Contents 1.1 Proposition 1.2 Site Analysis - History and Context (Explanation behind Proposition) - Solar - Macro, Meso, Micro. - Water - Macro. - Wind - Macro, Meso, Micro. - Geology - Macro, Meso, Micro. - Noise - Meso. Micro. 1.3 Program Analysis - Proximity Diagram - Program Analysis - Natural Strategy - Ergonomic Strategy - Circulation and View Direction - Zoning Diagram 2.1 Precedent Analysis - Parrocchia Dio Padre Misericordioso (Jubilee Church, Rome) - Kimbell Art Museum - Narita International Airport, Terminal 1 - Auditorio de Tenerife “Adán Martín” - Sydney Opera House - Lighting 3.1 Building Description - Plans, Sections, Elevations. - Massing Model Sections and Elevation - Details 4.1 Structure and Material Choice - Live & Dead Loads - Details - Services - Security - Fire - Constructibility References
Chapter 1: Contextual Analysis 1.1 Proposition Problem
- The south is at threat from becoming submerged. - Dam in the North needs strengthening.
Solution
- Move the population and industries north to form a linear city upon the dam. - The new infrastructure that will support the new city along the dam will also act to strengthen it.
Shows the cathedral on the dam with a section through the dam and logistics tunnel
Phase 1: Strengthen the dam creating a transport and services network. Phase 2: Masterplan the dam creating a linear city. Phase 3: Design a focused aspect of the dam.
Design Intent;
Influential Aspects of Dutch Culture;
The Netherlands has fought with the threat of flooding for 1000’s of years. This proposition involves strengthening the Afsluitdijk (Closure dam) in the north of the Netherlands and creating a sufficient transport network along it. This will act as the infrastructure for the liner city to be based upon. From this point the project has focused upon a particular element of the dam as a design and construction study. This focus is to design a cathedral for the Catholic population whom are migrating north to inhabit the linear city.
Culturally the Netherlands has a Rim City economic structure - Urban, industrial metropolis’ linked by a transport infrastructure.
The cathedral will act as a monumental focal point along the dam celebrating religion and also a the achievement of relocating such a large population. The linear city will contain everything the inhabitants need to continue their lives and the cathedral will act as a centre piece to the dam where the inhabitants can come together. It will be accessible from the pedestrian level of the dam through either the main entrance or either side of the transept. The cathedral’s grounds will contain a garden space resulting in it being the only structure along the dam that isn’t connected to its neighbour expressing its importance. The other building will all be side by side to strengthen the dam against the sea but also following the Dutch town house typology. The project is intent on not just celebrating religion but also the culture and technology of the Dutch, including nanotechnology and also water and pumping strategies.
Historically there was a north south divide between the Catholics and Protestants. The Catholics in the south and the Protestants in the north using the Rhine river as a divide. As the linear city’s population will consist of southerners from Rotterdam and the surrounding area the population will be predominantly Catholic. Therefore the population will need a place of worship but also a celebratory monument for their new habitat. The design must involve an sentiment of sanctuary, using strong architectural forms, defending the people from the elements as the dam is completely unprotected. The cathedral must stand as a focalpoint along the dam acting as a place of worship but also to bring the community together. Rotterdam’s Catholic population is 513 000 with 26 200 regular church goers. Therefore the Cathedral must accommodate for this. The design is will also celebrate the Dutch water pumps as the Dutch are known for being at the front of this technology and with the Netherlands being in the top 3 countries in the field of nano-science, alongside Switzerland and the USA, nanotechnology will also be incorporated where applicable.
