Comparative Analysis Report

MODERN ARCHITECTRE

STADIUM NEGARA ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE

CHURCH OF OUR LADY OF LOURDES

ARC 60804

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY & THEORY PROJECT 2

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS REPORT

CONTENT STADIUM NEGARA, KUALA LUMPUR 1.0 Introduction

1

1.1 Overview 1.2 Fast Facts 1.3 The Founder 1.4 History & Timeline Analysis

2.0 Site Context Analysis

3

2.1 Building Accessibility 2.2 Relationship of Building with Surroundings

3.0 Architectural Layout

5

3.1 Plan to Section Analysis 3.2 Organizational Analysis 3.3 Space Organization 3.4 Circulation to Use-Space

4.0 Architectural Style Analysis

8

4.1 Brutalism 4.2 The International Style 4.3 Expressionist Architecture 4.4 Local Influences

5.0 Building Construction, Structure and Materials Analysis

12

5.1 Introduction 5.2 Structural Components 5.3 Material Analysis 5.4 Response to Climate 5.5 In Comparison with The Like

6.0 Architectural Elements & Components Analysis

20

6.1 Entrance 6.2 Doors 6.3 Louvres / Windows 6.4 Seating

7.0 Conclusion

23

CONTENT

(cont.)

CHURH OF OUR LADY OF LOURDES, KLANG 1.0 Introduction

24

1.1 Overview 1.2 Fast Facts 1.3 The Architect 1.4 History & Timeline Analysis

2.0 Site Context Analysis

26

2.1 Building Accessibility 2.2 Relationship of Building with Surroundings

3.0 Architectural Layout

28

3.1 Plan to Section Analysis 3.2 Organizational Analysis 3.3 Space Organization 3.4 Circulation to Use-Space

4.0 Architectural Style Analysis

32

4.1 Gothic Architecture 4.2 Romanesque Architecture

5.0 Building Construction, Structure and Materials Analysis

35

5.1 Introduction 5.2 Structural Components 5.3 Material Analysis 5.4 Response to Climate 5.5 In Comparison with The Like

6.0 Architectural Elements & Components Analysis

40

6.1 Windows 6.2 Staircase and Steps

7.0 Conclusion

41

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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STADIUM NEGARA

1.1 OVERVIEW

1.3 THE ARCHITECT

Stadium Negara, also known as Stadium Tertutup, is an indoor arena located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Stadium Negara is located about 2 kilometers from Kuala Lumpur City Centre, next to Stadium Merdeka. The stadium is capable of housing many different types of reginal and international activities which include sports events and concerts.

Stanley Edward Jewkes (S. E. Jewkes) (1913–2011) was an American architect as well as an engineer. He was a key figure in Southeast Asian post-independence architecture. His close relationship with Malaysia's then Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman led to his getting several prominent architectural commission in Malaysia. Of the many buildings that he had designed and engineered, his most famous works are Stadium Negara and Stadium Merdeka.

1.2 FAST FACTS Full name : Stadium Negara Malaysia Location

: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Coordinates: 3°8′26″N 101°42′10″E Architect

: Stanley Edward Jewkes

Owner

: PNB’s PNB Merdeka Ventures Sdn. Bhd. Operator : PNB’s PNB Merdeka Ventures Sdn. Bhd.

Capacity 1

: 10, 000 (seated)

In 1941, Jewkes came to Malaysia to join the Public Works Department (PWD) and first served in the districts of Krian and Keroh. He then became the head of the new Design and Research Branch. Subsequently, Jewkes became the Director of the Public Works Department from 1959 to 1962. He then continued to work in the United States for a multi-national architectural and engineering practice.

1.4 HISTORY & TIMELINE ANALYSIS 1949 Malaya earned the right to host 1952 Thomas cup by winning the first Thomas Cup organized by Britain, but failed to do so due to the absence of an indoor stadium that fulfilled the international standards.

1960 The construction of the stadium began, following the design proposed by the Public Works Department engineer, S. E. Jewkes.

1963 On 17th September, the day right after Malaya became Malaysia, Stadium Negara was announced as one of the eight symbolic national buildings by the then Yang DiPertuan Agong.

1992 Malaysia finally organized the Thomas & Uber Cup, serving as the host team of the year.

PRESENT Stadium Negara stands as a historical landmark of the country and is regularly maintained and conserved.

1957 Tunku Abdul Rahman announced the construction of Stadium Negara as a proper indoor stadium for hosting regional or international competitions.

1962 Construction took 2 years to be completed and the stadium was officially opened on 10 April by the third Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Tuanku Syed Putra. The first ASEAN Badminton Championship held in the stadium was again won by the Malayans.

1985 The distinctive unsupported concave roof which once be the largest in the region was replaced with a spaceframe dome when water leakage from the roof developed.

2003 Stadium Negara was named as one of the heritage buildings of Malaysia and continued to host several major events after a renovation.

