SPACES FOR DEMOCRACY How can we let a space become really from the people and let it facilitate within the needs of the current society
?
SPACES FOR DEMOCRACY How can we let a space become really from the people and let it facilitate within the needs of the current society
?
“
Central in the program of the international Master of Science in Architecture is a critical reflection about architecture and its social, cultural and environmental role for society. On how aspects of sustainability, universal design, urban ecology and energy-efficient technologies may contribute to the development of more sustainable human settlements.
“
Spaces for democracy Ataturk Kultur Merkezi, Istanbul master dissertation international Master of Science in Architecture 2014 Jasper Van der Linden tutor: Tomas Ooms
Introduction
The AKM building had to represent a modern, western-oriented society when being developed in the 60's. In parallel to the construction of many modern opera and theater buildings in the same time period in other parts of the world, such as the Sydney Opera House in Australia, Metropolitan Opera in New York and a number of theaters in Germany, AKM represented Turkey's efforts towards the increasing importance of the arts and culture in the public sphere.(1) But today this modern image is gone and it does represent the policy of the ruling party in the form of a temporary police station. It does no longer represent the current society. While being designed for containing a high quality opera house it does not really fullfill it's public role. The connection with the square is limited to the facade. A first bufferzone of functional spaces is hidden behind this facade, it all works as a camouflage, distracting you from the real purpose. And in general taksim is a square with very hard borders, a fact that will even develop stronger when the new design would be fullfilled. My target is to make zonings. The current big open space is vital, but the side areas need more layering. Therefor the building will become an extension of taksim instead of an isolated 'thing'. In order to get to a democratic space, people should have the feeling that the place is theirs. In the end they are the ones that own the place, all together. By cutting away the overweight of the current building, and replacing it by a performance area, we can get straight to the essence. People walk into the space without unnecessary camouflage or distraction. People can occupy it and shape it towards to needs on that moment. The space will be given back to it's owners -the public- and facilitate within the needs of the current society. (1) the performance of modernity, saltonline
table of content The location in context Turkey Istanbul politics A bit about democracy The neighbourhood; an analysis Taksim square how was it? how will it be? AKM how was it? how will it be? the building in detail Taksim meets AKM Sources Casestudies
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the framework
turkey | istanbul | democracy
HISTORY.
Constantinople, a world on it's own. Turkey, ones the center of the almighty ottoman empire. For hundreds of years the power of the sultans was spreading from the Balkan to the Persian gulf, from arabia till the northwest of Africa. These sultans based themselves in Constantinople, a tactical spot on the shores of the Bosphorus, a key point in naval transport. Trade of culture and goods made this spot into a meltpot of different cultures. As much as the Bosphorus is a physical barrier between east and west, Constantinople is a bridge to let them come together. Today the famous empire is gone, split into pieces. With Turkey being one piece of it. Constantinople lost it's name, making place for the contemporary Istanbul.It even lost it's power, making place for the current capital Ankara. But it didn't loose it's charm. The melting pot of east and west, where you delusion yourself in greece one moment, in the middle east a few tram stops further and after another 15 minutes of walking within an Asian slum.
picture x: facebook friendship + population density source: http://michelserres.blogspot.be/
LOCALISATION.
Turkey, a bridge to the East. Turkey still has a unique position. It is geographically sandwiched between europe, the middle east and russia. But the uniqueness is not only in it's location, also it's identity is a very complex mix of different influences. In 1923 turkey was born in it's current form. A strong process of westernisation has been applied by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and it's followers. The application to become a member of the EU can be seen as an extension of this process. But when analyzing the real identity of the state we need to go deeper into the characteristics of the people. Looking at two of the most obvious characteristics, language and religion, it seems that they are more related to eastern countries. Also historically the balance was more pointing towards the east. It's neither A or B, Turkey is Turkey and although there is an important share of the population that's begging to be a part of the EU, it's unique identity and a significant amount of rather traditional people are keeping the country where it is; in the middle of it all.
