National institute of soyapang1

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SOYAPANGO ENGLISH ONE

SUBJECT: ENGLISH

STUDENT’S: JAIRO ALFREDO ZALDIVAR TEJADA

TEACHER’S: JORGE ALBETO MIRA CORTEZ

LIST NUMBER: 45

DEADLINE: TUESDAY 05/12/2015

Aﾃ前: 2015

TALKING ABOUT TRADITIONS AND LIFE STYLES CUSTOMS AND LIFESTYLE IN EL SALVADOR

Posted by Karla Padilla 7:56 0 comments El Salvador national parties Festivals in August (August 6) Patron Saint, Savior of the World -Festivities Employer "El Salvador del Mundo", also called (Agostinas Party) are the festivities " most important of San Salvador. In these religious, recreational and commercial activities which usually last a week in the capital they are made. The main attraction is the traditional "Bajada" or procession of the patron saint El Salvador World which takes

us through the main streets of San Salvador, representing the Transfiguration of Jesus Christ. "It is a celebration that comes from 1528, and the early celebration was Civic, religious and military and then evolved to a fair.

Independence Day (September 15) September 15 Independence Day. The National Independence Day is celebrated nationwide in public and private schools, as well as on military bases. Parades are held in each city with the participation of students marching represent their respective school site with their bands and cheerleading groups. Each group carries the flag of El Salvador and the flag of their school. A special ceremony also takes place in Freedom Square in the center of San Salvador where the President of the Republic, accompanied by members of his cabinet, heads a related message to the nation.

The Columbus Day (October 12) This day landfall was commemorated for the sailor Rodrigo de Triana in 1492, after having sailed more than two months in command of Christopher Columbus. In this land it would then denominate America. The government and private offices are closed for Columbus Day. People stay home and rest or go out to have fun ..

The October 12, 1492 the sailor Rodrigo de Triana sighted land. This event changed the concept we had in the world and sparked something that not even Col贸n had imagined: the union of two mundos.El meeting allowed America to receive a great cultural legacy, progress and not only Western but also Eastern art forms, and perceived that Europe's cultural wealth, progress, ingenuity and art of the New World All Souls' Day (November 2) The Day of the Dead is a celebration across the country. It is customary to go to the cemetery to pray and place flowers on the graves of loved ones who have died. Wreaths of natural flowers or paper are placed. It is also customary to place cypress leaves wreaths for its pleasant aroma. The food usually. consumed during this time is: tamales (chicken or pork, sweet or savory) and pumpkin cooked with brown sugar, honey called Squash parts. Traditionally in El Salvador, November 2 is celebrated on All Souls' Day, and this particular day is used by people to buy flowers, painting, lime, brushes, achieved hoes, shovels and picks and family target to the cemetery where are buried the nearest recently or several years of deceased relatives.

Tombs cement "chelean" with lime and crosses white or other colors painted the letters of the tombstones repainted with gold, silver or dark colors using brushes, they are decorated with paper flowers and dipped in melted beeswax to obtain a rough complexion and better withstand the elements, or crowns of cypress full of artificial or natural flowers Posted by Karla Padilla 5:25 1 reviews Saturday, November 14, 2009 important dates in El Salvador dates vary according Easter sometimes falls in March or April It is widely held in the country since the Roman Catholics are predominant. Salvadorans celebrate Holy Week before Easter Sunday or Easter Sunday. Processions are held throughout the country with floats and images of Jesus carrying the cross. There are

daily religious services. Landmark is Sonsonate, the fourth largest city in El Salvador, famous for carpets on streets made of colorful flowers and colored sawdust that are placed where the procession passes. This Holy Week tradition attracts visitors from around the country.

Lent is observed not eating meat on Friday, but if you can eat seafood during this time.

Some of the most popular meals for Easter are: fish cake soup or seafood soup, rice with clams served with warm tortillas made of corn flour, jam (preserves) banana or mango, sweet dried fruit and toast French with honey (panela) called torrejas.

To end the week, Easter Sunday is celebrated with a special mass and procession.

Resurrection Catholic party began on Saturday with the celebration of the Easter Vigil.

The various parishes gathered to await the faithful in communion yesterday morning, when the last procession was held and the image of the risen Jesus was loaded.

Prior to the celebration of the vigil in San Luis Mariona, located north of the capital, children and adults behaved candles representing the Easter fire, the main symbol of the resurrection of Jesus Christ.

El Calvario church, located in downtown San Salvador, left the tour at 4 in the morning.

The songs and fervent prayers accompanied the path of the image of Jesus, the Virgin Mary and San Juan during the hour tour of the main arteries of the heart of the capital.

To officially conclude with the celebration of the greatest week, the Archbishop of San Salvador, Monsignor JosĂŠ Luis Escobar Alas, and the pastors of different churches staged a mass where the Gospel passage detailing the resurrection of Jesus was read .

Labor Day (May 1) The government and private companies close their offices for International Labor Day. Unions often make parade commemorating that day The march this May 1 th was not only a traditional repetition of previous years, the events that loom over El Salvador gave a new twist to this call for citizens who demand more and decent employment.

The venues for the commemoration of this May 1 were El Salvador del Mundo, the University of El Salvador (UES) and the National Institute Francisco MenĂŠndez (INFRAMEN). The march ended at the Gerardo Barrios Plaza, where the candidate of the Farabundo Marti (FMLN), Mauricio Funes gave a speech.

The march dressed plurality, welcomed unions, vendors, feminist, ecological, the guild war disabled groups, university and high school students, among many others.

Day of the Cross (May 3) The celebration of the Cruz de Mayo is an outstanding example of our ancestral expressing gratitude to the fruits of the earth people.

In El Salvador can be seen a number of cultural events which show characteristics of ancient Mesoamerican peoples. These material and spiritual expressions as fraternities, dances and traditional dances, rituals in caves and houses, traditional food and others, are, often, hidden behind Christian rites, often conjugated with religious holidays of the Catholic saints but evoke customs of the ancient Pipil, Mayan and other pre-Columbian cultures that inhabited El Salvador.

One of these manifestations is the celebration of the Cross, May 3, which should have been a festival even in ancient times, as it stood after the Christian religion was established. It was perhaps one of the most important, evident in the fact that it has

remained in the collective memory of Salvadorans, for more than 500 years since the arrival of the conquistadors to our territory traditions.

Perhaps a last remnant of this rite has been ensconced in the traditional custom of the celebration of the Cruz de Mayo, which is lined with flowers and fruits when the first rains have made them flourish. This should be made of "stick jiote" recalling the exchange standing on the other, symbolizing the renewal of vegetation

"CUSTOMS OF EL SALVADOR"

Introduction

In this blog I want to introduce the customs of this beautiful country, in spite of the negatives that are happening, people and this land has a lot of wealth that still do not know ... By making this space I've noticed many customs we have and with the passage of time we are losing.

This blog is unlike other because not only find the ways that are best known, but also customs and traditions that have many people in this country who still keep publos wealth of EL SALVADOR ....

According to the Salvadoran culture Culture from a poetic conception is "the soul of a people," said Ricardo Cardona, regional representative of the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI) during the presentation of the "National Dialogue consolidated results by culture ".

The document reflects that national understand culture as something that belongs to the country and them.

As bad external influences of culture said: migrants and the media, the latter to have much weight in people According to the publication etiquette they relate to the good culture, while social problems mix with bad culture.

Another result is the primacy of the family, since there is concern to keep it together. In addition, the pride of being Salvadoran stressed, but said, however, that there is no future inside the country.

Culture is, according to national, in pupusas, as they begin to be part of the cuisine from the first year of life. Other dishes that are recognized are the tamales, beans and others.

The media are recognized as shapers of culture. Among them, television is the medium through which the family gathers, but no fear of the great influence it has this medium.

The malls are the new places for a walk while you go to movies, concerts and cultural activities (arts) are minimal activities in the Salvadoran population.

