PHARMLAND
PHARMLAND
Master of Landscape Architecture Peri Urban Areas of Oslo
- Lørenskog Kommune Students:
Monica Pereira Hernan Travecedo Jakob Auer Supervisors:
Alan Berger Fadi Masoud Espen Aukrust Marianne Skjulhaug
Lørenskog municipality is strategically located half-way between Oslo Center and Gardermoen airport. Lørenskog is characterized mostly as a bedroom community with 35.000 inhabitants and is prognosed to grow by 10.000 people until 2035.The type of development found in Lørenskog is typical of peri-urban towns, including heavy infrastructural lines, rural landscape and a big hospital. One of the most unique qualities of the area is the amount of agricultural land still in production, which is about 9% of the municipal area. The vast agricultural resource stretches Northeast all the way to the airport, crossing several other municiplaities. Lørenskog is also uniquely situated along major trunk lines of rail and highway, with strong, direct connections to the Oslo central area and the airport. It can be seen as the transitional zone between urban and rural life. As the demand for new housing in this growing community and suburban corridor is steadily rising, and most parts of the forest being “untouchable” for further expansion of the city, the agricultural areas are most likely the preferred spaces to be developed in the near future. If rising land prices outweigh the viability of regular agriculture, how can “landscape” be positioned to remain productive (or even preserved for farming) while simultaneously being used to structure the new areas of city expansion? PERI-URBAN LOCATION
Oslo
Pharmland by Monica Pereira, Hernan Travecedo and Jakob Auer.
R UR AL LA NDSCAPE
URBANIZATION
Lorenskog
AHO - The Oslo school of Architecture and Design
Lørenskog Kommune
or
Infrastructure
E6 H
irp nA
t
oe
rm
e rd
Ga
Income
ay ighw
vn Oslo Ha
Railw ay Na tio na l Ro
ad
Growth Research
Education Agriculture
Ac tiv eA gric
ult
ura
l la
EN
TIT Y
nd
LO C A L
Lørenskog is also uniquely situated along major trunk lines of rail and highway, with strong direct connections to the Oslo central area and the airport. THE SITE
ID
an of L
e tag n rce Pe CAPE
d U se
AGRIC ULTU RE
YS T I C
ST RE FO
PERCENTAGE OF LAND USE Pharmland by Monica Pereira, Hernan Travecedo and Jakob Auer.
AHO - The Oslo school of Architecture and Design
Lørenskog Kommune
THE SITE
WATER RUNOFF AND FLOOD AREA Pharmland by Monica Pereira, Hernan Travecedo and Jakob Auer.
AHO - The Oslo school of Architecture and Design
Lørenskog Kommune
- Monoculture - High quantity of crops - Eutrophication of water
STANDARD AGRICULTURAL TYPOLOGY
- Diverse Agriculture - High quality/profit crops - Wetland as Biofilter
NEW AGRICULTURAL TYPOLOGY Pharmland by Monica Pereira, Hernan Travecedo and Jakob Auer.
AHO - The Oslo school of Architecture and Design
Lørenskog Kommune
(Mio €)
Total Trade Balance (in million €) 898 6441 -246 -215 -5 -1668 5852 -241 -785 4523 20042 -1974 950 20374 -2097 -136 -339 -240 143 6330 -931 -2373 -1490 -1594 -1111 1266 -1283 3079 30783 -2827 6440
Our research led us to conclude that there is an economic opportunity for landscape production and agriculture linked to the growing field of life sciences and pharmaceutical industry and its global network of specialized crops. There are various crops that can be used in the production of pharmaceuticals, that could be the focal point of future agricultural production in Lørenskog. The potential opportunity in the sector of pharmaceutical production also becomes visible in a comparison on an international level. While countries like Ireland, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany and Italy show a big surplus of trade balance in exports of pharmaceuticals, Norway imports more medicals than it produces and sells, leading to a negative trade balance of 931 Million €. After examining the greater region of Oslo/Akershus, we found that across the area many investments are taking place in the fields of medical research and life sciences; while these entities are mostly focusing on research & development, there is only very little focus on pharmaceutical agriculture and the production of medicinal products. INVESTMENT IN LIFE SCIENCE