Chapter 1: Contextual Analysis 1.2 Site Analysis History and Context. Explanation behind Proposition. Explanation of Netherlands Landmass Location: Afsluitdijk (Closure Dam), Netherlands
Height of landmass relative to current sea levels
Area below sea level
By 2100 Sea levels will have risen by 0.8 - 2.0 m
+ 4.5 m above sea level + 4.5 - 1.5 m - approx. 25% Netherlands below sea level
+ 1.5 - - 1.5 m - 1.5 - - 4.5 m
Best case scenario 0.8m rise
- 60% population live in this area Worst case scenario 2.0m rise
- 70% of economic output is generated here
Persons per sq. mile 2590+
Petroleum Refining
518+
Raw Fuel Materials & Refineries
259+
Coal
0+
Gas & Oil Gas Oil
Industries Metallurgy Shipbuilding Machinery, metal goods, transport equipment Electrical Engineering Chemicals Textiles Food Processing Other
Circles and segments indicate relative importance
Most Devastating Floods of the Last 100 Years Southern Floods 1953 Flood
Affected the south of the Netherlands around the Rhine Estuary
Response
Delta Works Program Created - Protection of the surrounding landmass from the sea
How
The use of; Dams
Sluices
Dykes
1995 Flood
- a different type of floor as it was internal and not from the sea
Response
‘Make Room For The River Project’
Locks, Levees
Storm-surge Barrier ‘Maeslantkering’ designed near Rotterdam.
How
The use of; Floating houses
Deepening summer bed
High-water channel
Northern Flood 1916 Flood
Zuiderzee Area - sea flood affected the northern territory as the landmass was 1.5m below sea level
Response Zuiderzee Works Program Created
Water storage
Strengthening dikes
Lowering groynes
Dike relocation
Depoldering
Lowering of floodplains
How
The use of; Construction of the Closure Dam
Construction of Polders
Removing obstacles
Netherlands Concerns
- South area will become submerged, losing land and industries and the populating needs to migrate. - The Zuiderzee Dam in the north needs to be strengthened if it is to continue protecting the Ijsselmeer.
Submersion of Land
Dam Lifespan
With the sea levels rising the area around Rotterdam will become submerged.
Population Density
Industries over-layed on Population Density
Rotterdam
Completed in 1932, has had maintenance done since to maintain it.
MIT - The average life expectancy of a dam is 50 years, and 25% of the dams in the Army Corps of Engineers National Inventory of Dams are now more than 50 years old. This number is projected to increase to 85% by the year 2020. The decision of whether or not to remove a dam is made based on the ability to remedy the deficiencies that could cause failure (Maclin & Sicchio, 1999, 16). http://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2012/finalwebsite/problem/dams.shtml
Rotterdam Population 610 000
Surrounding area also has high population density as it is the 2nd largest city after Amsterdam
Rotterdam also is the largest industrial area in the Netherlands
A majority of this research is based around concrete dam construction. A much harder wearing material than mounds of till covered with netting and surrounded by basalt rocks.
Therefore it can be concluded the existing dam is much weaker and must be strengthened in order to protect the Ijsselmeer!
Master planning the dam with its structural logistics tube and spaces for other prefabricated structures to slot between the buttresses.
The dam is divided into sections along the logistics tunnel between each support buttress. These sections contain other prefabricated concrete structures for residential, commercial and industrial purposes.
The sections are filled up yet still allow for the cathedral to be the dominant focal point along the dam.
Chapter 1: Contextual Analysis 1.2 Site Analysis Climate Solar - Meso
Solar - Macro Sunhours
Solar Angles
Suns Motion Around Site
300 hrs
Winter 14o
Spring/Autumn 38o
Summer 62o
150 hrs
0 hrs January
December
Solar - Micro No solar shading as the surrounding context lower and consists of the North sea and the Ijsselmeer. As shown below:
The design is predominantly build upon the dam. Due to the religious laws the cathedral faces east. The sun is used to naturally light the interior with vast spans of glazing however the occupants of the cathedral must not be blinded as the sun rises during morning prayer.
Water - Meso Salt and Fresh Water Around Site
Falling Water Temperature
Precipitation
100mm
20o
North Sea 0o January
Fresh Water IJsselmeer
0o January
December
0mm January
December
The fresh water from the Ijsselmeer will be useful for sanitation etc however the salt water from the North Sea will determine some of the materials used due to salt water being extremely corrosive. Wind - Macro Annual Predominant winds across the Netherlands
Wind Speed
Air Temperature
10o
8 knots
Max Min -10o
0 knots January
Wind - Meso Annual Predominant winds across the site SSW direction
December
January
December
Wind -Micro Annual Predominant wind in the SW direction, along the dam.