Customs of El Salvador The day of the cross The Day of the Cross, May 3, which should have been a festival even in ancient times, as it stood after the Christian religion was established. Starting from the Christian ritual, the cross is put in homes, is worshiped and asked, according to Christian tradition he says, that does not come to dance the devil. Tradition says that on May 3 a wooden cross of jiote be used. This tree has the characteristic of changing its crust quickly and flourish. This quality suffering symbolizes the renewal of nature and preparing the land for planting. This is where an overlap with Christianity is also given, as the jiote represents the renewal of humanity after the coming of Christ and his resurrection.

Easter in El Salvador Holy Week is a time to meditate and reflect on our behavior. This is what the Catholic Religion has taught for centuries and El Salvador is no exception to that trend, where at least 60% is considered Catholic.

Holy Week is celebrated across the country, from communities with a few hundred people to the places with a greater presence of these traditions, Sonsonate and Izalco.

The processions are held these days are one of the most colorful of El Salvador.

Paradoxically Sonsonate and Izalco They are places with large indigenous tradition, where the Spaniards had an arduous task of submitting to religion and where our indigenous able to work with both religions at par. The conquistadors thought they already Habi an under Natural, but they had found a way to continue their ancestral customs, yet appear to have already been converted.

During these celebrations rich in details you can get to see some indigenous priest or "Shaman" also known as "witches".

Salvadorean Food Traditional Salvadoran cuisine reflects the cost UMMITS of ancient people, always preserved corn as the main element.

The typical Salvadoran food is a delicious blend of Indian food with the Spanish.

Pupusas Pupusa The term comes from the Nahuatl meaning pupushahua tortilla filled with cheese, beans, pork, squash, cream, carrot. They are generally prepared from corn dough, although some people prefer rice dough. The two varieties are associated with tanning and salsa. The pupusas are tortillas made from corn meal or rice stuffed with cheese, beans, pork, riots (pork rind and beans or beans and cheese). Although there are more varieties like shrimp or chacalines and fish. Tanning eaten with cabbage and some people prefer natural tomato sauce. The most common are those made co n cornmeal.

The rice is usually eaten on the outskirts of the capital city, being the cradle of pupusas Olocuilta rice, located in the department of La Paz. The tortilla It is made from corn and is the staple food of Salvadorans. The ground corn is kneaded and discs that are cast on a hot griddle made to sew.

Tamales They are made of corn dough, a filling (chicken meat, duck or pork, beans, izote flower, green bean, chipilin) and salsa or collection. The tamales are generally made to celebrate.

Horchata

The name comes from the Catalan orxata, probableme nte derived from the word ordiata made of ordi (barley). Horchata is a drink of milky consistency generally made from seeds (groundnut, nose, cocoa, rice, sesame, linseed, almonds, etc.) or rice. In El Salvador, the traditional horchata is based nose, sesame seed, cinnamon, and cocoa.

Cassava It is an evergreen shrub of the family Euphorbiaceae, native and widely cultivated in South America and the Pacific for its starchy root of high food value.

It can be served boiled or fried, accompanied tanning, Creole sauce with bits of pork rind or pepesca (pescaditas river). Usually it served in garden leaves.

Folk dance of El Salvador

Western Area

Jeu jeu: in December we can see a very special dance procession jeu jeu and is part of the Christmas celebrations of the city. Izalco brotherhoods gather to pay homage to the baby Jesus bringing "the offering of sheaves", these tree branches that receive that designation. These knuckles carry hooks or shaped hands, which corncobs and sometimes of different colors are placed cocoa pods. These are adorned with fringes of different colors. These brotherhoods gather in the square and dance in different groups.

Then go in procession to the throne of God where child a person who is called the "balladeer" sings special songs of picaresque character to which viewers respond in chorus Jeu, which means agreeing with what has been said . As you could see this dance is a survivor of the ancient rites of our ancestors and that are related to the offering of the first fruits of the cornfields or request a good harvest.

The cumpas: It is a traditional dance of western country, takes place when two people Jayaque (L Liberty) and Cuisnahuat (Sonsonate) are. Each village has its respective patron, St. Luke the Evangelist and St. Kitts, as are the festivities of these peoples from one visit to the other leading course of its patron saint, where he is received by all the people doing there greeting or stumbles hands and foreheads, or greeting the cumpas or compadres.

In these festivals great pilgrimages, ranging from one city to another, carrying procession still go backstage where the images of the patron saints are made.

The melody of "cumpas of Jayaque" I picked up the Philharmonic JosĂŠ Cabrera Valencia Zopilote dance

This dance is given in Concepcion de Ataco, Ahuachapan. It consists of oldies (masks) and a vulture in the center of the dance, the songs are popular in the area and string music (Compiled by Francisco Arj) Central Zone They are the Old: It is a comic expression, elderly people present but whose protagonists are full of young people emerged. The contrast between the masks with pronounced wrinkles and warts and agile movements of dancers provokes laughter of the public.

Today this tradition only retains the instrumental melody originally a ironizante know whether text, allegorical to senescence or other they sang.

This group of men that give life to great lengths to one of the folk events best known in our country as dance "history" or "Dance of the Historians" or "Moors and Christians", this dance is performed in the month of May dedicated to the Virgin and September when it dedicated the Holy Cross in Rome.

For this dance 14 men divided into two companies or groups of 7 men are needed, forming the two sides on the one hand and Christians on the other Los Moros, their clothes are very rich of sizes, headdresses such as crowns for Christians adorned with flowers and helmets worn by the Moors who are adorned with figures of animals and ancient coins, bearing layer upon it a "toga" square and a small apron, both sides carry a machete making function sword in the "history".

Stories or stories are many here an example of them: David and Goliath, the twelve pairs of France, Renegade of the sky, the Grand Duke of Medina, The story of Carlos V and the renegade Corinth. These conservatives are "testers" very old men who jealously guard their notebooks with stories, often blurred by the passage of time.

The Historians of Santiago Texacuangos: this dance is the fight of the Christians against the Moors, highlighting the exploits of St. James, patron of Spain and symbol of the struggles of the conquest of America. One of the stories that most used is "Renegade Heaven."

Escutcheons: this dance or dance is known as "dancing educated" and is a satirical representation of a Spanish wedding, the dress is very characteristic because it takes full suit with frock coat and top hat. to science and some are not known since when rendered.

The plot of the dance is: is the marriage of Lucrezia with Don Tomas de Castilla Rainer order to establish an alliance between two countries, Spain and Turkey. In this wedding 12 foreign ministers of different countries plus other characters like the priest, the bride herself and others participate.

Cuche of the mountain, this dance is also known as "Cújtan-Cuyámet" is a very ancient dance of our country and can be played in time with the drum or Tepunahuaste, whistle and tepunahuaste.

"In Acalhuapa, Mejicanos and its contours are used to Cújtan Cuyamet also dance with a bride and groom are called" The Offering !, which serves for bridal parties or "marconandas" Indians, so-named because this are made the "Offering Half Real" which is customary among the Indians. That's why this is the "Offering" also called "Del Medio", now generally known by the name "Cújtan- Cuyamet" that accompanied the make the "Offering of the Dance" the Child Redeemer God. " (M. Baratta) They are the Torito Pinto in San Antonio Abad: dancing "torito pinto" is a pantomime with dance and singing, imitating his way "a Spanish bullfight." There are twelve comparsas, between men and women; picturesquely they are dressed in bright colors, decorated with paper flowers fringed hats. The making of "bull", imitating the animal wears a bull's head with cap secured to the waist; the dances in the middle of the circle to make the group. All in their hands a red scarf with which to stoke "bull" and this shows his gallantry and grace in rodeos dance ..........

The whistle and drum dance accompanying a Son rhythm of six eighths very choppy and moved; the melody is the most suggestive and encouraging, awakening in the listener that enthusiasm and joy as immediate to listen to music with Spanish influence.

The Historians of Santo Tomas: dance the "History" on December 21, the feast of St. Thomas the Apostle patron of this town.

The tiger and deer San Juan Nonualco: this dance is exhibited on May 3 or Day of the Cross. The main characters are the tiger and deer, played by two well characterized dancers. They accompany an old and old. He carries a gun and she a bow and arrow.