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2.1 BUILDING ACCESSIBILITY Possible means of going to Stadium Negara include taking public transports (Monorail, LRT and MRT), booking taxi or travelling on foot. By using Monorail , visitors can stop by Maharajalela station and reach Stadium Negara via Jalan Maharajalela and Jalan Hang Jebat with 2-minute taxi ride. Another public transportation that is usually used is LRT . From Hang Tuah LRT station, visitors can walk for 5 minutes or grab a taxi to reach within I minute via Jalan Hang Jebat. If visitors arrive at Pasar Seni LRT station, walking distance via Jalan Sultan and Jalan Hang Jebat would be 15 minutes while taxi will take 4 minutes via Jalan Maharajalela or 10 mins via Jalan Hang Jebat. Visitors that stop by Plaza Rakyat LRT station can walk for 6 minutes or have a 2-minute taxi ride via Jalan Wesley and Jalan Hang Jebat to reach Merdeka MRT station, which is linked to Stadium Negara by another 4-minute walking distance or 1-minute driving distance via Jalan Hang Jebat and Jalan Stadium .

Plaza Rakyat

Pasar Seni Merdeka

Stadium Negara Hang Tuah

Maharajalela

Diagram 2.1.1 Routes to Stadium Negara from Monorail, LRT and MRT stations.

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2.2 RELATIONSHIP OF BUILDING WITH SURROUNDING Surrounding Stadium Negara are another two famous stadium in the region -Stadium Merdeka and Chin Woo Stadium which are located at the direction of southwest and west respectively.

Important educational landmarks include SJK (C) Jalan Davidson (located north), Methodist Boys’ Secondary School (located northwest) and Victoria Institution (located south). Besides, there is also Masjid AlBukhari at the southeast direction which act as religion building for Muslims.

Stadium Negara

LEGEND: Stadium Merdeka Chin Woo Stadium SJK (C) Jalan Davidson Methodist Boys’ Secondary School Victoria Institution Diagram 2.2.1 Important landmarks and buildings surrounding Stadium Negara.

Masjid Al-Bukhari

Diagram 2.2.2 Stadium Merdeka

Diagram 2.2.3 Chin Woo Stadium

Diagram 2.2.4 SJK (C) Jalan Davidson

Diagram 2.2.5 SJK (L) Methodist

Diagram 2.2.6 Victoria Institution

Diagram 2.2.7 Masjid Al-Bukhari 4

3.1 PLAN TO SECTION ANALYSIS The plans of Stadium Negara show its design approach of using circular geometry. The overall layout is very similar throughout the stadium, except for the slight difference that exists between the mezzanine and lower ground level. The design of the whole building is quite consistent when viewed from all directions, as portrayed in the sections drawing.

-Mezzanine level-

-Arena Plan-

Diagram 3.1.1 Plans for the stadium by Architect Stanley Jewkes.

-Section A-A-

-Section B-B-

Diagram 3.1.2 Sections of the stadium.

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-Lower ground level-

3.2 ORGANIZATION ANALYSIS 3.2.1 BALANCE AND SYMMETRY

3.2.2 GEOMETRY

Diagram 3.2.1 Symmetrical balance in plan

Diagram 3.2.2 Circular and rectangular form

The balance of the stadium’s layout is achieved by its symmetrical design in which the axis of symmetry can be drawn, dividing the stadium into equal halves vertically and horizontally. This design enables good view from all directions regardless where the audience sit.

The main shape applied in the design of the stadium layout is circle in which the field is placed at the center as the focus of the building. Additional rectangles are used in designing the entrances as supplementary shape to produce more interesting form by creating contrast.

3.2.3 REPETITION

3.2.4 ADDITIVE

Diagram 3.2.3 Repetition of circular form

Diagram 3.2.4 Addition of supplementary form

The sitting area and the walking pathway was designed in a manner that they descend gradually as approaching to the center of the stadium, forming circles that decrease in size when viewing from top.

This creates hierarchy from the lower arena to the higher seats in the stadium’s interior.

With circular design dominating the whole building structure, rectangular form which extend to the exterior of the stadium was added to the building. This added parts act as the entrances or connections for users to access the stadium from the outside of the building to the inside.

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3.3 SPACE ORGANIZATION 3.3.1 PUBLIC SPACE

LEGEND: Lower level Upper level

Diagram 3.3.1 Seating areas

Stadium Negara is mainly comprised of public spaces that are opened to anyone to access without much restriction. The most apparent public space is the seating area that surrounds the arena. The seats, which are categorized into lower and upper levels, are arranged in increasing height from the arena in circular form to enable unblocked vision for better viewing experience.

3.3.2 PRIVATE SPACE LEGEND: Changing room Organizer room VIP room

Diagram 3.3.2 VIP room, changing room and organizer room

Beside public spaces, there are also some enclosed areas which is only accessible to organizers and some important guests. On the ground level, there are organizer room and VIP room located at the left and right side of the entrance respectively. Changing room which serve as preparation area can be found at south of the arena.