ISTANBUL. 2014
A city with growth pain. That's the least you can say about this exploding metropolis. Since the 80's, together with the boom of the neo-liberalism, millions of migrant workers from Anatolia were brought into the city. Without sufficient social housing available, innumerous shantytowns started to grow. While to some these shantytowns are an embodiment of aesthetic ugliness and bad infrastructure on a macro and micro-scale, considering the last 30 years, the situation might not be as bad as it is made out to be. Government-sponsored social-housing schemes where the working class has been placed in massive concrete buildings on the outskirts of the city centers have brought social turmoil for the people of many global cities. So perhaps these shantytowns in Istanbul, in their own way, have up until now provided acceptable homes, neighborhoods and reliable communities for the working class Of course, there are, besides the housing issue so many other variables in the equation, such as the possibility of a third bridge, the construction of more roads instead of solving the traffic problem on a macro-scale, how privatization has come to the point where the public voice is ignored and trampled on because someone out there needs to make millions of dollars from construction. The city of Istanbul is growing out of proportion in a way that will see its resources being insufficient to support its inhabitants. Ecological limits have been surpassed. Economic limits have been surpassed. Population limits have been surpassed. Social cohesion has been lost.
The growth of Istanbul since 1960. Taksim is surrounded by very light blue, meaning that it is located in an older part of the city. source: www.todayszaman.com/news-279318-ekumenopolis-the-city-without-limits.html
CURRENT POLITICS. 2014
The country has been founded on very western ideas by Kemal Atat端rk, introducing a separation between state and religion and getting rid of the arabic language in favor of the Turkish one. But also the start of a democratic voting system, replacing the century old autocracy of the sultans. Till a few years ago the state has been growing into a state with a mature democracy. Turkey was the country that would join democracy and the islam, and therefor be an example for the muslimworld. A state with huge economic opportunities, almost ready to get into the EU. All this with support of a young generation, ready to be part of the modern world. But things have changed, so it seems. During the third governance of Tayyip Erdogan (2011-2014) the Turkish democracy slowly started to break down. The lawstate got hollowed out, de separation of power almost disappeared, the free press has to shut up, the style of the regime is almost autoritairy. Erdogan, a sultan with a new face.
And that is clearly not the case in contemporary Turkey. In 2013 millions of people came together in Gezi parc to show their disagreement with the current government. Protesting against the fact that Erdogan does what he wants. Erdogan chose for teargas and blood. Who is not with him, is against him, that's what the gezi-protesters clearly found out. They would just love to be part of a new Turkey, a turkey that no longer carry's the loads of the past. But the 'gezi-generation' wanted more then Erdogan can or wants to give. Never had turkey been more colorfull, tolerant and creative then during those days in 2013. Too colourfull, too tolerant, too creative for Erdogan. The Kurdish were sitting next to the ultranationalists, the yogamat laying next to the prayermat, gays and lesbiens organised themselves, food was given around, debates were happening overcoming the ideological borders. The freedom that he saw in Geziparc scared him. The offered hand got answered with a fist.
Although Erdogan got rightfully elected by it's people, this doesn't make you a sultan yet. Democracy with the western model means that the individual citizen can stand up for it's own rights and opinion without any fear. http://www.deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws/opinieblog/opinie/140323_opinie_DirkVermeiren_Erdogan_standaard
democracy index, 2010. full democracy (light), flawed democracy hybrid regime authoritarian regime (dark)
'Turkey has everything that we admire in Asian or South-American states: a young population, that wants to learn and use their hands...' (Dieter Zetsche, Bild am Sonntag, 3 juli 2011)
Democracy and public space
Democracy in it's essence is a political matter. But it encompasses social, religious, cultural, ethnic and racial equality, justice, liberty and fraternity. The sytem originates from the greek that invented this name, literally meaning "the rule of the people." demos (people) and kratos (rule) Naturally, such a way of governing will develop a spatial system. In the old greece this consisted of the Agora and the Pnyx. The Agora is a square where you take note of the other people, create diversity and prepare for the debate. The Pnyx uses the physical form of a theater. It serves to debate and make decisions, and is based on concentration, identification, exposure and fixity. The combination of those two spaces is facilitating the idea that democracy starts with dialogues, debates and shared deliberations to take you out of your own sphere. "A democracy supposes people can consider views other then their own" said Aristoteles. Therefor you need difference. Mix things so that people get used to the unknown. Create discussion platforms and interaction. This discussion platform is clearly missing in contemporary turkey. When the people start a debate by gathering on taksim square it turns out that the byspeaker is not listening. When they start protesting it simply get gagged.
Can we then still talk about a democracy? Democracy ain't that you subject yourself to a dictatership to which you can vote every few years. Democracy is that it's all ours, it's all ours together, we own everything. Everything that is public is ours. And of course there are constantly negotiatans to be made about when, what, where. But the ideal that public space is ours to begin with, is something worth defending. The gezi-case, among several others, has clearly shown that the public space in Turkey is in the hands of the prime minister, and by far not in hands of the public.