ing
sp ar k
en
tale t
S ife eL
cie
US
H
AH
Th
Fo rsk
ni ng
spi R ik sh o
Oslo Cancer Cluste r
ild
u eB nc
l
ita
p os
Ahus Hospital: A teaching hospital and one of four university hospitals affiliated with the University of Oslo. The hospital has 9,500 employees. Setting new standards for hospital architecture in Norway, it claims to be the most modern in Europe. Forskningsparken: Since 1986 Oslotech AS has operated Oslo Science Park, centrally located only 10 minutes from Oslo city center, between the campuses of the University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital. Today 190 companies and research organizations rent offices and labs here. Oslo Cancer Cluster: Oslo Cancer Cluster is an oncology research and industry cluster dedicated to accelerating the development of new cancer diagnostics and medicines. Oslo University Hospital: Oslo University Hospital is a highly specialized hospital in charge of extensive regional and local hospital assignments and the provision of high quality services for the citizens of Oslo. The hospital also has a nationwide responsibility for a number of national and multi-regional assignments and has several national centers of competence. Life Science building:To make provision for a greater degree of innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration in research and teaching, UiO will open a life sciences building in Gaustadbekkdalen, Oslo. It will become a place of work for 1000 employees and 1600 students, and comprising 66700 m², it will be Norway’s largest free-standing university building. Containing space for research and teaching in life sciences, chemistry and pharmacology, it will have flexible solutions that can be adapted to developments in research, innovation and education. Completion of the building is planned in 2022.
Pharmland by Monica Pereira, Hernan Travecedo and Jakob Auer.
AHO - The Oslo school of Architecture and Design
Lørenskog Kommune
PHYTOCHEMICAL PLANTS (Used for Cancer Drugs)
HERBAL MEDICINE (Phytotherapeutic Plants)
Podophyllum peltatum
Taxus baccata
Matricaria discoidea (Camomile)
Catharanthus roseus
Digitalis purpurea
Symphytum officinale
By enhancing and investing on the potentials and efforts being made in this sector and the municipality’s strategic location, we aim to create and develop a new local identity based on a multi-programming agriculture landscape that can serve as addition to R&D by the cultivation of high profit pharmaceutical crops and their subsequent production of finished products. Furthermore, it will connect the eastern parts of the city with the newly created residential area and new city center on the western side. After examining the ways in which horticultural production can be used to leverage off of the growing biomedical/pharmaceutical economy of the region, we determined three categories that could be applied to our concept: Biopharming, Phytochemicals, and Phytotherapy. PHARMACEUTICAL CROPS
BIOPHARMING (Plant based Pharmaceuticals)
Nepeta cataria
Potatoe
Tobacco
Angelica archangelica
Maize
Tomato
Ammi majus, Capsicum annuum, Dioscorea macrostachya, Hordeum vulgare, Oenothera biennis, Ricinus communis DERMATOLOGY Ammi visnaga, Atropa belladonna, Digitalis lanata, Melilotus officinalis, Papaver somniferum CARDIOLOGY Colchicum autumnale, Filipendula ulmaria, Hordeum vulgare, Hyoscyamus niger, Mandragora officinarum, Papaver somniferum, Scopolia ANALGESIEA/ANAESTHESIA Capsicum annuum, Datura stramonium, Oenothera biennis, Salix Phylicifolia NEUROLOGY/RHEUMATOLOGY Narcissus species, Valeriana officinalis, Vicia faba PSYCHIATRY Artemisia annua, Tanacetum cinerarifolium, Cinchona pubescens var. succiruba, Dryopteris filix-mas, Podophyllum hexandrum PARASITOLOGY Glycyrrhiza glabra, Mentha x piperita, Rheum Palmatum GASTROENTEROLOGY Ammi visnaga, Atropa belladonna, Camellia sinensis, Datura stramonium, Ephedra distachya, Podophyllum hexandrum, Podophyllum Peltatum ENT & LUNG DISEASE
Pharmland by Monica Pereira, Hernan Travecedo and Jakob Auer.