3.4 CIRCULATION TO USE-SPACE

Diagram 3.4.1 VIP room, changing room and organizer room 7

There are total five entrances to access the stadium, including a front entrance, 3 LEGEND: arena entrances and a backstage entrance. The users’ Front entrance circulation is converged to the Arena entrance centre of the building, which is Backstage entrance from the outer ring down to the inner ring. The circulation Circulation pathway within the arena depends on the activities that are being organised, which usually are sport events or concerts.

4.1 BRUTALISM Brutalism, also known as Brutalist architecture, is a style that was popular between the 1950s and 1970s. It is a form of Modernism stresses exposing a building’s structural elements and materials. Its name comes from the French beton burt, meaning raw concrete. Brutalist architecture is recognizable by prominence of raw building materials. Typical features include:

4.1.1 MONOLITHIC, MASSIVE AND VISUALLY HEAVY FORM The external look of Stadium Negara gives a heavy and imposing feeling. The solid massing of the structure was constructed with a rigid geometric style which creates a visually bold and strong overall appearance.

4.1.2 HOLES IN THE WALL ACT AS WINDOWS Holes in the walls or voids in the solids of the walls of Stadium Negara, instead of acting as continuations of the “skin” of the building, are treated as windows. The perforations on the walls also employed “egg-crate” effect on the facades.

4.1.3 EXPOSED, ROUGH AND RAW SURFACES WITH MINIMAL DECORATION The brutalism of Stadium Negara is also portrayed by its unadorned and barely decorated exterior, as shown by the its raw concrete wall with unpolished stones embedded in it.

Exposed concrete was also used in the construction of interior staircases and seats.

Diagram 4.1.1 Massive and monolithic form

Diagram 4.1.2 Triangular and rectangular “egg-crate” perforation on walls

Diagram 4.1.3 Raw concrete-stone wall, exposed concrete staircases and seats.

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4.1.4 FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION The principle of ‘form follows function’ means that the shape of the building is primarily relate to its intended function or purpose. In the case for Stadium Negara, a circular plan was decided for the structure, and with it the due attention to its geometrical properties and its radial nature, including the tendency of such a structure to oscillate with wind pressure in a circular fashion. The facades also articulated with different materials including fenestration and shading devices.

4.1.5 STRONG CURVED ELEMENTS CONTRASTING WITH VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL MEMBERS The circular form found in the roof design as well as in the plan of the building responds to the vertical columns of the façade and consequently produce a strong contrasting effect on the exterior of Stadium Negara.

Diagram 4.1.4 Form and façade designed according to specific purposes

Diagram 4.1.5 Contrasting curved and vertical elements

4.2 THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE The International Style is a major architectural style developed in the 1920s and 1930s whose goal is to strip architecture down to its purest form, celebrating the art of building itself.

4.2.1 APPLICATION OF VISIBLE STEEL FRAME AND GLASS PANELS Steel and glass are the main materials used because they can be mass produced and are easily affordable, without the fuss of superfluous decoration. In the construction of Stadium Negara, steel frames are used to be constructed as supporting structure and glass panels are implemented to allow natural sunlight.

Diagram 4.2.1 Visible steel frame of the dome and the implementation of glass panels 9

4.2.2 CANTILEVER CONSTRUCTION The front entrance of Stadium Negara was designed with a cantilevered roof to promote visually weightless quality, as advocated in the international style architecture. The needless of solid column to support the protruding horizontal plane gives a sense of lightness and weightless to the robust exterior of the stadium.

4.2.3 THE EXPOSURE OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Exposed structural column can be easily seen in the interior of Stadium Negara, which fulfils the ideology of the International Style that emphasizes visual expression of structure instead of hiding the structural elements. With no effort to conceal the building materials, it is an expression of pure honesty. It is economic in its choices, refusing to waste space, money or artistic effort on unnecessary ornamentation.

4.2.4 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL LINES Emphasis of vertical and horizontal lines can be seen throughout the stadium. This property is clearly portrayed in the grid-framed window above the front entrance which is formed by horizontal and vertical lines intersecting each other at 90 degree. The prominence of vertical and horizontal lines is an important characteristic in International style architecture.

Diagram 4.2.2 Cantilevered roof of the front entrance

Diagram 4.2.3 Exposed structural columns

Diagram 4.2.4 Window composing vertical and horizontal lines

4.3 EXPRESSIONIST ARCHITECTURE Expressionist architecture was a European movement of the twentieth century that came about in parallel with the Expressionist visual and performing arts. It was individualistic and, in many ways, eschewed aesthetic dogma.