Fetch Wind Analysis Fetch length is the horizontal distance over which wave-generating winds blow. In an enclosed body of water. Wind Fetch Touch bottom wave length shortens
Waves constant length
As waves develop, wind stress increases. depending upon fetch and time, wave size inc. quadratically to a max. . Their max. size is when they travel almost as fast as the wind. A 60 knot storm lasting 10 hours makes 15m high waves in open water.
Considering the lack of shelter from the elements, the dam must be secured and structures upon it must be able to resist the pressure of the wind.
Geology - Meso Dam Construction
The first section of the was a The two Islands Breezandijk and 2.5 kilometre wide boulder clay Kornwerderzand were created dike, built in the Amsteldiep. This way, the island of Wieringen was connected to the mainland. A ring-dike was built around the Wieringermeer, and the polder was pumped dry using the pumping-engines near Medemblik and Den Oever. By 1930, it was completely impoldered.
Meanwhile, in 1927, the construction of the Afsluitdijk began. Osier mats with dumpstones were used to fortify the two future closing breaches.
Then two parallel dikes of till The gap between these dikes was were constructed between the filled with sand, surrounded the mainland and the islands by basalt rocks, then layered creating a ‘closure dike’. This was with willow switch mats, more done using ships to deposit till sand and finally a layer of clay. into open sea. The dike was then raised to 7.25 meters above the sea level with The till and boulder clay was more layers of sand, and clay retrieved in large quantities by creating the needed height for a dredging it from the bottom of causeway. the Zuiderzee
Upon the dams completion a duel carriageway and cycle paths were situated on top and the mainland road network was connected. This duel carriageway (A7) is now the main route between the north and south of the Netherlands
Geology - Ground build-up Depth of the Ijsselmeer Av 4-5m Max 7m Ground level
-500m
-1000m
- top soil on land - till and fine sand below water - continental course sand - fine sand and silt - light clay - marine course sand
- dense clay with dense course sand intercalation’s down to the bedrock
Considering the foundations have to be established in the dam and also in the basin of the Ijsselmeer both areas must be considered. To strengthen the dam and also support the structures built above the dam the foundations need to be able to support both scenarios. Piled raft foundations are the most effective in both scenarios as they will support the load by spreading its weight preventing sinking and be held firmly in place within the marine course sand and the clay. This style of foundation has also been used successfully across the Netherlands for example in their town houses. Though this design will involve concrete rather than wood which later petrifies.
Geology - Micro
Two parallel dikes of till were constructed
The gap between was filled with sand
A layer of till was then dumped on top to form a solid sea blockade
Basalt rocks where then dumped either side to strengthen the structure
Willow switch mattes were then another layer of sand and till was used to contain the construction then dumped over the dam
Statistics to better understand the creation of Afsluitdijk: -first plans were designed in the seventeenth century -it was built in approximately six years, between 1927 and 1933 -it runs from from Den Oever on Wieringen in North Holland province, to the village of Zurich -the road has a length of 32 kilometres -it measures 90 meters in width -the construction is 7.25 meters above the sea level -23 million cubic meters of sand and 13.5 million cubic meters of till have been used for the construction -four to five thousand of workers participated -it led to the creation of an artificial lake Finally a layer of clay was put over the dam to fix it and provide a none-permeable layer. But also provide the 7.25 meters above the sea level needed to act as a sea closure and provide the area needed for the duel carriageway.
Noise - Meso
The site is predominantly isolated therefore surrounding noise is limited to the sound of passing boats/ships and the sound of the wind and sea.
