Transcendent Cathedral Portfolio Religious Complex of the Ijsselmeer Abstract Machines MArch2 J. Harmens
This Project focuses in upon a requirement of the proposed city developed in the previous project. As Rotterdam has become submerged and the population have moved to inhabit the new city on the Ijsselmeer there will be a need for certain necessities within the town areas such as; law courts, hospitals and civic buildings. From this I have developed a multicultural complex to support a proportion of the newly situated population. From starting as a Catholic Cathedral, due to the historical Catholic and Protestant divide across the Netherlands. This was because moving a southern population north the southern Catholics need a place of worship. Then considering the other main religions of the Netherlands, creating a space that could support the needs of the main 7 faiths. First developing a central space to contain multi cultural spaces such as meeting and conference rooms, a food hall and cafe, and with accommodation and offices provided for staff. This then left exterior spaces for the private religious buildings. Initially designing each space individually however this did not conform to the aim of creating a space of equality which would remove the barriers between religions. Removing hierarchy and providing a ‘shell structure’ which each faith group can internally decorate supports this idealism. Through this project I have designed the central complex and the shell structures. I have then focused in upon the Catholic shell utilising the earlier research upon the catholic faith to design the interior space .
Contents Site Catholic Cathedral research Site 1 & Site analysis Cathedral research Cathedral Proposal 1 Form Development & implementation of other religions Site 2 Research into other Religions Palace research Design Proposal 2 Complex Hub Development. Development of the Communal Space Central Courtyard Development Development of the Access into the Private Religious Space Religious Space Development Jatiyo Sangsad Bhaban Precedent Liverpool Catholic Cathedral Precedent Design Proposal 3 Construction of site Final Plans and Sections Renders
Site 1 Location
Site
Site analysis Solar - Macro
Solar - Meso
Solar Angles
Sunhours
Suns Motion Around Site
300 hrs
Winter 14o
Spring/Autumn 38o
Summer 62o
150 hrs 0 hrs January
December
Water - Meso Salt and Fresh Water Around Site
Falling Water Temperature
Precipitation
100mm
20o North Sea
Fresh Water IJsselmeer
0o January
0o January
0mm January
December
December
The fresh water from the Ijsselmeer will be useful for sanitation etc however the salt water from the North Sea will determine some of the materials used due to salt water being extremely corrosive.
Wind - Macro Annual Predominant winds across the Netherlands
Wind Speed
Air Temperature
10o
8 knots
Max Min 0 knots January Wind - Meso Annual Predominant winds across the site SSW direction
December
-10o January
Annual Predominant wind in the SW direction, along the dam.
Considering the lack of shelter from the elements, the dam must be secured and structures upon it must be able to resist the pressure of the wind.
December
Cathedral Research
Structural Research
N Cold (Winter)
E Dry (Spring)
W Wet (Autumn)
S hot (Summer) Mapping the path of the sun creates the iconic ‘fish’ symbol and the intersection points directly towards midday. Thus creating the axial cross from which the ground-plan can be determined.
The process of orientation derives the rectangle of the sacred building from the circle traced by the course of the sun by means of the cross of the axes of Heaven. The square created from this process represents the transmutation of time into a spiritual ‘space’. This corresponds to the image of the Heavenly Jerusalem, which at the end of time descends from Heaven like a perfected cube.
Nave Roof
Vault
Buttress’ South Transept Main entrance
Nave
To Triforium
Clerestory Choir
North Transept
Pinnacle
Aspe
Chapel Facing East
Gargoyle
Flying Buttress
Gallery Arcade
Buttress
To Crypt Aisle
Cathedral grounds and gardens
Nave
Aisle
Cathedral layout options Circular Rio de Janerio Cathedral
Linear Facing east Liverpool Cathedral
Central Alter with seating around and side chapels on the periphery
Positive - external form not restricted by orientation Alter at the East end with seating leading up to it
Application to site.
The linear system has been selected as it acts as a junction along the dam towering above its surrounding buildings as it reaches out into t he Ijsselmeer. The form will juxtapose the surrounds box typologies and act to celebrate the dam and new city
Cathedral Proposal 1 Ground Floor Plan 1:2500
Dam
North Entrance N Higher Tier Seating
W
Main Entrance
E
Stairs & Lifts
Higher Tier Seating S South Entrance
W-E Section 1:1250
North Elevation Glazing within the roof structure allowing natural night to enter the building continuously as the sun rotates around the facade.