The community of San Juan Nonualco attributed a meaning to this dance, they consider that it is the payment of a promise they made a couple of neighbors. M. de la Caridad, when he once attacked the tiger in the forest. Desperate cried to that saint and immediately appeared a deer, who entertained the beast, until he came a hunter with his dogs and killed the tiger. Thereafter, the pair promised to represent this miracle annually during the festival dedicated to the Lord of Charity.

The dance accompanies rides the "levers" and also dance in homes that request them, for a small pay. Besides simulating a hunt, the movements of the actors playing the animals are very successful. The humorous part corresponds to the old and the highlight is the death of the tiger and dismembered in a simulated, delivering all the pieces and improvised limericks dedicating different people that are sometimes critical and memories of events that have occurred in the population . All the characters wear masks and the music that accompanies them is only drum.

Lice and fleas: dance that occurs in the village of SantiagoTexacuangos, dancers dress up in costumes representing different animals. The plot is a marriage between lice and fleas, while not much gives this dance, as the person in charge of carrying it out is the same directs hisotoriantes the people.

The basin: a musicale piece played in the neighborhoods of San Salvador in the past, it was a very popular piece but over time the real name of said composition is lost, so it came to be known as the basin that is the neighborhood. This dance is well known and is represented in many ULTURAL acts. They dance in the costume of volcaneĂąa, much emphasize elements of female flirt and courtship from man.

Eastern Zone The feathered Cacaopera: in this dance a wide band cross-over one shoulder leads and knotted at the bottom, a rattle in his right hand on his head a plume of feathers guaras takes, as the suit looks is very colorful, is danced with very soft music and where stands the violin, is danced only by men, the origin of this dance is very old goes back to the Lenca past of this population and now is danced in honor of the Virgin del Transito.

The black Cacaopera: MorazĂĄn department.

They are represented in Cacaopera especially on 14 and 15 August, on the occasion of the festivities of the Virgen del Transito. It is a male dance of strong character, the vitality of the steps. Currently 24 men divided into two camps, the camp of the virgin and the Lord's side involved. Commonly dress with leather leggings adorned with bells.

It is said that once wore hats with colored ribbons tassels and horse walking in the procession of the Virgin.

They perform two main dances, one in the brotherhood of the Virgin, and the master takes place within the church, on the night of l eve of the holiday, after praying the rosary full. They accompanied by two instruments: A small drum or box and a damn cane or calampo (two holes). Both are played by a single musician. Apparently this dance might have its origins in agricultural rituals of the Maya, where the dancers evolved Addressing the four cardinal points and trampled hard, without moving much the same place. The motivation was to ask the god of fertility of the earth for good crops of corn.

The steps of this dance are quite numerous and are grouped into two main parts: "Entry" and "The Bell". It is necessary to perform rigorous testing to learn the steps as they are well coded into a time and space and according to a predetermined structure.

When the dancers step change advertised shouting "Hurrah!" Called the biggest black.

The Historians of Conchagua: Conchagua in the department of the Union, also dedicates its festivities to the Patron Saint James the Apostle, 24 and July 25 of each year and then displaying the famous dance of "Los Moros", who generally interpret the story of David and Goliath, but have 4 scripts mas.SegĂşn the passage, we know that David, with his defeated the giant Goliath wave; ie in this case David represents the good, Christianity, and Goliath symbolizes evil, synonymous with paganism. In the locker marked differences observed in connection with other dances of its kind in the other parts of the country. In general are quite sober suits, mantles Christians are extremely short, resembling the "ruffs" in all other dances Usan leggings and Christians wear headdresses with flowers. The sector of the Moors saw pants, jacket and tie currents and

in some animal figures touched noticeable. The canvas that wraps around the head hangs to his shoulders, as he actually used the Arabs.

Most used masks and swords are wooden. The character representing David, besides wave carries a bow and arrow. The giant wore dresses more like our peasants, using cot贸n and headdress seems pre-Hispanic indigenous.

The little mare Chilanga: Taurine is a dance type, where it is a mare roping, which is danced in a circle and one person dressed as the animal.

The Holy Tingo Semsembra: ceremonial dance is best preserved in the country, is presented in Semembra, for the festivities (June 28-29), which are dedicated to St. Peter the Apostle. Most participants are women of different ages, and commonly dressed covered or blankets, they have learned the dance watching since childhood. The few men that go with it are known as "Los Negros" improvised masks and wear skirts of women, and to serve them to dance in the audience that is watching.

The central component of dance is a rustic teponahuaste placed on the table at that place called "Tingo" or "Piece" from which comes the name of the dance, which presents a clear fusion of ingredients from three different cultures, possibly Mayan influence (Ulua), Spanish and black; the latter can be seen in the rhythm of the music and "black" participants. The Catholic element is essential, as is a part of the ceremony he kneels to pray

TRADITIONS AND LIFESTYLES URUGUAY

Uruguayan society is basically the heiress of a strong European cultural substratum that has been influenced by other cultural traditions.

148 The mate, drink of indigenous origin; the carnival of Hispanic roots but with a marked influence of African rhythms and folkloric expressions; Tango, born of the fusion of musical traditions of black Africans and Europeans and Creole rhythms and instruments; the gaucho that testifies with its lifestyle a singular amalgam of the Hispanic culture with the indigenous; are some of the examples that tell us about the meeting of very different traditions and that explain, in a sense, the formation of the current Uruguayan culture and thus its society.

Traditions Tango Tango is one of the most genuine and original cultural expressions of the Rio de la Plata. Born from the fusion of musical traditions of African and European and Creole rhythms and instruments, he is a faithful witness to the cultural history of the region.

The gestation of the tango happened both in Buenos Aires and Montevideo. And a

tangible example is the work "La Morocha" composed in Buenos Aires in 1905 by Uruguayan Enrique Saborido, and "Mi Noche Triste", written in Montevideo by the Argentinean Pascual Contursi in 1916.

The "anthem" of all the tangos, "La Cumparsita" was written by the Uruguayan Gerardo Matos Rodriguez; Similarly, Carlos Gardel, international recognition, is considered the biggest Uruguayan interpreter of the history of tango.

Carnival The celebrations of the Uruguayan carnival are the longest in the world, extending throughout the month of February and much of March. For 40 days, in street parades and neighborhood stages shows full of color and joy unfold.

This holiday begins the last Saturday of January with an inaugural parade down Avenida 18 de Julio, the main artery of the city of Montevideo, where all groups involved with floats and giant puppets that accompany the artists. The other major event is the Parade of Calls, drum beat that evokes the encounter of the black slaves who gathered outside the city in the nineteenth century. Tens of thousands of spectators vibrate with the force and colorful show.

Ftyolklore The Uruguayan folklore presents different demonstrations derived from its different origins on Uruguayan soil took their own characteristics. On one side are the songs and native dances that were born in the rural area as Vidalita, the Milonga, the Payada and Peric贸n, always accompanied by guitar. This musical instrument introduced during the period of Spanish domination, is inseparable from all Creole song and gaucho expression. Similarly, the accordion has enriched with its graceful cadence, folk music.

The Popular Singing is constituted as expression of collective feeling, highlighting the figure of Alfredo Zitarrosa for its unique and incomparable voice. Annually, big folkloric festivals such as the "Minas and April" are held to recreate the best gaucho traditions.

Creole parties Through various parties and festivals held throughout the year throughout the Uruguayan territory, the most representative rural traditions of the country are expressed. They are a clear example of this, the Patria Gaucha Festival in Tacuarembo, the Prado Criolla Week in Montevideo and Canelones Roosevelt Park.

For 21 years, the Patria Gaucha Festival in Tacuarembo, dedicated to rural traditions, is organized by the Municipality in the natural area of the Lake of the Sandpipers, and one kilometer from the departmental capital. Thus through historical camps that aim exalting the image of the gaucho, singing, music, payadas, the rodeo, the stove, the cowboy skills and hundreds of stands, the most authentic tradition of projects rural area.

