 80 Posthumus 82 Smuts 84 Pienaar 86 Ilunga

Modules, Deadlines & Year Programme

INTRODUCTION Prof Jacques Laubscher HoD and MArch final year coordinator

Unchartered territories

Design thinking

Socrates attempted to answer the complex question of “what is the best way to live?”. live?” The Covid-19 pandemic forced humankind to address this Socratic question in one way or another. Although any effort to formulate a response remains nuanced and continuously evolving, Jones et al. (1980: 99) argues Socrates “saw the answer in clearing the mind of misconceptions and from there building up a true picture, through reason…”

Education in the disciplines of Architecture and Industrial Design is a delicate ecology. ecology The vocational training of future architects and industrial designers oscillates between being precise and comprehensive. comprehensive Design thinking remained central to students’ teaching and learning at the TUT School of Architecture and Industrial Design. Our students can prepare a grounded design proposal, develop this design, model the design product to determine its future impact on the earth’s limited resources and ultimately make the design.

The pandemic challenged design scholarship and entrenched ideas for the past two years. It happened overnight in 2020, requiring the delivery of emergency remote teaching. teaching The Socratic luxury of clearing misconceptions before using reason to construct a new tomorrow was impossible.

The identity of the School of Architecture and Industrial Design and its educational approach are summarised in the following equation:

Covid-19 challenged the Beaux-Arts approach and notion that the two main components of architectural scholarship are the design studio (as the backbone) and the classroom (fulfilling a supporting role). More flexible models replaced conventual face-to-face teaching, and learning methods were replaced with. Although these hybrid approaches are still being refined, our experiences indicate architectural and industrial design education have changed permanently to suit the needs of the 21st Century practice.

TU T

(Arc h+I D)

= d2 + m2

d2 = design + develop m2 = model + make

It was paramount that students find their “own voices” during the design process while developing an inherent ability to perform optimally in challenging environments. environments

Design laboratory

Milestones

The Department functions as a laboratory representing reality. It is a safe place, allowing both exploration and reality failure. The design teaching and learning approach failure enable investigating real-world problems in real-time while developing the students’ professional competence. competence

It is essential to demystify the complexities of the design process must be demystified. In the final MArch year, design is approached as an iterative exercise, exercise using different milestones to guide the student along the route of discovery discovery.

The TUT School of Architecture and Industrial Design is situated in Pretoria West on the city’s edge at the intersection of a major highway and train tracks, tracks a decaying industrial area, area graveyards and suburban houses. houses The immediate context serves as the urban laboratory to test design ideas and conceptual thinking.

The milestones, as listed below, were aligned with the 2021 academic calendar, charting the route to completion. • Preparation • Concept + Parti • Proposal • Developed Design

MArch degree structure

• Design + Technical

The professional Master of Architecture programme at TUT’s Department of Architecture and Industrial design runs over a minimum of two years (and a maximum of four). The first year consists of structured coursework comprising nine subjects. The second-year consists of three subjects and a Research Report.

• Technical Design Resolution

• Design + Techné + Detail • Resolved design • Final presentation The newly introduced structure assisted the students in self-directed learning. learning It also proved valuable during the continued and unpredicted disruptions of Covid-19. Monthly reviews assisted in breaking the mini-dissertation up into smaller manageable chunks - this formed part of democratising the teaching and learning process.

The Research Report is the main subject of the MArch degree. Colloquially known as the “thesis”, the Research Report takes the form of a mini-dissertation on a selected design-research topic. topic The report demonstrates the knowledge acquired by the candidate after actively participating and mastering the research process. The completed product should show a certain level of critical and analytical thinking. thinking

Supervisors

Main themes

2021 was the first year that all staff members in the Department acted as either main- or co-supervisors for the MArch or MArchTech qualifications. The assignment of supervisors depended on the research interest and speciality of the supervisors. The use of architects and industrial designers to supervise the MArch or MArchTech qualifications promotes the interdisciplinary design approach of the School.

The thematic programme and associated responses address real-world challenges, ranging from large to small scale. Collectively, the design projects represent spatial explorations focusing primarily on social and environmental challenges in contested contexts. Outliers are located in rural environments.

During the year, the supervisors and co-supervisors played a critical role in developing the students and their projects. The supervisors guided the students by asking questions, exploring design possibilities and suggesting alternative design solutions when required.

The 2020-21 students of hope The traditional post-rationalist approach defines a zeitgeist upon its death and after that in reflection. The MArch students who completed their studies during 2020-21 (at the start and then the height of the Covid-19 pandemic) proved we are entering an era of hope, optimism and growth. growth

This approach cultivated independent thought and action with students applying principles and universal concepts. Regular verbal and written feedback (provided during mask-to-mask and online sessions) assisted the students along their learning journey. journey

Hope is defined as the perceived capability to derive pathways to desired goals and motivate oneself via agency thinking to use those pathways (Snyder, 2002: 249).

Whilst navigating various Covid-19 challenges, the main and co-supervisors invested additional time and energy to support the development of the students. Their commitment to student success is commendable.

Despite the inability of anyone to foresee the pandemic’s future, the 2020-21 MArch class displayed resilience in their response to trying circumstances. The 2020-21 MArch class took a long-term view, view staying focused on their studies during the two grim academic years. In 2021, the final year MArch students overcame the challenging situation by continuously cultivating hope.

References: Jones PV Sidwell KC Corrie FE, 1980. The intellectual revolution. New York: Cambridge University Press. Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope Theory: Rainbows in the Mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4), 249–275. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1448867 7

Locations 9

03 04 07

05 06

08 09

MAP ONE Gauteng, Pretoria Central

10 10

01 Michelle STRUTHERS

06 Luthando Keith THOMAS

Pretoria CBD

02 Kirti Kanak MISTRY

07 Peter KINNEAR

Marabastad

Pretoria CBD

Post-pandemic Architecture: Reshaping the TUT Kollegehof student residence in Pretoria

Cognitive reintegration: A narrated African social mental health exploration through design

The fence: An extension to the Pretoria Art Museum (PAM) contributing to a public place- and space-making

Reclaiming Indi-Afrikans’ Culture: The Design of an integrative spiritual precinct in Marabastad, Tshwane

03 Lesego KGOPA

08 Kyle POSTHUMUS

Pretoria CBD

Forced Environments: Designing for positive community experiences in affordable housing in Tshwane, South Africa

Echoing the identity: The design of a community crafts centre to regenerate a derelict urban space in the Pretoria CBD

04 Nicholas DUARTE

09 Dean SMUTS

Pretoria CBD

Hylozoic Dynamism as Contingency in Architecture: The design of an interactive art classroom in the Capitol Theatre

Se(cure)ing Boys to Men: The design of a contemporary rites of passage tailoring facility for at-risk boys in the Pretoria CBD

05 Anneke STOOP

10 Nathan Kabinga ILUNGA

Pretoria CBD

The Liminal Hub: An interactive centre for space science in Pretoria

The design of a democratised media centre in Pretoria

MAP TWO Gauteng, Atteridgeville 12

11 Roald VAN DEN BERG Atteridgeville, Pretoria

Edible Housing: Feeding the future of South Africa, a case study in Pretoria

MAP THREE Gauteng, Mayville 14

12 Christiaan ECKARD Mayville, Pretoria

Accommodating the Silver Tsunami: The design of an intergenerational retirement community in Mayville, Pretoria

MAP FOUR Gauteng, Pienaarspoort 16

13 Dian LUCAS Pienaarspoort

Framework of opportunity: The design of a community fabric to rejuvenate a human settlement in Pienaarspoort, Gauteng

MAP FIVE Gauteng, Ekandustria 18

14 Lucia MODIPI Ekandustria

Dialectics of forgotten infrastructure: The redevelopment of the Ekandustria Industrial Park

16 15

MAP SIX Gauteng, Alexandra 20

15 Morné PIENAAR Alexandra, Johannesburg

The design of a hydrophilic potable water treatment water treatment plant with a multi-functional landscape in Stjwetla, Alexandra, City of Johannesburg

16 Riandrie Petro BOTHA Alexandra, Johannesburg

Resilient-fluidity in informal settlements: Prototypical social housing and urban model for mitigating flood vulnerability in Alexandra

MAP SEVEN Gauteng, Newtown 22

17 Kyle PEINKE Newtown, Johannesburg

The design of a music museum using South African music as a basis for architectural identity in Newtown, Johannesburg

MAP EIGHT Gauteng, Kempton Park 24

18 Bernard Jacobus SWART Kelvin Power Station, Johannesburg

Transition to bio-energy facility at Kelvin Power Station, Johannesburg, South Africa

MAP NINE North West, Hartbeespoort 26

19 LaRouchelle STEINBERG Hartbeespoordam

The design of an ecological restoration water hyacinth processing facility at Hartbeespoort dam

MAP TEN North West, Brits 28

20 Kgalaletso Fortune MAHLANGU Oukasie Township, Brits

Bridging Opportunities Through The design of a Community Cultural Centre in Oukasie Township

MAP ELEVEN Mpumalanga 30

21 Stephanie MYBURGH Kruger National Park

Symbiosis: An adaptive disaster response centre for the biodiversity of the Kruger National Park

22 Soleil GROBLER Kruger National Park

Architecture for avians: A sustainable rehabilitation and conservation centre

MAP TWELVE Limpopo 32

23 Derek Nii NOI Beitbridge, Limpopo

Bridging of African Borders: The design of a transit hub at Beitbridge

24 JP DU PLESSIS Limpopo

A regenerative agricultural core as an alternative to land reform in Limpopo, South Africa

MAP THIRTEEN Northern Cape, Sutherland 34

25 Zehann Nell BURGER Sutherland

Preparation: A training facility for astronauts from the national and private sector space agencies located in Sutherland, South Africa

Abstracts 37

Lucia MODIPI

Dialectics of forgotten infrastructure:

The redevelopment of the Ekandustria Industrial Park

Supervisor Co-supervisor

Dr MEN Nkambule, Nkambule PhD (Arch) Mr TE Ramatlo, Ramatlo MTechArch (Prof) 38

Abstract This dissertation in architectural design investigates the dialectics of form and function in the neglected industrial parks in Tshwane, South Africa. The research aims to introduce an architectural intervention to address the current challenges faced on selected sites and communities by considering the potential of deteriorating industrial structures.

