Critical Justification 1

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Domestic Laundry

Critical Justification Jahan Jhala

Contents

How to Read This Book.................................................................................................6 Project Plan.................................................................................................................8

1. Planning & Initial Thoughts.....................................................................................10

Where is there a Need?..............................................................................................12 The Water Crisis.........................................................................................................14 Introduction to Laundry.................................................................................................16 In Pop Culture - The Man In The White Suit.....................................................................18 In Pop Culture - Dexter’s Lab.........................................................................................20 Case Study - Californian Drought ..............................................................................22 Initial Statement of Brief................................................................................................24 Research Plan............................................................................................................26

2. Exploration.............................................................................................................30

Phone Conversation with Dani Jordan.............................................................................32

Recording Touch-Points................................................................................................34

Secondary Internet Research.........................................................................................36

Site Visit to Johnsons....................................................................................................38

Anonymous Internet Survey............................................................................................40

Peer Group Informal Interview........................................................................................42

Phone Conversation - Karen Davidson.............................................................................44

Conversation with Ellen Nash.......................................................................................46

TED Talk - Dr. Bonnie Bassler.........................................................................................48

Categorising Types of Cleaning.....................................................................................50

The Deep Clean..........................................................................................................52

The Refresh Clean.......................................................................................................54

-Types of Refresh................................................................................................56

Spot Cleaning Test.....................................................................................................58

3. Focus & Re-exploration............................................................................................60

Meeting with James Shutt & Lauren Zayya........................................................................62

Refined Brief..............................................................................................................64

Site Visit to Jules B......................................................................................................67

Conversation with Dr. Neil Beattie.................................................................................68

Air Refresh Test..........................................................................................................70

Shower Steam Test.....................................................................................................72

Tutorial with Neil Smith................................................................................................76

Conversation with Phil Sams.........................................................................................78 Frameworks...............................................................................................................80 Barriers............................................................................................................82

Desirability Scale (Water Use).............................................................................84

The Clean Spectrum..........................................................................................86 Limbo Potential..................................................................................................88

Habits & Triggers..............................................................................................90

4. Rituals & Probes......................................................................................................92

Visual Metaphors.........................................................................................................94

Just a Table Spoon of Water ..............................................................................96

The Limbo Chair................................................................................................98 The “Floordrobe”.............................................................................................100 Emotional Clothing..........................................................................................102

Rituals & Quirks........................................................................................................104

The Cat Lick...................................................................................................106

The Sniff Test..................................................................................................108 Laundry-Basket-Ball...........................................................................................110

The Loungewear Generation..............................................................................112

Inspiration From Dissertation........................................................................................114

Testing Hand Steamer................................................................................................116

Hand Steamer Touch-points...............................................................................118

Clothes Steamer Review....................................................................................121

Testing Tide To Go Pen.............................................................................................122

Tide Pen vs. Acids & Bases.............................................................................125

5. Initial Concept Ideation.........................................................................................126

Concept Sketches.....................................................................................................128 Refresh Mode................................................................................................130

New & Improved Hand Steamer........................................................................131 Steam Box.....................................................................................................132

New Way to Iron...........................................................................................133 Steam Chair...................................................................................................134

Wall Mounted Steamer....................................................................................135

Air Refresh Bag..............................................................................................136

pH Pen & Stain Removal Kit..............................................................................137

6. Moving Forward....................................................................................................138

Concept Mapping....................................................................................................140 Concept Modelling...................................................................................................142 Plan for Rest of Project................................................................................................144

How to Read This Book This book documents the journey of my thought process, decisions and actions as I undertook my exploration and started my major project.

I have documented this journey in chronological order so it is clear to follow my train of thought. I have revisited my journey and have reflected on the key moments.

This is the structure I will be using throughout the book:

Event or Action Description of event or action

Consideration I will explain why I chose to do it in that particular way

Reflection I will honestly reflect on how beneficial my action was and what I could have done differently

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Throughout the book I will be using these symbols to represent my immediate feelings during my journey:

Key Stage - this is a pivotal moment in my project

Positive - led to more opportunities or a solution

Negative - led to a dead end

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Question - made me think about something new

Collaboration - successful collaboration or validation (always positive)

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8 Concept Ideation

Frameworks

Discover

Interviews (2)

Exploration Finish Jan 2016

Site Visit

User Journey

Interviews (1)

Exploration Start Nov 2015

Rituals & Quirks

Visual Probes

Testing (2)

Refined Brief

Testing (1)

Survey

Secondary Research

Initial Brief

Project Plan

Define

CJ 2 Finish May 2016

Major Project Finish May 2016

Major Booklet

Appearance Model

Testing

Final Proposal Apr 2016

CAD/Renders

Expo Visit

Concept Selection

CJ 1 Finish Mar 2016

Develop Deliver

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CJ 2 Booklet

Marketing Campaign

Evaluation

Prototype

Branding

Develop Concept

Soft Modelling

Concept Mapping

Discover

1. Planning & Initial Thoughts

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Where is there a Need?

I read through the news to find current issues and chose laundry as my exploration topic.

Consideration I knew that the water crisis is going to be one of the major global issues in the coming years and that washing clothes uses a lot of water. Laundry is also time consuming and costs a lot of money over a lifetime through detergents and energy use.

Reflection There is a genuine need for us to reduce water usage and to wash less. I felt that I made a good choice in choosing laundry as my topic. If I were to go back to the start of my exploration now, I would still choose the same topic. That must be a good sign!

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The Water Crisis I was specifically interested in the global threat of a water crisis so I looked into it further.

Doing some initial research on the water crisis made me realise just how big of an issue it will be for not only developing countries but also for developed countries, like the UK. I always assumed water shortage was just a problem for developing countries as we tend to have unlimited access to fresh water in the UK. However, this is rapidly changing and we will start to experience water stress just like many other countries.

The problem with water wastage is that in the UK, a lot of households pay a fixed amount for water so it isn’t charged on how much you use. Changes in our behaviour to reduce water waste needs to start now but I feel that we won’t see any significant behaviour change until water bills start to sky rocket due to lack of water supply. By that point, it will be too late!

Reflection I am glad I did some initial research into the water crisis. It woke me up to how serious the issue was and the thought of potential wars breaking out over water motivated me to really explore my topic. The realisation that water shortage is going to effect the UK in my lifetime made me really want to find a way to reduce water consumption.

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Introduction to Laundry The term laundry has many definitions. Before I could start my exploration I needed to define what I meant by laundry.