4.3.1 UTILIZES THE CREATIVE POTENTIAL OF ARTISAN CRAFTSMANSHIP Large murals with the theme “Malayan folklore� can be found in the upper foyer aside the front entrance and the side entrance vestibules. This paintings portrayed Malayan life and culture and were saturated with the depiction of human figures, which explored the figural representations of the new nation.

Diagram 4.3.1 Mural design by artist Yee Chin Ming 10

4.3.2 NEW AND UNUSUAL FORM Buildings of expressionism sometimes have unusual massing and might be inspired by natural biomorphic forms. A recurring form in the expressionist architecture movement is the dome, which is constructed as the roof of Stadium Negara, making it stood out among other nearby buildings at that time when this form was not popular.

4.3.3 DRAMATIC CURVED ELEMENTS AND DISTORTED FORM The interior of Stadium Negara is highly comprised of curvy and wavy components in organic shapes, instead of using conventional inorganic forms. The reason for focusing on the organic rather than the geometric was to produce an architecture of motion and emotion, ambiance, radicalism, and sweeping change.

Diagram 4.3.2 Dome-shaped roof of Stadium Negara

Diagram 4.3.3 Organic curved elements of interior elements

4.4 LOCAL INFLUENCES Being built in the country with rich races and cultural backgrounds, Stadium Negara, to certain extend, had been influenced by local culture although it was designed by a western architect. The most obvious local influence that can be found is the implementation of Islamic architecture in the building’s design.

4.4.1 ISLAMIC GEOMETRIC PATTENRS Islamic decoration, which tends to avoid using figurative images, makes frequent use of geometric patterns which have developed over the centuries. Many Islamic designs that are built on squares and circles, typically repeated, overlapped and interlaced to form intricate and complex patterns could be found in the stadium’s interior

Diagram 4.4.1 Islamic geometric patterns on facades and railings as ornamentation 11

5.1 INTRODUCTION “Tunku said that he wanted a multi-purpose indoor stadium for exhibitions, conventions, indoor games, concerts and even ice rink shows. They wanted it particularly for badminton because of the country’s success in this sport, and also other events like boxing matches. He wanted it designed fairly quickly within a period of about two years, and to accommodate over 10, 000 people. It wasn’t going to be air-conditioned, but to allow for the different types of events there was a complete services trench designed around the whole arena which carried water pipes, electrical power lines as well as audio cables. This had removable covers all the way round which could be removed for access to audio, microphones, lighting cables, and water for ice shows. There were rows of wooden seats that could be retracted for a larger arena space.”

--- Stanley Jewkes, on the planning of Stadium Negara

5.1.1 DESIGN CONCEPT The stadium is designed based on the main concept of having form with concentric circles plan. Concentric circles are circle that share the same center. They fit inside each other and are of the same distance apart all the way around. Such design efficiently derive the fundamental requirement of the stadium by creating a centralized space which users can focus on. This geometric character also gives a stable configuration for the building due to the rigidity of the structure.

Diagram 5.1.1 Concentric circles

4.1.2 THE 3 MAJOR COMPONENTS The construction of Stadium Negara can be basically broken down into 3 main parts, namely the roof, the terrace levels and the arena level (ground floor).

Diagram 5.1.2 Interior view of Stadium Negara Roof Terrace levels Arena levels

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5.2 STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS 5.2.1 ROOF The original roof was designed by Stanley Edward Jewkes possessed a highly admired suspended roof. The architect had tackled all engineering barriers to devise a 300-foot diameter column-free roof. This splendid roof turned out to have a limited lifespan as it had to be redone 20 years later after its construction due to water leakage.

As was the suspended roof back in the 60’s, the dome roof today is the most remarkable feature of the stadium. The massive 100 feet diameter roof is made with corrugated plastic sheets on top of a ceiling of hardboard. Galvanized iron pipes were used to make 2 layers for the support structure: an inner roof and an outer structure for the main roof, connected by trusses. The added dome roof increases the internal volume and lessens noise disturbance when the stadium is in use.

Diagram 5.2.1 Original suspended roof

Diagram 5.2.2 Current dome roof

The original suspended roof system was constructed with a central circular truss ring held in place by cables from a larger concentric truss ring system-a roof within a roof. Form the outer ring, 96 sets of high tensile steel cables spanned 100 feet towards the center and secured the inner ring structure. Additional sets of cables spanned the central 100 feet and sipping into a conical form. A complex grid of cross supports was constructed between the twinned cables to provide a stable frame and articulate the roof form, with roofing materials made up of compressed paper and resin were laid over and under this frame.

Diagram 5.2.3 Suspended roof system under construction 13

Diagram 5.2.4 Expected outcome of the completed roof

The current dome roof which was built with minimal interior support integrated the space frame structure and Fuller’s tensegrity dome structure. The roof was covered with corrugated plastic sheeting over a suspended ceiling of hardboard faced with PVC to reduce maintenance cost. Consequently, the whole roof structure is relatively light in weight.