The research questions how the existing strategies set by the government be revised to address dilapidated industrial parks such as Ekandustria and how the redeveloped building components could produce energy-efficient structures through the technological advancement of existing materials? The initial ideas question how the proposed design intervention could restore the park to better suit the surrounding communities. For example, instead of improving the park’s failing economic state, the intervention could introduce new skills sets for community members, advanced building systems and newly assigned functions in Ekandustria. Moreover, the redevelopment of Ekandustria would open better opportunities for a town known with a low skilled labour force available to equip community members with advanced skill sets. The study concludes with the comprehension of how adaptive reuse methods could be a solution in contributing to the urban regeneration of Ekandustria.

The dissertation explores sustainable solutions that could improve industrial parks by analysing the building typology, primary functions, what leads to the termination of industrial structures and which solutions could provide long term sustainability. Furthermore, the architectural intervention intends to address the potential economic, social, and environmental contributions that, if thoroughly investigated, could lead to sustainable developmental opportunities in the Ekandustria industrial park.

With the acknowledgement of the term dialectics, in the dissertation, the term represents two opposite points of view that contrast to achieve a new point of view that incorporates what is true in the original. By investigating the industrial structures in Ekandustria as a focal point, the research explores the dialectics of form and function in dilapidated industrial structures. An artistic and aesthetic dimension of architecture can introduce a better-informed design intervention that ignites communal regeneration through collaborative knowledge.

Keywords Adaptive reuse, Dialectics, Function, Form, Industrial Park, Communal regeneration, Sustainable 39

Peter KINNEAR

The fence:

An extension to the Pretoria Art Museum (PAM) contributing to a public place- and space-making

Supervisor Co-supervisor 1 Co-supervisor 2

Prof J Laubscher, Laubscher PhD (Arch) Dr CA Duff, PhD (IndDes) Mr TE Ramatlo, Ramatlo MTechArch (Prof) 40

Abstract Boundaries, walls, and fences in the public realm often symbolise defence, division, and exclusion. It draws a distinctive line between here and there. Although invisible to the naked eye, the site boundary distinguishes what is inside from outside. A high wall restricts us from knowing what happens on the other side, while a fence mockingly allows visual permeability while enforcing the physical restriction. The ubiquitous fencing of parks negatively affects society and creates a desolate and, ultimately a less safe environment.

The traditional role of an art museum is to collect objects and promote their products as a continuous process for future reference. However, art museums start social commentary that has the potential for radical, critical thinking about objects and our modes of life. This mini-dissertation investigates theories and research to decode PAM and its surrounding public park. The design proposal simultaneously addresses the changing role of museums in South Africa and public placemaking. The central design premise relies on a socially cohesive, external public space that accommodates diverse users and functions within the larger urban framework. Without it, the reduction of diversity and access to public space threatens civil rights.

In South Africa, we often cite crime as the main reason for restricting access to public spaces. However, prioritising security over accessibility has damaging consequences for public cohesion when it reduces inclusivity. PAM is situated in Arcadia, Pretoria, and occupies an entire city block. In 2019, the city erected a fence around the site to restrict the community’s access to the 30,000m2 grass plain. Restricting access removes its sense of place. At PAM, this fence halts the daily congregation of diverse nationalities who went to the lawn to play soccer, participate in aerobics classes, meet friends, and lie in the sun.

Keywords Barriers, Public space, Place-making, Extension , Threshold Pretoria Art Museum 41

Kirti Kanak MISTRY

Reclaiming Indi-Afrikans’ Culture:

The design of an integrative spiritual precinct in Marabastad, Tshwane

Supervisor Co-supervisor

Prof AOS Osman, Osman PhD (Arch) Mr PA Greyvensteyn, Greyvensteyn MArch 42

Abstract South Afrika, post-colonisation, has been made home for several diasporas. Before this, people chose to migrate to this land and others were compelled by circumstances, the minority of the collective of Indian origin.

Utilising tools such as spirituality and geometrically inclined architectural techniques encourages and provides room for learning and conversation on history and identity. This project intends to investigate how geometry, applied in space and architecture, can facilitate cultural identity reclamation and enrich the lives of many that engage with it. It also seeks to provide a medium through which IndiAfrikans can re-affirm their presence and belong in a new and profound manner.

Despite living here for over 160 years, Indian communities still struggle to establish their presence and sense of belonging in the larger framework of Tshwane. Indians in South Africa played a crucial part in the struggle against apartheid. Unfortunately, much of their history goes unspoken, is forgotten, or is misconstrued. They were stripped of their practices and voices during this act of colonisation and its impositions. However, their resilience is evident through various celebrated festivities, such as Diwali, which continues today. Revealing the intricacies of culture through architecture can greatly impact communities. After that, architecture becomes the conduit for healing and ushering amalgamated cultural immersions.

Keywords Affirming belonging, collective-culture, healing, identity, Indi-Afrikan, reclamation, spirituality, South Afrikan 43

Luthando THOMAS

Cognitive reintegration:

A narrated African social mental health exploration through design

Supervisor Co-supervisor

Dr MEN Nkambule, Nkambule PhD (Arch) Ms S Patel, Patel MUrbDes 44

Abstract What is an African? I am. We are. This is.

However, with the degradation of South Africa’s social health condition, there is a need for new techniques for social health treatment found in indigenous knowledge systems. The author’s indigenous knowledge systems studied in this research are those experienced first-hand. The author has analysed these experiences to extract their impact on his views and how they served his social healing needs.

The flexibility, reliability, opportunity in African social practices, and the spaces and built forms they take place offer opportunities worth exploring. To many, traditional African practices are thought of as performed in the open natural landscapes. This is true for a small amount. However, most traditions and practices, events, meetings, and celebrations, still need to fulfil the basic needs of any form of congregation space. Man must walk, sit, stand, talk, listen, eat, cook, sleep, and perform. According to the tradition, these fundamental human activities and their arrangement require a built fabric that serves them, whether enclosed or open. Unfortunately, there is a lack of facilities, in post-apartheid cities, designed for African traditions, primarily due to colonization, the lack of resources available to the African people and modernisation.

The study aims to take what cannot be translated into words and give it permanence through architecture; to explore ‘Africanacity’ (traces of the African spirit), and to give it existence by claiming urban space; to record the new ways in which the Bantu people live so they can find identity, meaning, and belonging in a post-apartheid city by creating spaces that they can be themselves.

South Africa has a wealth of untapped knowledge belonging to the indigenous people. The experiences and traditions contain the indigenous communities’ practices, rituals, and beliefs of social health management techniques. Social health (the quality of the network of interpersonal relationships between either two persons or a person and their community) and psychology are an area of knowledge explored in depth by Western civilisation.

Keywords Culture, Social Health, Healing, Indigenous, Community, Segregation, African 45

Soleil GROBLER

Architecture for avians:

A sustainable rehabilitation and conservation centre

Supervisor Co-supervisor

Prof J Laubscher, Laubscher PhD (Arch) Mr K Brand, Brand MTech (IndDes) 46

Abstract South African wildlife is drastically decreasing because of the negative influence of human beings, be it physical or environmental factors. This proposal aims to design an environmentally aware and eco-friendly place of recovery for avian wildlife, to heal from injuries and trauma— ultimately allowing for the reintroduction of these animals into the wild. The conservation of avian species is of the utmost importance for protecting the ecosystem on which humankind depends. As part of the research, the design incorporates healthy and eco-friendly building methods, concentrating on biofabricated building materials. This research includes the design of a sustainable building envelope, incorporating passive design techniques, a biophilic design approach conclusively merging architecture and nature in tranquillity. The design of a sustainable avian rehabilitation facility in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, is the outcome of this mini-dissertation. The proposed design aims to contribute to the conservation and rehabilitation of the environment.

Keywords Avian rehabilitation, bio-fabricated, biophilic design, conservation, eco-friendly, passive design, sustainable, wildlife. 47

Christiaan ECKARD

Accommodating the Silver Tsunami:

The design of an intergenerational retirement community in Mayville, Pretoria

Supervisor Co-supervisor

Dr MJ Stander, Stander PhD (Arch) Ms M Bolt, Bolt BArch 48

Abstract Medical technology is rapidly advancing and optimising health, drastically increasing life expectancy. Due to the increase in the current population’s life expectancy, the elderly live in retirement longer than ever before. In modern consumerist society, the pace of life is increasing.