BIOPHARMING (Plant based Pharmaceuticals) Pharming is a portmanteau of farming and “pharmaceutical” and refers to the use of genetic engineering to insert genes that code for useful pharmaceuticals into host animals or plants that would otherwise not express those genes, thus creating a genetically modified organism (GMO). Pharming is also known as molecular farming, molecular pharming or biopharming. Plants such as Potatoes, Maize, Rice and Tobacco are so far the leading species for this technique, although plants that don’t have affiliations with the food chain should be the preferred choice and production should take place indoors in sealed greenhouses. Phytochemical Plants for Cancer Research Phytochemicals are chemical compounds that occur naturally in plants. Some are responsible for color and other organoleptic properties, such as the deep purple of blueberries and the smell of garlic. Phytochemicals may have biological significance, for example carotenoids or flavonoids, but are not established as essential nutrients. There may be as many as 4,000 different phytochemicals. Thus far seven plant-derived anticancer drugs have received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for commercial production. (Taxol/Paclitaxel, Vinblastine, Vincristine, Topotecan, Irinotecan, Etopisode, Teniposide). Some plants used for their production such as Taxus baccata, Catharanthus roseus, Podophyllum peltatum and Digitalis purpurea can be grown outdoors in this climatic zone. Herbal Medicine (Phytotherapeutic Plants) Herbalism (‘herbology’ or “herbal medicine”) is use of plants for medicinal purposes, and the study of such use. Plants have been the basis for medical treatments through much of human history, and such traditional medicine is still widely practiced today. Modern medicine recognizes herbalism as a form of alternative medicine, as the practice of herbalism is not strictly based on evidence gathered using the scientific method. Modern medicine, does, however, make use of many plant-derived compounds as the basis for evidence-tested pharmaceutical drugs, and phytotherapy works to apply modern standards of effectiveness testing to herbs and medicines that are derived from natural sources. The scope of herbal medicine is sometimes extended to include fungal and bee products, as well as minerals, shells and certain animal parts.
AHO - The Oslo school of Architecture and Design
Lørenskog Kommune
Name Taxus Baccata Catharantus Roseus Digitalis Purpurea Eucalyptus Pauciflora Mentha species Matricaria Discoidea Nepeta Cataria Angelica Archangelica Symphytum Officinale Allium Sativum Papaver Somniferum Podophyllum Hexandrum Podophyllum Peltatum Ammi Visnaga Camellia Sinensis Datura Stramonium Ephedra Distachya Ammi Majus Capsicum Annuum Hordeum Vulgare Oenothera Biennis Ricinus Communis Atropa Bella‐donna Digitalis Lanata Melilotus Officinalis
Type
Growth rate
Evergreen tree Perennial Biennal Evergreen tree Perennial Annual Perennial Biennal Perennial Bulb Annual Perennial Perennial Annual/Biennial Evergreen shrub Annual Evergreen shrub Annual Evergreen perennial Annual Biennal Evergreen shrub Perennial Evergreen Biennial/Perennial Annual/Biennial
Slow Medium Medium Fast Fast Medium Medium Medium Fast Slow Medium Medium Medium Medium Slow Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Fast Medium Medium Medium
Flowering season Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sept
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Can be grown naturally in norway?
Solar exposure
Soil type
Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes
Pharmland by Monica Pereira, Hernan Travecedo and Jakob Auer.
Medicinal use Anti-cancer drug Leukemia and Hodgkin's lymphoma Treatment of heart complaints Very powerful antiseptic Antiseptic Antispasmodic, carminative, galactogogue, sedative, skin and vermifuge Disorders of the digestive system and reducing fever Digestive disorders and problems with blood circulation Cell proliferant that speeds up the healing process Fungicidal, antiseptic, tonic and parasiticidal Pain‐relieving, antispasmodic and expectorant Treatment for cancer and antirheumatic Powerfull herbal medicine and treatment for cancer Muscle relaxant, asthma, angina, coronary arteriosclerosis and kidney stones Diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis and gastro‐enteritis Asthma, Parkinson and the treatment of abscesses wounds and severe neuralgia Highly use for asthma and catarrh Contraceptive, diuretic and tonic Antihaemorrhoidal, antirheumatic, antiseptic, diaphoretic, rubefacient and sialagogue Digestive, emollient, nutritive, febrifuge and stomachic also hepatitis and control diabetes Gastro‐intestinal disorders, asthma, multiple sclerosis, pre‐menstrual tension and hyperactivity Laxative, is a vehicle for medicinal and cosmetic preparations Parkinson's disease, analgesic, diuretic, hallucinogenic, mydriatic, narcotic and sedative Cardiac, kidneys, diuretic, stimulant and topic Varicose veins, haemorrhoids, phlebitis, thrombosis sleeplessness, nervous tension and neuralgia
AHO - The Oslo school of Architecture and Design
Lørenskog Kommune
In order to ramp up horticultural production we decided to explore the site for the optimal microclimatic growing landscape conditions. Through careful analysis, we discovered that landscape slopes facing defferent directions, with different orientations, provide a multitude of optimal growing characteristics for the area, unlike an otherwise large, flat, monocultural, agricultural zone. Our scheme builds off of our terrain study and begins to modify the landscape surface to take advantage of microclimatic diversity to grow many types of crops. TOPOGRAPHY + MICROCLIMATES + RESHAPING OF LANDSCAPE
New topography is replicated throughout the valley to build back large landscape gradients (wet to dry, shady to sunny, cold to hot, etc.) that were lost when the land was farmed as a monoculture. The new topography multiplies the form discovered in our analises. The whole valley is then topographically sculpted and balanced with an equal cut and fill of landmass. MODIFIED TOPOGRAPHY Pharmland by Monica Pereira, Hernan Travecedo and Jakob Auer.