Noise - Micro Currently the A7 motorway runs the length of the dam. However the main aspect strengthening the dam and protecting the Iljssemeer area from future sea surges and storm is the transport network tunnel. This runs the length of the dam and includes a service level, a level for heavy cargo and rail and a level for general use for the public; walking and cycling above. This will contain the sound of transport within the tunnel and act to reduce the effect noise will have upon the civilisation above as the dam becomes more densely populated resulting in an increase of transport running through the tunnel. The tunnel can be cooled naturally as it is inline with the dominant wind direction Public walking and cycling Cars and regular transport Heavy goods and rail transport Services
Chapter 1: Contextual Analysis 1.3 Program Analysis Proximity Diagram Program of Standard Cathedral
General Cathedral Program Showing Relationship of zones as public make their way through the building
Buttress’
To Triforium
North Transept
Private Chapel Pulpit
Main Entrance
Nave
Choir
Apse
Must Face East
Chapel
Main Entrance
Nave
Choir
Transept
Apse
Chapel
Private Chapel South Transept
To Crypt Crypt Below
Cathedral Grounds/Gardens
Cathedral Grounds/Gardens
Program of Project Cathedral Ground Floor Plan
Section
North Transept Crypt Below
Main Entrance
Choir Apse
Nave
Chapel
Main Entrance
Transept Choir Apse Chapel Nave
Crypt Below
Cathedral Grounds/Gardens South Transept Buttress’
Crypt Buttress’
Program Analysis
The interior is a vast open arc structure. It will need to be ventilated, heated and cooled.
Natural Strategy Heat
Solar
Heat will and naturally run along the curve of the roof, being ejected when needed through open-able windows and vents.
The sun will naturally illuminate the interior as it moves around the structure. Sunlight will enter through the vast area of glazing in the arc and then refract off the polished concrete interior (influenced my Louis Kahn’s work). Resulting in a bright a warm glow upon the internal environment. Due to the amount of glazing the sun will also be sued to heat the internal space to an extent.
Ventilation
Acoustics
Due to the angle of the design facing into the predominant wind will hit the north facing The polished concrete walls and glazing will allow the sound of the choir to resonate facade. This allows the interior to be cooled naturally by the dominant annual wind cur- through the cathedral. rent passing across the interior space through mechanically controllable vents.
Ergonomic Strategy
View of Pulpit and Alter From Nave
Cathedral Pew
97o
The audience must be able to see the Pulpit and Alter at all times.
Cushion
813mm
458mm 127mm
65mm 438mm
View and Public Circulation Angle to view the Pulpit and Alter from Nave Public Circulation Through Cathedral
Zoning Diagrams Level -1
Ground Level Private Public External Gardens Access Services & Plant Room
Section N-S
Ground Level - Higher Tier & Entrance Level -1 - Main Cathedral Level -2 - Crypt & Plant Room
Chapter 2: Precedent Analysis Parrocchia Dio Padre Misericordioso (Jubilee Church, Rome) Architect: Richard Meier Year: 2003 Location: Rome Due to the size of the structure, having to withstand the external elements and the corrosive properties of salt water from the north sea concrete is a logical material to use. The concrete has been mixed with titanium oxide (TiO2) which works as a photo catalyst to eject dirt and pollutants from the concrete so it remains pristine white celebrating the purity of the catholic faith. The photo-voltaic rays cause the TiO2 to create a charge, separating the electrons. This disperses across the surface and reacts with external substances, decomposing organic components and pollutants. As a majority of the form will be created using concrete this technology will be beneficial keeping the facade bright, vibrant and clean. NOx
NO3
UV Rays
Titanium Dioxide
Active Oxygen
Concrete
Kimbell Art Museum Architect: Louis Kahn Year: 1972 Location: Fort Worth, Texas
Kahn needed to create a light environment however direct sunlight would, over time, damage the art. Using a concave mirror and polishing the concrete refracted the natural light from the sun into the space resulting in the light being secondary but also (as showing in the image) sufficiently illuminating the space. The proposed design will use the polished concrete strategy to naturally illuminate the interior. Refracting the light that enters through the glazing in the arc.