-1 Floor Plan 1:2500
N Private Chapel
W
Lower Main Seating Nave
Choir
Apse Chapel
Private Chapel S
N-S Section 1:1250
West Elevation
E
Curved facade structure made from pre-cast concrete elements
Entrance lobby
North entrance
Ground tiered seating
Stairs & lifts Concrete and glazed facade -1 Floor formed from pre-cast concrete slabs that span N-S
External garden platform
Buttresses’
Crypt
Choir Apse Chapel
Foundations
Development of form Research into the Gothic movements of Cathedral architecture to develop the form and shapes of spaces Barrel Vault
Groin Vault
The Groin Vault allows the force to travel through the ribs creating openings for the stained glazing and the nave etc.
Implementation of other Religions
Gothic vault
The Gothic arch has two advantages; Masonry walls can easily absorb large vertical compressive forces, but a sideways force will tend to topple the wall, unless braced by external buttresses. A Gothic arch may produce only half the side-thrust of a similar Roman arch. Also it reaches higher for a given width. The classic Gothic arch is known as the quinto acuto or "pointed fifth". The arcs are 4/5 of the span. The centres of the arcs are inside the span of the arch.
Developing the design to incorporate Galleries and vaults provides new spaces. These spaces could be used for the other religious communicates within the new city
Site 2
City developed into town and industrial spaces
Industrial space
Industrial space
Industrial space Industrial space
Industrial space Industrial space
Town space
Industrial space
Industrial space
Site is on the edge of the towns scape as it will be constructed after the city is completed
Research into other Religions As the existing religious spaces have been submerged new ones must be created in the new city for the main 6 faiths.
Hierarchy based upon existing population Catholic 28%
Catholic & Protestant
Sikh
Buddhism
Hinduism
Judaism
Islam
Requirements of Religious Buildings
Protestant 19%
Remaining Religions 11%
Islam 5%
Cathedral
Mosque
Aisle
Narthex
Nave
Courtyard (Sahn) Transept & Crossing
Tower
Tower
Choir Aspe
Tower (Qubba)
Chapels
Dome (Minaret)
Ambulatory
Both Christian and Catholic Cathedrals have similar building typologies. Both must face East
Mosques must face Mecca. On site this is 159o from North (NE). The most common style is the Hypostyle Mosque which features columns. Mosques do not have seating in the prayer room.
Synagogue’
Buddhist Temple Bell Tower
Vestibule
Memorial candle
Holy Ark for Torah scrolls Bimam (platform for where Torah is read)
Synagogue’s must face Jerusalem. On site this is a NE direction.
courtyard
Cantors Lectern Drum Tower
meditation space
Buddhist Temples have very few requirements except for a space to meditate. However a majority of Temples have a bell tower, a drum tower and a courtyard. There is no seating in a Buddhist temple.
Hindu Temple
Sikh Temple
Langar Mens side Manji Sahib (raised platform) Womens side
Based upon a symmetry driven structure. 8 x 8 grid template. Orientation based upon the Gnomon theory, on site must face NE. each direction represents a god. ie West - Varuna, Lord of Water - therefore dining, study rooms and toilets are on the west side of the temple.
Room for holy book when not in prayer Sikh Temples must have a room for the holy book when not in prayer, an external space for a flag and four entrances facing N,S,E and W. The Langer is a food hall.
Layout of Religious spaces
East
Central Courtyard
East
Mecca
Jerusalem
Palace Research
Researching place layouts has shown the use of different orientations of spaces and how a person would move through from one space to the next. Analysing at the Forbidden Palace in China. This system in regimented and linear will spaces provided dependent upon their importance and size requirements. The temples are in the centre where as the barracks and other spaces are at the edge. This differs strongly from the Alhambra Palace in Grenada which in plan shows a lot less organisation. This is because of the many construction phases, staring with the original 9th-century citadel areas have been added and changed over time to expand the site. For example through the 14th-century it was Muslim palaces, then over the 16th-century it became a palace of Charles V. As this project will be constructed at one time the requirements must be set out and applied to the design process. The spaces designed will be organised to suit the public and private spaces.
entrance individual spaces created linking through between squares and internal spaces.
private space
courtyard
main route through the space private space courtyard
private space cathedral space courtyard
Having analysed the systems within palaces and the interlinking of internal spaces and courtyards/gardens. It became clean a square linear system would not create the intended public and private spaces.