AHO - The Oslo school of Architecture and Design
Lørenskog Kommune
TOPOGRAPHY
TOPOGRAPHY MODIFIED WITH NEW WATERWAY Pharmland by Monica Pereira, Hernan Travecedo and Jakob Auer.
AHO - The Oslo school of Architecture and Design
Lørenskog Kommune
1
2
3
6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Greenhouse complex Interactive Greenhouse and Orchard Comercial area and multiple interactive public spaces Educational Center and Museum Biofilter/Natural Reserve Formal Pharmaceutical Crops Space for different Companies
7
4
5
1:4 000
Pharmland by Monica Pereira, Hernan Travecedo and Jakob Auer.
AHO - The Oslo school of Architecture and Design
Lørenskog Kommune
ELEVATION
AMOUNT OF WATER
The concept foresees the valley to be structured into three zones. An agricultural/productive zone, a public/recreational zone and a wetland/wildlife zone. A gradual change in height/ depth of the replicated u-shaped pattern will create a multiplicity of different habitats for wildlife as well as microclimates that can be used for different types of adapted crops. LANDSCAPE GRADIENTS
GENERAL ZONING
PRODUCTIVE ZONE
RECREATIONAL ZONE
HABITAT/WETLAND ZONE
Pharmland by Monica Pereira, Hernan Travecedo and Jakob Auer.
AHO - The Oslo school of Architecture and Design
Lørenskog Kommune
AQUAPONIC SYSTEM
PIT GREENHOUSE
FLOWER MEADOW FOR LOCAL BEEHIVES
FUNGI PRODUCTION
PADDY RICE
ORCHARDS
HERB PRODUCTION
TREE NURSERIE
WILLOWSHOOT PRODUCTION|
HOP PRODUCTION
A large greenhouse complex will be the center of the agricultural land. It is designed to cover ditches in the modified topography. This sunken greenhouse is protected by the surrounding soil, reducing the cost of heating and preventing energy loss. This typology is inspired by the traditional Peruvian type of Pit greenhouses, called “Walipini”. Other than that many other types of profitable crops could be part of this new agricultural form of land use. Flowery meadows can serve as food for beehives, fungi can be grown within greenhouses on the shadowy side of the hills. Experiments with paddy rice and other moisture loving crops can be conducted within the ditches closest to the groundwater. Other innovative and profitable types of agriculture could be tested and applied in this diverse landscape, the production of food and other products will be made into an experience and given an educational value. The attraction of experiencing welltried and new forms of agriculture could create awareness for a shift from a globalized back to a localized production of crops. (e.g.: Aquaponic systems Pit Greenhouses, Flower Meadows for local Beehives, Fungi productionin, Paddy rice, Orchards, Herb production, Tree nurseries, Willowshoot production, Hop production, Algae plants) PRODUCTIVE ZONE
Pharmland by Monica Pereira, Hernan Travecedo and Jakob Auer.
AHO - The Oslo school of Architecture and Design
Lørenskog Kommune
PRODUCTIVE ZONE
Pharmland by Monica Pereira, Hernan Travecedo and Jakob Auer.