In Uruguay, the gaucho is an important figure of the national folklore since it symbolizes freedom and individuality. Poetic representations of the gaucho describe

him as the ideal of courage and independence. But beyond how to present music, literature and painting, this personage constitutes an important symbol within the Uruguayan culture. It is man field who works primarily herding cattle. In its stereotypical image, always it accompanied by a horse that besides serving transport, is one of the few material possessions that are associated with the gaucho way of life.

Gastronomy With international recognition, the grill is par excellence one of the highlights of the Uruguayan diet menus. It consists of different types of roast beef "grill", built in iron and device used for this purpose. The secret that keeps this ancient method of cooking is that it enables the concentration of the juices that have food and they retain their own distinctive flavors as well.

Uruguayan wines are ideal to accompany these exquisite meats. Among those with a prominent international position, distinguish those made from the Tannat strain, defined as intense, powerful, serious and austere. This original strain of southwestern France was introduced in the mid-nineteenth century, and its cultivation was so successful that today Uruguay has become the largest producer worldwide of this variety.

The dairy industry is highly developed in the country, with products of excellent quality, excelling one valued delicacy: the dulce de leche. This sweet, very appreciated by both children and adults, it is used in a wide variety of desserts and other delicacies, which made it the undisputed star of the Uruguayan confectionery.

Mate Mate is a drink from the infusion of the "yerba mate" (dried and ground leaves of Illex paraguayensis) and is one of the most typical and traditional cultural elements of Uruguayan society.

The practice of using "thermal" and the abandonment of the "caldera" to prepare the infusion, is a Uruguayan initiative that freed the matt outside the home. In this way and today, mate is drunk in diverse public spaces, a fact that characterizes one of the most typical and daily images of Uruguayan society.and chant a praise to the Blessed Sacrament.

CUSTOMS AND LIFESTYLE IN ITALY

Italy is a country of great cultural richness, with great historical, artistic and architectural bastions. But all this is nothing but a reflection of his people, as the Italians are noble and warm people who enjoy the good things of life, who enjoy a relaxed atmosphere both as colorful festivals (unique in the world) and they have strong beliefs and values. I invite you to meet some of the customs and traditions of Italy, abbia inizio!

Italian festivals iStockphoto / Thinkstock In Venice, one of the most beautiful cities of Italy, in the spring it holds a festival of masks called "Carnival of Venice" (Carnevale di Venezia), the most important of the country. In it, people dress in traditional costumes of the Victorian era made with extreme dedication and attention to the smallest detail. In addition, all masks are used, from the simplest to the most complex.

During the rest of the year, other festivals are also held. But smaller than that of Venice in these typical costumes are also used, traditional dances and numerous Italian folklore musicians present their live shows are performed.

Typical foods of Italy Eyecandy Images / Thinkstock It is impossible not to mention the exquisite Italian dishes if we are to talk about the customs and traditions of Italy. There are two dishes that have a huge reputation at home and we know around the world, though many question its true origin, pasta and pizza are two dishes that inevitably relate to boot immediately. The Italian territory has a great culinary diversity, taking each of their regions their own dish and that is something that Italians feel really proud.

Much of traditional Italian dishes include cheese, tomato and red wine, stemming mostly from the southern region and especially on the island of Sicily. Other preparations include olives, spices and olive oil as well as an abundance of fish and products from the sea, especially sardines, shrimp, cod and swordfish.

Italian with religion Jupiterimages / Pixland / Thinkstock Italians are very religious people and great part of the population is characterized by his faith in God, it is no coincidence that the Vatican is in Italy. The country's major religion is Catholicism and almost 90% of the population is Roman Catholic. An interesting fact worth noting is that also estimated that most of the adherents of Satanism is also in Italy.

Many of the traditions and religious festivals of the country have become very popular in various parts of the world, such as the Feast of St. Francis of Assisi. Churches, shrines and statues throughout Italy, reflect what's artistic majesty Italian faith.

The importance of family iStockphoto / Thinkstock The important role played by the family in the life of Italians is a feature that distinguishes the population of Italy. With families constituted "old", in which each member plays a certain role, where respect and strong relationships are essential.

Baptism and marriage are two key points in the family, it is very common for mothers to their children baptized in the church choosing a godfather and godmother, who are foster parents in cases that merit.

Meanwhile, marriage is another key part in every family. It takes place at a ceremony also takes place in the church, where have committed before God their bond of love, seeking blessing and prosperity. On the other hand, a very special activity that takes place in family attendance to the stadium to see one of the most important in the heart of all Italians as is the football, with Italy one of the referees selected major sports The world of football.

Italian music and dances iStockphoto / Thinkstock The musical style most important in Italy is the great opera, which had its beginnings in the 1800s and gained great popularity immediately. It was created by Italian and is one of the many jewels of art, very foundation, proud Italian hearts. Many of the most popular singers and artists, in different styles of music worldwide, are also Italian. This is clearly reflected in regard to opera singing, as in the case of unfortunately deceased Luciano Pavarotti. But this also happens in rock, jazz, electronic music and pop, with artists such as Andrea Bocelli.

But in terms of tradition and customs in dance, it boils down to one style: the tarantella.

It's a fun style of dance that takes place between several couples of men and women, with typical costumes and in which all family members participate.

DIFFERENT MEANS OF TRANSPORT Index

2. Water Transport 3. Trucking 4. Air Transport 5. References 1. Introduction Definition Means of moving people or goods from one place to another. The modern commercial transport serves the public interest and includes all means and infrastructure involved in the movement of people or goods and services receipt, delivery and handling of such goods. The carriage of persons classified as passenger service and goods and freight services. As elsewhere in the world, transportation is in Latin America and has been central to the progress or backwardness of the different civilizations and cultures.

History Already in pre-Columbian Inca period they had a rudimentary but efficient interconnected system of roads throughout their empire, by which different types of goods moved. A foot or riding llamas, managed their goods reach their destination.

Sometimes through rope bridges between the mountains. Other people used canoes or boats as a means of communication.

Different means of transport Usually five modes are used: water, road, rail and air.

2. Water Transport History The arrival of the European-Spaniards and Portuguese- throughout most of Latin produced major changes in transportation. The main mode of communication was the sea, as it was more efficient and faster to natural harbors and places where ports, both sea and the mighty American rivers were constructed.

Channels Media created for easy water transport. The opening of this waterway was created for a significant reduction in travel time in freight traffic by sea worldwide.

In Latin America, the Amazon and Parana rivers are major waterways navigation, but certainly the most important channel is the Panama Canal. This links the Atlantic to the Pacific through the Panama Isthmus.

The early development of water transport was stimulated by the tendency of populations to concentrate on the coasts or waterways. The ancient Romans used sailboats equipped with several banks of oars to transport their armies to Carthage and other theaters.

Shipbuilding and rigging and handling sails were improving over time. With these changes, together with the adoption of the marine compass, navigation made possible without sighting the coast open sea.

As happened during the old age in the Mediterranean and other parts of the world, the fact that the colonial settlements in America were generally established on the coasts, rivers or lakes, was a cause and consequence of the first transport routes in the colonies were natural waterways, and the most efficient modes of travel will be made by boat.

La Balsa Considering that our planet is covered by water, two thirds, man has sought ways to traveling over water.

The first vessel was undoubtedly a floating log which lead to hands and feet. Then they thought that by joining several trunks with ties could build a firm platform or raft (as he was called).

In Egypt rafts were built with beams cane elsewhere hollowed trunks for canoes or canoes.

First boats 1200 years before Christ, the Phoenicians were early seafarers used cedar wood to build big and strong boats to venture beyond their marine boundaries.

The Vikings, built on a solid wood structure that resembled our spine. The Vikings were tall, strong and robust, this allowed to wield huge oars and sails hoisted the square came from the coast of northeastern Europe and were in charge of raiding the coasts around Europe.

Steamships During the nineteenth century they saw great progress thanks to the product technology steam power. The Clermont, first efficient steam boat was built by the American inventor Robert Fulton. He made its maiden voyage in 1807 by the Hudson River from New York City to Albania, who made the trip distance round trip of nearly 483 Km. In 62 hours.

