Building Service project 2 Final report

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) IN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING SERVICES (BLD 60903/ ARC 2423)

PROJECT 2:

BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS FOR ELDERLY CENTER

CHONG JIN FENG CHONG YI QI JAMES TAY JIA CHUEN JANICE LEE JUEN YUNG KONG XHIANG LYNN TOH KEAN HOU TUTOR: AR. SATEERAH

0319645 0304898 0322210 0318695 0317730 0319575

BUILDING SERVICES IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS '

Table of Content 1.

Abstract……………………………………………………………………….4 2.

Introduction…………………………………………………………………...5 2.1 Elderly Center 2.2 Building Floor Plans 3.

Mechanical Ventilation ………………………………………………………7 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Literature Review 3.2.1 Proposed Ventilation 3.2.1.1 Supply Ventilation 3.2.1.2 Exhaust Ventilation 3.2.2 Components of Mechanical Ventilation 3.3 Conclusion

4.

Air Conditioning System………………………………………………………21 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Literature Review 4.2.1 Air-cooling Principle 4.2.2 Compressive Refrigerant cycle 4.2.3 Air-conditioning System 4.2.3.1 Window Unit Air-conditioner 4.2.3.2 Split Unit Air-conditioning System 4.2.3.3 Packaged Unit Air-conditioning System 4.2.3.4 Centralized Air-conditioning System 4.3 Proposed Air Conditioning System 4.3.1 Outdoor Unit 4.3.1.1 Components of outdoor unit 4.3.1.2 Considerations placement of outdoor unit 4.3.2 Indoor unit 4.3.2.1 Components of indoor unit 4.3.2.2 Considerations placement of indoor unit 4.3.3 Copper Tubbigb 4.3.4 Advantages of split unit air conditioning system 4.3.5 Disadvantages of split unit air conditioning system 4.3.6 Conclusion

5. Fire Protection System ……………………………………………………………..31 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Literature Review 5.2.1 Active Fire Protection System 5.2.2 Passive Fire Protection System 5.3 Active Fire Protection System 5.3.1 Fire Detection 5.3.1.1 Heat Detector 5.3.1.2 Smoke Detector 5.3.2 Fire Alarm Systems 5.3.2.1 Fire Alarm Bell 5.3.2.2 Fire Alarm Control Panel 5.3.2.3 Manual Call Point 2

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5.3.3 Actions (Water-based System) 5.3.3.1 Sprinkles 5.3.3.2 Sprinkle Pump Room 5.3.3.3 Hose Reel System 5.3.3.4 Fire Hydrant 5.3.4 Actions (Non-water Based System) 5.3.4.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Suppression System 5.3.4.2 Argonite Suppression System 5.3.4.3 Fire Extinguisher 5.4 Passive Fire Protection System 5.4.1 Emergency Fire Escape 5.4.1.1 Emergency Exit Signs 5.4.1.2 Fire Emergency Staircase 5.4.1.3Emergency Lights 5.4.1.4 Assembly Point 5.4.2 Fire Vehicular Access 5.4.3 Fire Compartmentation 5.4.4 Fire Proofing Structures 5.4.4.1 Fire Wall 5.4.4.2 Beam Fire-proofing 5.4.5 Fire Rated Door 5.5 Conclusion 6. Mechanical transportation system…………………………………………………………85 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Literature Review 6.3 Proposal 6.3.1 Drawing 6.3.2 Proposed Elevator 6.3.3 Elevator Component 6.3.3.1 Control System 6.3.3.2 Geared Machine 6.3.3.3 Safety System 6.3.3.3.1 Door System 6.3.3.4 Safety break 6.3.4 Special Operating Mode 6.3.4.1 Down Peak 6.3.4.2 Fire Service 6.3.4.3 Emergency Power Operation 6.3.5 Maintenance 6.4 Dumbwaiter 6.5 Conclusion 7. Reference…………………………………………………………………………………98

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1.0 Abstract The purpose of this report is to propose the necessary building services system for the designed elderly center located in Taman Kanagapuram. The building services system proposed include the mechanical ventilation, fire protection system, air-conditioning system, and mechanical transportation system. This report allows better comprehension towards the building services system in a public building where the fire escapes routes are also taken into consideration. For every system that was analyzed and investigated, the systems are divided into 4 main chapters. Each system will then be introduced and then further explained according to its functions, types of components, and UBBL by-laws.

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2.0 Introduction 2.1 Elderly Center In the coming years, a greater proportion of houses, apartments and institutional accommodations will be built for elderly persons than at any previous time in our history.

There are several reasons for this. One of them is in fact the life span of mankind has increased through advances in medical and science, thus the proportion of older people in the population has increased. Secondly, with the passing of the three generation household, more elderly person are living by themselves and therefore require separate housing accommodations.

An elderly center is a center which aims to support the active life of the elderly as well as making the elderly part of the community. Elderly center should also emphasize on personal requirements of elderly such as assistance with daily activities and health care.

This building service assignment is a group project to perform an analysis on building services systems found in one of the group member’s Design Studio 4 final project scheme.

This elderly center was to be located in Taman Kanagapuram, along the Old Klang Road, a fast developing suburban area with some complexity of site topography and vegetation and socio-cultural events. The design of this elderly center is of a clustered form consisting of multiple pavilions whereby each pavilion serves a specific function as a space to serve the occupants.

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2.2 Building Floor Plans

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3.0 Mechanical Ventilation 3.1 Introduction Ventilation is a process of exchanging air, includes both replacing air from outside or circulating air within a space. Ventilation helps to prevent heat concentration and air humidity. Ventilation is also used to remove carbon dioxide, unpleasant smells, excessive moisture and contaminants such as air bourne bacteria, smoke to replenish the indoor space with oxygen to maintain the percentage of oxygen at 21%. The disposal of gas plays a crucial role in fire prevention. Therefore, a building should ensure a good air circulation for comfort and safety purpose.

Ventilation is divided into natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation. Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space by natural means.

Mechanical Ventilation is used for application where natural ventilation is not appropriate. Mechanical ventilation circulates fresh air by using fans, ductwork rather than relying on openings. Air is being pushed inward or outward by motorized fan, resulting in different air pressure state, and thus allowing the air to circulate around the building in a mechanical way.

3.2 Literature Review Mechanical ventilation can be found in various systems according to the function of the space. There are three type of system, which are supply ventilation system, exhaust ventilation system and balanced ventilation system.

3.2.1 Proposed Ventilation This elderly center uses combined system of both supply ventilation and exhaust ventilation for the whole building by using large amounts of grilles and diffusers hidden behind the ceilings to ensure ventilation throughout the building. Although this elderly center will be filled with glass windows, however majority of the windows will be remained shut.

To compensate for the lack of passive design for ventilation, the whole building is filled with mechanical ventilation system to ventilate the air in the building.

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3.2.1.1 Supply Ventilation Supply ventilation system as shown in Figure 3.1 is a system where fresh air is brought in mechanically, and extracted naturally through the openings from the building. It creates over pressure condition. Air is then drawn out due to lower pressure at the outside. A fan and set of ducts dedicated solely to ventilation can be used, or an outside air intake can be connected to the main return air duct, allowing the heating and cooling systems’ fan and ducts to distribute the fresh air. The air supply is located in high place and the air inlet must have the possibility of regulated. It should not be located near the outlet location to prevent air from escaping from the building. An air filter is connected to the inlet inside the ductwork to clean the coming air. A fan or a set of ductwork is used to distribute the fresh air from outside or it can be connecting with the returning air duct, allowing the heating and cooling system’s fan and ducts to process the outdoor air before being distributed.