Laundry definitions: i. clothes and linen that need to be washed or that have been newly washed.

ii. the action or process of washing and ironing clothes iii. a room in a house, hotel, or institution where clothes and linen can be washed and ironed. iv. a company washing and ironing clothes and linen commercially.

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when does an item of clothing become laundry?

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In Pop Culture - The Man in the White Suit

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The Man In The White Suit is a 1951 science-fiction satirical comedy film.

In the film, Sidney Stratton, a brilliant young research chemist invents an incredibly strong fibre which repels dirt and never wears out. From this fabric, a suit is made-which is brilliant white because it cannot absorb dye.

Stratton is lauded as a genius until both management and the trade unions realise the consequence of his invention; once consumers have purchased enough cloth, demand will drop precipitously and put the textile industry out of business. Once they realise this, they try to obtain the rights for the invention through trickery and bribes.

This film made me question whether maybe an everlasting fibre has already been invented. Just like this film, if an everlasting fibre was invented, textile and cleaning corporations wouldn’t want it on the market.

Big companies have the power to hide it from the world. I wonder if there is already a solution to my project but it is being kept from us through clever patenting from the big corporations.

Reflection This film didn’t have any influence on my project but it did made me question whether big corporations are hiding an ideal solution out of fear of falling profits.

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In Pop Culture - Dexter’s Lab

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Dexter’s Lab is a comic science fiction animated television series from the late 1990’s.

Dexter’s Lab was one of my favourite cartoons when I was growing up. Dexter is a boy genius who has a hidden laboratory behind a book case in his bedroom. It is full of his genius inventions and he’s constantly inventing new things.

For some reason, one episode seems to have stuck in my memory and it had some relevance to my project so I thought it could be fun to include it. In the episode called ‘Dexter is Dirty’, Dexter is fed up with getting dirty every time he’s doing experiments. As he’s begrudgingly having a bath, he realises that water slides right off his laminated lab access card. Naturally, Dexter decides to laminate himself with one of his many inventions, the Laminatrix.

After re-watching this episode, I wondered if something along this line could the ideal solution to laundry, however far-fetched it might seem.

Reflection It was great to re-watch one of my favourite cartoons and it also made me realise that laundry was a solid topic to explore. When films or TV shows choose a topic for comedic effect, it’s usually because they know that the audience will relate to it. Since washing and laundry seems to crop up in comedic material, it reassured me that it’s not just me that dislikes doing it and that laundry is a fairly universal chore. Watching the cartoon also reminded me that everything we’ve seen in our life, which we might think irrelevant at the time, can become very relevant down the line!

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Case Study - Californian Drought Facts: -The drought currently encompasses over 98% of the state of California -More than 44% of California is in “exceptional” drought — the worst level of drought.

-Some parts of the Sierra Mountains that typically have 66 inches of snow are barren.

-Farmers could sell their water for $700 an acre foot, more than they would earn by using the water.

-“California is the world’s fifth-largest supplier of food.”

-“The current drought cost the (farming) sector an estimated $2.2 billion last year.”

-“In some areas of the Central Valley, the land is sinking by one foot or more per year.”

-California’s current drought is driest period in the state’s 163 years of recorded rainfall history.

-NASA scientists predict that there is an 80% chance of a mega-drought in Southwest USA before the end of the century.

Reflection Looking at some of the facts about the Californian drought are really eye-opening. I had no idea that droughts were such a big issue in developed countries. I always assumed droughts were associated with developing countries in Africa. When I see the drought in Africa and other developing economies, I don’t feel like the same thing could effect us as it seems so distant from the UK. However, California is much more relatable for me and therefore seeing it suffer such significant water shortage has struck a chord.

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What actions is the state of California doing to combat this water shortage?

Is this a look into our possible future?

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Initial Statement of Brief

Consideration I felt that water was the most serious issue involved with the current laundry process.

Energy and time consumption are important considerations but are dwarfed by the potential impact that water stress has on our planet.

Reflection This happened to be a positive approach to take as my current project is focussing on water stress. At this stage I had a vision of my final proposal being a waterless product that cleaned clothes using new techniques and technologies.

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“I want to design a way of cleaning domestic laundry that uses little to no water for the developed market.�

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Research Plan Questions I Need to Answer

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Research Method

What are the touch-points?

Do a load of laundry and speak out loud every action. Record the process with a chest-mounted GoPro.

What is the current product landscape?

Visit the websites of washing machine, tumble dryer, steam iron, and detergent manufacturers. Ask people what products they use during an interview. Create a product audit to see any trends.

What are the visions for future laundry products/concepts?

Do an internet search for future laundry products and concepts.

What are people’s current laundry behaviours?

Make a survey asking people about their laundry behaviour and rituals.

What are the statistics and facts about laundry use?

Visit the websites of organisations that collect laundry data.

What are the facts about water, energy and time consumption?

Visit the websites of non-profit organisations that have facts about consumption.

Why do we clean our clothes?

Use personal experience and ask people during an interview.

How does dry cleaning work?

Visit a dry cleaners and ask an employee.

1 is the most important and 8 is the least important

Potential Barriers to Consider

Importance

Rank

The touch-points I am recording are from personal experience. Other people will likely do their laundry slightly differently.

Low importance but useful to notice subconscious actions. I do laundry often so most touch-points will be quite obvious.

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The laundry market is saturated and there are often many variations of the same product.

Internet searches can return quite limited results. Knowing existing products can cloud fresh ideas.

Medium importance and useful. Current products are familiar and not meeting the need to reduce water usage. As current products are familiar and part of current routines my solution could integrate with current products.

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Research & Development tends to be very secretive so results might be limited.

Low importance. Future concepts tend to be infeasible and focus a lot on form.

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The majority of people I know are my age so results could be skewed.

High importance. Learning about laundry behaviours can be very insightful.

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Statistics and facts around laundry will probably be quite predictable.

Low importance. Statistics and facts can validate my thoughts but probably won’t lead to any strong insights.

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Statistics and facts around laundry will probably be quite predictable.

Low importance. Statistics and facts can validate my thoughts but probably won’t lead to any strong insights.

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Results can be quite subjective and will probably vary quite a lot.

High importance. Understanding why we clean is vital for behaviour change.

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Employees might not know the chemistry.

Low importance. Potential to be insightful.

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Research Plan I wrote my research plan after I had already answered some of my questions.

Consideration As I made my research plan after I had already started my exploration I didn’t find it very useful and didn’t look at it much after I wrote it. Research techniques I used on a previous project with Unilever translated well to this project so a lot of what I did was from previous experience.