Complex Hub Development. Number of Buildings Number of Buildings
Form Exploration Circulation space
Shape of central space
Considering the options of multiple buildings, one for each religion or a single space to situate all 6 religions.
If the religious spaces were in the centre and the space around was left for circulation and buildings related to the places of worship, it would not encourage communication between religions.
The most effective shape would be one that could be divided easily into equal sections with a central focal point.
Selection; - Multiple buildings
Selection; - Central core
Selection; - Circle based
Positive - Having multiple building for each religion allows them to personalise their own space. As this complex is to replace the buildings that have been submerged the correct response would be to provide each religion with their own space.
Positive - Having a central space focuses visitors into the centre to mix and communicate. It also provides space for other aspects of religion to be included such as; seminar space, meeting rooms, space for Sunday school, Bah Mitzvah and Confirmation lessons etc.
Positive - allows the space to be divided equally between the 7 regions and provide an entrance. Keeping the spaces equal thus not introducing a hierarchy and focusing upon equality between the spaces.
Negative - Encourages segregation between religions. Intention - To increase inter-religious communication to break down the social barriers between religions.
Intention - To provide an internal space to cater for the needs of all religions with private religious spaces on the exterior.
Formation of central space
Adding form to theory
Designing the Communal space Requirements; Multiple private meeting rooms for small groups. Larger meeting rooms. Conference/Seminar rooms. Kitchen and Dining hall. Cafe. Sleeping accommodation. Offices. Plant room. WC. Design intentions; - To focus view into the central space and creating an internal garden of ‘multicultural’ Eden. - Create a pure and light environment that will give the user a sense of freedom and unity with the others within the hub. - Create a space that has no barriers between religions in the public spaces. Yet keeps the private spaces private from access and view.
Dividing the space into 8 segments to allow for an entrance space. This would include a reception, security, access into the complex and washing facilities for the religions that require this.
In theory the circle works however practically curved walls fail.
Therefore corners have been applied as an intersection between each religious space and then This form create a central ring of functional space continued through the design to create an octagon and an internal courtyard for the multiple religions central core to mix. This courtyard is sheltered from strong winds creating a multi-purpose space that could be used for religious festivals and events.
Development of the Communal Space Proposition 2 Ground Floor
First Floor
Religious voids Internal social spaces Private religious gardens
Main access
Communal courtyard
Second Floor
Moat of purity
This design incorporates the social spaces required while providing a direct route through the centre of each segment focusing the views and direction of travel into the central focal point. The internal moat has been introduced as the internal space needs a way to drain and having the moat allows the water collected from the roof to be collected and recycled through the building or pumped into the Ijsselmeer. As water is considered an element of purity within all the religions passing over the moat into the central space acts as a cleansing and an individual enters the communal courtyard. - This further acts as a symbol of removing religious barriers and creating a space of equality Section 1:750
Internal social spaces Religious voids
Communal courtyard Private religious gardens Moat of purity
Negatives - This design involves a large amount of wasted space. Assigning the circulation areas (lifts and stairs) to the corners will allow the use of linear space to be maximised as it is more sensible to have rooms with parallel walls.
Development of Communal Space Requirements - maximise use of natural lighting. - Due to minimal external shelter keep centre of mass low (minimise no of floors). - Consider importance of privacy within the spaces.
Form Developing the space making the first stepped area shorter minimising the shadows and creating an internal atrium to maximise the light into the spaces that have been removed from the previous design. This design provides space for external balconies and the opportunity for vertical gardens.
All projects start with box. The site is a polder (man made land) with no over shadowing from the sun. There is some minimal protection from wind. However the most important aspect from the elements is to naturally illuminate the internal spaces.
From my analysis of linear cities in the semester one project, the stepped building type worth to provide a view over a central area and keeps the rear of the building private. However this space does become dark.
Considering Dutch weather and the need for shelter from the wind, enclosing the spaces creates a protected circulation space.
From the previous design on the opposite page a large proposition of the space is wasted. Moving the circulation hubs to the corners allows the linear sections of space to be maximised and so a level that was previously unused can be removed.