Figure 3.1

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BUILDING SERVICES IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS ' Rooms shaded in Figure 3.2 below show the rooms which uses supply ventilation on the ground floor of this elderly center namely: Mini cinema, Indoor dining, Dance room and Library.

Figure 3.2

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BUILDING SERVICES IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS ' Rooms shaded in Figure 3.3 below show the rooms which uses supply ventilation on the first floor of this elderly center namely: Game room, Indoor café and Spa.

Figure 3.3

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BUILDING SERVICES IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS ' Rooms shaded in Figure 3.4 below show the rooms which uses supply ventilation on the second floor of this elderly center namely: Prayer room and meditation room

Figure 3.4

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3.2.1.2 Exhaust Ventilation

Exhaust ventilation system as shown in Figure 3.5 is a system where mechanically exhaust air to the outside. This creates under pressured in the building. The under pressure creates a pressure differences over the ventilation openings, so air is suck in naturally. A controllable exhaust controls the ventilation capacity. In residential area, such system is applied in kitchen (suck out smoke) and toilets. Suction duct is required in non-residential building, such system is applied in places like basement, corridor, food court and etc. The extraction of air processes a loud noise. Thus, baffle filters can be used. Single fan is installed in the duct connect to the central exhaust point to be expel to outside. Passive vents are installed for the air to flow in. Passive vents however needed a large pressure difference compare to those induced by mechanical supply system.

Figure 3.5

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BUILDING SERVICES IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS ' Rooms shaded in Figure 3.6 below show the rooms which uses exhaust ventilation on the ground floor of this elderly center namely: Kitchen, Toilets

Figure 3.6

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BUILDING SERVICES IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS ' Rooms shaded in Figure 3.7 below show the rooms which uses exhaust ventilation on the first floor of this elderly center namely: Toilets

Figure 3.7

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BUILDING SERVICES IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS ' Rooms shaded in Figure 3.8 below show the rooms which uses exhaust ventilation on the second floor of this elderly center namely: Toilets

Figure 3.8

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3.2.2 Components of Mechanical Ventilation

Mechanical Ventilation System: Components

Supply Ventilation

Exhaust Ventilation

Others

Supply Diffuser/Grille

Surface Mounted Fan

Fire Exhaust Fan

Figure 3.9

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Supply Ventilation: Supply Diffuser/ Grille

Figure 3.10

Diffusers are located at the edge of the ductwork where the supply air is released into the room. They do not require any generation of power and create low-velocity air movement in occupied rooms in any desired directions while producing the minimum amount of noise.

MS 1525 8.3.1 Separate Air Distribution System Zones that are expected to operate non simultaneously for more than 750 hours per year should be served by separate air distribution system. As an alternative off-hour controls should be provided in accordance.

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Exhaust Ventilation: Surface Mounted Fan

Exhaust outlet

Figure 3.11

Stale and unpleasant smell from the kitchen and toilets will be extracted through the exhaust fans.

MS 1525 code 8.4.5 Mechanical Ventilation Control “Each mechanical ventilation system (supply/exhaust) should be equipped with a readily accessible switch or other means for shut down or volume reduction when ventilation is not required. Example of such devices would include timer switch control, thermostat control, duty cycle programming and CO/CO2 sensor control�

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Others: Fire Exhaust Fan

Figure 3.12 In this elderly center, automatic fire exhaust vent as shown in Figure 3.13 is installed at the kitchen area so that it will expel smoke, heat and gas automatically in case of fire emergency.

Exhaust fans connecting to smoke exhaust ductwork are used to remove air from building to allow more.

Figure 3.13

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3.3 Conclusion In conclusion, by using only natural ventilation to achieve thermal comfort in this elderly centre is not enough due to the climate and also the amount of activities carrying out during the day. Hence, it is important to install mechanical ventilation system due to the poor air circulation to achieve thermal comfort and also, carrying out activities in this building without stressing on the thermal comfort. Different spaces of the building require ventilation at different hours, resulting in separated air distribution systems equipped with accessible switches to control the airflow. In my opinion, by having both natural ventilations working with the mechanical ventilation, the thermal comfort in this building will be achieved easily.

The electricity cost for mechanical ventilation will not be as expensive too because it is scheduled to be open 8am to 6pm daily only.

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4.0 Air Conditioning System 4.1 Introduction Cooling is one of the major concerns in building tropical houses. Refrigerated air conditioning lowers both air temperature and humidity and provides thermal comfort during periods of high temperature and humidity. Air conditioning is commonly used to create a cool and comfortable indoor temperature in Malaysia. Air conditioning system known as AC, is a device used to provide an acceptable level of occupancy comfort by controlling the indoor temperature, humidity, air distribution and indoor air quality (IAC). Living in a hot and humid country, most of the houses in Malaysia installed air conditioner to removes all the heat that is generated inside the room and maintains the cool and comfortable temperature. It also removes the excess amount of moisture from the air and maintain relative humidity of 50 %. The air conditioner has fan that produces necessary flow of air and the filter removes all the dust and dirt particles from the air.

4.2 Literature Review Air conditioning systems are designed in order to maintain a desired ambient condition in a space. In order to define these conditions, it is necessary to possess all the needs and functionality of the building and ensure that the correct applications are considered.

To select the most suitable system a range of criteria, such as temperature, humidity, operation cost, air movement, and life cycle assessment need to be considered to investigate how they shall affect each other through the design process. Air conditioning loads normally contribute in the data process of quantitative evaluation since it narrows the possible system choices to a minimum range of availabilities. This is due to the specification of different building types and impacts that the building services will have on them.

Air conditioning capacity requirements will influence the building design and the approach that would be suitable for implementation. Each building design may require a different control zone to maintain their energy demand. It will also determine the services system that can be optimised in this determinant zoning It is also important to mention that even though a specific air conditioning system might be more efficient than other type, it can only be utilised if it matches a few requirements, such as maintenance of the desired building environment and the system, responds to the building without causing discomfort to people.

4.2.1 Air-cooling Principles When gas is compressed, it will liquefy at a given point and as it liquefies, it will release a large amount of latent heat from within the gas. As the pressure on the liquid is lowered, it vaporizes back to gas, and as it boils through the vaporizing process, it absorbs a large amount of latent heat into the liquid.

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4.2.2 Compressive Refrigerates Cycle

Figure 4.0: Compressive refrigerate cycle diagram Refrigerant cycle is a process to remove heat from one place to another. The type of refrigerant cycle in the elderly centre’s air-conditioning system is compressive refrigerant cycle, which is a fully enclosed system consisting 4 stages: expansion, evaporation, compression and condensation. Within this enclosed system there is a chemical compound named a refrigerant. The refrigerant will be liquefied and evaporated repeatedly during the process of it releases and absorbs heat in the cycle to help remove heat from the supply air and discharge it to the outside air. Thus, refrigerant can be used over again. The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas, it is compressed and then moves out of the compressor as a high-pressure gas. The gas then flows to the condenser. The gas condenses to a liquid, and gives off its heat to the outside air. The liquid moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. This valve restricts the flow of the fluid, and lowers its pressure as it leaves the expansion valve. The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air is absorbed and changes it from liquid to gas. As a hot low-pressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the compressor where the entire cycle is repeated.

4.2.3 Air-conditioning System There are 4 types of air-conditioning system that each serves different types of building and building sizes. Thus, it is critical to choose the most suitable system with specific to maintain the thermal comfort inside the building.