Reflection Writing the research plan was useful as it allowed me to put down all my questions in an organised format. I should have written my research plan before embarking on my initial research as it would have made my research process clearer.

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2. Exploration

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Phone Conversation with Dani Jordan Dani Jordan is the Director of Research at Waterwise, an independent, non-profit organisation that is the leading authority on water efficiency in the UK and Europe.

Consideration As my project has a strong emphasis on reducing water consumption, it made sense to talk to the leading water efficiency organisation in the UK. I spoke to Dani Jordan about my project and how significant current laundry behaviour was on the water crisis. She assured me that laundry was a massive issue around water efficiency and that there was a definite need for my project. She also offered to be a collaborator on my project if I needed any validation or support.

Reflection A large majority of what Dani Jordan spoke to me about was on the Waterwise website but I still found the conversation to be useful. She reassured me that my project met a significant and current need which was positive. The possibility of a collaboration with Waterwise is also promising as they would give my project added authority.

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“Of all the water in the world, only 3% is fresh. Less than one third of 1% of this fresh water is available for human use. The rest is frozen or deep within the earth.

The UK has less available water per person than most other European countries. London is drier than Istanbul, and the South East of England has less water available per person than the Sudan and Syria!�

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Recording Touch-Points I went through the laundry process with a chest mounted GoPro and spoke aloud every action I did and why I did it.

Consideration Recording touch-points can be very useful to notice certain aspects of the user journey that you haven’t noticed before. Looking at every touchpoint allows you to really understand the process and speaking out your actions can make you realise you’re doing something without realising you’re doing it. I used a GoPro to record the touch-points as it freed up my hands and gave me a useful point-of-view perspective.

Reflection I have used the GoPro and speaking aloud technique effectively before but it wasn’t very useful for this specific project. When I used this research method during my work with Domestos, it made me notice several touch-points involved with bleaching a toilet. In this case, I didn’t discover any new touch-points that weren’t obvious. I think because laundry is such a common task and it’s so repetative, you can map the touch-points by just thinking about what you did during your last load of washing.

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can white clothes be washed with colours without greying?

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Secondary Internet Research I used internet research to get an idea of the current product landscape and to find relevant statistics.

Consideration Laundry is a very well researched topic. Many big companies like Unilever and P&G invest a lot of money in R&D around this topic. I felt that there would be a lot of information on the internet which would save me having to find it myself through personal experiences.

Reflection The internet was full of relevant laundry research and some really insightful statistics. This research method was great for getting a broad idea of what was out there and what’s currently being done. It led to a lot of insights which I used through my exploration and to a few initial concepts. I managed to find several future concepts although the internet is limited to what is available to the public. I am visiting a laundry exhibition in April 2016 to get a more in depth understanding of where the future of laundry is heading.

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Site Visit to Johnsons I went to Johnsons Dry Cleaners in Jesmond and spoke to the manager of the branch.

Consideration After researching current products and cleaning techniques, I wanted to understand how dry cleaning actually worked. The internet gave me a general understanding of the process but I hoped that by speaking to a dry cleaner that I would be able to get some fresh insights. I wanted to find out if the process that professional cleaners used could translate into a domestic environment.

Reflection Site visits can be very useful and the best person to answer my questions about dry cleaning would be someone who does it every day as a profession. In this particular case, I didn’t find anything insightful that I could use in my project. The solvents used during dry cleaning can be harmful and dry cleaners use them carefully in a contained environment. The solvents can be quite harmful to the environment so even if it does save water, it could actually be doing more harm than good.

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“We use solvents to clean clothes. These solvents can be quite harmful so we do not recommend using them at home.�

- Johnsons Cleaners 39

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Anonymous Internet Survey I wrote an anonymous internet survey using surveymonkey.com and posted it on Facebook.

Consideration From personal experience and speaking to friends, I had an initial idea of some laundry behaviours. To get a much broader idea of laundry habits and rituals, I decided that an anonymous survey would be the best way to gather that research.

Using my research plan for ideas of what questions I needed to ask, I wrote my survey and posted it on Facebook. I was aware that the majority of my friends were around my age so to obtain data from all age groups, I posted my survey in my old school alumni Facebook page. The alumni page has users ranging from the ages of 18 - 70.

Reflection The anonymous survey produced some very insightful data that I was able to use in my project going forward. From the data I found that the majority of people will rewash a clean item of clothing if they make a mark on it.

By posting the survey on my old school alumni Facebook page, I received answers from over 100 people ranging from the ages of 18 65.

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Peer Group Informal Interview I created a focus group of final year DFI students and started a discussion regarding the reasons we clean our clothes.

Consideration I had some good behavioural insights from my anonymous survey but I wanted to really understand why we wash our clothes.

Some of the reasons are very obvious and I could answer them myself through personal experience. By starting an informal conversation with my peers I was hoping that I could extract some interesting behaviours that I personally didn’t do.

Reflection After the obvious reasons why we wash (visual marks,smell,hygiene etc.) were discussed, I managed to start an interesting conversations about rituals.

The most interesting insight that came from this conversation was that we all seemed to have a chair in our bedrooms that designated as a laundry chair. Clothes that weren’t dirty, but not quite clean moved from chair to bed and back. The laundry chair insight was particularly important as it was the first time I realised that I wasn’t alone in having this feature in my bedroom. It led to some really interesting thoughts about behavioural change and has led to one of my most promising concept strands: a steam cleaning piece of furniture.

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“I have a laundry chair too! It’s always covered in clothes I’m not sure are clean.” - Jacob Stokes

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Phone Conversation - Karen Davidson I spoke to my housemate’s mother, Karen Davidson.

Karen is 54 years old and has three children (18-25).

Consideration My housemate does a lot of laundry. He does a load of washing around once a week which is much more frequent than myself. He mentioned that his mum does laundry more frequently than him and will run a load of washing even if it’s not full, out of habit. After hearing this, I wanted to speak to her and learn more about laundry routines and habits. I also wanted to know if there was anything that could convince her to wash less.

Reflection Talking to Karen was more useful than I originally thought it would be. I had done a bit of research into past rituals and routines and came across the Monday Washday. Monday was the day factories used to close down so everyone used to do their laundry on a Monday.

What I found insightful about my chat with Karen was that even though she didn’t particularly like doing laundry, the habit and behaviour were so ingrained that she struggled to break the routine. This was eye-opening for me as I thought getting people to wash less would be an easy task. My logic was: ‘If someone doesn’t like doing laundry and I offer them a solution where they can do less laundry, then they should start doing less laundry.’