These needs will be met by investigating the appropriate design requirements to house the elderly properly and include non-familial social groups of various generations throughout the building to create a sense of community. This research aims to better integrate the elderly into society by investigating how new-age retirement homes could be seen as the elderly’s new ‘forever home’ by creating a sense of community, rather than the current institutionalised facilities that feel like hospitals for the elderly.

The focus of life is evolving towards wealth acquisition and materialism instead of the family-centric lifestyles of the past generations. This shift in priorities has led to the elderly being partially abandoned at retirement homes and discarded by their relatives. The neglected elderly person decays into depressed husks of their former selves, feeling an inflated sense of worthlessness and rejection. Most elderly are afraid to break their ties with their previous ‘forever-homes’ and prefer familiar spaces where they put down their life’s roots. The elderly can hinder themselves from getting the proper care they need in old age because they stay in their previous homes. As part of this research, the proposed inter-generational retirement community will focus on housing the rapidly ageing population of South Africa by providing them with the proper care they need regarding their physical and mental health.

Keywords Architecture of ageing, community, intergenerational social spaces, retirement 49

elderly,

Michelle STRUTHERS

Post-pandemic Architecture:

Reshaping the TUT Kollegehof student residence in Pretoria

Supervisor

Prof J Laubscher, Laubscher PhD (Arch) 50

Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic and its effects on humankind are far-reaching. Covid-19 research initiatives focus on the medical and associated fields to address the immediate crisis. However, there is a shortage of knowledge on how the built environment field responds to Covid-19. Architects should question the future of buildings and cities in a post-pandemic era.

Design principles regarding how to re-use a vacant university residence to adapt to the ‘new normal’ are tested throughout this research project. Reshaping the existing built infrastructure to respond to a pandemic is a universal challenge for architecture. Architecture should not follow but lead as humankind adapts to the postCovid-19 era.

This mini-dissertation reviews the available built environment research in the post-pandemic era, focusing on university campus design. The literature study serves as background information, while the study itself focuses on the design and role of university residences. Many theories and possible solutions are being tested. The theoretical approach looks at healthy buildings. A green system is designed that can be applied to most existing structures to better air quality and thermal health. Proposed pandemic inspired design principles are based on the World Health Organization guidelines and observe the urban environment changes to reshape normal with the ‘new’.

The design exploration investigates how the pandemic impacted university students’ psyche and the resultant sociological ‘shift of quarantine’. The resilient student responded by adapting to emergency remote learning while losing personal interaction usually associated with asking questions. The longevity of this situation and its future societal impact is explored.

Keywords post-pandemic, new normal, resilient, reshape, adapt, design principles 51

La-Rouchelle STEINBERG The design of an ecological restoration water hyacinth processing facility at Hartbeespoort dam

Supervisor Co-supervisor

Dr MJ Stander, Stander PhD (Arch) Mr L Pienaar, Pienaar MTechArch (Prof) 52

Abstract This dissertation will investigate various methods to improve the freshwater and hyacinth crisis in Hartbeespoort Dam. The proposed project is site-specific; therefore, the research will focus on the site’s history and the hyacinth crisis, which is the main inspiration behind the building programme.

Fishing, as a resource for local communities, is being impacted. There has been a dramatic change in the chemical and physical properties of the water in the ecosystem, leading to detrimental effects on plants and animals. In addition, cultivation in the area is threatened, arising from the obstruction of drainage systems and irrigation canals.

The proposed outcome provides necessary information for building a processing facility and production plant that will optimise the production of the water hyacinth products. The building will function as an ecological restoration facility utilising hyacinth to produce fertiliser as a source of income, therefore using hyacinth as an ally in the war against itself.

The hyacinth constitutes a public health and environmental problem by creating a microhabitat that breeds disease. The expected outcome is to produce a building that will remove the hyacinth and create fertiliser while involving the community. The process will help the recovery of ecosystemic problems related to the growth of the hyacinth plant.

The main problem created by the water hyacinth crisis is water loss through evapotranspiration, altering the water balance of the entire region. The hyacinths form a barrier to the water flow, which increases sedimentation, causes flooding and soil erosion and obstructs navigation.

Keywords Hyacinth Crisis, Rehabilitate, Recover, Remove, Reuse, Restore 53

Zehann Nell BURGER

Preparation:

A training facility for astronauts from the national and private sector space agencies located in Sutherland, South Africa

Supervisor Co-supervisor

Prof AOS Osman, Osman PhD (Arch) Mr JH Dubery, Dubery MEd (DesCog) 54

Abstract Space as the final frontier is a popularized slogan made famous by the science fiction television and film enterprise ‘Star Trek’. The possibility and feasibility of manned space travel to planets beyond our Moon and colonization of Mars are quickly becoming a reality. The interest in the development of a mission to Mars is so great. It is comparable to the space-race fever that was last seen during the United States’ Apollo missions to the Moon in the 1960s. Although the United States ultimately dominated the race to the Moon, the argument can be made that to realize the ambitious race to Mars, skills and professionals from around the globe can contribute towards these goals. Special consideration should be made to include countries and scientists from the Global South.

This thesis aims to create a facility capable of replicating terrain and climatic conditions of the Martian terrain for the training of astronauts for manned missions to the Mars planet. To this end, the project relied upon identifying a site in Southern Africa that would be best suited for accommodating these requirements. The proposed site would influence the general planning and thematic conditions that a crew of astronauts would experience. It is argued that the narrative and experience of a long space journey would best be replicated or simulated in an isolated setting. It is further argued that such a facility will promote the South African National Space Agency (SANSA) for consideration and inclusion in future space expeditions. It is hoped that such a technology-intensive space programme could benefit the development of supporting technology industries in South Africa.

At the time of this dissertation, South Africa already boasts seven observatories. Also included in this extensive list is The South African National Space Agency (SANSA). However, the South Africa National Space Agency has limited involvement with space exploration to date. The aforementioned South African institutions are currently exclusively oriented to astronomical documentation. These space documenting infrastructures are the most significant contributing factor in South Africa when consideration is given to space documentation and space events (SAAO, 2019).

Keywords Space exploration, Simulated environment training facility 55

Riandrie BOTHA

Resilient-fluidity in informal settlements:

Prototypical social housing and urban model for mitigating flood vulnerability in Alexandra

Supervisor Co-supervisor

Dr MEN Nkambule, Nkambule PhD (Arch) Mr K Brand, Brand MTech (IndDes) 56

Abstract Climate change and rapid urbanisation are escalating the occurrences and intensity of natural disaster events that cause significant damage to life and livelihoods. These effects are noticeably more severe in informal urban settlements because of their geographical location and social vulnerability from being disconnected from their municipalities; no proper line function exists to resolve the current and arising issues.

The hypothesis is that utilising sustainable and environmentally linked systems will allow low-income individuals to adapt their current dwellings to become resilient. The mitigation strategy consists of architectural interventions that allow dwellings to float as a flood occurs. The proposed interventions will consist of social housing and public amenities and services, like ablutions and communal kitchens, with innovative landscape elements adopted from nature to adapt dwellings at stress in the floodplain. These programs will collaboratively mitigate the physical conditions that often exacerbate the social divide afflicting informal settlements.

The project aims to move people from being vulnerable to a state of resilience. The project will address vulnerability to flooding in an informal settlement. Informal settlements are fluid that allows residents to be flexible and adaptable in their context; these characteristics already contain elements of resilience and could supply us with the needed tools for a resilient-fluidity mitigation strategy. The architectural intervention will mimic and adopt these fluid characteristics to migrate Setswetla, a vulnerable flood settlement in Alexandra, to become flood resilient.

Keywords Informal settlements, flooding, floating typology, social housing, mitigation, resilience, vulnerability, Alexandra. 57

Kgalaletso Fortune MAHLANGU Bridging opportunities through the design of a community cultural centre in Oukasie Township, North West

Supervisor Co-supervisor

Dr MEN Nkambule, Nkambule PhD (Arch) Mr MJV Mokaba, Mokaba MTechArch (Prof) 58

Abstract The dissertation aims to propose a community cultural centre in the township of Oukasie situated in the NorthWest Province. By proposing a collaborative community cultural centre dedicated to the vibrant socio-cultures of the township of Oukasie. The objective is to solve the underlying need for a socio-cultural space that will expose township skills and cultures to allow people from different communities to collaborate.

Research is done on infrastructure provided by the local government that is not designed with placemaking characteristics and not designed with community in mind. Research is also done on the current informal spaces on how stakeholders of dance music events use those spaces over facilities provided by the local authority. The analysis of those spaces shows placemaking characteristics, community involvement during development, and collaboration amongst participants.

During the author’s studies, he participated and was part of vibrant and active socio-cultural programs such as dance music events and other recreational, creative functions that contribute to the creative economy of the township. The socio-cultural functions (dance music) that form part of the community’s cultural identity are stagnant in growth and are not recognized by neighbouring communities and potential growth contributors such as investors,organisations and the Department of Arts and Culture and Social Development.

The research proves how facilities provided by local authorities do not show involvement of the community, do not consider the unique needs of different sociocultural functions/programs of the community. This leads to stakehoders and participants using informal spaces with placemaking characteristics that allow for flexibility of different socio-cultural programs mainly dance music and collaboration amongst participants.

The stagnation is caused by a need for a suitable space for those socio-cultural functions. Current informal spaces that event creators of dance music events use have negative contextual impacts and are not fit to attract potential growth and recognition.