4.2.3.1 Window Unit Air-conditioner Window unit air-conditioner also known as room air-conditioner is the simplest form of airconditioning system and suitable only for a small room. It usually installed at window openings or wall. It can be divided into two compartments: the room side and the outdoor side, and it is separated by an insulated partition. It is a single unit of air conditioner where all the components are in the casing, namely the compressor, condenser, expansion valve or coil, evaporator and cooling coil. The various parts of the air-conditioner can be divided into three types: refrigeration components, air circulation and ventilation components and control system components.

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Figure 4.1: Room air-conditioner installed at window.

Figure 4.2: Diagram shows the components of window unit air-conditioner.

Source: Advantages of small window. (2016)

Source: AC Window Unit drain parts. (2016)

4.2.3.2 Split Unit Air-conditioning System Split unit air-conditioner is the most popular type of air conditioner used in residential housing and small scale buildings, because of the silent operation, elegant looks and no need to make a hole in the wall or window. This system consists of two units: an outdoor unit (condenser) and one or several indoor units (evaporator/AHU) that connected by copper tubing. The installation for split unit air conditioner is less disruptive to other unrelated area and easy installation for an existing building with little renovation. This system does not contribute much to distribution of smoke in occurrence of fire.

Figure 4.3: Split air-conditioner with an indoor unit, conditioner control switch, and outdoor unit.

Source: B&R Heating & Cooling. (2015)

Figure4.4: Diagram of a split unit airSystem Source: Growerrshouse. (2013)

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4.2.3.4 Centralized Air-conditioning System Centralized air conditioning system is used mainly in mid to high rise buildings and basically runs on different spaces from one base location. It has only one centralized source of conditioned air through the network of duct system providing cool air to each of the rooms or spaces in the building by generating chilled water from the chiller as cooling medium for centralized air-conditioning system. Furthermore, centralized air-conditioning system comprises of several components namely the compressor, condenser, expansion valve and the evaporator. These are known as the chiller package that situated in the plant room with having a refrigerant piping connected to all of these components to run the system.

Figure 4.7: Large industrial centralized air-conditioning centralized system Source: DIC Doctor LTD. (2016)

Figure 4.8: Diagram of air-conditioning system Source: Bright Hub Eng. (2009)

4.3 Proposed Air Conditioning System The air-conditioning system use in the elderly center is ductless split unit air-conditioning system. This system is commonly used in residential housing and small scale house. The ceiling cassette type of indoor unit will be install in the elderly center’s cinema, office, dining area and library, meanwhile the wall mounted type indoor unit will be install in the accommodation.

These systems consist of two units – an outdoor unit and several indoor units. The outdoor unit that comprising the important parts of the split air-conditioning like compressor, condenser and expanding valve is installing at the façade of the building and connected to several indoor units. Meanwhile, the indoor units are installing in the room’s ceiling and wall, the evaporator or cooling coil and cooling fan are inside the indoor unit.

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Figure 4.9 Location of the Outdoor unit and Indoor unit Indoor units Outdoor units

4.3.1 Outdoor Unit The outdoor unit is more similar to a smaller size of chiller. The sufficient flow of air is required around it to remove heat from compressor and condenser. Outdoor unit contains the important parts of the split air conditioner like compressor, condenser, expansion valve and etc. A propeller fan draws in the surrounding air and blows it over the compressor and condenser thus cooling them.

Figure 4.10: Outdoor unit installed at the outdoor unit faรงade of the center Source: http://www.ductless.ca/images/ ac_installs /pana_outside_double.jpg

Figure 4.11: Location of the

Source: http://energycut.com.au/vets/wpcontent/uploads/2014/06/Step-9-SplitSystem.jpg 25

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4.3.1.1 Components of Outdoor Unit Compressor The compressor is the heart of the system. The compressor pumps the refrigerant through the air conditioning system at a designed flow rate and pressure. In this kind of air conditioning system, the compressor and the motor drive the shaft are sealed so it cannot be seen externally. The rate of the flow through the system will depend on the size of the unit, and the operating pressures will depend on the refrigerant being used and the desired evaporator temperature.

Condenser The condenser is the coiled copper tube in one or more than one row. The number if the rows is depending on the size of the air conditioning unit and the compressor. The high pressured and high temperature refrigerant from the compressor will be releasing the heat in it. The compressor is covered with aluminium fins so that the heat from the refrigerant can be removed at fast rate.

Expanding Valve Expanding valve is normally a copper capillary tubing with several rounds of coils. The high pressure and medium temperature refrigerant leaves the condenser and enter expansion valve, where its temperature and pressure dropped down immediately.

4.3.1.2 Considerations for placement of the outdoor unit i) Located in the open space on the terrace so that air can flow freely over the compressor and the condenser. ii) Hung on the external wall of the building supported by steel angles and rods to sustain the unit’s weight. iii) The surface on which the outdoor unit is to be installed should be rigid enough to avoid its vibration. v) Easily accessible for carrying out the maintenance works of the compressor, condenser, and other devices. The installation and gas charging should be convenient.

MS 1525 Code 8.4.4.2 Outdoor air supply and exhaust systems should be provided with motorised or gravity dampers or other means of automatic volume shut-off or reduction during period of nonuse or alternate use of the spaces served by the systems.

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4.3.2 Indoor Unit Indoor unit produces the cooling effect inside the room. It contains the evaporator (cooling coil), blower fan, supply air louvers, air filter, return air grille, drain pipe, and control panel.

The blower draws in the warm room air and it passes over the filter and the evaporator which leads to the cooling of the air and the process continues. It run at an extremely low noise.

Therefore, this system has be considered to install in the quiet space to improve the space quality.

Figure 4.12: Indoor unit wall mounted type

Figure 4.13: Ceiling cassette type

Source: http://manathota.com/images/products/1727_1.jpg Source: http://www.frescoldservices.com/ classified/fslceilingcassette_lg.jpg

4.3.2.1 Components of Indoor Unit Evaporator / Cooling Coil The cooling coil is a copper coil made of number turns of the copper tubing with one or more rows depending on the capacity of the air conditioning system. The cooling coil is covered with the aluminium fins so that the maximum amount of heat can be transferred from the coil to the air inside the room.

Air Filter The air filter is very important part of the indoor unit. It removes all the dirt particles from the room air and helps supplying clean air to the room. The air filter in the wall mounted type of the indoor unit is placed just before the cooling coil.

Cooling Fan / Blower Inside the indoor unit there is a long blower that sucks the room air. It is an induced type of blower and while is sucks the room air it is passed over the cooling coil and the filter due to which the temperature of the air reduces and all the dirt from the room is removed.

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Drain Pipe Due to the low temperature refrigerant inside the cooling coil, its temperature is very low, usually much below the dew point temperature of the room air. When the room air is passed over the cooling due the suction force of the blower, the temperature of the air becomes very low and reaches levels below its dew point temperature.

Louvers / Fins The cool air is supplied by the blower is passed into the room through louvers. The louvers help changing the angle and direction in which the air need to be supply into every corner of the room.

4.3.2.2 Consideration for placement of the indoor unit i) ii)

iii)

The indoor units are located inside the room at the location from where the air can be distributed evenly throughout the out.

The wall mounted indoor unit should be located at the height of about 8 to 10 feet from the floor so that the maximum cooling effect can be obtained. In accommodation room, the indoor unit will be located directly above the bed.

The indoor unit should be accessible easily so that one can conveniently clean the filter every fortnight and the whole unit and also that one can manually change the position of the louvers easily.