After doing a bit more research into habits and habit forming, I have found that some ingrained habits are hard to change even if the habit is unenjoyable. This made my behavioural change brief a bit tougher!

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“I think the amount of laundry I did started to really increase when I had my first child. Having a baby increases your washing by more than you’d think. After my third child, I was doing laundry almost every day or at least every other day.

As the kids grew up, the amount of laundry I did was less erratic and I was able to created a routine for myself. I did a wash every Sunday and then again midweek. This routine worked well when there were five of us in the house.

Now that the kids have left home, I should probably be doing laundry less frequently but I find that I still always do a load on Sundays and quite often, one midweek too. It must be out of habit as I’ve had my laundry routine for about 25 years now. Even though I don’t particularly enjoy doing laundry, I’m finding it quite hard to break this long-term routine that I have.

I often run a load when it’s not full or throw an item in the wash to fill up a load when it probably doesn’t need a wash.”

“Even though I don’t particularly enjoy doing laundry, I’m finding it quite hard to break this long-term routine that I have.“

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Conversation with Ellen Nash I emailed Ellen Nash, a research biologist for AOBiome to talk about Ammonia Oxidising Bacteria. AOBiome are a company that manufacture microbiome products for the skin.

Consideration Last year, I did an RSA competition brief on the human microbiome (all the bacteria living in and on us). Through my research for that project, I came across a company called AOBiome.

AOBiome has discovered that due to the excessive amount we wash ourselves, as well as all the chemicals we put onto our skin, we have washed away a naturally occurring (good) bacteria on our skin called Ammonia Oxidising Bacteria (AOB). This bacteria is a natural deodorant, moisturiser and protects our skin against acne.

AOBs are effective in neutralising the bad bacteria and removing malodour on skin. Could it also be applied onto fabric?

Reflection I felt the response I got from Ellen was a mixed bag. She thought my question was very valid and did say that my idea of using AOBs on fabric did have potential to work. She said that the AOBs require sweat to be active so they would only be effective when the fabric is in close contact with the skin. It is promising that a research biologist thinks that there is potential in using AOBs on fabric but having the clothes in close contact to skin at all times creates a potential barrier to a design solution.

Ellen told me that she would be happy to answer any further questions I had and to keep her updated with my project. I will start another conversation with Ellen now that I have some solid concept strands.

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“We do have people who have tried AOBs on fabrics with some results, but it highly depends.

Just remember that the bacteria (AOBs) need sweat in order to be active and work, so it’s important that they have access to that in some way. Your idea on the AOBs have potential to work, but it is likely that the fabric must remain in close contact with the skin.”

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TED Talk - Dr. Bonnie Bassler I watched a TED talk by Dr. Bonnie Bassler, molecular biologist and professor at Princeton University. The talk was about how bacteria communicate.

Consideration I found this video during the same RSA project that I found out about AOBs. I was researching bacteria and came across a TED talk by Dr. Bonnie Bassler about how bacteria actually communicate. Bacteria are very simple, single cell organisms so the fact they can communicate is a pretty amazing thing. In the talk Dr. Bassler explains that bacteria have both inter and intra-specie communication and they do it through a process known as quorum sensing. Dr. Bassler reveals that now that we know how bacteria communicate, we can actually stop them from communicating which would mean that bacteria wouldn’t be able to multiply. This science has significant impact for the medical industry where super bugs are becoming resistant to antibiotics.

This logic could also be applied to laundry. Since malodour is essentially a build up of bacteria, if we could stop that bacteria from communicating, our clothes would never smell!

Reflection This is another example of a past project or something I’ve seen previously being very relevant for this current project. The science that is being discussed in the TED talk is very complicated so I don’t think I’ve fully understood it but Dr. Bassler does try and explain most of the complex biology in layman’s terms. From what I’ve understood about how bacteria communicate, there is massive potential for me to include anti-quorum sensing into my project. It could be an added feature to my product solution as the anti-quorum sensing molecule can be integrated into the water that goes into a steamer for example.

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Speaking about quorem sensing: “We think that this is the next generation of antibiotics and it’s going to get us around, at least initially, this big problem of resistance.

So we’ve made these anti-quorum sensing molecules that are being developed as new kinds of therapeutics. There are also plenty of good and miraculous bacteria that live on the Earth, so we’ve also made pro-quorum sensing molecules. We’ve targeted those systems to make the molecules work better. Remember you have these 10 times or more bacterial cells in you or on you, keeping you healthy!”

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Categorising Types of Cleaning I looked at all the types of cleaning I had identified and categorised them into either a deep or refresh clean.

Consideration Through my exploration I had identified several types of cleaning. I felt that categorising the types of clean into two categories (the deep clean and the refresh clean) would help me focus on a more specific brief. It works as a very simple framework to easily see where the most opportunity for my project lies.

Reflection Categorising the types of clean gave me a very clear indication that the solution to reducing water consumption would be within a refresh clean. Within the deep clean, there are definite opportunities to reduce water use but what defines a deep clean is that the item of clothing is submerged in water. This means that any feasible concept will be limited in terms of being a water saving solution. At this point, I made the decision that I would be focussing on the refresh clean.

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The Deep Clean A clean that involves submerging clothes in water, adding detergent and then agitating. Examples of the deep clean are machine washing and hand washing.

Consideration I decided not to continue investigating the deep clean. After researching current products and future concepts, there doesn’t seem to be a feasible way of doing a waterless or water light deep clean. There is possible opportunity around this area when new technologies arise as a waterless deep clean is a very desirable solution.

Reflection It was a good decision to leave the deep clean at this stage. It was useful to investigate it as it does have many positives.

One of the main positives that a deep clean has, and a refresh lacks, is very strong visual feedback. When you take a clean item of clothing out of the washing machine you are very confident it’s been cleaned. The refresh clean lacks that strong feedback. Even though there are several positives, the negative of water reliance is too much of a barrier against my brief.

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Why do we wash lights and darks together but never mix white clothes. A wash that didn’t require sorting would save time and water.

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The Refresh Clean A clean that involves refreshing an item of clothing by either removing creasing, malodour (bacteria) and small stains.

Consideration My exploration led me to the conclusion that the most opportunity for saving water lay with the refresh clean. The refresh bypasses the need to do a deep clean which would use a lot of water. Refreshing clothes is not only water efficient but also better for the health of the garment. Refreshing is already something we do subconsciously but we do not associate it with a cleaning process. For the refresh clean to become common practice there will have to be a change in laundry behaviour.