The first ship to use steam power in a transatlantic crossing was the American ship Savannah in 1819, but the candles were used during part of the 29 day trip. By 1840, while a steamer could make six trips between America and Europe, at the same time a sailboat could do only three.

During the 1870s he reached the shores of the Rio de la Plata the French ship Le Frigidaire, including a cold storage. This was a breakthrough in the mode of production of meat, which were not salted for export sector. Other perishables benefit from refrigeration were.

Modern boats The diesel engine has meant for modern ships more economic operation has largely replaced steam engines. The use of nuclear energy on ships at present is restricted to military ships. Other developments in modern navigation are the hovercraft, boat going on a cushion of air a few feet of water or land; reactors equipped with or similar to those of an airplane or uprights which, at a certain speed, the hull water up to higher speeds wings.

Yates Among the latest developments of man in water transport means, we find yachts which are small vessels intended use of a small group of people, they are equipped with the latest technological advances and can sail at sea.

Moto ski Another important invention is the ski bike, which is the result of human quest to create devices for fun, it is also used as a means to rescue people with a water accident because they are fast and getting a little bigger ( for these uses).

3. Trucking History In the twentieth century the formation and installation of large corporations manufacturers has given great impetus to the production of vehicles for both private use and for public and freight transport as well as for export to third countries. With economic growth of recent years is expected to reach Brazil and Argentina soon dimensions using the same vehicles that most developed countries level.

Highway In the thirteen original American colonies, which extended west to the Mississippi River, the main mode of land transportation was by train of pack animals and horses on the trails of Native Americans.

By 1800 dirt roads were made to remove the weeds and trees of these trails. Many of these roads, however, became almost impassable during periods of bad weather. In 1820, the improvement of roads called turnpikes (highway), in which private companies charged a toll for having built, hit all major cities surpass all other roads.

Land transportation developed more slowly. For centuries the traditional means of transport, restricted to ride on animals, carts and sleighs animals, rarely exceeded an average of 16 km / h. Land transport improved slightly until 1820, year in which the British engineer George Stephenson adapted a steam engine locomotive and initiated, between Stockton and Darlington in England, the first steam railway.

It was in the twentieth century that has been developed over the road network in Spain.

Successive governments have invested heavily to obtain an initial high capacity roads (motorways) allowing the displacement of large numbers of people and goods through the Spanish territory with levels close to the major industrialized countries motorization.

In Latin America, the horse, mule and wheeled transport were introduced by Spanish and Portuguese. They often took the roads built by the Indians.

Already in the eighteenth century there were roads connecting the current Argentine cities of Tucuman and Buenos Aires, Mexico City and Guadalajara with neighboring Jalapa, as well as Lima (Peru) and Andean Paita. Also in Brazil coastal roads were built.

Nevertheless, today many Latin American countries have systems more or less acceptable roads, with Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, countries with the highest number of kilometers of paved roads and improved. In 1928, it was agreed among countries to build a Panamericana road linking the continent from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego sector.

In 1940 62% of the tranche to Central America was asphalted and 87% in South America.

Skidding and wheel The start of the transport was when our ancestors descended from the trees and began their nomadic life.

The man forced the man to move to ensure their food, with this, the way to transport your food somewhat because the man himself is weak and animal transport began.

The wheel, important invention that the invention man 5.500 years ago and with it started a change in the means of transport as well achievement moved from side to side your food easier and faster.

Animals as transportation

Because the man did not have the strength to load and transport food or utensils for themselves he saw the need to domesticate animals.

The dog was the first animal domesticated man, then use bigger and stronger to carry extremely heavy loads with the same man animals. And so he devised a way for transported only things, but they also take advantage of the man for food, and eating what they produce or killing animals and for meat and skin for different uses.

Initial proceedings With the advent of trade, humans were given the need to establish trade routes and in addition to creating the first horse pulled stagecoaches to transport from one place to another to the same people and their belongings or goods.

Railroad By 1830, shortly after the railway line began to serve Stephenson in England, the United States had 1,767 Km. Of steam railways. In 1839, the track had increased to 8,000 km. And from 1850-1910 the growth of the railroad was spectacular. Railway construction stimulated largely colonization and development of the West. The first railroad in the United States was established in 1827, but the real development began on July 4, 1828, with between Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.

The introduction of the railway in Spain was relatively quick. It was stimulated in part by the lack of inland waterways, unlike other neighboring countries. The first railway line was opened in 1848 between the cities of Barcelona and Mataro. By 1870 already it had a network that was the third in Europe in extension, after England and France.

However, the decision taken in 1844 to provide a gauge to the Spanish rail network than to the European continent isolated from mainland Spain this mode of transport.

After a century of private operation of the railroad in 1941, the Network of Spanish Railways (RENFE), at the state company for the exploitation of a large part of the railway line is created. In recent decades, improving road infrastructure and increased motorization of families and businesses they have led to a sharp decrease in the number of passengers and goods transported by train. However, the introduction of high-speed services in recent years has led to a substantial recovery rating on very specific segments of the network.

From 1850 this mode of transport began its expansion in Latin America. The railway network -financed by French capital English or estadounidense-, while benefiting the transport of goods and passengers, was designed generally responding to the business needs of their owners and countries of origin and not meeting the needs of Latin American countries. In Argentina, the railways had their terminals in port cities: Buenos Aires and Bahia Blanca, on the coast, and Rosario on the Parana River. The same happened in the Uruguayan city of Montevideo. In Brazil, the rail network spread across the plateau of SĂŁo Paulo, since there's precious coffee production was concentrated. The Mexican case is paradoxical, since the same railway used to transport products ended up, turn of the century, the foundation of the transport of revolutionary Emiliano Zapata.

It was around 1945 when the railroads began to be deficient, giving way to road transport, both passengers and freight and above all. Thus, no longer resultĂĄndoles beneficial to their owners, most of the Latin American railway system was nationalized, often under a false nationalist discourse.

Bicycle He saw the need for man transported individually and Draisienne 1818 invented the history of the bicycle. Two-wheeled vehicle, placed one in front of another, with a seat,

handlebars and pedals to drive to propel. We also found the unicycle and the motorcycle.

Motorcycle Vehicle with 2, 3 and 4 wheel, self-propelled, without means and can sometimes be used by 2 people and now reach a speed of 100 km / hour.

The car Man looking for ways to invent a device that transportase quickly and comfortably without the need to use animals.

In 1882, with the discovery of oil, Gottlielo Damler found that using oil could drive faster piston slowly were emerging more inventions to the implementation of oil and good cheap steel was the one I use in production Henry Ford, bringing the car was created.

Wars developed new classes of automobiles, such as tanks and buses.

After arose varieties of cars and today's automotive industry is one of the largest and most important in the world, is regarded as a luxury and now can be seen today having a car is not a luxury, if not that is a need.

Urban transport And that there are now too many people, the authorities were in the need for urban transport to the high number of inhabitants and the need that they are forced to travel long distances. Either a bus or a van.

The metro It has been an effective means of transport in big cities because it consumes electricity, is set underground and the maintenance cost is low and does not pollute.

The bullet train We can observe the evolution of the railway has been improved and is more common in Japan.

4. Air Transport History Air transport is the modern form of transport most quickly developed. Although the pioneers of aviation in America, Orville and Wilbur Wright made the first flight in heavier than air at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, 1903 apparatus was not until after World War I when transportation Air reached a prominent place in all countries.

After World War II commercial air carriers received even greater impetus when aircraft propellers became larger and more efficient. A breakthrough came in 1958 with the inauguration, by the British and US airlines jet aircraft for commercial transport. Apart from supersonic aircraft, a breakthrough in air travel was the introduction, in 1970, the Boeing 747, called Jumbo reactor, which can carry from 360 to more than 500 passengers on scheduled flights.

In Spain also it has important air transport mode, both domestic and for international flights. The first is basic for relations between the island territories of the Balearic and Canary Islands to the mainland; in addition, the distances on the Peninsula between the capital and coastal cities have made profitable journeys by plane. Increased international knots increasing importance due to the strategic location of the peninsula in the world,

especially in the relations between Latin America and Europe, the fact that it is a major world tourist destination countries.