4.3.3 Copper Tubing The refrigerant piping is made up of copper tubing and it connects the indoor and the outdoor unit while covered with insulation. It consists of two pipes: one to supply the refrigerant to the cooling coil and the other to return the refrigerant to the compressor.

Figure 4.14: Connection point of the copper tubing

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4.3.4 Advantage of split unit air conditioning system i)

individual temperature control and suitable for small areas room.

ii)

Installation is less disruptive to other unrelated areas

iii)

Easy installation especially for an existing building with little renovation

iv)

This system does not contribute much to distribution of smoke in occurrence of fire

4.3.5 Disadvantage of split unit air conditioning system i)

Rarely designed into the fabric of the building and can look unsightly.

ii)

All split system has a maximum vertical and total refrigeration pipe work length allowable

iii)

Split system cost more than a tradition air conditioning system.

UBBL

41. Mechanicals ventilation and air conditioning 160. Fire precaution in air conditioning systems 1. Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air conditioning is intended, the 1. relevant all airbuilding conditioning ducts, including framing therefore, exceptlighting ducts in by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural and detached and semi-detached residential buildings shall be constructed heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority. entirely non-combustible materials shall be adequately supported 2. Anyofapplication for the waiver of and the relevant by-laws shall only be throughout considered if their lengths. in addition to the permanent air conditioning system there is provided alternative 2. approved No airmeans conditioning ducts shall pass through fireenclosure, walls unless provided of ventilating the air conditioning suchasthat withinfor half by-laws 148 and 156 an hour of the air conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume 3. of fresh The air of any air conditioning apparatus shall be situated such that the air air intake specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during shall not be recirculated from situated as to minimise the drawing in of any period when the air conditioning system is not functioning.

3. Thecombustible Provisions ofmaterial. the Third Schedule to these by-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air conditioned.

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4.3.6 Conclusion In conclusion, the elder center is installing the split unit air conditioning system at cinema, office, dining area and caretaker room. It complies with the UBBL by laws stated in section 41 (Mechanicals ventilation and air conditioning). The air conditioning system is installing at the chosen spaces to reduce the temperature of the room in hot weather so that the elderly who in the space can feel comfortable and escape from the oppressive outside heat. Warm temperature can make people listless and tired, especially in the office and cinema with electrical appliances. Air conditioning affects the workers to be more productive and active during the hot weather. Besides, air conditioning system filters particles from the air which can harmful to the human health. The better the air quality, the purer to breath because it is passed through the filter system.

Split unit air conditioning system are chosen to installed in the elderly center is because of the easy installation, quiet operation, cost effectiveness and easy to maintain. Since there is no ductwork to install, both units are easy to set up and the only space required is a small hole in a wall for the copper tubing and control wiring to connect both unit. The indoor units of these system are typically quiet for library, cinema, office and caretaker room. Meanwhile, the outdoor components are installed outside the building wall without disturbing anyone. Split air conditioning systems work well in situations where room only need to be cooled at certain time, like cinema during the movie time, office during the working hours and caretaker room during the night. They have washable filters and require only routine cleaning periodically.

Outdoor units are designed for easy access for maintenance and repair.

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5. Fire Protection System 5.1 Introduction The main analysis of this topic is about the fire protection system being used and introduced in this elderly center located at Taman Kanagapuram. It is very important to design a building with well-performed fire protection system that is capable to protect its users from the fire to ensure their safety and security. The fire protection system in this building has been categorized into two which are the active fire protection system and passive fire protection system.

5.2 Literature Review 5.2.1 Active Fire Protection System Active fire protection system is a group of systems that require some action or motion in order to work efficiently in the event of fire. Action may include the usage of both automatic and manual actions. The categories included in the system are the fire suppression, sprinkler systems, fire alarm, and fire detection.

5.2.2 Passive Fire Protection System Passive fire protection system is an integral component of structural fire protection and fire safety in a building. It acts as a barrier to the fire and reduce the spreading of fire and smoke to other spaces or parts of the building.

5.3 Active Fire Protection System 5.3.1 Fire Detection A key aspect of fire protection is to distinguish a developing fire emergency in a timely manner, and also to alert the building’s inhabitants and fire emergency organizations.

The main purpose of the fire detection provides a means to identify a developing fire through mechanical or manual methods. There are several types of fire detector used in which it which includes the heat detectors and smoke detectors.

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5.3.1.1 Heat Detector

Figure 5.1: Photo shows the “Rate of rise” heat detector

Figure 5.2: Photo shows the “Fixed Temperature” heat detector

The heat detectors are a fire alarm device designed to respond when the convected thermal energy of a fire increases the temperature of a heat sensitive element. There are two types of heat detector, “Fixed Temperature” detector and “Rate of Rise” detector. The fixed temperature detectors will be operated when the ambient temperatures reach a fixed point, usually during the event of fire. This type of heat detectors is highly cost-effective as it is cheaper than the other types and also efficient enough to detect the ambient temperatures in order to protect the occupants and property of the building. But in the case of rapid fire response, the “Rate of rise” detectors will be more ideal in this condition as it detects both the rapid and slow increase in temperature.

In the elderly center, the only spaces which uses heat detector are kitchen, dining area, and spa as it is more suitable compared to smoke detector as the activity in these spaces might produce minimal smoke which may result in false alarms.

UBBL- Section 225. (1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws.

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5.3.1.2 Smoke Detector

Figure 5.3: Photo shows the photoelectric smoke detector

Figure 5.4: Photo shows the photoelectric smoke detector

The smoke detectors are intended to protect people and property by generating an alarm earlier in the development of fire. When it comes to protecting people, it is critical to warn building occupant before smoke accumulate. Smoke can be detected either optically (photoelectric) or by physical process (ionization).

Ionization smoke detectors are generally more responsive to flaming fires. These alarms uses “ion�, or electrically charged particles to detect the smoke in the air. Furthermore, they are also inexpensive which is why it is commonly used in the industry. As for photoelectric smoke detector, it uses a light beam to detect the presence of smoke. These alarm types are more effective at sounding when a fire originates from a smoldering sources.

Therefore, ionization smoke detectors are used for the elderly center as it typically responds faster in comparison to photoelectric smoke detector. In addition, it is vital that the occupants are notified in advance when smoke are present in order to evacuate the building before the fire source burst into large flames.

Figure 5.5: Diagram shows how ionization smoke detector will be triggered during fire

UBBL- Section 225. (1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws.

Space specification on type of detector used

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GROUND FLOOR PLAN NOT TO SCALE

Smoke Detector

Heat Detector

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FIRST FLOOR PLAN NOT TO SCALE

Smoke Detector Heat Detector

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SECOND FLOOR PLAN NOT TO SCALE

Smoke Detector Heat Detector

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5.3.2 Fire Alarm Systems The fire alarm system is capable of alerting the users and occupants of the building during the event of fire emergency.

5.3.2.1 Fire Alarm Bell

Figure 5.6: Photo shows the fire alarm bell

The fire alarm bells are responsible to alert the occupants to evacuate the building during the event of fire. The devices are triggered either manually (manual call point) or mechanically (detectors). The fire alarm bells will usually be placed about 1200mm above the manual call point and 2700mm from the ground level.

UBBL- Section 155. (1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.

UBBL- Section 237 (1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these ByLaws.

(2) All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section.