Reflection My initial feeling that the refresh clean had the most opportunity was a correct one. As the refresh requires a behavioural change, it has added an extra dimension to my project. The decision to focus on the refresh allowed me more freedom to explore the behavioural side of laundry. The easiest way to change behaviour is to integrate my solution into an already present ritual. This got me started on really exploring rituals and what interesting quirks people had when handling laundry.

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Types of Refresh Spot cleaning is the removal of a

localised stain or visible mark. Instead of washing the entire garment, you just focus on the area of marking.

It has the main benefit of a deep clean (removal of visible marks) and the main benefit of a refresh clean (minimal water used).

Spot cleaning is a good area for potential concepts however, obtaining a solution that will remove a stain can be tricky.

Bacteria removal is the killing of bacteria on the surface of a garment.

There are several waterless ways of removing bacteria like: UV radiation, ultrasound and ozone. Steam is an effective way to kill bacteria but is not completely waterless.

Bacteria’s communication can also be blocked through anti-quorem sensing molecules.

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Steam Cleaning is the use of steam as a cleaning agent. Steam irons and clothes steamers are currently used on already clean clothes to remove wrinkles and creases. Have you ever ironed an item that wasn’t clean?

Steam has cleaning properties (it’s basically hot water!) as well as being effective in removing creases. Steam kills bacteria which removes malodour and also lightly dampens the garment giving it that fresh feel when it’s fully dry. Once you add a scent to the water in the hand steamer, it becomes a really viable solution as the scent offers potential feedback.

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Spot Cleaning Test I conducted a spot cleaning test which involved using either or an acid or a base to remove a stain by measuring the pH of the stain.

Consideration This was the first bit of physical testing that I did. Testing is one of the quickest and effective ways of gathering data and getting a true sense of how something works. Testing is very useful but if done incorrectly can also lead to incorrect findings. To produce reliable results, certain variables have to be kept constant.

Reflection At the time I felt that this test was very positive as my acid or alkali solution was as effective at removing stains as water with detergent. This led to me to believe that pH testing was a very strong opportunity for a product solution.

I now realise that my test wasn’t rigorous enough. Efficient stain removal relies on more than just knowing the pH of the stain. Type of fabric is one variable that makes a significant difference. As my test just used one type of fabric, my results with acids and bases gave me a skewed perception of how easy stain removal could be. I got lucky with my results and in reality, just knowing the pH of the stain isn’t quite enough.

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Define

3. Focus & Re-exploration

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Meeting with James Shutt & Lauren Zayya I had a meeting with James Shutt and Lauren Zayya.

James and Lauren founded TANDEM, a Design and Innovation firm based in Newcastle.

Consideration After my first interim for major project, I met with James Shutt and Lauren Zayya and took them through my exploration booklet. James and Lauren have worked with Unilever on several projects and have a very good understanding of the laundry space. I wanted to get their opinion on where they thought I should be going with my project and what kind of things I need to be doing.

Reflection My first interim for major project was relatively positive but I would say I was quite confused about my direction at this point. I hadn’t really refined my brief and I was struggling to explain my project in a concise manner.

James instantly noticed that I was a bit lost and he offered me some great advice on what I needed to do. He felt that my exploration was a solid research document but that I needed to do another mini exploration to refine my brief before I got into concept ideation. James gave me a barriers framework to work with and this was really helpful to give my project some perspective.

I was also very hung up on what my final solution was going to be and how it was going to look. Lauren sensed this and told me not to worry about the end result just yet. She reassured me that if I did some intriguing testing and framed all my research that a solid solution was a natural result. After the meeting, I was still a bit confused but looking back now, it was a key moment which helped me refine my direction.

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“You need to refine your brief and do another mini exploration.

Think about what the barriers are from stopping you designing the perfect solution. Is there something more desirable than the refresh?

When do you realise that an item of clothing needs cleaning? Create visual probes and record them to start a conversation about new rituals.”

“You are worrying too much about the end solution and how it will look. Don’t worry about designing a slick, polished product yet. Really think about where the opportunities are for laundry behaviour to change. When you have thought about all of that, your solution is bound to be good.”

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Refined Brief I focussed my brief on the refresh clean and behaviour change.

Consideration Refining my brief was very important before I moved onto my focussed mini exploration. I needed to have an idea of what I was trying to achieve when I was doing new tests and building new frameworks.

Reflection I refined my brief well as it allowed me to look at laundry with a much more focussed lens. Although the brief I wrote for myself was the correct brief and I wouldn’t change it now, at the time I was fixated on designing a stain removal pen for the spot clean. This fixation did cloud my direction as I was constantly trying to find a perfect solution for stain removal, which I now know was too ambitious.

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“How can I change current water reliant laundry behaviour through promoting a refresh clean instead of a deep clean?�

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“We always have customers who come into our store just to try on a few items of clothing. Occasionally a customer might be wearing strong perfume or have body odour and will leave the item of clothing they tried on in the changing room. If there is a smell left on the garment we can’t put it straight back on the shop floor.

We steam items of clothing if they need a refresh. Every retailer in the country will have a clothes steamer somewhere on their premises.”

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Site Visit to Jules B I visited Jules B, a fashion retailer in Jesmond, to enquire about how they refresh worn clothing.

Consideration I wanted to find out if retailers did anything to brand new clothes in their stores if something was spit on them or if they picked up a smell. I knew that clothes in a retail store couldn’t be deep cleaned so I thought there could be an interesting insight here.

Reflection From my site visit, I found that almost all retailers will have a clothes steamer on their premises. This was a positive insight as it validated the effectiveness of steam cleaning for me. If retailers used steam as a means to refresh a garment (remove smells), then why can’t it be a viable solution for a domestic environment? There are no harsh solvents, like with dry cleaning, so it should translate well from a professional to a domestic environment.

The clothes steamers retailers use to tend to be the more premium ones which cost more than £100 but I know there are cheaper ones on the market. This site visit convinced me that steam cleaning had to be an avenue I had to explore further and I ended up buying a £10 hand steamer after this visit.

?

If steam cleaning is so common place in the retail environment, why is it that hardly any households own one?

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Conversation with Dr. Neil Beattie I spoke to Dr. Neil Beattie, Head of Physics at Northumbria University regarding electrostatics.

Consideration I have been using an ionic toothbrush which is something my dentist recommended.

It sends a stream of positive ions onto your teeth which removes plaque more efficiently. I wanted to know if this electrostatic technique could also work for spot cleaning stains on fabrics.