So, what do we need? proposals for the future
Give the public a place where they have the feeling it's theirs. In the ideal situation this implies open access and a facilitation that gives the option to execute what is wanted or needed at any specific moment. It needs to mix things to make people used to the unknown, to create discussion and interaction. But at the same time a podium for exposure and fixity.
sustainable concept A design focused on the presence of a support within the society is in itself a key factor towards sustainability. By making a democratic place that is sensed by people as being theirs, a place that admits change, accident, and improvisation, an architecture not invested in durability, stability, and certainty, but an architecture that leaves space for uncertainty for the real. By applying this concept, this attitude, the struggling between the physical output and the needs of the people will be minimal. Therefor it will be sustainable. Add smart choices of reuse where approriate, adequate material choices and efficient usages to this idea. But also an economic architecture. Invest the money where really needed to make the program work at it's best. And after all, let it be a project that is able to carry the weight of Istanbul, but at the same time doesn't forget that it is still part of a area, a neighbourhood, with inhabitants. That it is part of a civilisation with it's specific culture and habits. Part of an area with it's own materials and climatic characteristics.
The site taksim | AKM
SISLI
SÛ
AREA
TARLABASI AREA
INTERCONTINENTAL HOTEL
TAKSIM SQUARE
GEZI PARC
ÛZER PLAZA
BOSPHORUS
HOTEL
CIHANGIR AREA
AKM
ATATURK KULTUR MERKEZI
picture x: aerial panorama from Marmara hotel, februari 2014 source: own picture
MAPPING
SISLI
TARLABASI
CIHANGIR BEYOGLU
BOSPHORUS
ASIA
picture x: map of beyoglu and surroundings source: http://mapstack.stamen.com
MAPPING
HOTEL
TAKS
ING PARK
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S
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IM AKM
ES
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A
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picture x: map of taksim and surroundings source: http://mapstack.stamen.com
MAPPING
CONNECTIONS/TRAFFIC Taksim square becomes traffic free, which seems to benefit the public space. Yet it does separate very much the natural flow of pedestrian traffic and this public space. It will 'alienate' the square, as it is very much a place of passing by, it will loose an important part of it's current function.
The Cihangir area fulfills an interesting function in connecting the dense Taksim area with the open Bosphorus. Three main options are available. -Big traffic road -Intimite routes by stair alleyways. pedestrian -Funicular, part of the public transport
UNDERGROUND TRAFFIC TRAFFIC BOSPHORUS CONNECTION PEDESTRIAN FUNICULAR TAKSIM-KABATAS BOSPHORUS CONNECTION
AKM
A main part of the traffic
gez
i
tak
sim akm
1
1806-1921 military barracks
2
1969-2013 AKM
3
2013-... tree demolition+Police station
4 201X-...
shopping mall+AKM
picture x: Renewal taksim square according to the government plans source: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/06/07/world/europe/The-Plan-to-Change-Taksim-Square.html?ref=europe
TAKSIM.
Developing from a military point towards the place for the western world towards the playground of a dictator. In 1806, when the Ottoman empire was still ruling, the military baracs were in the middle of the city. In the modern part of the city, where the intellectuals come together, that is where the danger is. And that is were to autoritaric ottoman regime places its barracks with 5000 soldiers. But then Kemal Ataturk came in and tried to turn turkey in a secular state. The barracks were first transformed into the first footballstadium of Turkey. In 1940 the barracks were demolished. This is where Gezi park and Taksim arrised. And Gezi and Taksim became the symbol of saying 'we chased out the ottoman, islamic soldiers from the center of the city. This is now a secular city and we dont want soldiers in the middle of it.
Besides this symbol of democracy a new building is added. The Ataturk Kultur Merkezi (AKM). The AKM building had to represent a modern, western-oriented society when being developed in the 60's. Today Erdogan changed this representiation of a western society into a police station. Now symbol of a ruler that keeps it's power by force. He also decided to rebuild those military barracks, in gezi parc. Not to house soldiers, but to house a shopping mall. The symbol of the ottoman power, over the civil society. Not with soldiers but with a shopping mall. And he wants to do this in a parc that represents, overcoming it's ottoman history and becoming first a secular state and then a democracy.
Turkey is now a democracy since the 1920's. Therefor the abscence of the baracks is an important symbol of turkey as a democracy.