Keywords Collaboration, Opportunities, Socio-Cultural programs, Creative economy, Placemaking 59

Dian LUCAS

Framework of opportunity:

The design of a community fabric to rejuvenate a human settlement in Pienaarspoort, Gauteng

Supervisor

Prof AOS Osman, Osman PhD (Arch) 60

Abstract This dissertation investigates how an alternative framework for human settlements can create opportunity (economic, spatial and recreational) in a human settlement. It will focus on housing and creating a self-sufficient community by rethinking the master plan and introducing interventions such as self-build and cooperative. The alternative framework and accommodation will support the community’s basic needs, commerce, and housing needs.

One feasible method of rebuilding these communities is implementing self-build strategies while using locally produced materials. The dissertation takes a mixed-methods approach to research. It is characterised as a mixture of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies to better understand the research problem by combining the two approaches. The qualitative approach would be predominantly used, referring to gathered information primarily through observation. Its goal is to understand connections found in social life and would be the best approach focusing on communities. The aim is a vibrant self-sufficient community where the occupant is responsible for better living, creating a sustainable environment, economically and spatially, to improve people’s daily lives in human settlements.

Lessons learned from traditional African architecture could enhance informal settlements. Exploring the rich history of traditional houses found in Africa could be the basis to plan and develop new settlement typologies. Social cohesion influences the quality of peoples’ life’s as it promotes more significant growth and productivity, tolerance and improves social support measures. John Turner’s self-help and freedom to build theory will play an essential part in the theoretical analysis of the research and inform the design intervention.

Keywords Housing, Community, Opportunity, Social Cohesion 61

Stephanie MYBURGH

Symbiosis:

An adaptive disaster response centre for the biodiversity of the Kruger National Park

Supervisor Co-supervisor

Dr MEN Nkambule, Nkambule PhD (Arch) Mr K Brand, Brand MTech (IndDes) 62

Abstract There is a direct relationship between humankinds’ ecological footprint and the state of the environment. Currently, the Kruger National Park experiences a rapid increase in the external threats concerning its fauna and flora. These threats include extreme climatic changes, human-related illnesses in animals and illegal poaching. There is an alarming decrease in fauna and flora numbers of the Kruger National Park to the point of near extinction.

We concluded that nothing humanity does without consequence to the environment. On this basis, the concept of symbiosis should be the heart of all designs. Architecture and engineering professions are leaders in sustainable development and can conserve our environment. Due to a series of skills and understanding, they can comprehend the specific need and design accordingly. This challenges the role of architects and engineers’ role by giving them the responsibility to place the well-being of the environment as equal priority as the occupants of the building.

The South African National Park identified several critical fauna and flora conservation concerns in the Kruger National Park. The architectural design proposal responds spatially to the most pertinent of these concerns. The mini-dissertation further explores the symbiosis between humankind and nature as a theoretical premise by rethinking humankind’s role in the wilderness. This will be achieved by using architecture to incorporate new technological advances to assist in conservation strategies of the Kruger National Park.

Therefore, it is strongly recommended that further research include a collaboration between a series of professions to collectively find innovative solutions to the challenge.

To test the hypothesis the existing human - wilderness relationship has been analysed and revealed that no intervention on its own would nullify the damage that has been done to our environment. However, the results indicated potential with a series of smaller interventions and can mean the difference between survival or extinction of certain species. It has further been argued that a new field of study, called anthrotherology, should be looked at, where various disciplines address the environmental issue in their area of knowledge.

Keywords Kruger National Park, Wildlife, Conservation, Intermittent rivers, Technology, Rhino poaching 63

Nicholas DUARTE

Hylozoic Dynamism as Contingency in Architecture:

The design of an interactive art classroom in the Capitol Theatre

Supervisor Co-supervisor

Dr MJ Stander, Stander PhD (Arch) Mr L Pienaar, Pienaar MTechArch (Prof) 64

Abstract Traditional (modernist) architecture with its roots in the modernist tradition acts as a hermetically sealed envelope. It numbs the senses, leading to detachment and losing engagement with the body and environment. Nikos Salingaros, an urban theorist and mathematician, takes the position that architecture within the modernist framework “encourages us to deny our biologicallyevolved senses and embrace an unnatural, inhuman built world.” (N, Salingaros, 2013) Salingaros argues that traditional modernist principles imposed on a cityscape fracture the built environment and the people using it.

Hylozoic; from the word hylozoism, the philosophical doctrine that all matter has life or is alive. Dynamism; the theory that the phenomena of matter are due to the action of forces. The combination of these two ideas/ theories, it is hoped, will result in a living architecture with which the individual can engage and interact. The interior boundaries will no longer be static surfaces that accommodate human interaction but rather living, dynamic elements that respond to human interaction by creating a positive feedback loop between the environment and the user. The architectural notion of Hylozoic Dynamism is in contrast to modernist principles that currently populate the Pretoria CBD.

This mini-dissertation argues for a hylozoic dynamic architecture, which would produce a built environment that engages with the human senses and express a human ideal in built form. Furthermore, this mini-dissertation aims to provide an architectural approach to creating a lifelike architecture, focusing on how the user experiences this architecture through the human body. The theory of hylozoism refers to the notion that all matter possesses life. The application of this theory will guide the design of an interactive art classroom in the Capitol Theatre in Church Square in the Pretoria CBD.

Keywords Dynamism, hylozoism, engagement, interaction, living 65

Bernard Jacobus SWART Transition to bio-energy facility at Kelvin Power Station, Johannesburg, South Africa

Supervisor Co-supervisor

Prof AOS Osman, Osman PhD (Arch) Mr L Pienaar, Pienaar MTechArch (Prof) 66

Abstract South Africa is facing significant problems with its National Public Energy Provider. The increasing number of power outages over South Africa is substantially crippling the economy. Furthermore, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is putting pressure on South Africa to reduce 80% of carbon emissions from coal-fired power stations by 2034.

I envision a reality where the growing energy demand of an ever-increasing population can be met with a renewable energy source that resides in adapted and reused deteriorating buildings. This dissertation suggests a possible solution for some of the demand for energy in the areas neighbouring the power station while introducing a renewable resource that would not contribute to the plethora of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. The proposed site for this dissertation, Kelvin Power Station, Kempton Park, is ideal for constructing a sustainable future with a balance between infrastructure, the environment, the economy and society.

Several initiatives around the world have come together to introduce and set targets for countries’ energy industries to assist them in reaching the goal of producing zero carbon emissions. Governments face the reality that stricter legislation will soon force the coal-fired power stations into extinction. This creates opportunities to develop new solutions and methods to overcome harmful and damaging environmental practices, especially with electricity production. This dissertation investigates how to phase out the old, traditional, and environmentally unfriendly ways of producing coal-fired energy by introducing a renewable, natural, and clean energy source. Secondly, it has the intention to explore a method with which the existing infrastructure of the coal-fired power plant can be re-used and adapted to implement the production of this clean and sustainable energy.

Keywords Sustainability, renewable energy, rehabilitation, research energy facility 67

adaptive

reuse,

Kyle PEINKE The design of a music museum using South African music as a basis for architectural identity in Newtown, Johannesburg

Supervisor Co-supervisor

Prof AOS Osman, Osman PhD (Arch) Ms M Bolt, Bolt BArch 68

Abstract Life without music would be a quiet place. It is a crucial element of everyday life. Studies have shown that music evokes emotion. This emotion has a role in our moods and how we see the world at that time. Along with emotion, music is also linked to memories. When you hear a specific song, it evokes emotions and memories from a time in your life that may have been good or bad.

The research objective demonstrates South African music’s role in South Africa’s architectural identity. To integrate the design elements and principles found in the music into the architecture to create a South African architectural identity. To create a museum of South African music. The music from different time periods and their notable artists are displayed and honoured for their role in South Africa’s history and helping the people of our country deal with their circumstances.

All of this links to our identity as people. We cling to those memories and emotions that we feel towards a piece of music. It is also an expression of self, seen in South African music from various time periods. It was the musician’s way of expressing how they dealt with their circumstances. Understanding that expression helps South African’s better understand South African’s

Exploring, discovering, and better understanding South Africa through a musical medium for South Africans and tourists.

The end product would be a framework or guidelines that architects can implement to help create a piece of architecture with a South African identity.

Keywords Identity, Music, Architecture, Design Principals, Rhythm, Proportion, South Africa 69

Jean-Pierre DU PLESSIS A regenerative agricultural core as an alternative to land reform in Limpopo, South Africa

Supervisor Co-supervisor

Dr MJ Stander, Stander PhD (Arch) Mr MJV Mokaba, Mokaba MTechArch (Prof) 70

Abstract South Africa is the most economically unequal country in the world. The origins of economic inequality can be found in South Africa’s history of Apartheid. After South Africa’s political transition to democracy, land reform was implemented to bring about equality by redressing inequality of land ownership through improved access to de-racialised and secure land ownership. The secondary intention of land reform was to reduce poverty and food insecurity, but slow progress has been made over the past 26 years.

Therefore, this dissertation explored the design of an agricultural facility, centralised amongst several previously disadvantaged communities within Limpopo to: 1. Assist in the regeneration of the black African farmer to a competitive entity within the agricultural markets of South Africa through skills development and access to agricultural facilities and equipment 2. Connect upcoming small-scale farmers to urban centres through an agricultural packhouse and distribution centre that will expectantly promote small and medium scale farming as a viable option to subsistence farmers

The current land reform model is promoting large-scale farming as the only viable option, even though the history of black African farmers has demonstrated the effectiveness of small and medium-scale agriculture.