Reflection Dr. Neil Beattie confirmed my assumption that in theory, an electrostatic technique could work for spot cleaning. However, he did raise a point that it could vary depending on type of stain. This would pose a potential problem with any product solution as it adds another variable which complicates the process. For a spot cleaning product solution to be viable it needs to be very easy to use.

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In response my question asking whether the technique ionic toothbrushes use to remove plaque could work for stain removal on fabric:

“In principle, an electrostatic technique could work here, however it depends on the nature of the stains i.e. what molecules is the stain composed of and do these have a net charge?�

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Air Refresh Test I left three items of clothing, which had a slight smell, outside to see how effective air was at refreshing.

Consideration The air refresh is a very desirable solution to my brief. It would use no water and no electricity. If an item could refresh from just being outside for a period of time, that could be a really exciting solution.

Reflection I left the items of clothing outside on a cold, dry day with light wind. I kept checking smell every few hours and noticed no difference for the first few hours. After looking at the weather, I decided I would risk it and leave them outside over night.

The results were positive. All three garments smelled fresher, especially the two jackets. The jackets are worn out to the pub and pick up a stale smoke smell. That was completely gone after one night outside. The air refresh works but only if you leave it for a long period of time (long dwell).

With the UK weather, you couldn’t leave clothes outside on any given day. This test made me imagine a solution where the clothes that required an air refresh would be protected from rain but also be able to breathe.

The test led to some concepts around an outdoor clothes bag.

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Shower Steam Test I hung up a heavily wrinkled shirt next to me whilst I had a shower to see if shower steam could remove creasing.

Consideration I was very interested in the steam refresh and it got me thinking about where steam is already present in our day to day lives. The most obvious answer was the shower. I wanted to see if hanging a piece of clothing near a steamy shower would have any positive effects.

Reflection I was hoping that this test would work as it would show that refreshing could be a bi-product of showering, which is something we all already do. However, I was sceptical if steam would have much of an effect if it wasn’t being applied directly to the garment (like with a clothes steamer).

My scepticism was unfortunately warranted. I left the wrinkled shirt in the shower cubicle for 10 minutes which is longer than most people would have a shower for. The results were minimal in terms of wrinkle smoothing.

The steam could have possibly refreshed the smell and feel of the shirt but it had been recently washed so I couldn’t tell from this test. That was poor testing on my behalf. I should have been recording all the different aspect of a steam clean, which would include odour removal. I might do this test again with a garment that has some malodour.

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Before

After

I left the shirt in the shower for over 10 minutes which would be longer than most people’s usual shower. There is hardly any change in terms of wrinkling. The shirt did get a bit damp which might make it feel a bit fresher when it dried.

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Tutorial with Neil Smith I was quite clouded with my vision for my project so I spoke to Neil Smith, tutor at Northumbria University

Consideration Even though I had a positive interim and was doing refresh testing, I felt really lost when I went into this tutorial. I was still hung up on how everything was going to work and the chemistry of stain removal was confusing me. I still felt that my spot cleaning stain pen was my strongest concept strand within the refresh but I was struggling to understand whether it could actually work. I went to Neil for some guidance and hopefully some inspiration.

Reflection Neil said something to me that made me finally realise that I was going about my project in completely the wrong way. He told me that my thinking was too linear and if I managed to solve the stain removal problem in two months, as I was hoping, then companies like Unilever would sack their entire R&D departments and hire me. That was the perfect thing I needed to hear at that time. It made me realise that I needed to have more fun with this project and stop worrying about end solutions.

I had a phone call with a research scientist for Unilever organised for the next day so I didn’t completely throw out my desire to solve the stain removal problem but I was nearing towards that. Neil said to ask the Unilver researcher all my chemistry questions for peace of mind but probably move onto another concept strand.

Looking back, I realise that a lot of what Neil was saying to me was in the same tone as what was said with James and Lauren. I don’t know why it took me so long to break my very literal approach to this project but I wish I had this moment in my meeting with James and Lauren. It would have saved me a lot of time and stressing over chemistry!

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“Your thinking is too linear at the moment. You are hung up on creating a perfect solution that could go instantly into market.

The laundry space is a heavily researched area and there hasn’t been a solution yet so don’t worry about solving the big problem.

Companies like Unilever and P&G have huge R&D departments which they spend millions on. If you solved the laundry problem in 2 months then they would sack the entire R&D team and hire you!”

“Find some visual probes to get a conversation going. Everything you do doesn’t have to lead to a viable or marketable solution.”

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Conversation with Phil Sams I emailed and had a phone call with Phil Sams, Research Scientist for Unilever, to address some chemistry questions.

Consideration I wanted to discuss all my chemistry queries with Phil as he would be able to tell me instantly if what I wanted to do was scientifically possible. This conversation was just after my eyeopening tutorial with Neil so I was quite open to any direction that Phil suggested. I wanted to run him through some of my early concepts, ask him how stain removal really worked, and if there was an opportunity for pH testing to work. I was hoping to be told that either my stain pen would work as a viable solution or that it would be too complicated so I could move on without it lingering in the back of my mind.

Reflection My conversation with Phil actually turned out to be even more vital than my previous tutorial with Neil. The first thing Phil told me was to not worry about the chemistry. At the time, it was what I was dreading slightly. It turned out to be a blessing in disguise as it finally allowed me to put my stain pen concept to one side and focus on other aspects of the refresh clean. Phil reiterated what Neil said and told me to not worry too much about the end product and think about behaviour and rituals around the refresh. When I took him through my early concepts, he identified steam as being the cleaning agent he felt had the most potential.

When a research scientist, who completely understands the chemistry behind cleaning and stain removal, suggests where the areas of potential are, it feels very promising! After this chat, I decided my new focus would be on steam cleaning and how to make sure there is strong feedback to show that the refreshed clothing is actually clean.

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“I wouldn’t worry about the chemistry to start with. There is plenty of chemistry knowledge within laundry and I feel the real opportunity is around behaviour change. Spot cleaning and refresh are beguiling methods, they often come up as basic ideas but definitely need some ground-breaking design insight and delivery to take them beyond niche products.

The problem about the refresh that I’ve seen over the years is the lack of belief that the refresh has actually worked. The great thing about washing, whether in bucket or machine, is that there’s an obvious process. The clothing disappears into a vessel and is ‘reborn’.

I think spot cleaning isn’t where the opportunity is. There is a lot more space around the refresh and rituals. A behavioural change is key. In terms of a cleaning agent, I like steam. I think it has the most potential.”