POLICE
1
1806-1921 military barracks
2
1969-2013 AKM
The redevelopment plans of taksim imply big changes #eliminate gezi parc #rebuilding ottoman barracs in the shape of shopping mall But also #underground traffic tunnels #rebuilding the square and pedestrian flow On an urbanistic level this leads towards destruction of the natural flow of pedestrian traffic and public space. Resulting in a commercialy oriented overcontrolled and separated center.
3
2013-... Police station
4 201X-...
shopping mall
INTERVENTION when?
POLICE
1
1806-1921 military barracks
2
1969-2013 AKM
3
2013-... Police station
x
intervention
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shopping mall
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Icon from the 60's The Atatürk Kültür Merkezi in Istanbul has been modern Turkey's touchstone for contemporary culture since the Mayor of İstanbul, Lütfi Kırdar, instigated the project to provide an opera house for İstanbul in 1946. The initiative to realize the building was a difficult and long one, with many different designs reviewed from a number of different architects. The building was finally completed in 1969 by architect Hayati Tabanlioglu, but it was in operation for just one year before a fire caused seven further years of reconstruction, with AKM only being able to operate again in 1977. Throughout the latter half of the 20th century these ups and downs in the planning, construction, and operation of AKM described the dynamics of the modernization efforts of the Republic of Turkey as it attempted to create the institutions of a modern state and society. The collection of architects and designers led by Tabanlioglu envisioned exactly this robust modernism in their plans for AKM. Starting with the German educated Tabanlioglu's rare and crucial advanced understanding of opera and theater buildings, to the technical and design abilities of the architect Aydun Boysan, engineer Willi Ehle, lighting designer Johannes Dinnebier and the ceramicists Sadi and Belma Diren, these practitioners along with many other individuals and institutions generated a civic public building at a scale and level of detail that had not existed before in Turkey.
picture x: Archive pictures of the AKM source: SALT Research, Hayati Tabanlıoğlu Archive
NEW AKM. Refurbishment
The Atatürk Kültür Merkezi (AKM/Atatürk Cultural Center) holds a critical role as one of the most important architectural and cultural reference points in Turkey. Through its many phases of design, construction and operation, the project's architects, the public, governmental and cultural groups vied with one another to control the direction for modern and contemporary culture in the country. Up through the decision in the spring of 2012 to renovate the building, competing interests endeavored to ashion AKM towards ideological lines that hoped to redirect its architecture, urban position and program based on their own visions. These debates introduce a wide range of issues and questions about the way culture functions in Turkey today. The Performance of Modernity: ATATÜRK KÜLTÜR MERKEZI, 1946-1977 takes AKM as a pivotal example in order to investigate the recent past as a window onto current cultural practices.
picture x: The new AKM as developed by Tabanlioglu architects source: www.arkitera.com/proje/index/detay/ataturk-kulturmerkezi-yenileme-projesi/2047
picture x: AKM section model source: Salt exposition "The Performance of Modernity
The intervention What?where?how?
City hall, Ghent by Marie Jose Van Hee and Robbrecht & Daem
Wyly theater, Dallas by Rex & Oma
Salt, Istanbul by Suyabatmaz
democracy and public space
So, what do we need? contemporary use? needs of the current society?
Give the public a place where they have the feeling it's theirs. In the ideal situation this implies open access and a facilitation that gives the option to execute what is wanted or needed at any specific moment. It needs to mix things to make people used to the unknown, to create discussion and interaction. But at the same time a podium for exposure and fixity. I like to call it a forum. An adaptable space, having another occupation when there are other needs. Providing opportunities by it's undefinedness, but at the same time offering a framework of options through technical solutions. A space of performance, as a contemporary variation on the greek theatre and the former opera. But the same space is a marketsquare, bringing together social and economic needs. As well as a meetingspot, where conversations and discussions go hand in hand. Ideally this space is immediately connected to taksim square, possibly even an extension of it. As one drapery of public space, but with different layers in it. A simple shelter at one place, an intimate square somewhere else, a huge place of performance elsewhere.
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El ateneo, Buenos Aires
neighbourhood facilities/ cohousing?
bar
sharing of knowledge power to the people knowledge center = contemporary version of library
The forum is a place of being, an extension of a square, conceptually it isn't treated as a building. And although the architecture might be a slave of what is needed, architecture is still needed. But with as target that the user is able to forget about it.
Lamot, Mechelen by 51N4E
FRAC, Dunkerque by Lac
caton & Vassal
section cut by Gordon Matta Clark
Pole MusĂŠal, Lausanne by 51N4E
Operaplein, Antwerpen by 51N4E
SPACES FOR DEMOCRACY