Air transport also has had great growth in the last 40 years in Latin America. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela are the countries with the highest number of kilometers flown on scheduled airlines. Latin American cities (Mexico City, Buenos Aires, Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) are the main point of origin and destination of the region, although their airlines regularly perform flights to the Far East, Middle East, Europe, USA and Canada. Colombia, in 1919, was the first country that had commercial airlines.

First Aircraft One of the oldest dreams of man was to fly and is a constant and begins to invent devices to help sail the air search.

Lilienthal, inspired by birds, created a glider with Streamline used today for the same aircraft.

Leonardo Da Vinci also pioneered the creation of aircraft. The first powered flight was made by Orville and Wilbur Wright, the December 17, 1903 that lasted only 12 seconds.

Balloons In 1700 it was when I was experiment using lighter than air balloons and so the balloon was invented. It was both the rise of balloons lifted by hydrogen balloon passengers think, but the uncertainty of this means of transport currently used as a means of fun.

Propeller plane and helicopter Arise in the First World War, but in the second world war is when carried to its limit to propeller-driven airplanes.

Today has been supplanted by the aircraft powered by jet propulsion engine.

Helicopter reaches its fulfillment in the Second World War, now serves as an effective means of transportation and service in large cities because most buildings and hotels have them.

Modern aircraft The aviation industry has achieved an important relevance because planes as fast as the speed of light, space exploration ships, large passenger ships turning the world are made.

Among the most important passenger aircraft they are: Boein 747 or Jumbo Jet The Concorde (French) Tupolev TU-144 (Russian) On October 4, 1957, Russia command the first artificial satellite of the Earth and since then man has sought ways to travel into space.

It is the April 12, 1961, when it rose from the launch pad Vostoki and after an hour with 48 minutes back after going around the world, is important as it had a passenger who was Yuri Gagarin.

So now the man seeking to invent ships carrying it beyond our planet.

TALKING ABOUT SEASONS AND WEATHER

The seasons are the periods of the year when the weather conditions are maintained, in a given region within a certain range. These periods are usually four and last approximately three months and are called spring, summer, autumn and winter. The seasons are caused by the tilt of the axis of rotation of the earth relative to the plane of its orbit to the Sun, which makes some regions receive different amounts of sunlight depending on time of year, due to the length of day and different intensity depending on the angle of the sun above the horizon (since the light must pass through more or less the atmosphere).

In the equatorial regions of the Earth (where the parallel 0 째 passes) are only two seasons: the dry season and the rainy season; because in them it varies dramatically rainfall but the temperature does not vary much. Since the four parallel 7th stationary changes are observed clearly. Certain cultures, such as some Aboriginal Australia, divide the year into six seasons.

Depending on latitude and altitude, weather changes throughout the year may be minimal, as in the low or maximum tropics, and in the mid-latitude areas the 4 seasons are spring, summer, autumn and winter. In these areas we can distinguish periods, we call stations, with more or less similar characteristics, which affect living things.

Generally it is speaking four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter, although there are areas on Earth where there are only two, wet and dry (monsoon areas etc.).

Ireland time Neither too hot nor too cold - the weather in Ireland will seem perfect Connemara, County Galway Connemara, County Galway In Ireland, everyone talks about the weather. No matter who is to discuss the direction of the rain at the entrance to a supermarket or ruminating 24 degrees there in March from the pub bar.

The weather in Ireland can be unpredictable, so we like to talk about it. Lot. Ireland's climate is influenced mainly by the Atlantic Ocean. As a result, no extreme temperatures in other countries in similar latitudes. The average temperature is a mild 10 ° C. A great warm ocean current known as the North Atlantic current maintains mild temperatures also at sea. Hills and mountains, mainly around the coast, protecting the rest of the island from the strong winds that come from the ocean.

So, although the weather can be changeable, seldom it ends.

Seasons: spring and summer In spring (February to April), the average maximum temperature is between 8 ° C and 12 ° C, being April 1 month is considered particularly pleasant. In summer (May to July), the average maximum temperatures are between 18 ° C and 20 ° C. In the warmer months, July and August, there are about 18 hours of sunlight and no dark until after 11pm. Hence the phrase as used in Ireland: "sure there's a grand stretch in the evenings" (there is a long way until the evening).

Seasons: fall and winter In autumn (August to October) the average maximum temperature is between 18 ° C and 14 ° C. September is considered a month of mild and temperate climate.

The atmospheric temperature in winter, in the interior of the island, usually less than 8 ° C, with January and February the coldest months. The low temperature of zero degrees intermittently, and if there is an unusual cold snap, snow usually does not.

When visiting Ireland There is no perfect time to visit Ireland. The summer months are considered high season for visitors. They are attracted by the long sunny afternoons, parks in full bloom and to eat outdoors on the terraces of cafes. Of course also in summer there is a festival in every corner.

Fall and spring are considered average season for travelers visiting us. You see sticking kicking coppery leaves in autumn, whereas in spring you will see how nature starts and

the flowers appear. As for winter, a walk in a natural park on a cool and cloudy day winter can give you one of the most impressive moments of nature.

A costume prepared for weather changes Do you wonder why you should bring? You'll have to learn to adapt. It is best to opt for layers you can keep or take off as the temperature changes. Bring a sweater, even in summer, rainwear for any outdoor activity; sunglasses; Comfortable walking shoes and an umbrella.

You fool not thinking that in the summer months will not need sunscreen: when the sun shines in Ireland makes it hard, so wear a high protection factor and brings a sun hat.

You can see short-term forecasts in Met Éireann.

It is true that in Ireland it rains, but it is quite rare for lengthy periods each downpour.

So you can wear suitable clothes or shower resguardarte landfall somewhere warm and cozy pub. We leave you to imagine which of the two is our favorite strategy.

The seasons in Spain "The year has four seasons are: Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter.

Spring begins March 21 and ends on June 20. The days begin to grow longer and temperatures are softened; there are abundant rains; animals awake from their winter

lethargy and begin to prepare for procreation; the birds had migrated in the autumn, they return to their nests, and plants take their first leaves, flowers and fruits.

Summer begins on June 21 and ends on September 20. The days are very long and the short nights; rainfall is in the form of storm and temperatures are high. Animals care for their young, and the plants are full of leaves and fruit.

Autumn starts on September 21 and ends on December 20. The days are becoming shorter, temperatures drop and it rains a lot. The animals begin to prepare for the cold or emigrate; plants lose their leaves and mushrooms appear.

Winter starts on December 21 and ends 20 DeMarzo. The days are very short and very long nights; very cold temperatures and precipitation as snow. Animals and plants have little activity. Winter celebrate Christmas.

WEATHER STATIONS IN EL SALVADOR El Salvador (official name, Republic of El Salvador), republic located in the northwestern part of Central America, bordered to the north and east by Honduras, in the southeast by the Gulf of Fonseca, on the south by the Pacific Ocean, and west and northwest with Guatemala. El Salvador is the smallest and most densely populated country in Central America. Its area is 21,041 km2. San Salvador is the capital and largest city of the country.

The official language is Spanish, but English is spoken. Other local languages, the Pipil and Lenca.

Weather El Salvador is located in the intertropical zone and its climate is conditioned in many regions by altitude. The climate of the coastal strip is tropical, hot and humid, the high plateau and is semi-tropical and temperate areas, and the highlands is cold. The average annual rainfall is about 2,540 mm and the rainy season runs from May to October, with rains of great intensity. The annual San Salvador temperature reaches 24 ° C average. El Salvador has more than 300 rivers, none of them navigable, which also influences the climate. It has several beautiful lakes and numerous thermal and medical sources.

Main cities.

El Salvador is divided into 14 departments. The capital is San Salvador, the largest city with 460,000 inhabitants; Santa Ana, 140,000 inhabitants, is the center of a region producing coffee, sugar, livestock and the second largest city; San Miguel, at the foot of San Miguel volcano, Nueva San Salvador (Santa Tecla), Ahuachapan, Sonsonate, UsulutĂĄn, Cojutepeque, La Union and others.