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Define

Frameworks Very useful for putting concepts and ideas into perspective. I have used mainly scales and graphs.

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Barriers What is stopping current solutions from becoming ideal solutions?

Consideration This framework is useful when trying to map potential barriers. It really makes you think why today’s solutions are failing to get close to the ideal. Creating a hierarchy of barriers is useful to refine concept strands. If the barrier is too big then the concept won’t work, yet.

Reflection I used this quite effectively to really think about what the laundry landscape was like now and what was stopping it from being ideal. One of the biggest barriers I came across was the size of current technology. However, with the progression of nano-technology, that barrier is becoming smaller every day. Literally!

This also helped me to generate concept ideas.

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Desirability Scale (Water Use) Scale that ranges from the least desirable solution to the ideal solution. Concepts will fall in along these two points.

Consideration I made this framework to quickly map out where the cleaning methods, within deep and refresh clean, fall onto. It was also useful to map out what is feasible with today or near future technology.

Reflection I found this framework helpful to create a structure within many concept strands. It allowed me to really identify which concepts are actually meeting the main need of the brief (reducing water consumption). Sometimes I find that this framework helps remind me why I am doing this project. If you know ‘why’ you are doing something, the ‘what’ at the end takes care of itself.

This framework also overlaps nicely with other scales like the time scale.

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The Clean Spectrum Spectrum of how clean an item of clothing is. It ranges from box fresh to dirty laundry.

Consideration I created this framework to identify what area of clean I wanted to tackle. My initial thought was that clothes which needed to be refreshed weren’t classed as clean or dirty. So what were they?

Reflection I found this framework very useful. It provided me with the term: clothes in ‘Limbo’. I concluded after making the spectrum that clothes started to become ‘limbo’ after one wear, depending on how germophobic the user was. They stop being limbo just after they start to smell, as this is when a lot of people decide to do a deep clean.

If I can create a solution that allows limbo clothes to be refreshed even after they start to smell, I will be able to extend the ‘limbo’ area to the point of visible marks. This framework has led me to create another framework: Limbo Potential. I am planning on doing a new test called the White T-Shirt Test. I will be using the Clean Spectrum as a scale where people can place a white t-shirt along the scale to rate how dirty they think it is.

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Limbo Potential Low limbo potential would mean low probability of that item becoming limbo clothing and vice versa.

Consideration I wanted to create a more specific framework from the Clean Spectrum. I was intrigued by this area of clean which I’ve called ’Limbo’. I wanted to find out a few questions. What type clothes become limbo? Are some type of clothes more likely to become limbo regardless of how dirty they actually are? Does limbo potential correlate to anything?

Reflection I found this framework equally as useful as the clean spectrum. After mapping out common types of clothing, I could see a correlation between price of item and limbo potential.

Expensive items tended to have a low limbo potential as they were either ready for wear (hung up in a wardrobe), or not suitable for public wear and therefore sent to the dry cleaners.

A section of clothing, I’ve highlighted as the dry clean zone, skip limbo and go straight from being clean to dirty. Cheaper clothes tended to have a high limbo potential as loungewear and sportswear are items of clothing where appearance is much less important.

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Habits & Triggers Triggers succeed when something isn’t too hard to do and there’s sufficient motivation to do it.

Consideration Triggers are little cues (usually subconscious) that lead into an action. I found this behavioural framework in an article about trying to get people engaged with fitness bands and apps. I wanted to use this framework to map out potential concepts to see if I think they could possibly trigger a new habit or behaviour.

Reflection This framework seemed quite obvious on first viewing, but that’s the beauty of it. It’s very simple. If triggers are failing, make them easier to do or increase the motivation. This framework will be a great way to check how likely a concept will actually initiate a change in habit or behaviour.

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4. Rituals & Probes

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Visual Metaphors Powerful or thought-provoking imagery to get a conversation started.

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Just a Table Spoon of Water “If the entire world’s water were to fit into a 4 litre container, the fresh water available for us would equal about one tablespoon” -Waterwise UK

I measured out 4 litres of water to get the ratio from the above quote correct. This visual representation of the world’s fresh water is thought provoking. I am thinking of making a dripping water container model to represent laundry’s impact on the UK water supply.

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The Limbo Chair Everyone has that chair in their bedroom which becomes an open wardrobe for clothes in limbo.

I removed the seat from a dining chair to remove its primary function.

Once it was a seat-less chair, it became a useful surface to hang clothing that wasn’t dirty but not quite clean enough to put back in the wardrobe. Its primary function then became a limbo holder.

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The “Floordrobe” When an item of clothing becomes a crumpled mess on the floordrobe, is it then lost to the deep clean?

The ‘Floordrobe’ is a common feature in many university houses. It is often present when stress levels are high or time is running short.

Sorting, folding and hanging clothes takes time so it is usually one of the first things sacrificed if running against the clock.

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Emotional Clothing Some items of clothing attach you through an emotional connection. You wash these clothes less...why? Is washing bad for your clothes?

Raw denim reacts to how you wear it so it becomes unique to you. Denim enthusiasts go to great lengths to avoid washing their jeans as washing reduces the amount the jeans react to you.

Denim lovers have been known to freeze their jeans to kill bacteria, rather than washing them.

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Rituals & Quirks A very effective way, when trying to implement new behaviour, is to build them into existing rituals or quirks that we already have.

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The Cat Lick Food is the most common source of stain on clothes.

When you spill something edible, an instant reaction is to lick the spot of the spill.

The tongue is used by many animals as a cleaning tool. Cats are the most obvious example. Is it possible to put something in our mouth that reacts with saliva and creates the perfect solvent for stain removal? Licking is so intuitive and no tools required!

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?

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The Sniff Test One of the most common laundry rituals is the sniff test.

It is generally quite an accurate way of checking the cleanliness of an item of clothing.

The sniff test is an interesting ritual but I don’t see any opportunity in it translating into a product solution. This could change though, I’m always thinking of new ideas!

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Laundry-Basket-Ball Throw ball of laundry into basket. The further away you are, the more challenging the game.

Idea!

A laundry basket whose opening becomes smaller as it fills up.

Would make aiming harder as it fills up which is a nudge towards doing less laundry. When it’s full, the opening seals up and you can put entire laundry basket into the wash?

This ritual might be more relevant for men. We have an innate urge to aim for things and that’s why I tend to want to throw my laundry into the basket as far away as possible for the added challenge.