SPACE FRAME STRUCTURE In architecture and structural engineering, a space frame or space structure (3D truss) is a rigid, lightweight, truss-like structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior supports.

Like the truss, a space frame is strong because of the inherent rigidity of the triangle; flexing loads (bending moments) are transmitted as tension and compression loads along the length of each strut.

FULLER’S TENSEGRITY DOME STRUCTURE Fuller’s tensegrity structure is widely used in long-span space structures in civil engineering, this is due to its super lightweight features, making a clear span of more than 200 m easily achievable which outperform other long-span structures.

Diagram 5.2.5 Materials for dome roof construction

Diagram 5.2.6 Fuller’s tensegrity dome structure

Diagram 5.2.7 Interior view of stadium’s dome roof

5.2.2 VENTILATION TUNNEL The stadium was intentionally designed to not be air-conditioned to allow true flight of the shuttlecock with low air velocities on the courts. To achieve users’ comfort level, the upper section of the stadium’s perimeter was articulated with louvres to control ventilation. These louvres were electrically-operated by remote control.

Diagram 5.2.8 Louvres (interior view)

Diagram 5.2.9 Louvres (external view) 14

Besides, fresh air was introduced into a large tunnel surrounding the amphitheater under the middle terraces, and from this tunnel air is then blown through narrow slits in the seats on the concrete terrace sections. Air was also streamed through controllable channels in the arm and backs of the upholstered seats.

Diagram 5.2.10 Narrow slits on concrete terrace

Diagram 5.2.11 Specially designed upholstered seats

5.2.3 SUPPORTIVE COLUMNS The ceiling of the stadium is supported from the inside by big rectangular timber columns surround the uppermost terrace level. On the other hand, sloping metal tubular columns are designed and constructed around the perimeter walls to support the building from the outside. This tubular column support the horizontal weight of the stadium and disperse the load equally down to the ground. Therefore, the building will not collapse due to its unique structural form.

Diagram 5.2.12 Timber columns supporting the ceiling Dispersion of transverse load

Tubular columns

Diagram 5.2.13 External metal tubular columns Dispersion of transverse load

Tubular columns

Diagram 5.2.14 Dispersion of transverse load by tubular columns 15

5.3 MATERIAL ANALYSIS 5.3.1 CONCRETE Concrete was widely used in the construction of Stadium Negara as the main raw materials.

This decision was made because concrete is highly durable and involves low maintenance cost. The concept of brutalism can be clearly portrayed through the selection of exposed concrete in constructing some parts of the stadium.

Diagram 5.3.1 Concrete used in the construction of façade, ceiling and cantilever roof

5.3.2 STEEL Steel, due to its lightweight quality and its advantages in terms of strength and durability, is a suitable building material for structural construction. This is the reason why it was used as supporting structure of the stadium’s dome roof. Its ductility and malleability also result in it being easily shaped into specific form according to desired design as in the patterns of railing and window frames.

Diagram 5.3.2 Steel roof framing, window framing and railing

5.3.3 GLASS The application of glass can be mainly seen on windows of Stadium Negara. The transparent characteristic of glass make allow maximum natural light penetration into the stadium’s interior to improve user’s vision and facilitate better user experience and environment. It also effectively enhance the aesthetic value of the stadium’s exterior.

Diagram 5.3.3 Glass windows and panels 16

5.3.4 TIMBER The utilization of timber in the building construction successfully creates a sense of rusticity due to its rawness in surface. However, timber has relatively lower sustainability and required regular maintenance and extra care due to it nature properties. Untreated timber is vulnerable to termite attack and decaying if proper preservative measure is not taken.

Diagram 5.3.4 Timber framing, columns and partitions

5.4 RESPONSE TO CLIMATE

LEGEND: Rain flow direction

Cool air direction

Sunlight direction

Warm air direction

To cater to Malaysia’s climate with seasonal rainfall, the curvature of the dome facilitate the flow of raindrop along the roof to drain away excess water to prevent accumulation of stagnant water which will adversely affect the structure in the long run.

Besides, to provide adequate light to enable vision, the exterior of the stadium is surrounded with many clerestory windows that act as opening to allow sunlight penetration into the stadium. The PVC vaulted rooftop also, to certain extend, allow small amount of light to penetrate and enter the building.

In the aspect of air ventilation, cool air from the outside enter the stadium through the vents and louvres around the building. The cool air circulates and cool down the stadium and hot air rises to the center point of the rooftop then eventually escapes through the roof’s tip where ventilation opening is set.

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5.5 IN COMPARISON WITH THE LIKE ASTRODOME, HOUSTON

STADIUM NEGARA, KUALA LUMPUR

5.5.1 SIMILARITIES DOME ROOF Both of the stadiums have saucer dome roof that are mainly made up of light-weighed steel to reduce the amount of loads apply on the structure’s wall.