Narita International Airport, Terminal 1 Architect: Nikken Sekkei Ltd. Year: 2006 Location: Japan, Tokyo
Using Hydrophilic Glass. The Titanium Oxide coating will work the similar to the concrete scenario however instead of waiting for rain to wash away the rejected dirt water jets shoot water over the facade to continuously clean the surface. The water is then spread into a thin film over the glass by the excited electrons. Ejecting pollutants and washing them away. Due to the warm climate of Tokyo this also acts to cool the internal environment. This works by the water evaporating quickly in direct sunlight taking the ambient heat from the surface of the structure and so reducing the indoor temperature. The self-cleaning coating, reduces cleaning and maintenance costs. Although conventional surface coatings, glass, PTFE or ETFE materials are also self-cleaning, they are not able to stop dirt deposits from accumulating. This strategy will also be applied to the East facing facade. The water running over the glazed areas will refract morning light preventing the congregation from being blinded during morning prayer. Part of Cathedral Arc Ambient heat removed by water vapour
Water jets shooting a thin film of water over the glazing
Auditorio de Tenerife “Adán Martín” Architect: Santiago Calatrava Year: 2003 Location: Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain The interlocking structural shells that make up the building were constructed using a combination of pre-cast and insitu concrete totalling 2000 tonnes in mass. The overhanging wing was pre--cast in Seville in 17 hollow sections, the largest weighing 60 tonnes, and lifted into place by a crane with a bearing capacity of 2400 tonnes. Once fixed in place, the internal cavity was filled with insitu concrete.
The arch is made up of individual pieces which slot together then. The hollow space is filled with concrete to create a rigid solid form. This can also be used to create the curved walls however insulation for the structure must also be considered.
Sydney Opera House Architect: Jørn Utzon Year: 1973 Location: Sydney Sydney Opera House roof facade was constructed using concrete ribs with a steel frame work between to connect the individual pre-cast concrete tiles. This allowed the double curved shell like form to be created. Originally the structure was going to be formed using a series of parabolas supported by concrete ribs however the tiling system was chosen as it was a more acceptable construction technique and less expensive. The shells are created from sections of a sphere. The ribs were erected then the steel frame work was formed between the ribs creating a mesh the individual tiles could be connected to. Construction started at the bottom as it allowed the tiles to slot on top of one another. Also as more tiles were added the weigh at the base remained continuously greater than at the apex making the structure more stable. In total there were 1,056,006 tiles used in the shell like roof structure. Combining the techniques of Calatrava and Utzon; using a mesh grid and tiles or using solid concrete elements formed from hollow sections that are then connected and filled with concrete during construction. The cathedral will be constructed using a combination of the two the two as shown later in the details. Using prefabricated components that lock together, held in predominately place by the forces/dead loads that pass through the arch like form.
one of the steel ribs that creates the mesh connecting to the concrete support rib
underside connection plate of the tiles
120mm thick concrete tile
what the finished form looks like when the tiles have been connected vertically
The tiles slot on top of one another connection to the steel mesh
Watermelon Designer: Dimitri Saddi of PSLAB Year: 2006 Location: Beirut, Lebanon
Lighting
Using mellow recessed lighting will allow the internal space to be illuminated as if the walls were glowing acting as an artificial version of the effect the sun has on the polished concrete walls of the cathedral. Its also will reflect the calm and warming atmosphere as it is a place of worship and sanctuary.
Even through the cathedral is constructed using concrete as a building material not wood the effect of lighting behind the ribs gives a calming and also infinite feel to the internal space.
Chapter 3: Building Description Ground Floor Plan 1:2500
North Entrance N
Higher Tier Seating
W
Main Entrance
E
Stairs & Lifts
Higher Tier Seating
S South Entrance
W-E Section 1:1250
North Elevation Glazing within the roof structure allowing natural night to enter the building continuously as the sun rotates around the facade.
-1 Floor Plan 1:2500
N
Private Chapel
W
Lower Main Seating
Nave
E Choir Apse
Private Chapel
S
N-S Section 1:1250
West Elevation
Chapel
Rendered Massing Model Sections
Rendered Massing Model Elevation
Chapter 4: Structure & Material Choice Exploded Isometric The structure is created using per-cast elements that are then assembled on site.