Gamifying the laundry ritual is an interesting theme.

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The Loungewear Generation Our generation has a set of clothes (loungewear) that is specifically for indoor wear and relaxing.

Having specific clothes for lazing around in is fairly unique to the Millennial generation. These clothes (tracksuits, pyjamas, some jumpers), have very high limbo potential and probably end up living on the chair in your bedroom. You don’t have an urge to wash them because you’re not doing anything strenuous in them but they’re not quite clean because you’ve been lying around for days in them.

A refresh clean could be targeted to this generation specifically.

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Inspiration From Dissertation My dissertation title was ‘How Can Designers Change Human Behaviour To Reduce Household Waste?”

If you replace ‘Household’ with ‘Water’ in my dissertation title you basically get my current project. There are some very strong parallels between the two projects. Both are tackling behaviour change.

In my dissertation, I go into quite a lot of detail about psychology and why we make the decisions that we do. This is important to understand, if we are to truly change human behaviour. My dissertation concludes that nudges are the best way to change human behaviour and I hope to apply that knowledge to this project.

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Testing Hand Steamer I used a hand steamer for about a week and noted down things I liked about it and things I wanted to improve

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Hand Steamer Touch-points 1 2

3

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PROS -Easy to set up for first use -Heats up in 10 seconds -Removes creases as well as my ÂŁ60 steam iron

-Leaks a bit of water -Not a constant steam (bursts like steam iron)

-Quite portable

-Has a cord (limits reach)

-Leaves fabric slightly damp (fresh feeling after it dries)

-Drips water from the front

-Comfortable to hold

-Limited feedback on effectiveness of clean

-Removes mild smell -Water compartment allows adding of fragrance (perfume) -Cheap

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CONS

Clothes Steamer Review My personal experience and opinions from fashion students/professionals who use steamers frequently.

“When you steam a garment it’s hung up so you can put it straight in the wardrobe. I prefer that to having to fold and put away clothes.”

Ellie Thrift, 4th Year Fashion Marketing Northumbria University

“I use a clothes steamer at both university and at work. What I particularly like about steaming is how quick and easy it is, definitely quicker than ironing.”

Amy Beales, 3rd Year Fashion Northumbria University, Jules B

“Even the big steamers at work are quite bulky, although they usually have wheels. They’re very expensive so that’s what is stopping me from investing in one. I might get a cheap one, they aren’t too bad!”

Brooke Goudie, Fashion Retail Fenwicks

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Testing Tide To Go Pen I bought a Tide To Go stain removal pen and tested it on wine and grass stains.

I realised that my stain test from my exploration wasn’t a very fair test as I only tested one type of fabric and didn’t wait long enough for the stain to set. I wanted to do a new test where I could compare the results from the Tide To Go pen vs. the acids and bases method.

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Tide Pen vs. Acids & Bases In comparison the Tide To Go pen was more effective on both the wine and the grass stain. The stains were quite set in but neither method completely removed the stain.

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5. Initial Concept Ideation

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Concept Sketches Sketches are a fantastic way of communicating early concepts.

Sketches are the best way of communicating early designs as they can communicate an idea very quickly and in a rough manner. Being a rough representation of a solution is key as you can focus on the idea behind the concept and not what materials or finishes it will have.

The big problem with using high resolution CAD renders for early concepts is that when people see a realistic looking image, they think of it as a fully designed product when it is just meant to be a quick visual representation of an idea.

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Refresh Mode Setting on washing machine that spins and steams clothing that need a refresh.

Refresh Me!

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New & Improved Hand Steamer A hand steamer that has been full designed with every touch-point investigated. Also has an anti-bacterial element.

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Define

Steam Box Gives the same steam clean as a hand held steamer but allows multiple garments to be refreshed at once.

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New Way to Iron Using the already present infrastructure of the steam iron.

An antibacterial solution could be added to the water tank to give irons a cleaning aspect.

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Steam Chair Playing on the insight about the laundry chair. If the laundry chair actually had a secondary function as a steam cleaner, it could be a solution which wouldn’t require a big change in behaviour.

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Wall Mounted Steamer A wall mounted slot steamer that is inspired by the Dyson Airblade hand dryer.

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Define

Air Refresh Bag Waterproof bag that allows clothes to also breathe and be air refreshed whilst keeping out moisture and pollutants in the air.

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pH Pen & Stain Removal Kit A pH pen that refers you to a chemistry-like kit and will show you the best spot cleaner for that specific stain.

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Develop

6. Moving Forward

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Concept Mapping I have all my frameworks and concepts now so I can map my concepts onto some of the frameworks.

I find concept mapping on frameworks to be really helpful when you are trying to create hierarchy or trying to refine concepts to the ones with the most opportunity.

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Develop

Concept Modelling The next stage after doing concept sketches is making soft models of the concepts. Making models gives me a real sense of form, proportion and dimensions that I cant get from a sketch.

I am planning on doing a soft model for the Spot Cleaning Chemistry Kit and I am going to start exploring the form for the ideal steam cleaner.

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Develop

Plan for Rest of Project Final Reflection

At this moment I am starting to enter the ‘Develop’ stage of the design process and I am feeling very confident and content with my work so far and direction. I feel that my vision of what I am aiming to achieve with my final solution is clear and I am having fun as I get deeper into this project.

I have refined my brief again to focus on steam as the agent for refreshing garments. I feel that steam with the added benefit of an anti-bacterial agent like anti-quorum sensing molecules could really be a very exciting and viable solution.

I really need to start thinking about what the form of my product will be at this stage. Out of all of my concepts so far, I am most intrigued by the Steam Chair.

I really like the insight about most people having a laundry chair that might not even ever get sat on. Since this is a behaviour people already do, it is an exciting area for me to look into.

The next couple of things I need to do are to map my concepts onto my frameworks and to start some soft modelling to get a sense of form and dimensions for this steam product.

According to my project plan, I should be a bit ahead of where I currently am. I think I was a bit slow when it came to refining my brief but now that I have, I feel I can surge forward and make up any lost ground.

In general, I am feeling very positive about where this project could go and I think I will be able to design a product that will be marketable, if not thought provoking.

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CJ 1 Finish Mar 2016

Concept Mapping

Concept Selection

Develop

CAD/Renders Expo Visit

Soft Modelling Develop Concept Branding

Final Proposal Apr 2016

Prototype

Appearance Model Major Booklet

Deliver

Testing

Evaluation Marketing Campaign CJ 2 Booklet

Major Project Finish May 2016 CJ 2 Finish May 2016

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