Diagram 5.5.1 Roof of Astrodome

Diagram 5.5.2 Roof of Stadium Negara

ROOF STRUCTURE Both of the stadiums’ roofs are constructed using space frame structure and integrity structure that are comprised of interconnected triangle that enclosed a space.

Diagram 5.5.3 Space frame structure of Astrodome

Diagram 5.5.3 Space frame structure of Stadium Negara

SEATING ARRANGEMENT The seating of both stadiums are arrange in such a way that they are sloping down towards the centre of the building. This seating configuration is to fulfil the purpose of allowing users to have good view of the arena from any position they sit.

Diagram 5.5.5 Sloping seats of Astrodome

Diagram 5.5.6 Sloping seats of Stadium Negara 18

ASTRODOME, HOUSTON

STADIUM NEGARA, KUALA LUMPUR

5.5.2 DIFFERENCES AIR VENTILATION Air-conditioning system is used for cooling purpose in Astrodome due to the higher temperature in Houston.

Natural ventilation system is established through ventilation tunnels found in the narrow slits on the concrete seats.

Diagram 5.5.7 Air- conditioning system of Astrodome

Diagram 5.5.8 Ventilation tunnel incorporated with seats

LIGHT PENETRATION Light is transmitted into the stadium through the transparent glass roof.

Diagram 5.5.9 Skylight of the dome roof of Astrodome

Light pass through the clerestory windows into the stadium.

Diagram 5.5.10 Light source originates form clerestory windows FLOORING

Artificial turf is used as flooring material after the original natural grass playing surface dies.

Diagram 5.5.11 Artificial turf of Astrodome

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Timber is used as flooring material for the arena of Stadium Negara.

Diagram 5.5.12 Timber flooring of arena

6.1 ENTRANCE 6.1.1 CANTILEVER The northwest façade is designed with a overhang cantilevered roof to emphasis the main entrance of the building. This feature helps in directing users into the stadium through the main entrance. The flat and rectangular-shaped roof gives the stadium a clean yet simple appearance that portrayed the essence of Modern architecture.

6.1.2 TICKET BOOTH Tickets booth can be found at the side of the main entrance once users enter the building.

This booths are used to facilitate ticket collection in a systematic way. They will only be opened when there are events going on and are closed during normal days.

6.1.3 HALLWAY To transit from the entrance hall to the arena, users must walk through a hallway connecting the two spaces. The hallway was built with low ceiling so that the user will have a feeling of openness when they enter the arena which is much more spacious due to the contrast produced by the difference in ceiling level.

Diagram 6.1.1 Cantilever at the min entrance

Diagram 6.1.2 Ticket booth at the entrance’s sides

Diagram 6.1.3 Hallway with dropped ceiling

6.2 DOORS 6.2.1 GATE DOORS The outer part of the stadium is mostly equipped with collapsible and foldable gate door that act as partitions between two spaces while allowing air movement from the outside of the building to improve ventilation.

6.2.2 PANELS DOORS Timber panel doors are used for organizers’ rooms to retain privacy while glass panel doors are used to completely separate two different areas.

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Diagram 6.2.1 Collapsible and foldable gate doors

Diagram 6.2.2 Glass and timber panel doors

6.3 LOUVRES/WINDOWS 6.3.1 VENTILATION AND LIGHT CONTROL AROUND THE BUILDING Louvres and window as part of the natural ventilation system was constructed on full perimeter of the building.

6.3.2 LOUVRES Vertical louvres are placed all around the stadium to allow transmission of natural light in the stadium and improve ventilation by letting in cool air from the outside. These louvres are electrically operated by means of remote control to better manipulate the amount of sunlight entering the building.

6.3.3 WINDOWS Windows of various designs are applied on the façade of the stadium and are intentionally constructed at certain angles to provide optimal ventilation and light control.

Diagram 6.3.1 Exterior of the stadium with louvres and windows

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Diagram 6.3.2 Vertical louvres viewed from the inside of the stadium

Diagram 6.3.3 Windows located around the stadium’s perimeter

6.4 SEATINGS 6.4.1 CUSHIONED SEATS The most comfortable seat in the stadium is the cushioned one with armrest and back rest.

These seats are usually reserved for VIPs of the events and are placed near to the entrance so that they are easily accessible.

6.4.2 UPHOLSTERED SEATS Second to the cushioned seats are the upholstered seats which also have armrests and backrests but are relatively harder compared to cushioned seats. This seats are located nearer to the centre of the stadium thus provide better view.

6.4.3 TIMBER SEATS Located at the lower tier of the arena after the upholstered seats are seats layered with timber planks as finishing. These seats are retractable when more spaces are required for performance and storage purposes.

6.4.4 CONCRETE SEATS The cheapest seats during an event are usually the concrete seats located at the upper tier of the arena. They are the furthest from the centre of the stadium and are not as comfortable as the former seats. There are small slits that allow air to move in on the concrete seats.