Curved facade structure made from pre-cast concrete elements
Entrance lobby
North entrance
Ground tiered seating
Stairs & lifts Concrete and glazed facade -1 Floor formed from pre-cast concrete slabs that span N-S
External garden platform
Buttresses’
Crypt
Choir Apse Chapel
Foundations
Material & Structural Considerations Concrete White concrete is a strong durable material which will allows the curved forms to be created. The interior will also be polished (Louis Kahn influence) to refract light keeping the interior naturally lit a majority of the time. Using Titanium oxide as mentioned earlier (shown in the Jubilee Church) will also reduce maintenance on the cathedral therefore reducing future costs and allow the cathedral to remain a shining centre piece to the linear city. The prefabricated elements can be cast off site allowing for a rapid on site construction time. Using solid concrete prefabricated arches will mean the form will be very heavy, though as there is very little shelter over the site this works in the cathedrals favour making it a sanctuary against bad weather. Also as the structure has a wide base and a majority of the weight is in the lower half this will lower its centre of gravity making it even more resistant to high wind loans and storm surges. Concrete is preferred over other have materials as it is much more resistant to corrosion from the salt water of the north sea on the north side of the dam. The dense concrete arcs will also have a hight thermal mass retaining heat further supporting the reasoning for using concrete. Biocoats can be applied to some metals to reduce corrosion however they are still not as resistant as concrete. For example the Thames Barrier. Glazing The glazing will be constructed similar to Calatrava’s City of Arts and Science structures. The glazing in the roof and also the East facing window that create the stained glass religions imagery will be either; toughened glass, laminated safety glass or ETFE. Titanium oxide can be applied to either allowing to also be self cleaning however the selected material must be able to withstand the possible strong winds and storm surges. The jets that shoot water over the lazing elements will pump it directly from the Ijsselmeer.
Geothermal Heating Each pile will have a two pipes within it pumping water down through the core of the pile below 10 meters, this will sufficiently heat the water as it needs to travel a minimum of 6 meters below the surface. The heated water will then travel though pipes within the -1 level of the structure. The heat will heat the concrete activation its thermal mass advantage and then rise thought the interior of the cathedral rising the internal temperature. Once the heat from the water has been used the water can be pumped upwards to the jets which are used to clean the facade of the Cathedral The system can also be used in reverse flushing cool water from the Ijsselmeer thought the pipes cooling the building. This system will also be used to power the structure. As the heated water passes through the plant room mist likely using a binary geothermal system. A binary cycle power plant is a type of geothermal power plant that allows cooler geothermal reservoirs to be used rather than dry steam and flash steam plants.
Live & Dead Loads
Dead Load - Weight of the structure and permanent objects within the structure - Portrays the primary structure. Live Load - Weight of objects within the structure such as a person Resultant upwards force of the earth
Person example
Details Concrete Rafts and piles are most effective in this scenario as the raft will spread the massive load of the mega structure and the piles will hold the structure in position as they will fix firmly into the course sand and clay below. This has been proved already by the successful use of this technique in other areas of the Netherlands such as the inner-city town houses on the edge of the canals. The piles will be more focused in the eastern part of the structure there the majority of the structural mass is situated.
1:250 Sectional detail
Ground Floor
Area detail is taken from
-1 Floor
Buttress
20m deep piles
30m deep piles
1:100 Detail of Buttress to foundation slab
1:100 Detail of Wall to floor joint Thermal insulation gypsum board polished concrete facing sheet
higher buttress element
polished concrete top layer heating tubes in concrete Thermal insulation DPM
raft foundation ground level
20 m pile
lower buttress element
concrete slab
pre-cast concrete sections connected with steel rebar
Services Geothermally heated water rises through the piles to the plant room next to the crypt. The plant room contains a binary geothermal power plant to power the rest of the building. The heated water is then flushed through the underfloor heating system to warm the internal space and also heat the concrete which will retain the heat for longer with its seizable thermal mass. The power created by the binary geothermal power station is then used to power the reaming applications within the cathedral such as lighting and audio systems etc. Any excess power can be fed directly into the service core of the transport tunnel, this can also be used in reverse, is there is insufficient power the cathedral can retrieve what it is lacking from the linear city power grid.