3. Strengthen rural-urban interdependency through the promotion of the agricultural sector within rural areas

The agricultural core explored in this research concentrated on the community of Ga-Poopedi in Limpopo, South Africa. The project developed was done so to serve as an archetype for supporting other previously disadvantaged communities in overcoming poverty.

During Apartheid, black African farmers were disconnected from urban centres and displaced to rural communities that were, and still are, poorly serviced with little infrastructure.

Keywords Agriculture, architecture, inequality, regenerative, rural development 71

land

reform,

Derek Nii NOI

Bridging of African Borders:

The design of a transit hub at Beitbridge

Supervisor

Prof AOS Osman, Osman PhD (Arch) 72

Abstract The free movement on the continent encouraged the exchange of goods between tribes without significant interruption. Still, it was eventually disturbed with the scramble for Africa in the late 19th century, which led to the Berlin meeting in 1884, where European colonisers divided Africa among themselves.

The research aims at achieving its objective through a constructivist approach and various methods, including the study of literature about borders, work done by other professionals, analysis of the site and bordering towns, studies of activities near the border and the economic impact of an intervention at the border on the towns and countries.

Some of the negative impacts of borders were made more apparent during the COVID-19 global pandemic in 2020, which can be handled more efficiently with better spatial planning, mobility and urbanisation of the spaces between two countries. This study aims to investigate the borders put in place by the colonisers and their impact on the African people. Some of these negative impacts include economic, social, and psychological effects and how to use architecture and research to mitigate them on the continent’s people with an architectural intervention that is also welcoming.

This and future border interventions on the continent will make the economy of Africa flourish, benefitting its people. Travellers going through the border at Beitbridge will have a better experience by introducing a pedestrian bridge that opens up to comfortable spaces to accommodate travellers and traders. Therefore, the intervention will enhance both largeand small-scale trade between the two countries while providing the space for other types of collaboration and interaction between people of different cultures and identities.

This dissertation explores the creative use of space for various functions by a variety of people. The project will also use innovative technologies, environmental solutions with practical use, and materials that enhance the experience and function of the intervention.

Keywords Beitbridge, Border, Border Urbanism, Liminal Space, Trade, Transit 73

Anneke STOOP

The Liminal hub:

An interactive centre for space science in Pretoria

Supervisor Co-supervisor

Prof AOS Osman, Osman PhD (Arch) Ms M Bolt, Bolt BArch 74

Abstract “It has often proved true that the dream of yesterday is the hope of today and the reality of tomorrow” – Robert Goddard, 1899

The building will act as a threshold and portal to a didactic environment for space science, which will encourage public accessibility and foster development in space science and technology.

The technological dreams of yesterday have significantly changed the lives of people. A few hundred years back, today’s technology would have been impossible. But humanity has long shared an instinctive trait - the desire to explore, and it is this curiosity that led to endless discoveries.

This study proposes to adapt the existing building to accommodate the complex program of space science research and public integration. The hub will encourage space science awareness and accessibility amongst the public while the science and technology is commercialised to sustain an ongoing development of space science for South Africa.

Earth observation originated from space travel. Satellites orbiting the Earth provide a unique vantage point for gathering crucial information, including weather forecasting, analysing environmental hazards, managing natural resources, and understanding climate. The South African National Space Agency (SANSA) was established in 2010 to promote and develop space science in South Africa. This dissertation will explore the liminal state between Space and Earth. The in-between exploration will be conducted at the historical Museum of Science, the Didacta Building in Pretoria CBD.

Keywords Explore, Didactic, Space Science, Museum, Pretoria 75

Roald VAN DEN BERG

Edible Housing:

Feeding the future of South Africa, a case study in Pretoria

Supervisor Co-supervisor

Dr MEN Nkambule, Nkambule PhD (Arch) Ms S Patel, Patel MUrbDes 76

Abstract South Africa is experiencing rapid urbanization and population growth, with more citizens flocking the outskirts of CBD areas seeking opportunities than ever before. This raises questions about how we can sustain these new urban dwellers and generations with food and housing in years to come?

• We concluded that integrating elements of agriculture into architecture significantly increases immediate opportunities for residents. • We conclude that by having an expendable source of income gathered from produce grown in the architecture, the immediate quality of life is also drastically increased and allows for a further reach in searching for job opportunities or educational enhancement.

Due to this rapid population growth, food will have to be supplied and produced at double the current rate to meet the demand of this new generation of South Africans. The research aims to provide a sustainable solution to the housing crisis whilst integrating food production into our urban framework through vertical and urban farming.

We recommend that the program be divided amongst the residents to create a sense of obligation and ownership over the architecture and its produce.

The chosen project is then a response to these growing concerns. Implementing the outlined principles and aiming to reduce food costs and production within the urban fabric will require a new residential typology. This new residential scheme will employ strategies for future generations to use and benefit from using the principles of urban farming techniques and integrating them into the architecture. This will empower the resident control over their food supply, inadvertently saving costs on purchasing food and allowing them to pursue the opportunities they seek.

Keywords Vertical Farming, Opportunities, Sustainability, Population Growth, Urbanization, Suburban 77

Lesego KGOPA

Forced Environments:

Designing for positive community experiences in affordable housing in Tshwane, South Africa

Supervisor

Prof AOS Osman, Osman PhD (Arch) 78

Abstract This research project investigates housing environments as the catalysts for physical and psychological wellness. Historical factors, structures and modern-day housing environments in South Africa are investigated to address their contribution to ‘forced’ living environments where people create shelter for themselves when no housing interventions are put into place to address a housing shortage and other societal ills.

The resolution redefines public housing as the provision of housing through integration, urban placemaking, community cohesion and access. Equipping housing developments with an environment that surpasses housing norms in which the collective efforts of the design resolution thus provide a healthier living environment within this idealistic environment.

This dissertation emphasises ensuring that liveable spaces designed are healthy & habitable both physically and psychologically, to improve human experiences within housing environments. The importance of these home environments is emphasised by articles and case studies that highlight a link between environmental conditions and deteriorating mental health. Inner-city social-housing developments have been identified as housing solutions addressing current housing needs. The exploration supports this type of housing coupled with scaled solutions in healthy and comfortable spaces, such as material, texture, urban integration and sustaining natural and public spaces. Thus, contributing to social and community interaction and cohesion and creating positive experiences of accessible space.

Keywords Housing, psychological well-being, space, residential architecture, socialisation, urban environment. 79

Kyle POSTHUMUS

Echoing the identity:

The design of a community crafts centre to regenerate a derelict urban space in the Pretoria CBD

Supervisor Co-supervisor

Dr MEN Nkambule, Nkambule PhD (Arch) Mr PA Greyvensteyn, Greyvensteyn MArch 80

Abstract Urban redevelopment programmes and ongoing economic demand have resulted in abandoned or neglected derelict urban places. Regenerating these places may give them a new identity that may deliver social or economic advantages.

The mini dissertation concludes and focuses on social sustainability, engagement, and public access as a method of regeneration to provide a facility for future generations to contribute to and participate in. The golden thread is dependent on the interaction between the audience and the programmes provided and a dynamic and engaging architectural environment.

This study selected Berea Park, located south of the Tshwane municipality central business district, to investigate how the surrounding community could use an architectural programme to reconnect this derelict urban space with the active urban network. A community crafts centre was designed to echo the previous site’s learning, creation, and recreation functions. The research used reductionism as a methodology to allow an understanding of the core elements and create a new whole critically. Precedent studies and site analysis helped identify strategies for derelict spaces’ regeneration. This evaluation demonstrates how architecture can engage in reconnecting derelict urban spaces to an active urban fabric while preserving the site’s history and memory, thus contributing to the growth of individuals and the city.

Keywords Active, Creation, Derelict Space, Disconnection, Engage, Identity. 81

Dean SMUTS

Se(cure)ing Boys to Men:

The design of a contemporary rites of passage tailoring facility for at-risk boys in the Pretoria CBD

Supervisor Co-supervisor

Dr MJ Stander, Stander PhD (Arch) Mr MJV Mokaba, Mokaba MTechArch (Prof) 82

Abstract Recent civil movements such as #MeToo and #MenEngage indicate ‘unhealthy’ men in society. By se(cure)ing atrisk boys, a healthier society is secured. Boys lack clear markers and role models on their journey to becoming men.

This architectural intervention includes tailoring the architecture to tailor the at-risk boy, which in turn will result in the tailored man. The objective of the proposed design is to provide a structural and functional facility that facilitates the rites of passage or transitioning process from boyhood to manhood by implementing the artisan methods of teaching the art of tailoring.

This project focuses on at-risk boys and emphasises the importance of a guided and tailored transition from boyhood to manhood. This project addresses the lack of institutional structures for at-risk boys and recommends a tailoring facility in the Pretoria CBD. Arnold Van Gennep’s rites of passage theory and Victor Turner’s theory on liminality are developed to present an architectural typology tailored to at-risk boys transitioning from boyhood to manhood.

The tailored architecture and the incorporated -tailoring programmes will function as a rite of passage mechanism to transform, upskill, develop, support, heal, and later reintroduce the se(cured), tailored man, back into society.

The concepts of adaptive re-use and the art of tailoring are applied to Huis Potgieter, an abandoned and underutilised building on the Unisa Sunnyside Campus. An appropriate contemporary architectural response will be applied and developed using the concept of transition through the art of tailoring and the concept of passage.