Diagram 6.4.1 Cushioned seats with armrests and backrests

Diagram 6.4.2 Upholstered seats with armrests and backrests

Diagram 6.4.3 Seats with timber finishing

Diagram 6.4.4 Concrete seats with ventilation slits

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Conclusively, Malaysia’s democracy is represented in this once revolutionary architecture — Stadium Negara. All these subtle Islamic geometrical patterns and motifs that were carefully incorporated in its facade, the multiple architectural styles that were introduced to this design by the Architect, the inspirations and influences channelled into the building construction and structure, they are all reflected here. Its main importance is holding events, local or international, that simply acts as a platform for Malaysia to interact with people on an international level. And during its most glorious of times, Stadium Negara has done its part successfully. It has and still is serving the community with its space, environment and most importantly, architecture.

CHURCH OF OUR LADY OF LOURDES

1.1 OVERVIEW

1.3 THE FOUNDER

Being built in the year 1928, The Church of Our Lady of Lourdes is currently recognized as one of the oldest religious building in Klang. The church serves to reach out and give both spiritual and social attachments to Catholicism and has been offering counsel since the difficult time when British colonized Malaya.

Since the year 1990, priests from St. John Church which is in Bukit Nanas, Kuala Lumpur used to travel to Klang to celebrate masses in a small house located on the hillocks of Jalan Kota every month. In 1923, Father Souhait from France was sent by the Apostolic Vicar of Malaya in request to come to Malaya for evangelization missions.

The large amount of spiritual needs of Catholic residents in Klang triggered the awareness of Father Souhait, who was an architecture student before taking up Holy Orders, to have a permanent church for the believers. He modelled the church on the pilgrimage church in Lourdes, France in which Mother Mary appeared 18 times as miracles to Bernadette Soubirous in 1858.

He was the initiator behind the Church of Our Lady of Lourdes which stands till today as a symbol of grace and holiness.

1.2 FAST FACTS Full name

: Church of Our Lady of Lourdes

Location

: Jalan Tengku Kelana, Klang Malaysia

Coordinates: 3°2′14″N 101°26′40″E Year built

: 1928

Founder

: Reverend Father John Baptists Souhait

Cost

: $45, 000

Status

: Active

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1.4 HISTORY & TIMELINE ANALYSIS 1980 Pockets of Chinese and Indian immigrants began settling on the banks of the Klang river. Due to the fact that there were many Catholics among them, Priests were sent from St. John’s, Kuala Lumpur to tend to their spiritual wellfares

1925 Construction of the church commenced with funding of $45,000 raised by Father Souhait through his visitations to different parishes across the peninsular in 2 years.

1937 Due to the blooming of the rubber industry, many factories were started in Klang. The increasing jop opportunities attracted many Singaporean workers to come all the way to this tiny obscure town of Klang. The church took them all under her wing and gradually became a strong sign of communion to bring people from other states and countries together.

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1923 Father Souhait was directed to take charge of the spiritual needs of the Catholic residents in Klang and surrounding districts, including Kuala Selangor and Kuala Langat. He was soon aware of the need for a permenant church building and set about to acquire the present site.

1928 In August, the building, completely constructed with its grotto and parochial, was declared open and blessed by Bishop Perrichon.

PRESENT The church is now a historical landmark in Selangor and is one of the buildings that is most photographed by tourists who visit Klang. Her diversity in having many different religions saw the rise of many temples for Chinese and Hindu as well as mosques for the Muslims

2.1 BUILDING ACCESSIBILITY To reach Church of Our Lady of Lourdes , bus is the most convenient public transport available in the area. Main bus stops connected to Church of Our Lady of Lourdes are located along Jalan Tengku Kelana, Jalan Saga and Jalan Raya Barat. If visitors stop by at bus station along Jalan Tengku Kelana , they can just follow this route and reach their destination in 1 minute. Meanwhile, the walking distance from the nearest bus stations along Jalan Saga to Church of Our Lady of Lourdes would be approximately 8 minutes via Bulatan Simpang Lima . Another alternative is to stop at Jalan Raya Barat and walk for about 6 minutes to reach the church via Jalan Tengku Kelana.

Church of Our Lady of Lourdes

Diagram 2.1.1 Routes to Church of Our Lady of Lourdes from various bus stops.

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2.2 RELATIONSHIP OF BUILDING WITH SURROUNDING At the northeast direction of Church of Lady of Lourdes are two secondary girl schools namely SMK Convent Klang and SMK Convent 1. A Chinese temple, Klang Kwan Imm Temple, and a Hindu temple, Kuil Sri Sivan, located at west and north direction of the church, respectively. Tugu Keris, as a historical landmark of the area, stands at the church’s south. There is also Letchumanan Hall acting as an event venue at northwest direction of the church.