Transport Tunnel
Plant room
Security The only access into the cathedral is through the main entrance or transept for both public and private access.
The private chapels are locked when not in use to prevent the public entering when unwanted. Access to the crypt is down a staircase under the choir pews. This is a private area and so is also locked.
Fire
Ground floor sprinkler system and general escape route
The water that is pumped to the water jets in the roof structure is also fed into a sprinkler system the runs throughout the walls of the building. The walls and floor of the cathedral are lined with concrete to reduce the chance of fire spreading or the structure burning down, however Ecclesiastical Exemption allows the building, being a place of worship, to be exempt from fire safety building regulations.
Section sprinkler system
-1 floor sprinkler system
Constructibility As each part of the building is a bespoke piece it allows the building to be put together almost like a jigsaw. However each piece is specially designed so it is most effective at allowing the dead loads of the structure to pass through it creating a ridged form from many pieces. Further more creating it like this allows the pieces to be prefabricated off site. Reduces construction time and as seen with the Sydney Opera House is cheaper than alternatives such as giant solid pieces of concrete.
pieces used to create the arc
pieces slotting together to create ribs within the arc
References Solar angles - http://solarelectricityhandbook.com/solar-angle-calculator.html Netherlands climate data - http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,De-Kooy,Netherlands Wind fetch - https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=fetch+wind+definition&rlz=1C5CHFA_enGB550GB551&espv=2&biw=2521&bih=1214&source=lnms&sa=X&ei=7LvEVNnVL-KE7gbylYFI&ved=0CAUQ_AUoAA&dpr=0.67 Geology - file:///Users/Jan/Downloads/OPERA-PU-TNO411.pdf Geology - http://www.nlog.nl/nlog/lks_map/nlog/index.html?mapMode=FULL?menu=act&nlogId=Domain_ALL_Wells&mapName=NlogDataEn Geology - http://www.en.geologicalsurvey.nl/doorways/10 Geology - http://www.deltawerken.com/Geology-of-the-Netherlands/112.html Dam construction info - http://www.autoevolution.com/news/afsluitdijk-cruising-over-water-11817.html Cathedral Program - http://www.oprah.com/oprahsbookclub/Cathedral-Floor-Plan-Glossary-Ariel-View-The-Pillars-of-the-Earth/1 A7 Motorway image - http://www.holandiabeztajemnic.pl/?page_id=435&lang=en Pew dimensions - http://arch3611f10kccnyc.blogspot.co.uk/2010/09/dimension-study.html Jubalee Church Rome image - https://duranvirginia.wordpress.com/2014/01/23/the-9-newest-buildings-of-rome/ http://www.arcspace.com/features/richard-meier--partners/jubilee-church/ Kimbell Art Museum image - http://www.tufts.edu/alumni/magazine/winter2008/features/artarchitecture.html Narita Airport, Tokyo image - http://loungeindex.com/Asia/Japan/NRT/ Information on titanium oxide - personal work - Nanotechnology Application in Building and Facade Construction of the Future - http://issuu.com/jajharchitechure/docs/final_edition_of_nanotechnology_app_disertation_pd Calatrava city of arts and science- http://forum.pushkino.org/index.php/topic/20313-%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1 %82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE/ Calatrava, Tenerife Concert Hall http://www.arcspace.com/features/santiago-calatrava/tenerife-concert-hall/ details - http://www.bordersunderfloor.co.uk/underfloor_heating_diagrams.htm http://www.tornadoproofhouses.com/walls.php building regs - http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/professional/advice/hpg/consentandplanningpermission/ecclesiasticalexemptions/ Sydney opera house - http://www.structurearchives.org/article.aspx?articleID=476 http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/About/The_Building.aspx http://www.gids.nl/sydney/opera.html lighting - http://www.iald.org/about/23annual.asp?PRINT=Y http://www.thecoolhunter.co.uk/design