AHO - The Oslo school of Architecture and Design
Lørenskog Kommune
The Public and Recreational Zone will be the centerpiece of the modulated landscape in between the productive and the wetland zone. Shielded from the traffic noise of the National Road 159 by the ondulating hills of the productive landscape, it contains both connections through the landscape and places with recreational value. Paths on top of the hills and inside the valleys create different landscape experiences. Viewpoints on the highest peaks create visual connections towards the wetland and bird-watching areas as well as all the surrounding elements. There is three Pavillions/ Buildings within the landscape, serving different functions. The building between the productive and the public area is another greenhouse/botanical garden, which is also open to the public. The one in the middle PUBLIC ZONE
Pharmland by Monica Pereira, Hernan Travecedo and Jakob Auer.
AHO - The Oslo school of Architecture and Design
Lørenskog Kommune
The pattern of small ponds and islands and establish great biodiversity in the local fauna. Wetlands are widely advertised as a critical component of our planet, providing a wide variety of ecosystem services: Like kidneys of the hydrological cycle they remove pollutants, spawn biodiversity hot spots, provide habitats of rare and endangered species, function as ground water recharge zones, localized areas for flood protection, carbon sinks and add aesthetic value. The wetland zone in this project will also serve various purposes: Habitat for birds and amphibians: The shift from a mostly monocultural agriculture to a complex ecotope will provide habitats for new species. The nearby Wetland “Nordre Øyeren Naturreservat” (Northern Oyeren Nature Reserve) is only 15 km away. The Three rivers- Nitelva, Leira and Glomma (Norway’s largest river) create a huge delta with several small islands and channels which attract lots of migrating birds both in spring and autumn. Around 260 species have been observed. Swans, ducks, geese and waders of many species can be found, many others can be seen on passage. A similar habitat in Lørenskog would attract not only the birds and amphibians, but would also provide a new hotspot for ornithologists and birdwatchers, creating another touristic appeal to the municipality. Some species found in the area are: Anas crecca (Green-winged Teal), Anser brachyrhynchus (Pink-footed Goose), Cygnus cygnus (Whooper Swan), Falco peregrinus (Peregrine Falcon), Gallinago media (Great Snipe), Pandion haliaetus (Osprey). Water retention Zone: The perforated landscape pattern will provide enough ditches to retain local stormwater runoff during heavy rainfall and ease the problems previously caused by flooding in this area. Biofilter: As transitional zone between the large agricultural areas in the south, east and west, where the river as well as some drainage ditches lead into the project area, it will function as a biofilter that removes pollutants, nutrients from the hydrological system. Non-point source pollution (NPS) is a global problem affecting the safety of drinking water supply and aquatic habitats. According to the 2000 National Water Quality Inventory, agriculturally derived NPS is the leading cause of water quality degradation in surface waters. Pollutants originating from agricultural runoff include sediment, nutrients (Nitrogen and Phosphate), pesticides, pathogens, salts, trace elements, dissolved organic carbon and substances that contribute to biological oxygen demand (BOD). There are several mechanisms acting in constructed and restored wetlands that contribute to the removal of contaminants, including: 1) sedimentation and burial (phosphorus, pesticides, particulate organic carbon, pathogens); 2) biogeochemical transformations (denitrification) 3) biotic uptake of nutrients and salts 4) microbial degradation of pesticides and organic matter 5) transformations affecting solubility, sorption and toxicity 6) predation of pathogens 7) photodegradation of pesticides and organic matter. As a result of these processes, it is commonly considered that wetlands have a predominantly beneficial effect on water quality WETLAND ZONE FUNCTIONS
Pharmland by Monica Pereira, Hernan Travecedo and Jakob Auer.
AHO - The Oslo school of Architecture and Design
Lørenskog Kommune
PERSPECTIVES WETLAND
Pharmland by Monica Pereira, Hernan Travecedo and Jakob Auer.
AHO - The Oslo school of Architecture and Design
Lørenskog Kommune
KOMMUNEPLAN
1:10 000
Pharmland by Monica Pereira, Hernan Travecedo and Jakob Auer.
AHO - The Oslo school of Architecture and Design
Lørenskog Kommune
Pharmland by Monica Pereira, Hernan Travecedo and Jakob Auer.
AHO - The Oslo school of Architecture and Design
Lørenskog Kommune