Initially starting with this design where there is a direct route through the complex from public to private spaces. This design has developed by analysing the requirements of the spaces, - The private spaces need to be kept private and there should be an architectural transition between the spaces. (development of the transcendent pathway) - The circulation spaces (stairs and lifts) can technically be situated anywhere. Where as the most usable space to be made into rooms is the linear sections of the octagon, therefore by moving the circulation spaces to the corners the first architectural barrier between public and private space id created as an inhabitant has to now walk around the public spaces to get to the private space.
1:500 of Design 1
no transitional space between the public and private spaces corner spaces difficult to use
is circulation needed here?
The most usable space should not be taken up by WC’s and circulation space
1:500 Developed design Takes into consideration the previous faults and provides solutions. Shifted backwards removing unnecessary circulation space but more importantly resulting in the exterior walls to the complex having no windows keeping the private area private but kept illuminated with skylights
Circulation spaces created within an atrium - this allow light into the complex and leaves the linear sections to become rooms.
Central Courtyard Development
Started with a central void
The central area is divided up allowing for green space which makes the area more enjoyable and open areas for markets and festival.
90 meters As the project progressed the form became octagonal but the space remained a form of botanical garden
An amphitheatre space is created in the centre, this allows for open air evens to take place and it becomes a feature within a festival. The central space now consists of green spaces, areas for festive activities, and a central focus point where shows or talks to do with the festival could take place.
A moat was introduced to aid drainage but also as a symbolic element to the design. Most religions see water as pure and cleansing therefore by passing over it into the central space a person is purified as they enter the central space.
This still leaves an open green area but the area should be designed as a space of purpose.
Development of the Access into the Private Religious Space Start point - A door in a wall internal elevation
plan
private space social space
Blunt response - build a wall
Intention - To design a private pathway into the religious spaces. - This pathway must suit all faiths. - Must prevent inhabitants of the social space being able to see into the private spaces. - Aim to create a journey that draws the occupant through the space and once they have reached the private religious space the must feel elevated and enlightened. - The most effective way t do this would be manipulating light
How can I create an architectural feature involving light? Create a corridor and move it into building
Using light wells that increase in size directing an occupant into the light.
At this point in the project the plan was developed to maximise the linear space and move access and circulation points to the corners. This results in 2 entrances becoming one as inhabitants pass from the public into the private spaces. This also involved the use of the space above the corridor meaning the light wells became windows. As shown in the diagram the windows become bigger letting more light in as a person moves closer to the religious entrance.
private religious space transcendent pathway social space
How light would enter the corridor 1:200
internal social space
external private space
1:200 Section through showing the ceiling is sloped upon entry and as a person travels into the light towards the religious space entrance the ceiling gets higher giving the person a sense of reaching an elevated state
1:200 Elevation showing windows
1:200 Plan
Religious Space Development Rio de Janeiro Cathedral
Liverpool Cathedral
Started with an empty space with the Ijsselmeer on one side and the public space on the other. A confined private courtyard. The space must suit each religion therefore each space is designed separately to suit individual needs. Considering the sizes each religious space must be from the original information of the number or currently practicing religious attendees. For a population of 610 000 it would be impossible to consider a space to suit everyone that could attend. Therefore a range has been decided, the largest practicing religion is currently Catholicism. Analysing cathedrals such as Rio de Janeiro Cathedral (Seating 5000) and Liverpool Cathedral (Seating 2000) Using these two precedents I can approximate spaces for the cathedral and ratio the sizes down from this. The largest cathedral will seat 2500, and the smaller religious spaces will seat 400 people.
These diagrams show spacial planning around the central space.
Experimentation with orientation based upon requirements of each space
creating moat Sized blocks to symbolise each religion
experimenting with access tunnels
Plan involving public and private spaces, the internal moat of purity and bridges. As the complex is build on a polder bridges are preferred rather than tunnels.
Religious Space Development It rapidly became clear that designs individual spaces for each religion is a huge undertaking and a lot more research would be needed. From this realism it became apparent that a ‘box within a box’ strategy could be positive approach to the project. This would allow a shell to be designed which would respond to the basic required principles which have been recorded already and the individual religions could then design their own interiors and this project could focus upon a single internal space.