(3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control

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5.3.2.2 Fire Alarm Control Panel

Figure 5.7: Photo shows the fire alarm control panel

A Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP), is the main controlling component in a fire alarm system. This panel will be receiving information to monitor the sensors such as the alarm devices and the detectors (both heat and smoke detectors) that are designed to detect changes, which then transmit the necessary information to the panel in order to sound or switch off alarms in the case where false signal has been detected. Besides, visual status indication for all relevant fire pumps, generators and other required fire safety equipment proposed for the elderly center are present in the panel to prepare the facilities needed for fire emergency such as activating the alarm bells.

Figure 5.8: Diagram shows the central fire alarm control panel and how the systems are linked Together

OSHA stated that, when the devices either manually or mechanically are activated, a signal will be sent to the FACP, in accordance to the type of systems and hazards, can be programed to: 1. Activate a pre-discharge alarm.

2. Initiate agent release.

3. Shut down ventilation system.

4. Shut down machinery equipment.

5. Activate visual and audible fire alarms.

6. Notify emergency response personnel.

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5.3.2.3 Manual Call Point

Figure 5.9: Photo shows the manual call point

In some cases that some of the fire alarms might not be detected due to some reasons, the manual call point can be used to trigger the fire alarms. The manual call points are located nearby the exits and doorways for the occupants of the building to break the glass where a warning signal will then be sent to the control panel, which in turns trigger the fire alarms and cut off other services such as the ventilation system. The manual call points are placed 1500mm from the ground where it is also accessible to the disabled occupants.

Figure 5.10: Diagram shows how the manual call point are linked to the control panel and other components in the fire alarm system

UBBL- Section 237 Alarm bell must provide a minimum sound level of 65db (A) or +5db (A) above any background noises, which is likely to persist for more than 30 seconds.

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5.3.3.1 Sprinkler

Figure 5.11: Photo shows the fire sprinkler

A sprinkler can be deployed in seconds when fire is detected, possibly before the fire station has been informed of the fire. Therefore, it is very effective in putting out a fire during the early stages, that is, before it grows into a large fire. Water is prevented from emerging by a glass or quartzite bulb containing liquid. The different colors liquid in the bulb denote different operating temperature because the size of the air bubble changes. For the elderly center, the proposed fire sprinkler will be installed with red color liquid of sprinkler head within the whole building (Classification: extra light hazard; Spacing 4.6m)

Figure 5.12: Table shows the rupturing temperature of the fire sprinkler bulb according to its bulb liquid color

Figure 5.13: Diagram shows the mechanism of a fire sprinkler

The water from the sprinkler head will cover the area where the fire is located and will continue to operate until the fire department can fully extinguish the fire.

UBBL- Section 225. (2) (1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority.

(2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.

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5.3.3.2 Sprinkler Pump Room

Sprinklers

Duty Pump Jockey Pump Standby Pump

Figure 5.13: Photo shows an example of sprinkler pump

Sprinkler pump is essential as it draws water from the storage tank to supply the sprinkler network. The pump work with 3 components, each of them have distinctive part, which is duty pump, standby pump and jockey pump. Jockey pump is necessary to maintain the system pressure and to operate upon initial minor pressure loss.

Figure 5. 14: Photo shows the Duty Pump

Figure 5. 15: Photo shows the Standby Pump

Figure 5. 16: Photo shows the Jockey Pump

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Space specification on usage of sprinkler system and placement of pump GROUND FLOOR PLAN NOT TO SCALE

Pump

Sprinkler System

FIRST FLOOR PLAN NOT TO SCALE

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FIRST FLOOR PLAN NOT TO SCALE

Pump

Sprinkler System

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SECOND FLOOR PLAN NOT TO SCALE

Pump

Sprinkler System

6. Mechanical Transportation System

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5.3.3.3 Hose Reel System The hose reel system is intended for the occupant to use during the early stages of fire.

They are located to provide a reasonably accessible and controllable supply of water to combat a potential fire risk, especially here building occupants are trapped and cannot exit to an emergency exit. The system comprises of hose reel pump, fire water storage tanks, hose reel, pipe work and valves.

The hose reel are strategically placed at each floor, along the escape routes or beside exit doors or staircase. Where the length of the hose reel are typically 30m which discharges 30 l/min of water within 6 meters coverage.

Hose Reels

Hose Reel Tank

Duty Pump Standby Pump

Figure 5.17: Diagram shows the typical hose reel system installed

UBBL-Section 231 (1) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire-fighting access lobby UBBL-Section 248 (1) Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted red.

(2) All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and extinguishers shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of the Fire Authority or otherwise clearly identified.

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Placement of hose reel and pump GROUND FLOOR PLAN NOT TO SCALE

Pump

Hose Reel

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

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FIRST FLOOR PLAN NOT TO SCALE

Pump

Hose Reel

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SECOND FLOOR PLAN NOT TO SCALE

Pump

Hose Reel

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5.3.3.4 Fire Hydrant

A

Figure 5.18: Picture shows the placement of fire hydrant

A fire hydrant is an association point by which fire warriors can take advantage of a water supply. All the putting out fires framework comprise of hydrants associated with a similar pipeline. It contains wellspring of water gave metropolitan water benefit. The flip side of the pipeline is appended to the pumps and water supply tank of the putting out fires room. It is a powerful and proficient method for quenching vast fire; the fire hydrant framework empowers the fire warrior to assault the seal of the fire from a separation. A fire hydrant is a vertical steel pipe with an outlet, near which two fire hoses are put away. Amid a crisis which more water is required to conquer the fire mishap circumstance, fire contenders will go to the outlet, tear open the hoses, join one to the outlet, and physically open it with the goal that water surges out of the spout of the hose. When the fire warrior opens the hydrant, water will spout out, and sensors will identify a drop in weight in the framework. This drop in weight will trigger the fire pumps to turn on and begin pumping water at an enormous stream rate.

It needs:  Most extreme dispersing of 150m separated, alongside streets 

Most extreme 70m separation from building section



A base separation of 6m to a building

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SITE CONTEXT NOT TO SCALE

Drawing shows the location of fire hydrant

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5.3.4 Actions (Non-water Based System) 5.3.4.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Suppression System

Extinguishing Nozzles

Smoke/Heat Detector

Carbon dioxide Cylinders Alarm bell Key Switch

Discharge Hose

Figure 5.19: Diagram shows the typical carbon dioxide suppression system installed

The CO2 suppression system is a type of system where carbon dioxide are stored in cylinders as a liquid under great pressure. This fire suppression system is used to protect special hazard or sensitive areas, such as computer rooms, where the use of sprinkler system may not be appropriate. CO2 extinguishes fire primarily by lowering the level of oxygen that supports combustion in a protected area. Carbon dioxide is lethal to a person’s health therefore occupants must evacuate swiftly in a limited amount of time or should be used in normally unoccupied hazard locations. The gases are sent via pipes to ceiling and under floor distributors. After the fire emergency and the gas operation is over, two types of indicators will display at the CO2 control panel to show the current room situation, where red means CO2 gasses are still present whereas green means CO2 gas level has dropped to a safe.

Therefore in the elderly center, the carbon dioxide suppression system are used only in the mechanical and electrical room as it is a highly sensitive area with highly hazardous object, due to the fact that the system leaves no after effect such as spoilage and clean up required. Also, it is hardly occupied only when maintenance or repair work are required for the electrical components stored.