Keywords Transition, boy to man, se(cured) boys, healthier society, adaptive re-use, art of tailoring, rites of passage, tailored man 83

Morne PIENAAR The design of a hydrophilic potable water treatment water treatment plant with a multi-functional landscape n Stjwetla, Alexxandra, City of Johannesburg

Supervisor Co-supervisor

Prof J Laubscher, Laubscher PhD (Arch) Ms M Bolt, Bolt BArch 84

Abstract This mini-dissertation focuses on the Stjwetla informal community next to the Jukskei River in Alexandra, Johannesburg. The relationship between community and river forms the central theme. The study explores the modern-day use of rivers in urban areas. Other themes include community development and the possible benefits of rivers in an urban environment. An urban framework focusing on sustainability guided the design decisions.

To enhance the connection between communities, architecture, and rivers with the idea of improving access to sustainable water sources and reclaiming ground in the landscape by reviving post-industrial architecture to potable water treatment and harvesting plant that is socially inclusive and water sensitive.

The design proposal investigates how hydrophilic architecture can enhance the connection between communities, architecture, and rivers. Furthermore, the design explores the idea of reclaiming ground in the landscape by reviving the remains of post-industrial architecture in the landscape.

This dissertation documents an architectural response to the research topic and investigation and should read as such. The hydrophilic potable water treatment plant with a multi-functional landscape in Stjwetla is a conceptual model for improving water scarcity and water filtering. The project provides guidelines, design development and possibly the concept of reclaiming ground in the landscape with the help of some principles in ecological architecture. It gives a realistic approach to making people aware of this problem. This dissertation eagerly anticipates further research, exploration, and resolution.

The constant growth and expansion of urban areas are mostly caused by rising population numbers, leading to increased demand for clean and sustainable water sources. Existing natural water sources are negatively affected by water pollution, floods, and communities living next to rivers. The refurbishment, conservation, cleaning, and sustainable use of rivers are critical for South Africa.

Keywords Hydrophilic architecture, Thermochromic, constructed wetlands, multi-purpose riverscapes 85

Nathan Kabinga ILUNGA The design of a democratised media centre in Pretoria

Supervisor Co-supervisor

Dr MJ Stander, Stander PhD (Arch) Mr PA Greyvensteyn, Greyvensteyn MArch 86

Abstract The core of this research relates to the role of architecture as a social tool in democratising media platforms. The word democratising is defined as introducing a democratic system or principle. The need for introducing a democratic guide amid the media industry is motivated by thorough observation of its contemporary situation. Marshall McLuhan (1964: 89) argues that “the communication conditions are not simply dictated by technology. They are the product of politics, economics and law.” This statement suggests that whoever has power in politics, economics, and law, is likely to be in control by dictating to the mass media industry.

The objective will be to identify the issue’s roots and provide one appropriate solution, expressed through architecture. For this thesis, the architectural intervention, and the research outcome, will be within South Africa in the city of Pretoria. The architectural response to the current state of the proposed media dictatorship will be to create a media centre that will provide a space for professional recording and broadcasting studios to facilitate independent activism and professional media to meet halfway in a democratic atmosphere. The entire area will function as an intersectional hub serving public and media management.

At the same time, ordinary people, who happen to be media consumers, have no influence or significant input from the media. The architectural profession needs to design media facilities democratically to challenge the status quo. The methodology used for this study will be qualitative research.

The goal is to design spaces that enable ordinary people to participate in a democratic concept within the media industry.

This research aims to investigate the problematic contributions of the media industry as a platform of communication and information, its corporate power and its effects on the everyday lives of ordinary people.

Keywords Architecture, Communication, Democratised, Democratising, Design, Information, Media. 87

Milestones

department of architecture + industrial design PREPARATION It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen. The first sentence of 1984 by George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair 1903 –1950), Indian-born British novelist, essayist, journalist and critic.

i n t e n t i o n § § § § § §

CRITICAL EVALUATION ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES PRECEDENT STUDIES OBSERVATION QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT SOURCING INFORMATION Valentino Gareri Proposes New Model of Educational Building for the Post-Covid Era | ArchDaily

r e q u i r e m e n t s

PART ONE § Study recent March(Prof) final year dissertations. § Work in groups of three in the Library. § Each group member must critically evaluate three documents. § Ensure that the documents selected hold a similar interest/theme as yours. § Focus on the design's strength and possible recommendations for improvement. § Keep all the documents in the Library for the duration of this exercise. After that, you are welcome to take it out as per arrangement. PART TWO § Compare this investigation with a similar document from another South African or international School of Architecture. § Present the findings in table format (Groups) § See the following list of international Schools of Architecture: Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany Arizona State University, Pheonix, USA Royal Danish Academy of Fine Art, Copenhagen, Denmark University of Florida, Gainesville, USA Glasgow School of Art Glasgow, UK SCIArch Los Angeles, USA TU Graz, Vienna Campus Guadalajara Guadalajara, Mexico University of Art and Design, Helsinki, Finland Tecnológico Guadalajara, Mexico University of Innsbruck, Austria Campus Ciudad de México Mexico City, Mexico University of Westminster, London, UK Tecnológico Mexico City, Mexico Accademia, Mendrisio, Switzerland Campus Estado de Mexico Mexico City, Mexico Polytecnico, Milan, Italy Tecnológico Mexico City, Mexico Ecole, Paris, France Campus Monterrey Monterrey, Mexico TU, Vienna, Austria Tecnológico Monterrey, Mexico UNITEC, Ackland, New Zealand Universidad le Peubla, Mexico Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China and other institutions RMIT, AA, MIT, Cooper Union, Muroran, Japan TU Delft etc. and student competitions, University of Tokyo, Japan i.e. RIBA presidents medals and Archiprix etc. PART THREE § Re-define the theme of your proposal. § Identify possible problems surrounding the proposed thesis. § Structure the first three chapters – Introduction, Review and reasoning, and Theoretical framework. § None § Self-study

s u b m i s s i o n

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department of architecture + industrial design CONCEPT + PARTI The strength of a concept has to do with the clarity of its mandate to manage the scheme's design in a particular direction, how long the concept can continue to sustain this potency throughout the design process and how many kinds of design choices the concept can influence. Edward T. White (Author of Site Analysis: Diagramming Information for Architectural Design) Traditionally, during or following the act of digesting and interpreting the programme of requirements, or brief, the designers next undertaking leads to formulating a concept. … A concept is a general notion, an abstract idea, a mental picture that forms in the soup of all the related aspects. An initial concept … expresses the idea underlying a design and functions as a signpost to guide the ensuing design journey. … a concept … can take on many forms. It can appear as an embryonic sketch, an object, an image, a word, or a text. A concept can emerge in the mind's eye at any time and in any place, such as in bed or the bath. When not forthcoming, concepts have to be artificially teased out and then massaged via brainstorming. When realised, a good concept or network of concepts give direction and guidance to the designer at every level, from the global to the detail; it provides a framework for innovation. Not to be confused with its cousin - the developmental conceptual drawing - the parti of a design represents a reductive abstraction in two or three dimensions that reflects the subjectivity of the design solution. Derived from the French expression prendre parti, meaning to make a choice, parti was adopted in the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris in the nineteenth century as a critical element of its architectural programme. The term refers to the central and salient motif of a project; the primary massing of a proposal in sketch design form, defined at its inception, remains a referential talisman throughout the design sequence. The parti encapsulates in a simple drawing or a model the quintessential and formal expression of the core idea; it is the spirit of a design that reduces the main shape of a scheme's overall form to a simple diagram. The economy involved in making such a diagram is referred to in Louis Kahn's famous statement that any architectural intention worth its salt should be capable of being described using a minimum of just 10 lines and be so robust that nothing will destroy the concept or 'seed'. The parti can appear in many forms: perspective sketches, projection drawings, or as simplified schematics that depict the essential spatio-formal working parts of the architectural mechanism. (Porter, T. 2004. ARCHISPEAK: An illustrated guide to architectural terms. SPON PRESS: London and New York)

i n t e n t i o n § § § § §

GRAPHIC CLARITY AND VERBAL CONCISENESS PRESENTATION OF DESIGN INFORMANTS DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT PRESENTATION OF CONCEPT AS A DIAGRAM (model, statement, sketch etc.) FRAMEWORK OR REFERENCE FOR FURTHER DESIGN WORK

r e q u i r e m e n t s

PART ONE Prepare an A1 poster to reflect your thesis intentions using text and image to explain design intentions: § Introduction to the thesis proposal § The architectural issue to be investigated § Site location and justification § Programme and client description and justification § Research methods § Theoretical approaches PROJECT INTENTION (objective) §

Chiu-chi nine edges composite roof: China Illustrated Dictionary of Architecture Helps Visualize Design Concepts | ArchDaily

PART TWO Prepare a 5-minute verbal presentation that relates directly to the visual presentation Highlight the following aspects of your thesis: § The architectural issue under investigation § Site location and justification § Programme (including the client) and justification § DESIGN INTENTION

s u b m i s s i o n 1

Title page + drawings to explain theory, context, concept, concept development, site analysis

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department of architecture + industrial design FINAL PROPOSAL 29.

Being process-orientated, not productdriven, is the most important and difficult skill for a designer to develop.

31. Improved design process, not a perfectly realised building, is the most valuable thing you gain from one design studio and take with you to the next. 67. A good graphic presentation meets the Ten-Foot Test. 77. No design system is or should be perfect. 99. Just do something.