2. Create a form within the private garden space
private space
Empty Shell
public space
3. What does this space require? private courtyard to situate religious building
religions building shell public space
- must be-able to be orientated multiple directions, - must allow natural light that can be manipulated my internal features, - must contain a tower - Islam - prayer calling, Christianity bell tower, - The internal space must be adaptable.
private space
From this realism it also became clear that over time the demand for each religious space may change. As this project is proposed for 50 years time the religious demands may have changed. Therefore the spaces have been all reduced to seat 400 people so allow the project to become approachable. 1. Blanket proposal
Spacial mapping The spaces have initially been created using circles as these are the purest religious forms. - considering entrances, and a tower.
putting a canopy over the spaces allows the interior to be adapted and designed by the individual religion. This is not designing space, no exterior courtyard
Requirements of Religious Buildings
tower prayer space
tower prayer space creating space around the prayer space for side chapels or other religious areas, ie rooms for religious books
front area with tower includes extra rooms for religious staff and storage levels up tower for wedding and religious meetings etc.
Do not need more space, this shell need to be a place of worship - all other events occur in the public space. Less Ornate
Keeping geometries simple to allow the space to be adapted to other religions.
tower
tower
prayer space
higher tiers for choirs or to keep males and females separate
prayer space
tower
tower
atrium over prayer space
tower maintenance space and WC’s etc
side spaces central prayer space
internal walls are temporary and are slotted into place to allow the scape to be adapted to suit its requirements
creating more entrances based upon religious requirements
The central prayer space becomes the focal point therefore more entrances are not needed as the circulation space can be manipulated to create these
Louis Kahn Bangladesh Parliamentary Building
Louis Kahn’s approach to reflecting light using concrete to illuminate internal space
Kahn needed to create a light environment however direct sunlight would, over time, damage the art. Using a concave mirror and polishing the concrete refracted the natural light from the sun into the space resulting in the light being secondary but also (as showing in the image) sufficiently illuminating the space. The proposed design will use the polished concrete strategy to naturally illuminate the interior. Refracting the light that enters through the glazing in the arc.
Analysing this building with a central space and surrounding function rooms has allowed my design to develop. Using similar theories as Kahn has here manipulating typologies of the surrounding spaces to focus in upon the central space. To a point my design has taken the central area and created a open space and then assigned the private religious spaces to the surrounding area. Using this building as a precedent has given a scale to the building I have created and allowed the design to have a size that is realistic for its purpose. Also using similar materials to Kahn as the concrete acts as a polished surface reflecting light to illuminate the internal space and also its thermal mass will keep the internal spaces warm.
Cathedral precedent Liverpool Catholic Cathedral
This cathedral system works around the central sanctuary. This style of cathedral is better suited to the religious shell have has been developed. This allow the central space to become the sanctuary and temporary spaces to be created around the edges for the side chapels etc
Proposal 3 1:500
Main entrance Kitchen Cafe 4 large group rooms - Sunday school, lectures, conference spaces etc. 64 private meeting rooms - confirmation, bat mitzvah lessons, religious discussion, religious therapy, aa meetings, religious consultations, marriage discussions etc Central courtyard -amphitheatre feature, garden spaces, - for religious festivals & general mixing of the communities
how main entrance works moving floor for transport in + wider bridges to accomodate transport loads in & out.
98 private rooms - similar uses as floor below however some will inc. accommodation - develop for 2/4 more conference spaces, also upstairs cafe if possible. - religious library - classrooms for private religious reaching/seminars
trascendant pathway - from dark, compact into the high, light
Religious building 1:500 higher than compex - higherarchy tower - all religions need a calling tower (islam prayer call, christianity bell tower) circular shape - removes corners allowing space not to be restrcited to a singular orientation - also the circle is seen as the purest geometry
elevated seating, galleries
main light in from heavens. no windows in walls remove distraction, sancturary inside (not knowing what storms are outside). keeps focus on the heavens private room -ie islam prayer book room, christianity private chapel
main room 26m dia entrance hall private room + access to tower
Construction of site
Addition of religious complex pre-cast concrete modules
Exterior concrete walls and modules addition
Pre-cast concrete modules
Using pre-cast concrete allows for a rapid on site construction phase reducing time and costs of the project. The industrial zone is also near by and so all the concrete elements can be constructed there and then transported via water directly to site. The industrial zone will have a construction facility within it for all building within the new city. The pieces will be moulded on a moulded circuit which allows shell of the form to be created and a reinforced bar mesh to be inserted into the void and then the cement poured into the mould and left to set. The individual pieces will be in the form of a 3D jigsaw to be fabricated on site.