Roads The Pan American highway system comprises two routes: the American Littoral and a border of Guatemala with Honduras at different points. Railways depend on the state, and the main lĂ­neaqs connect the capital with the port of Acajutla and Cutuco as well as

Santa Ana, San Miguel and Sonsonate. Among the main ports of Acajutla El Salvador it is one of the largest in Central America, La Union, La Libertad and Cutuco.

There are two international aderopuertos, Ilopango near San Salvador and Cuscatlan, and airlines give good service.

Quizás quisiste decir: Comenzamos con los términos astronómicos, que en nuestro medio son confundidos con las estaciones del año, que se basan en la división climatológica del año. En su marcha alrededor del sol, la Tierra, por causa de la inclinación del eje de esta, experimenta cambios, que en las latitudes medias van acompañados de cambios de temperatura. En los trópicos, los cambios se refieren más a la variación de las épocas de lluvias. Las estaciones astronómicas son en todo el globo las cuatro conocidas: primavera, verano, otoño, invierno, que en el hemisferio sur se invierten, En muchas regiones de América tropical se ha dado en llamar invierno a la época en que llueve y verano a la época seca, lo que es contrario a la denominación astronómica. Parece ser que los nombres se derivan de un parecido con el clima de algunas regiones de España, Castilla, que en realidad tiene un invierno astronómico lluvioso y frío y un verano seco. Aunque está muy arraigado entre nuestra gente, procuremos usar los términos Estación Lluviosa y Estación Seca, teniendo en cuenta que esto puede variar de región en región. No vayamos a hablarle de estación seca a un Mosquito (indio) de la costa atlántica, porque no la conocen. No por eso dejan de tener un verano astronómico. Cerca del Ecuador hay incluso dos estaciones lluviosas que alternan con dos secas. El verano astronómico en el Hemisferio Norte comienza el 22 de junio, fecha en que tenemos los días más largos en el hemisferio Norte, 12 horas en El Ecuador, casi 13 horas en San Salvador, 15 en Nueva York y 24 horas continuas en el Polo Norte que está claro durante los seis meses del verano. A partir de esta fecha el sol alumbra desde el Norte. En términos climatológicos, en El Salvador, en promedio, la verdadera Estación Lluviosa comienza alrededor del 15 de mayo y de aquí en adelante los períodos con lluvia son más largos que los secos. Las lluvias son producidas por chubascos, acompañados por tormentas eléctricas, ráfagas de vientos muy fuertes, que pueden hacer volar los techos, (afiancémoslos), y muy raramente granizo, que es el mayor mal en latitudes medias, contra los invernaderos de techo de vidrio, que ya casi no hay. El otro tipo de lluvia es el temporal, que cae continuamente, pero con menor intensidad, durante varios días. El primer máximo de lluvia en nuestro país ocurre en junio, precisamente por la frecuencia de los temporales. En la época lluviosa, la abundante lluvia y la humedad del suelo permiten un vigoroso crecimiento de la vegetación y cultivos. Los fenómenos acompañantes: falta de sol, muchas nubes, alta humedad relativa son para algunos cultivos, como nuestras orquídeas, dolores de cabeza, ya que son propicios para el aparecimiento de algunas plagas y sobre todo enfermedades. En la naturaleza, el equilibrio ecológico mantiene las pérdidas dentro de ciertos límites, pero en nuestros cultivos, además de usar ciertos artificios microclimáticos como buena ventilación, reducción de la humedad, asolamiento, o coberturas artificiales, no queda a veces otro remedio que recurrir al combate químico, lo que debe hacerse sólo en casos desesperados y con el asesoramiento idóneo. Las estaciones del año, a consecuencia de la traslación de la Tierra alrededor del sol, siguen su inexorable avance, cambiando los aspectos de la naturaleza y obligando al hombre a cambiar sus actitudes con respecto a ella. El 28 de agosto, el sol pasa sobre el cenit en San Salvador a mediodía y recorre su trayectoria diaria por el lado sur de la bóveda celeste. Los objetos, paredes, con cara al Norte quedan en la sombra, lo que nos

obligaría a cambiar de posición muchas plantas amantes de la luz. Por otro lado los rayos del sol, aunque con fuerte inclinación, todavía pueden causar daños, por lo que es necesario proteger las plantas umbrófilas. El 22 de septiembre la Tierra se encuentra en el punto del equinoccio de otoño, en el que los días y las noches tienen igual duración, 12 horas. De aquí en adelante los días son cada vez más cortos y las noches más largas, Muchas plantas de día corto, incluyendo algunas orquídeas, reaccionan al así llamado fotoperiodismo y entran en la fase de floración. El cambio astronómico de las estaciones en nuestras latitudes tropicales, no está caracterizado por cambios en temperatura, por lo que no tenemos la marcada diferenciación, en primavera (retoños, flores), verano (calor), otoño (caída de las hojas), invierno (frío, nieve), como en las latitudes medias, sino que es la presencia o ausencia de lluvias los que la determina. La estación lluviosa en nuestro país, que comenzó en mayo nos acarreó los conocidos problemas y todos tuvimos que lamentar las pérdidas de plantas por enfermedades. Septiembre es el mes más lluvioso, pero en este año, octubre no se quedó atrás prolongando nuestro sufrimiento. En la naturaleza, sobre todo en el interior de los bosques, las condiciones en la estación lluviosa son menos soleadas y más húmedas e inconvenientes, tanto para las plantas, como para el vuelo de los polinizadores y a consecuencia, la cantidad de especies en floración disminuye, principalmente las epífitas; por otro lado hay muchas terrestres en floración. Nuestro éxito para cultivar depende de nuestra capacidad de simular los ambientes naturales y seguir los cambios de la naturaleza. Desde el punto de vista astronómico, después del equinoccio de otoño, la Tierra continúa en su camino hasta el comienzo del invierno, en el solsticio del 21 de diciembre, cuando ocurre el día más corto del año, los rayos del sol caen muy inclinados desde el Sur y pueden penetrar por los lados de los invernaderos, lo que hace necesario su protección por este rumbo.

Desde el punto de vista climatológico, en las latitudes medias del hemisferio norte, como Estados Unidos y Europa, reina el frío y la oscuridad, con un reposo de la vegetación. Por otro lado, en muchas zonas tropicales se presenta la estación seca, como en el lado del Pacífico de Centroamérica, incluyendo El Salvador, mientras que en el lado Atlántico, las lluvias continúan. Esto constituye una diferencia climática fundamental que se refleja en una mayor diversidad de especies, incluyendo orquídeas, en el Atlántico, que en el lado del Pacífico. Durante la primera mitad de la estación seca, que en nuestro país comienza a mediados de noviembre, se experimenta periódicamente invasiones de aire frío desde el Norte, con vientos fuertes que resecan. Debido a la sequía, en las zonas bajas, los árboles botan las hojas y desaparecen las hierbas. Sin embargo la sequía es atenuada por una abundante formación de rocío. Muchas orquídeas como las Catasetinae, Lycaste, y especies terrestres pierden las hojas, lo que significa que en cultivo debemos dejarlas tranquilas, con poco riego. En las partes altas, la sequía es menos severa y hay suficiente aporte de humedad por nieblas y nubes, que mantienen la vegetación perenne y los exuberantes bosques nebulosos. También en esta época registramos la floración de muchas especies terrestres, sin follaje. A partir del solsticio de invierno, la tierra sigue su marcha hacia el equinoccio de primavera, que alcanzará el 21 de marzo cuando la Tierra entra en el equinoccio de primavera, otra fecha en que en todo el mundo los días y las noches tienen igual duración, 12 horas. De aquí en adelante los días comienzan a volverse más y más largos, encaminándose al verano, el que alcanzaremos el 22 de junio. En el cielo de San Salvador, el sol pasa por el cenit a mediodía el 26 de abril y los objetos no proyectan sombra a esa hora. De aquí en adelante, el sol recorre su camino al norte de la bóveda celeste y nuevamente debemos tomar en cuenta la proyección de las sombras que es hacia el Sur, ya que los rayos vienen del Norte, aunque sin alcanzar fuertes inclinaciones como en el invierno astronómico. Sin embargo, paredes y la cara sur de los árboles quedan en la sombra. En

el sentido climatológico, en El Salvador, marzo y abril pertenecen a la estación seca calurosa. Los Nortes se vuelven más raros y puede reinar mucho calor y, a veces, sofocantes. En el Oriente ya se han medido 44 oC en San Miguel. En las partes bajas reina la sequía, y también en las zonas altas se interrumpen las precipitaciones. La atmósfera se llena con polvo, residuos de quemas y a veces el sol parece un disco rojo.