Frederick, M. 2007. 101 Things I learned in Architecture School. MIT Press: https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/101-things-i-learned-architecture-school

i n t e n t i o n § § §

GRAPHIC CLARITY AND VERBAL CONCISENESS VISUAL AND VERBAL PRESENTATION OF THESIS PROPOSAL and CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK and DESIGN IDEAS SYNTHESISE THE PROJECT INTENTIONS

https://www.archdaily.com/955177/future-urbanism-in-china-how-can-we-build-alivable-city?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all

r e q u i r e m e n t s

PART ONE Communicate the design intentions that originated from the concept and were expressed in the parti diagram by providing the following: § Plans at all levels § At least 3 sections § Diagrams of structure, services, sustainability issues etc. § Massing models of the entire building in the context PART TWO Prepare a 5-minute verbal presentation that relates directly to the visual presentation

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Title page + drawings to explain theory, context, concept, concept development, site analysis Drawings to explain developed + scaled concept Scaled plans, sections

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department of architecture + industrial design DEVELOPED DESIGN i n t e n t i o n § § § § § §

How can I know what I think till I see what I say? E M. Forster, British novelist, essayist, and social and literary critic (1879 - 1970)

GRAPHIC CLARITY VERBAL CONCISENESS of the TRANSLATED CONCEPT CRITICAL ANALYSIS CREATIVE MAPPING PRESENT the INTERVENTION in its CONTEXT Indicate the REFERENCE FRAMEWORK for FUTURE DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 30X40 Design Workshop https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8gTCuvQxBc

r e q u i r e m e n t s

PART ONE Translate your architectural concept into a functional, contextual, programmatic and formal solution that responds to the stated intentions and aims of the desertion. This development should be done through drawings and models (to appropriate scales) that communicate the following aspects: § How does the design respond to all contextual issues –historical, cultural, social, environmental etc.? Explain this in terms of the design, location, space and function. § Provide the following information plans (at all levels) sections (at least 3 sections, start to show the tectonic resolution) elevations (of important edges) Models of the building in context – showing internal and external space making § Develop an appropriate architectural and formal language. PART TWO Prepare a 5-minute verbal presentation that relates directly to the visual presentation. §

s u b m i s s i o n 1 2 3 4 5

Title page + drawings to explain theory, context, concept, concept development, site analysis Drawings to explain developed + scaled concept Scaled plans, sections Revised scaled site plan, plans, sections 3-d's, structural and service concept and layout

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department of architecture + industrial design DESIGN + TECHNICAL Techtonics

the art and science of construction. It comes from the Greek word tekton, meaning builder or carpenter, from which architekton, or master builder evolved. Kenneth Frampton considers tectonics one of the three sources of legitimacy for architecture. The other two are topos (site)

The term tectonics refers to and typos (type).

Tectonics has been associated with the artistic expression of construction since the time of Homer. In keeping with its earliest association with carpentry, Gottfried Semper, in Die vier Elemente der Baukunst (The Four Elements of Architecture, 1851), uses tectonics to refer to the lightweight spatial fume of a building reaching into the sky, contrasting it to the stereotomics of the massive form of load-bearing masonry rooted in the earth. Today tectonics, and its derivative, technology, apply to all forms of architectural construction and to human production in general. Since the end of the nineteenth century, the primacy of tectonics in establishing the poetic basis or architecture has been challenged by an increased emphasis on architecture as space, and on art and literature as sources of inspiration. Consequently, there is now a diversity of attitudes toward the making and critique of architecture in relation to poetic expression generally, and tectonic expression in particular. Approaches range from the suppression of tectonic form and the logic of assembly in favour of scenographic and iconographic imagery (post modernism, for example) to an overriding emphasis on tectonic expression (Santiago Calatrava, for example). Pierre von Meiss argues convincingly for a balanced approach to the competing demands of technology, the natural environment, and human physical and social needs. He cites Wright, Kahn, Scarpa and Botta as examples of architects who have sought to balance their work. In the US, the parts of architecture practice most closely related to construction have been co-opted in many cases by developers and construction managers, par it, as a result of liability concerns on the part of architects and partly because of their lack of interest in the art of construction. However, there is still a strong tradition for architects to be involved with construction in Britain and Europe throughout the world. There is increasing concern that the pervasiveness of human technology is overwhelming the natural environment to the ultimate detriment of both human and non-human life. (Porter, T. 2004. ARCHISPEAK: An illustrated guide to architectural terms. SPON PRESS: London and New York)

i n t e n t i o n § §

GRAPHIC CLARITY AND VERBAL CONCISENESS USE THE CONCEPT TO GUIDE TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT AND RESOLUTION REFERENCE FRAMEWORK for FURTHER DESIGN DEVELOPMENT and TECHNICAL RESOLUTION https://www.firstinarchitecture.co.uk/details-post-passivhaus-cavity-wall-details/

r e q u i r e m e n t s

PART ONE The following requirements relate directly to the concept § Model of the entire building in context – showing internal and external space making § 1:20 technology/spatial section with at least 3 details of the FLOOR: WALL: ROOF junctions § Strip model at least to 1:50 to describe structural and technological principles PART TWO Prepare a 5-minute verbal presentation that relates directly to the visual presentation.

PART THREE § External review.

s u b m i s s i o n

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department of architecture + industrial design DESIGN + TECHNé + DETAIL When one has much to put into them, a day has a hundred pockets. Friedrich Nietzsche, German philosopher (1844 - 1900)

Layering

… the idea of a building as the conscious expression of a series of layers of space or materials seems to have begun with the early Modernists development of the free plan. In buildings such as the Barcelona Pavilion designed by Mies van der Rohe or Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye, rooms were only partially separated from each other or from exterior space, allowing one to experience the building as a series of overlapping layers of space and opaque planes whose relationship changed as the viewer moved. The rise of post-modernism and the energy crises of the 1970s helped to free architects … to look for ways to visually enrich and technically improve the performance of a building s exterior envelope. Even though contemporary enclosure systems are highly differentiated, namely the layering of different materials and services, each with its distinct image and role, underlying layers are usually completely hidden. Architects have tried various strategies to suggest or reveal those underlying layers. One is the use of transparent cladding to protect, but not hide, selected underlying layers, including structure. Another is to remove or displace portions of the exterior cladding. High-tech buildings often reverse conventional layering orders by placing structure and services outside the building envelope. Architects have added space, sometimes even habitable space, between these layers.

i n t e n t i o n § § §

(Porter, T. 2004. ARCHISPEAK: An illustrated guide to architectural terms. SPON PRESS: London and New York)

GRAPHIC CLARITY AND VERBAL CONCISENESS DEVELOP the ARCHITECTURAL TECTONIC PRESENT the TECHNOLOGICAL RESPONSES and SERVICE SOLUTIONS

Techné Architecture + Interior Design

r e q u i r e m e n t s

Prahran Hotel , Melborne, Australia https://techne.com.au/

PART ONE Consolidate the milestones by packaging everything together and adding layers of techné and detail. Focus on the flowing aspects or components: § Concept intentions and diagrams of structure, services, sustainability issues etc. § Plans at all levels § At least 3 sections A 1:20 section that addresses technology and spatial resolution simultaneously At least 3 details – ground/floor connection, eaves and intermediate floor and wall junction § Strip model at least to 1:50 to describe structural and technological principles PART TWO § Prepare a 5-minute verbal presentation that relates directly to the visual presentation.

s u b m i s s i o n

3 Scaled plans, sections 4 Revised scaled site plan, plans, sections 5 3-d's, structural and service concept and layout Develop the structural layout, technological and material systems and sustainable strategies of the project 6 Completed case study (by getting your hand dirty) 7 Completed specifications document Illustrate the approach to design (post-rationalisation) with the following: 8 The detail representing the whole. 9 The techné representing the design.

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department of architecture + industrial design TECHNICAL DESIGN RESOLUTION

The plan is a horisontal section. The section is as a vertical projection of the plan. A decision on the plan has an impact on the section and vice versa. Every plan requires a section. Jacques Laubscher

Tectonic and Stereotomic

Kenneth Frampton described all buildings as mediating between tectonic (frame) and stereotomic (load-bearing) or between light and heavy or earth and sky. Responses in most cases lie between these two extremes as issues of siting, spatial definition, construction and environmental response are dealt with.

i n t e n t i o n § § § §

(Porter, T. 2004. ARCHISPEAK: An illustrated guide to architectural terms. SPON PRESS: London and New York)

GRAPHIC CLARITY AND VERBAL CONCISENESS DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL TECTONICS FRAMEWORK FOR FURTHER TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT PRESENTATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND SERVICE SOLUTIONS

r e q u i r e m e n t s

PART ONE Realise the design scheme as far as possible by translating the design according to the original goals. The technical development of the design could be defined as translating the project into reality. It is essential to use an appropriate scale for the various drawings. The existing design serves as the basis on which layers are added (use colour coding). § A grid pattern + spacing § Centre lines (walls) § Superimpose the basement layout § Superimpose the structural model § Analyse pertinent circulation and service routes - internal and external - horisontal and vertical - grouping of service spaces PART TWO Develop a technical resolution that responds to the intentions and aims of the thesis investigation. § SERVICES: Indicate the services, systems and spatial layouts diagrammatically to communicate its interaction. § SUSTAINABILITY: The design should be resource-efficient and address issues of sustainability. Consider the following: Passive environmental design – how does the building respond to the climate, and how is indoor comfort levels achieved with the most negligible ecological impact? Material use – low embodied energy. Alleviating the pressure on active environmental systems by introducing alternative passive systems to be resource-efficient. How does the building deal with environmental (climatic) and functional (practical) concerns? § MATERIALITY: Limit the palette of materials. What materials were selected? Why? Communicate the palette and the material characteristics using photographs, descriptions and sample boards of materials. § MATERIALITY: How are the materials connected? Do the connections align with the concept? § RANGE WIDTH: Although the range of every scheme and design solution are different, the implementation of this phase remains 3-dimensional. PART THREE Prepare a 10-minute verbal presentation that relates directly to the visual presentation.