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5.3.4.2 Argonite Fire Suppression System

Figure 5.20: Diagram shows the typical aragonite suppression system installed

Argonite is an inert gas which extinguishes fire based on the principle of oxygen depletion. Unlike carbon dioxide, aragonite is an environmental friendly clean agent which offers Zero Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and Zero Global Warming Potential (GWP). It is mainly used in areas where a wide range of sensitive applications and people are both present at the same time. As people can breathe in aragonite at extinguishing concentrations without fear due to the fact that there are no toxicological factor associated with it.

In the elderly center, aragonite suppression system are used mainly in the library and cinema where both the dwellings and hazardous components exists at the same time.

Furthermore, argonite is harmless to the human body and is suitable to be used in spaces with high human occupancy.

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Space specification of type of suppression system used GROUND FLOOR PLAN NOT TO SCALE

CO2 Suppression System Argonite Suppression System

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FIRST FLOOR PLAN NOT TO SCALE

CO2 Suppression System Argonite Suppression System

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5.3.4.3 Fire Extinguisher

CLASS A

CLASS B

CLASS C

CLASS E

CLASS F

Figure 5.21: Diagram shows the classes of fire extinguisher and its uses

Fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device intended to extinguish small fire during initial outbreak. This is to prevent the fire from escalating into a full scale fire. The number and location of fire extinguisher are determined by the hazard of the occupancy. Fire extinguisher can be divided into 5 major class, each of their function respond to different type of fire situation. The functions are shown in Figure 5.20.

The fire extinguishers are mainly placed at conspicuous location where it can be easily spotted such as the corridor and room exits. Furthermore, it is placed strategically such that it is not more than 20m from a potential fire hazard and not at a location where fire might prevent access to it.

UBBL-Section 227 Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sired in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.

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Placement of fire extinguisher GROUND FLOOR PLAN NOT TO SCALE

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FIRST FLOOR PLAN NOT TO SCALE

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SECOND FLOOR PLAN NOT TO SCALE

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5.4 Passive Fire Protection System Emergency fire escape, fire vehicular access and fire compartment in detail are classified under the passive fire protection system. It plays a very crucial role in preventing and slowing down the rate of fire being spread and also protecting the occupants of the elderly centre in the event of fire emergency.

5.4.1 Emergency Fire Escape 5.4.1.1 Emergency Exit Signs

Figure 5.22: Photo show an example of emergency exit sign (Source: Artistic Lighting Gallery Sdn. Bhd, 2016)

The emergency exit signs act as the exit indication for occupants in the elderly centre during fire evacuation. According to UBBL and Malaysian Standard that the fire escape doors must be indicated with neon green “EXIT” or “KELUAR” with emergency lights installed. It must be illuminated all times to ensure they are visible in the darkness during the event of a fire emergency anytime even though the electrical supply is cut off. They are found above all exits, fire rated doors, fire staircases and doorways to ensure that the emergency exit indication for the occupants of elderly centre is visually visible.

UBBL 1984 - Section 172 1. Every exit sign shall have word “KELUAR” in a plainly legible not less than 15mm height with the principle strokes of the letters not less than 18mm wide.

2. The exits and access to such exit shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by and decorations, furnishing or other equipment.

3. The sign with the reading of “KELUAR” should indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of the travel to reach the nearest exit.

4. All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during period of occupancy.

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Keluar Sign as indicated in red for Ground Floor Plan. (not to scale) 60

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Keluar Sign as indicated in red for First Floor Plan. (not to scale)

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Keluar Sign as indicated in red for Second Floor Plan. (not to scale)

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5.4.1.2 Fire Emergency Staircase

Figure 5.23: Photo show an example of fire emergency staircase

Occupants can escape safely via the fire emergency staircase to the open assembly point outside of the building during the event of a fire emergency from upper floors. From the emergency route plan, the occupants can notice the nearest emergency exit and head towards that direction.

UBBL- Section 165 (4) The maximum travel distance to exits and dead end limits shall be as specified in the Seventh Schedule of these By-Laws.

UBBL- Section 169 No exit route may reduce in width along its pathway of travel from the story exit to the final exit.

There will be a fire emergency staircase located at the left hand side of the site in this Elderly Centre which can be accessed by the occupants in this centre during an emergency.

All emergency exit routes are to be kept clear all times to prevent any obstructions during an emergency. This will not interfere with the evacuation and the path that the user would be walking, hence, causing unnecessary injuries. The emergency exit route are wide enough in accordance to the dimension accessible for all occupants including the disabled to escape smoothly.

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Emergency Exit Route as indicated arrows in red for Ground Floor Plan. (not to scale)

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Emergency Exit Route as indicated arrows in red for First Floor Plan. (not to scale) 65

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Emergency Exit Route as indicated arrows in red for Second Floor Plan. (not to scale) 66

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5.4.1.3 Emergency Lights 0

Figure 5.24: Photo show an example of emergency lights (Source: Alarm Traders Direct, n.d.)

E

mergency lights are crucial in the case of fire evacuation. It will ensure a certain degree of visibility for the occupants of the building. There are many emergency lights that can be found along the doorways, inside the rooms to provide lighting for visibility as well as a guidance to lead the occupants to the nearest emergency exit.

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Emergency Light as indicated in red for Ground Floor Plan. (not to scale)

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Emergency Light as indicated in red for First Floor Plan. (not to scale)

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Emergency Light as indicated in red for Second Floor Plan. (not to scale)70

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5.4.1.4 Assembly Point

Figure 5.25: Photo show an example of fire assembly point signage

The emergency escape routes must lead the occupants of the buildings to a safe outdoor assembly point. In this elderly center, the assembly points are located outside the entrance of the building to ensure the safety of the users as indicated in the diagram below.

By gathering the users at the assembly point, the firemen can carry out their job smoothly by distinguishing the fire.

UBBL- Section 178 In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space, together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated or protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke therefrom.

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v Assembly Point as indicated in green circle at Ground Floor Plan. (not to scale)72

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5.4.2 Fire Vehicular Access Access way shall be provided for accessibility of site to fire fighting appliances. The access way shall have a minimum width of 6m through its entire length to permit fire vehicular access. Access openings shall be provided along the external walls of the walls of buildings fronting the access way to provide access into the building for fire fighting and rescue operations.

Access way should be marked with signage and properly highlighted with contrasting colours to its surrounding to prevent unauthorized parking of other vehicles, better visibility, to demarcate the access way space and easy identification by fire fighting crew. This would help the firefighters to locate it readily when responding to a fire incident at night.

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5.4.3 Fire Compartmentation

Figure 5.26: Diagram show an example of fire compartmentation (Source: Butler Engineering, n.d.)

The spread of fire can be restricted by sub-dividing buildings into a number of discrete compartments. These fire compartments are separated from one another by compartment walls and floors made of a fire-resisting construction which hinders the spread of fire.

In this elderly centre, floor to floor are separated from one another by compartment floors.

UBBL- Section 139 The following area uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by local authority based on the degree of hazed:  Boiler rooms and associated duels storage area  Laundries  Repairs shops involving hazardous processes and materials  Storage area of materials in quantities deemed hazardous  Liquefied petroleum gas storage areas  Linen rooms  Flammable liquid stores

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5.4.4 Fire Proofing Structures 5.4.4.1 Fire Wall

Figure 5.27: Photo show the insulation material in wall (Source: Mifram Security. 2016.)

Fire wall is a lightweight; non-load bearing walls capable of act as a barrier between spaces and prevent the spread of fire in a period of time and give more time for occupants to escape from the building. It is made out of gypsum and vermiculite board. They are an assembly of materials that not only act as a wall to separate the spaces but also separate those high fire risk areas such as transformer room, electrical room and mechanical room.