A mediados del período pueden verse los primero relámpagos en el Norte y caen los primeros chubascos a fines de abril, comenzando la transición hacia la nueva estación lluviosa, alrededor del 20 de abril. Debido a la polución presente en el aire, los primeros chubascos fuertes pueden mostrar grados ligeros de acidez, por lo que conviene, después de estos, lavar las plantas. La Naturaleza despierta, vistosos árboles continúan en floración como el maquilishuat y el flor de fuego, se oyen, primero en forma esporádica y después masiva el canto de las chicharras y chiquirines; comienzan a brotar las hierbas, y los retoños en muchos árboles como las ceibas y conacastes.

Después de los primeros chubascos moderados los cafetales se cubrirán de “nieve”.

Antes, con las primeras tormentas “salían los ajalines”. Pero volvamos a las orquídeas; también en ellas comienza la nueva vida; adelante las Catasetinae, Lycaste caducifolias, etc que aprovecharán estos días todavía secos, para comenzar su crecimiento antes que vengan las lluvias con sus enfermedades fungosas. Hay que ayudarlos con fertilización.

Es tiempo de resembrar cattleyas y encyclias.

We begin with the astronomical terms, that in our environment are confused with the seasons, which are based on the climate division of the year.

In its march around the sun, the earth, because of the tilt of this, undergoes changes, which in the mid-latitudes are accompanied by changes in temperature. In the tropics, the changes are more concerned with the variation of the rainy season.

The astronomical stations around the globe are four known: spring, summer, autumn, winter in the southern hemisphere are reversed, in many tropical regions of America has been called the winter time when summer rains and the dry season, which runs counter to the astronomical designation. It seems that the names are derived from a similar climate in some regions of Spain, Castilla, which actually has a rainy and cold astronomical winter and a dry summer. Although it is well established among our people, let us try to use the terms and Rainy Season Dry Season, considering that this may vary from region to region.

Let us not speak of dry season to a Mosquito (Indian) on the Atlantic coast, because they do not know. They nonetheless have an astronomical summer. Near Ecuador there are even two rainy seasons alternating with two dry.

The astronomical summer in the Northern Hemisphere begins on June 22, when we have the longest day in the northern hemisphere, 12 hours in El Ecuador, nearly 13 hours in San Salvador, 15 in New York and 24 continuous hours at the Pole North is clear during the six summer months. From this date the sun shines from the north.

In climatological terms, in El Salvador, on average, the real rainy season begins around May 15 and hereinafter rain periods are longer than dry. Rains are produced by showers accompanied by thunderstorms, gusts of strong winds that can blow the roof, (afianc茅moslos), and very rarely hail, which is the greatest evil in the middle latitudes, against the greenhouse glass roof that almost no.

The other is the temporary rain that keeps falling, but with less intensity for several days. The first maximum rainfall occurs in our country in June, precisely because of the frequency of storms. In the rainy season, abundant rainfall and soil moisture allow vigorous growth of vegetation and crops. Accompanying events: lack of sun, many clouds, high relative humidity are to some crops, such as orchids, headaches, because they are conducive to the emergence of some pests and diseases especially. In nature, ecological balance keeping losses within certain limits, but our crops, besides using certain microclimatic artifices as good ventilation, moisture reduction, desolation, or artificial cover, there is sometimes choice but to resort to chemical control, which should be done only in desperate cases and with sound advice.

The seasons as a result of the shifting of the Earth around the sun, continue their inexorable advance, changing aspects of nature and forcing men to change their attitudes towards it. On August 28, the sun passes over the zenith in San Salvador at noon and runs its daily path on the south side of the sky. Objects, walls, looking north into shadow, which would force us to change our position many light-loving plants. On the other hand the sun, but with strong inclination, they can still cause damage, so it is necessary to protect umbr贸filas plants.

On September 22 the Earth is at the point of the autumnal equinox, where the days and nights are of equal length, 12 hours. Henceforth the days are getting shorter time and longer nights, many short-day plants, including some orchids, react to so-called photojournalism and come into the flowering stage.

The astronomical change of seasons in our tropical latitudes, is not characterized by changes in temperature, so we have no noticeable difference in spring (buds, flowers), summer (heat), autumn (fall leaves), winter (cold, snow) and in the middle latitudes, it is the presence or absence of rain which determines. The rainy season in our country, which began in May brought us the known problems and we all had to mourn the loss of plants from diseases. September is the wettest month, but this year, October, was not far behind prolonging our suffering.

In nature, especially in the interior of forests, conditions in the rainy season are less sunny and more humid and disadvantages, both for plants and for the flight of pollinators and as a result, the number of flowering species decreases mainly epiphytes; on the other hand there are many land in bloom.

Our success to grow depends on our ability to simulate natural environments and follow the changes of nature.

From the astronomical point of view, after the autumnal equinox, the Earth continues on its way to the start of the winter solstice on 21 December, when the shortest day of the year occurs, the sun steep fall from South and can penetrate through the sides of the greenhouses, thus requiring protection for this course.

From a climatic point of view, in the middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere, including the United States and Europe, queen cold and dark, with a rest of the vegetation. Moreover, in many tropical areas the dry season occurs, as in the Pacific side of Central America, including El Salvador, while in the Atlantic side, the rains continue. This is a fundamental climatic difference is reflected in a greater diversity of species, including orchids, in the Atlantic than in the Pacific side.

During the first half of the dry season in our country starting in mid-November, invasion of cold air from the north regularly experience with high winds that dry out. Because of the drought in the lowlands, the trees drop leaves and herbs disappear. But drought is attenuated by abundant dew formation. Many orchids as Catasetinae, Lycaste, and terrestrial species lose their leaves, which means that we should leave them alone in culture, with little irrigation.

In the highlands, drought is less severe and there is sufficient supply of moisture by fog and clouds, which hold perennial vegetation and lush cloud forests.

Also at this time we recorded the flowering of many terrestrial species without foliage.

From the winter solstice, the earth continues towards the spring equinox, which reached on March 21 when the Earth enters the spring equinox, another date worldwide day and night are of equal length , 12 hours. Henceforth the days begin to become longer and longer, heading to summer, which will reach the 22 June. In the sky of San Salvador, the sun passes through the zenith at noon on April 26 and the objects do not cast shadows at that time. Henceforth, the sun makes its way north of the sky and again we must take into account the projection of shadows which is to the south, since the rays coming from the North, although without reaching strong inclinations and winter astronomical.

However, the south side walls and the trees left in the shade.

In the climatological sense, El Salvador, March and April are in the hot dry season. The Norths become more rare and can reign very hot and sometimes suffocating. In the East they are already measured 44 oC in San Miguel. In the lower Queen drought parties, and in the high rainfall areas are interrupted. The atmosphere is filled with dust, waste burning and sometimes looks like a red sun disk. In the middle of the first period may be lightning in the North and the first showers fall in late April, beginning the transition to the new rainy season, around April 20.

Due to this pollution in the air, the first heavy showers may show slight degrees of acidity, it is appropriate, after these, wash plants. Nature awakens, showy flowering trees continue as maquilishuat and fire flower, hear, first sporadically and then mass singing of cicadas and Chiquirines; They begin to sprout weeds and suckers in many trees as the kapok and conacastes. After the first moderate showers will cover the coffee

plantations of "snow". Before, with the first storm "came the ajalines". But back to the orchids; Also in them new life begins; forward the Catasetinae, Lycaste deciduous, etc. that will use these dry days yet to begin their growth before the rains come with fungal diseases.