The walls surrounding the complex are erected first as the weight will further consolidate and strengthen the walls of the polder. They will also act to provide some shelter from wind. Two walls are shown to be missing, these areas allow for site access from the town and Zuiderzee lake.
Jetty addition
jetty constricted to allow the vessels transporting building components to moor and be unloaded directly onto site.
Polder creation
Transcendent Religious Complex On Site Scale 1:5000
3
2 5
6
4
1
1. Transcendent Religious Complex 2. Town Zone 3. Industrial Zone 4. Green Space 5. Town Transportation Routes 6. Industrial Canal Routes
Transcendent Religious Complex Ground Floor Scale 1:1250 1
2
5 6
7
4
3
10
8 9
15 11
14 1. Entrance path 2. Entrance Building & Reception 3. Central Multi-cultural Space 4. Stream of Purity 5. Private Meeting Rooms (64) 6. Circulation Hub & WC’s 7. Cafe 8. Lecture/Conference Rooms 9. Food Hall & Kitchen area 10. Plant Room 11. Transcendent Pathway to Private Religious Spaces 12. Private Religious Garden 13. Cathedral 14. Other Religious Spaces 15. Jetty
11 12 13
11
11
Transcendent Religious Complex First Floor Scale 1:1250
1
2 4
3
5
6
7 7
1. First Floor of Entrance 2. Bridges into complex 3. Private Meeting Rooms 4. Sleeping Accommodation (16) 5. Offices 6. Conference Rooms (6) 7. Voids create Atrium’s allowing light into lower floors
Transcendent Religious Complex Roof Scale 1:1250
Transcendent Religious Complex First Floor Entrance Scale 1:200
First Floor Entrance Section Scale 1:500 Shows floor acts like a bridge that can move up to allow larger vehicles in for festival goods
Transcendent Religious Complex Circulation Hub Scale 1:200
Transcendent Religious Complex Transcendent pathway and Food Hall Scale 1:200
Circulation space
Transcendent pathway
Kitchen
Food hall Moat
Transcendent Religious Complex Transcendent pathway and Food Hall Section Scale 1:200
Central space
Kitchen Moat
Kitchen
Transcendent pathway
Cathedral Ground Floor Plan Scale 1:500
Transcendent Pathway from Complex Cathedral Private Gardens
Transcendent Pathway from Jetty
Cathedral Ground Floor Plan Scale 1:200
12 5
2 6 9 8
11
10
4
1
3
7
4
4 1. Sanctuary 2. Blessed Sacrament Chapel 3. Lady Chapel 4. Side Chapels 5. Main Entrance, Porch & Bell Tower 6. Baptismal Font 7. Votive Candle Chapel 8. Organ 9. Access to Higher Tier 10. Priest’ Quarters 11. WC 12. Storage & Plant Room
11
Cathedral Higher Tier Floor Plan Scale 1:200
3
4 2
1
1. Higher Tier 2. Choir Seating 3. Access from Ground Floor 4 Access to Bell Tower
Cathedral Atrium Structure Plan Scale 1:200
4
5 1
3
1. Marble Sheet Domed Canopy 2. Central void creates spotlight over central alter. 3. Voids on dome for stained glazing 4. Porch stained glass window 5. Access to Bell Tower
2
Cathedral Bell Tower Floor Plan Scale 1:200
2
1
3
1. Access from Higher Tier 2. Void for 3. Glazed Roof of Sanctuary Atrium
Cathedral Roof Plan Scale 1:200
3 1
4 2
5 1 Glazing into Bell Tower 2. Glazing into Atrium 3. Glazing into side chapels 4. Glazing into WC etc on ground floor 5. Towers Displaying Religious Identity
Cathedral Section 1 Scale 1:200
Bell Tower
large window with stained glass internal window for catholic faith
higher tier for choir side chapel sanctuary with central alter
Entrance
Cathedral Section 2 Scale 1:200
Cathedral Section through Complex Scale 1:500
Entrance into complex
Moat of purity
central amphitheatre space
Moat of purity complex public space. Transcendent (food hall and kitchen) pathway
Cathedral
Jetty
Cathedral Section Scale 1:200
View of Complex across the Ijsselmeer
View of Complex across the Ijsselmeer
Inside Cathedral Shell