In this elderly centre, the fire walls can be found at the M&E , kitchen, indoor dining and bar, and fire escape staircase.

UBBL- Section 138(C) Any wall or floor separating part of a building form any other part of the same building, which is used or intended to be used mainly for a purpose failing within a different purpose group as, set out in the Fifth Schedule to these by laws.

UBBL- Section 148(6) Any compartment walls or compartment floor which is required by these Bylaws to have FRP of one hour or more shall be constructed wholly of non-combustible materials and, apart from any ceiling, the required FRP of wall or floor shall be obtained without assistance from any non-combustible materials.

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Fire Wall Placement as indicated in red at Ground Floor Plan. (not to scale) 76

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Fire Wall Placement as indicated in red at First Floor Plan. (not to scale)

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Fire Wall Placement as indicated in red at Second Floor Plan. (not to scale)

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5.4.4.2 Beam Fire-proofing

Figure 5.28: Photo show the structural members covered with fire-proofing layer (Source: Asbestorama, 2010)

In this elderly centre, dry vermiplaster are used as a fireproofing layer for ceiling.

This rough layer of dry vermiplaster is a lightweight and cost effective mortar based fire protection system providing up to 2 hours’ fire protection to structural steel. It is to stabilize and bear the capacity of the structural steel till the extinction of the fire or the evacuation of the building. It avoids building collision. As stated in the UBBL, all the beam, column, structure carrying and external walls are required to be constructed of non- combustible materials. Therefore, dry vermiplaster are the most effective way to cover the beam in this elderly centre.

UBBL-Section 143 Any beam or column forming part of, and any structure carrying, and external wall which is required to be constructed of non-combustible materials shall comply with the provisions of paragraph (3) of by- law 142 as to non-combustibility.

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5.4.5 Fire Rated Door

Figure 5.29: Photo show an example of fire rated door (Source: ArchiExpo, n.d..)

Fire rated doors which are thicker than normal door are used for the emergency exits or staircases as an essential to keep the occupants of this elderly centre safe during the fire evacuation. The fire rated doors act as a barrier to stop the spreading of fire from the outside of the emergency staircase. These fire rated doors are to be closed at all times so that the occupants of this elderly center are safe to utilize the emergency staircases during a fire emergency and also to minimize the property damage. In our design, the fire rated door are located at the entrance and exit of the emergency escape staircase of all floors only.

UBBL- Section 162 (1) Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided.

UBBL- Section 162 (2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire for having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-Laws.

UBBL- Section 164 (1) All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding door.

UBBL- Section 173 (1) All exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort.

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Fire Door as indicated in red at Ground Floor Plan. (not to scale)

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Fire Door as indicated in red at First Floor Plan. (not to scale) 82

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Fire Door as indicated in red at Second Floor Plan. (not to scale) 83

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5.5 Conclusion The overall fire protection system in the elderly center should be provided with proper appliance in used for different function of the spaces to extinguish the fire effectively and to ensure the safety of the occupants. This center should obey the UBBL where most of the strict details required are achieved. With the detectors (heat and smoke detector) occupants will be able to evacuate the building faster. When people are harmed during a fire, the culprit is almost always smoke and poisonous gases like CO: not the heat or the flames. In addition, sprinkler system, carbon dioxide suppression system, and argonite suppression systems are installed along the ceiling in the appropriate spaces, which enables the building to be well prepared during the event of fire as there are chances that the fire can be put out before it grows into a larger fire.

Other than active fire protection system, passive fire protection system is also essential in protecting the building’s occupants from fire. Through design, it can also help slow down the spread of fire throughout the building by compartmentalizing the spaces. By doing so, the walls and floors which are made of a fire resisting construction would hinder the spread of fire, thus buying time for the occupants to evacuate the building. Fire escape routes which include the fire emergency staircase and assembly point are able to ensure the occupants safety which also allows the firemen to carry out their job smoothly in distinguishing the fire. In general, the fire protection systems for both active and the passive protection systems are vital to protect the occupants of the elderly center during the event of fire emergency.

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6.0 Mechanical Transportation 6.1 Introduction The mechanical transportation of people and goods is an energy-using service which needs the designer’s attention at the earliest stages of building design. Standards of service rise with expectations of quality by the final user and with the provision of access for disabled people.

6.2 Literature Review An elevator is a type of vertical transport equipment that efficiently moves people or goods between floors (levels, decks) of a building, vessel or other structures. Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack.

Elevator types 1.

According to hoist mechanism.（Hydraulic） 2.

According to building height. (2/3 stories) 3.

According to building type. (low-rise) 4.

According to elevator Location. ( Malaysia) 5.

According to Special uses. (OKU) Elevators will be classified according to hoist mechanism to 4 main types as follows: 1.

Hydraulic Elevators 2.

Traction Elevators 3.

Climbing elevator 4.

Pneumatic Elevators

According to UBBL, building that exceeds 4 levels should implement vertical transportation system into the building circulation. The only mechanical transportation system that can be found in KLPAC is elevator. This research paper focuses on analysis of transportation system found in KLPAC with reference from UBBL Mechanical Transportation System Requirement. There are 3 types of elevator in KLPAC, which are passenger lift, service lift and loading bay lift.

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6.3 Proposal 6.3.1 Drawing

Ground Floor Plan(not to scale) Figure 6.1

UBBL 1984 124 – For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one elevator shaft be provided. 152 (1) Every opening in an elevator shaft or elevator entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open 86 type industrial and other special building as may be approved by D.G.F.S.

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6.3.2 Proposed Elevator Hole-less Hydraulic Elevators Hole-less hydraulic consists of pistons mounted inside the hoist way to raise and lower the car. This is especially a solution for buildings built in bedrock, a high water table or unstable soil conditions locations that can make digging the hole required for a conventional hydraulic elevator impractical. Hole-less hydraulic systems use a direct-acting piston to raise the car.

Hole-less Hydraulic Elevators have a piston on either side of the cab. In this configuration, the telescoping pistons are fixed at the base of the pit and do not require a sheave or hole below the pit. Telescoping pistons allow up to 50 feet of travel distance. Non-telescoping pistons only allow about 20 feet of travel distance.

Telescopic Hydraulic Elevators: In this configuration, the telescoping pistons are fixed at the base of the pit and do not require a sheave or hole below the pit and has 2 or 3 pieces of telescoping pistons. Telescoping pistons allow up to 50 feet of travel distance.    

Cost Effective Flexible Environmentally Friendly Applications

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6.3.3 Elevator Component

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6.3.3.1 Control System Elevator Control System is the system responsible for coordinating all aspects of elevator service such as travel, speed, and accelerating, decelerating, door opening speed and delay, leveling and hall lantern signals.

The use of machine roomless hydraulic solutions has been adopted by the market for many years. The power unit and the controller are mounted as one unit in a recess of the shaft wall.

Access to the power unit and controller minimizes maintenance costs while increasing personnel safety at the same time.

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6.3.3.2 Geared Machine The hydraulic power unit consists of the following components: 1. The Tank.

The tank shall have sufficient capacity to provide an adequate reserve to prevent the entrance of air or other gas into the system. A sight glass tube shall be provided for checking the oil level and the minimum level mark shall be clearly indicated.

2.

Motor/Pump.

The main function of the pump used in hydraulic elevator is constantly pushing Liquid into the cylinder to lift the elevator, the pump is Submersible type with Variable Speed Valve Levelling.

3.

Valve.