s u b m i s s i o n

Develop min 9x A1 detailed drawings + Object + Product. Clearly indicate the structural layout, technology, materials, systems and sustainable strategies on 10 completed site plan and plans 11 completed sections, including a 1:20 perspective section that demonstrates the conceptual intention developed junctions at a 1:5 scale of 1:5 12 completed 3-d's

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department of architecture + industrial design RESOLVED DESIGN i n t e n t i o n

Yes / No Review

If you have built castles in the air, your work need not be lost; that is where they should be. Now put the foundations under them. Henry David Thoreau, US Transcendentalist author (1817 - 1862)

Focus on completing the relevant tasks in this phase. Do not waste unnecessary time; be critical of your daily progress. Print continuously (during and after completion of every component). Save your work hourly (also on external devices). Discuss every drawing with your supervisor(s) in detail. Decide whether additional resources will be necessary to enhance the design. If so, adjust the programme to your circumstances, but WORK ACCORDING TO A PROGRAMME.

s u b m i s s i o n

r e q u i r e m e n t s

PART ONE

required drawings

SITE PLAN SITE + ROOF PLAN PLANS SECTIONS ELEVATIONS OUTSIDE PERSPECTIVE INSIDE PERSPECTIVE SERVICES CIRCULATION ROUTES DETAILS RESOURCE EFFICIENY / SUSTAINABILITY COLOUR STUDIES + MATERIAL SAMPLES

Minimum drawings 1 1 5 4 4 1 1 3 3 10 2 1

Productive days 1 2 5 4 2 3 3 3 1 4 5 1

Accumulated no of days: 1 3 8 12 14 17 20 23 24 27 32 33

PART TWO § Prepare a 10-minute verbal presentation that relates directly to the visual presentation.

e x t e r n a l

See final crit list

r e v i e w

Page 8 of 9

Target date

department of architecture + industrial design FINAL PRESENTATION To forget one's purpose is the commonest form of stupidity. Friedrich Nietzsche, German philosopher (1844 - 1900)

Crit

[The]… 'design review' … [or] the crit (short for 'critique') is feared by some and relished by others. Crits represent that moment when a project is made public and is open to debate. When they happen, three main forces are at work: • the reviewer or critic • the ideas of the designer-presenter, and • the setting in which this critical exchange of information takes place.

While two of these factors are directly under the presenter's control, it is the critic or the review panellist that can provide the unknown. Therefore, crit presentations can often represent an anxious moment in the life of a design proposal. The only way of approaching them is to be well prepared. While some architecture schools operate reasonably democratic systems of criticism, the crit is seen by some reviewers as open season on students, i.e. when students become vulnerable to the whim and prejudice of panellists. One way of preventing this is to establish early in a presentation the central aims or objectives of the project. If generally accepted, then the ensuing crit should function to measure the level of success or failure in achieving those goals - the resulting measurement, hopefully, guiding the ultimate assessment. (Porter, T. 2004. ARCHISPEAK: An illustrated guide to architectural terms. SPON PRESS: London and New York)

i n t e n t i o n §

A COMPLETED SCHEME PRESENTED WITH CONFIDENCE TO A PANEL OF YOUR FUTURE PEERS

r e q u i r e m e n t s

PART ONE § Final drawings to demonstrate development from initial ideas to completed product § Final manufactured object + product § Final model and document PART TWO Prepare a 15-minute verbal presentation that relates directly to the visual presentation. §

e x t e r n a l

See final crit list

r e v i e w

Page 9 of 9

Modules, Deadlines & Year Programme

MArch Modules

100

Summary of deadlines

101

MArch Year programme

INTRO

CONCEPT DEVELOP

2021 MArch

RESEARCH

Design

CONCEPT

TECHNIC DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

CONCEPT Internal

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCH

APRIL

FINAL PROPOSAL External

MAY

DEVEL

JUNE

JULY

MONDAY

TUESDAY

WEDNESDAY

THURSDAY

1 2 Res Meth 10:00 - 13:00

FRIDAY

SATURDAY

SUNDAY

MONDAY

TUESDAY

WEDNESDAY

9 Res Meth 10:00 - 13:00

THURSDAY

FRIDAY

SATURDAY

SUNDAY

MONDAY

12 CLAS S E S sta r t

TUESDAY

13 Theme submission

WEDNESDAY

12 Res Meth 10:00 - 13:00

16 Youth Day

THURSDAY

FRIDAY

SATURDAY

SUNDAY

MONDAY

17 Late registration (sem.1)

19 A_DRIC me

TUESDAY

18 Late registration (sem.1)

WEDNESDAY

19 Res Meth 10:00 - 13:00

THURSDAY

FRIDAY

SATURDAY

SUNDAY

MONDAY

26 TUT Holiday

TUESDAY

27 Freedom Day

WEDNESDAY

26 Res Meth 10:00 - 13:00

28 Specificati

THURSDAY

FRIDAY

SATURDAY

SUNDAY

New Years Day

MONDAY

Worker's Day

Res Meth 10:00 - 13:00

B 2.1

10 Mini Conference

B 1.2

B 1.3

MILESTONE 1

B 1.4

11 MILESTONE 2

B 2.2

MILESTON

B 3.1

MILESTON

TUESDAY WEDNESDAY days = 0 hours/day = 0 hrs./month = 0

days = 0 hours/day = 0 hrs./month = 0

102 DESIGN & OBJECT & PRODUCT

days = 9 hours/day = 10 hrs./month = 90

days = 26 hours/day = 10 hrs./month = 260

BOOK

day hours/da hrs./mont

Final DRWG.s + MODEL

TECHNICAL DESIGN RESOLUTION

MENT DEVELOPED DESIGN Internal

CONTRACT V Object + Product

JULY

CONTRACT V Exams Internal & External

AUGUST

BOOK

YES / NO REVIEW Finalise BOOKS

SEPTEMBER

NOW or NEVER

SPEACH BOOKS sent to External Examiners

EXTENSION

OCTOBER

SPEACH

NOVEMBER

Submit FINAL BOOK

Digital version + 5 hard copies

DECEMBER

JANUARY '22

1 2 1

B 11

B 8.2

0 - 13:00

26 10 260

EXTENSION

FINALISE DESIGN & TECHNé

OPOSAL rnal

0 - 13:00

BOOK: Final CORRECTIONS & Print

BOOK DEVELOPMENT

B 5.1

1 2022 New Year's Day 2

B 9.1

CLASSES start

MILESTONE 6.1

11 YOU ARE HERE NOW

8 Print 24 & 25

MILESTONE 8 08:00-16:00

TUT Recess 12

MILESTONE MILESTONE8 08:00-16:00

16 Day of Reconciliation

11 12

MILESTONE 3

B 3.2

MILESTONE 5

MILESTONE 6.1

B 5.2

11 Contract brief

17 18

B 3.1

19 A_DRIC meeting

B 4.1

MILESTONE 7

B 9.2

B 8.1

3 TUT Academic staff return 4 Print 20 & 21

6 Print 22 & 23

B 10.2 10 Pin-up before 15:00

17 Print 8 & 9

TUT Recess 14

TUT Recess 15

22 Print sheets 1, 2 & 3

20 Print 10 & 11

TUT Recess 17

TUT Recess 18

MILESTONE 8 08:00-16:00

COROBRIK

24 Print 4 & 5

22 Print 12 & 13

TUT Recess 19

TUT Recess 20 TUT Recess 21

Dress rehearsal

B 10.1

24 Heritage Day

26 Print 6 & 7

27 Model & Object & Product

25 Christmas Day

26 Day Of Goodwill

B 12

23 TUT Recess

29 Model & Object & Product

27 Print 14 & 15

MILESTONE 4

24 TUT Recess

30 Model & Object & Product

28 Specification brief

25 TUT Recess

29 Print 16 & 17

26 TUT Recess

27 TUT Recess

31 Print 18 & 19

29 This too shal (did) pass [1200 BCE]

26 27

MILESTONE 6.2

TUT Recess 24 25 TUT Recess 26 27

B 13

TUT Recess 28

30 TUT Recess

31 TUT Recess

days = 27 hours/day = 10 hrs./month = 270

days = 26 hours/day = 10 hrs./month = 260

days = 19 hours/day = 10 hrs./month = 190

days = 26 hours/day = 10 hrs./month = 260 Total hours =

103 RESEARCH & PGS FORMS

days = 9 hours/day = 10 hrs./month = 90 2200

2096

hrs. in 2021

hrs. in a typical year

Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Department of Architecture & Industrial Design Tshwane University of Technology

Students of Hope: MArch 2021

Articles inside

Pienaar

Mahlangu

Modipi

Peinke

Steinberg

Du Plessis

Swart

Duarte