The power unit control valve shall be a variable speed proportional valve type that includes all hydraulic control valving inherently. A stopcock shall be provided between the control valves and the cylinder and also between the reservoir tank and the pump if the pump is mounted outside the tank.

4.

Actuator.

An actuator is the device that transfers fluid or electrical energy into mechanical energy.

The actuator could be piston because it moves up and down.

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6.3.3.3 Safety System In emergency situations, neither additional energy sources nor trained experts are needed. By manually pushing the emergency button on the power unit, the cabin is lowered and an emergency situation is quickly and easily resolved.

The operation of a hydraulic elevator is a simple process that occurs repeatedly during its life cycle. However, there may be a problem lying hidden beneath the ground. Corrosion and electrolysis can cause damage to your underground hydraulic cylinder, leading to leaks and ultimately even a failure of cylinder integrity. This creates an unsafe condition, with an uncontrolled descent of the elevator cab due to the catastrophic loss of hydraulic oil from the system, also resulting in environmental contamination.

PVC casing Code requires that you install the double-bottomed cylinder with a PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) casing. This PVC liner surrounds the entire cylinder in the underground hole in order to prevent electrolysis and other causes of corrosion, providing additional protection

6.3.3.3.1 Door system Elevator doors are one of the most important safety features available in a lift. It serves as a barrier between the waiting lobby and the elevator shafts. This is to prevent people to fall into the elevator shafts and thus getting injured or falling to their deaths.

MS 2021-1, Safety rules for the construction and installation of lifts - Part 1: Electric lifts. 5.2.2.2.1 Emergency doors shall be capable of being self-closing.

5.7.3.2 If there is an access door to the pit, other than the bottom terminal landing door, it shall comply with the requirements of 5.2.2.

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6.3.3.4 Safety break There a few brake systems in a typical elevator system. These include the electromagnetic and mechanical brakes. The electromagnetic brakes activate automatically if there is a sudden loss of power or when the car is stationary. The mechanical brakes at the sheave itself also stop the car from moving when the car is inactive.

6.3.4 Special Operating mode 6.3.4.1 Down Peak During down-peak mode, elevator cars in a group are sent away from the lobby towards the highest floor served, after which they commence running down the floors in response to hall calls placed by passengers wishing to leave the building. This allows the elevator system to provide maximum passenger handling capacity for people leaving the building.

6.3.4.2 Fire Service Fire service code will vary depends on the location of the elevator. Fire service is usually split up into two modes: phase one and phase two. These are separate modes that the elevator can go into.

UBBL 1984 153 (1) - All elevator lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors 155 (2) - If mains power is available all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls, overriding the emergency stop button inside the car, but not any other emergency or safety devices, and park with doors open. 155 (3) - The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the fireman's switch. 155 (4) Under this mode of operation, the fire lifts shall only operate in response to car calls but not to landing calls in a mode of operation in accordance with by-law 154.

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Analysis: With the use of smoke detector at every lift lobbies locates fire staircase with firewall beside every elevator, the building has met the requirement of UBBL. During the event of fire, no one should use the elevator. People are recommended to use Fire stairways with firewall is always located beside the elevator

6.3.4.3 Emergency power operation Power outages can happen at any time. Some are the result of severe weather while others are caused by power grid problems. No matter when or how they happen, they have the potential to create problems for elevator passengers. Automatic emergency lowering system is always on duty. When a power outage is detected, the system automatically takes control.

The emergency lowering system is designed to immediately detect the loss of standard power.

When this happens, it automatically cancels any floor calls. Then, using standby battery power, it safely lowers the elevator to the lowest landing and opens the car door. Rather than being inconvenienced for an indeterminate period of time, passengers are allowed to exit the car within seconds. The car is then placed out of service pending restoration of normal electrical service.

UBBL 1984 - Emergency mode of operation in the event of mains power failure. 154(1) - On failure of mains power of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with doors open.

6.3.5 Maintenance The hydraulic elevator consists of fewer components than the traction-driven one – fewer components are used especially for direct elevator systems. Pulleys, overspeed governor, safety gear or counter weights do not have to be mounted or serviced. Therefore the purchasing costs are lower and the time needed for maintenance is reduced.

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6.4 Dumbwaiter A dumbwaiter is a small freight elevator intended to carry objects rather than people.

Dumbwaiters found within modern structures, including commercial, public and private buildings, are often connected between multiple floors. When installed in restaurants, schools, kindergartens, hospitals, retirement homes or in private homes, the lifts generally terminate in a kitchen.

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Ground Floor Plan Figure 6.2

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6.5 Conclusion Telescopic Hydraulic Elevators is a very suitable for our building due to the low maintenance cost, suitability of the low rise building, low initial cost, and low energy consumption and also environmentally friendly.

Overall, the elevator is very suitable for low rise building and it also complies the By-Law requirements for mechanical transportation system it has all safety component needed.

Besides that, hydraulic elevators is also more quite compare to others elevators it is also more safety and also low maintenance drive technology. It is also simple and economical assembly.

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7. References For Mechanical Ventilation: 1. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304068-overview 2. http://www.livingwithavent.com/pages.aspx?page=Basics/What 3. http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/critical-care-medicine/respiratory-failure-and-mechanicalventilation/overview-of-mechanical-ventilation 4. http://www.thoracic.org/patients/patient-resources/resources/mechanical-ventilation.pdf 5. http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/MEDICINE/PULMONAR/lecture/vent_f.htm

For Fire Protection System: 1. http://portal.ppj.gov.my/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=18332&folderId=23508&name=DLFE2504.pdf 2. http://www.academia.edu/1748830/Fire_protection_system 3. https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3256.pdf 4. http://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards 5. http://www.ul.com/code-authorities/building-code/fire-protection-systems/ 6. http://www.fike.com/solutions/fire-protection/fire-suppression/ 7. https://www.google.com/search?q=fire+protection+system&oq=fire+protection+system&aqs=chrome..

69i57l2j69i65j69i60j69i59l2.2493j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF8#safe=off&q=fire+protection+system+ubbl

For Air Conditioning System: 1. https://www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/tsbe/barcellos_tsbe_conf_2011.pdf 2. Basic Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by P. N. Ananthanarayanan, Second Edition, Tata Mc-GrawHill Publishing Company Limited 3. http://www.diydoctor.org.uk/projects/airconditioning.htm 4. http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/50160-chilled-water-central-air-conditioningsystems/#imgn_2

For Mechanical Transportation: 1. http://www.algi-lift.de/fileadmin/downloads/aufzugssysteme/hydraulischeaufzugssysteme/ALGI_Hydraulische_Aufzugssysteme_E.pdf 2. http://www.elevatordesigninfo.com/safety-features-on-elevators 3. http://ebooks.narotama.ac.id/files/Building%20Services%20Engineering%20(5th%20Edition)/Chapter %2017%20Mechanical%20Transportation.pdf 4. http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/hydraulic-elevators-basic-components.html 5. http://cdn.kone.com/www.kone.us/Images/kone-hydraulic-performance-and-safety-upgrades.pdf?v=2 6. http://www.elevatorloadtest.com/elevator_safety.html 7. http://www.iptsinc.com/blog/differences-mechanical-hydraulic-elevator-systems/ 8. http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/elevator1.htm 9. http://www.schindler.com/content/us/internet/en/service-maintenance/eqipupgrades/_jcr_content/rightPar/downloadlist/downloadList/74_1420757152699.download.asset.74_142 0757152699/automatic-emergency-lowering-system-brochure.pdf

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