Church of Our Lady of Lourdes

LEGEND: SMK Convent Klang SMK Convent 1 Klang Kwan Imm Temple

Kuil Sri Sivan Tugu Keris Diagram 2.2.1 Important landmarks and buildings around Church of Our Lady of Lourdes

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Letchumanan Hall

Diagram 2.2.2 SMK Convent Klang

Diagram 2.2.3 SK Convent 1

Diagram 2.2.4 Klang Kwan Imm Temple

Diagram 2.2.5 Kuil Sri Sivan

Diagram 2.2.6 Tugu Keris

Diagram 2.2.7 Letchumanan Hall

3.1 PLAN TO SECTION ANALYSIS Despite the fact of being a catholic church, Church of Our Lady of Lourdes does not completely adopt the typical layout of a Catholic church. The main difference lays between the absence of transept, which is the area set crosswise to the nave (main body) in a cruciform church. However, other common features such as altar, sanctuary, chancel, nave and narthex were not omitted in the construction of Church of Our Lady of Lourdes.

-Ground floor plan-

-Mezzanine floor plan-

Diagram 3.1.1 Plans of the church.

-Section A-A-

Diagram 3.1.2 Sections of the church.

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3.2 ORGANIZATION ANALYSIS 3.2.1 GEOMETRY

Diagram 3.2.1 Rectangular form integrated with circle In short, the entire form of Church of Our Lady of Lourdes is made up of simple geometric form. The main shape that makes up the building is rectangle, which can be easily seen from the plan of the building. Combination of circular form at the areas of altar, sanctuary and chancel can also be observed at the end of the church.

3.2.2 BALANCE AND SYMMETRY

Diagram 3.2.2 Balance and symmetry in plan

Diagram 3.2.3 Balance and symmetry in front elevation

Diagram 3.2.4 Balance and symmetry in rear elevation

The overall layout of the church is symmetrically balance. This is clearly portrayed by the plan that can be divided horizontally into two equal haves. As for the front and rear elevations, same principle is applied where axis of symmetry can be drawn vertically across the building.

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3.2.3 REPETITION

Diagram 3.2.5 Reflected ceiling plan indicates the repetition of barrel vault segments.

Diagram 3.2.6 Side elevation indicates repetition of windows and columns Principle of repetition can be found in both interior and exterior of the church. On the interior ceiling, barrel vault segments were constructed repeatedly at fixed distance between each other. As for structural aspect, the windows and columns on the exterior of the building clearly portray the principle of repetition.

3.3 SPACE ORGANIZATION 3.3.1 GROUND FLOOR

LEGEND: Sanctuary Altar

Chancel Seating areas

Nave Narthex

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At one end of the ground level of the church is altar surrounded by sanctuary. The chancel, which is the area reserved for the clergy and choir, is separated from the nave (main body) by steps. There are about 150 seats available on the ground floor, which is situated in the nave.

The opposite end of the building has the narthex which is consisted of the entrance or lobby area of the church.

3.3.2 MEZZANINE FLOOR

LEGEND: Void

Seating area

On the mezzanine level, only the front part of the church is used for seating area as an elevated deck looking off the ground floor. Beside the seating area is a rectangular void above the ground floor where it becomes an open space.

3.4 CIRCULATION TO USE-SPACE

-Ground floor plan-

-Mezzanine floor plan-

LEGEND: Primary circulation

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Secondary circulation

Tertiary circulation

There are three main doors acting as entrances where visitors enter the building passing through narthex. In order to get to their seats, visitors will usually walk along the walkway between two columns of seating areas. At the end of the walkway is the chancel, altar and sanctuary. Another mainly used entrances are located at both sides of the building, at the far end of the nave. There are also two entrances at the sides of the front part of nave, but they were use relatively lesser. There is also minor circulation on the mezzanine level which is led by a spiral staircase from the ground floor.

4.1 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Gothic architecture is a style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages.

It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture.

Originating in 12th-century France, it was widely used, especially for cathedrals and churches, until the 16th century.

4.1.1 STAINED GLASS WINDOW One of the most prominent features of Gothic architecture was the use of stained-glass window which fill the church with light and colour. In the Church of Our Lady of Lourdes, these windows can be easily seen in semicircular shape above the side entrances and a bigl circular rose window at the front faรงade that allow some degree of light transmission.

Diagram 4.1.1 Semicircular stained-glass windows above the side entrances

Diagram 4.1.2 Rose window on the front of the church

4.1.2 BLIND ARCADE A blind arcade or blind window is an arcade that is composed of a series of arches that has no actual openings and that is applied to the surface of a wall as a decorative element. Blind arcade, as a common decorative feature that has no load-bearing function in Gothic building, can be found at the front faรงade of Church of Lady of Lourdes.

4.1.3 TRACERY In architecture, tracery is the stonework elements that support the glass in a Gothic window.

Rose window of the Church of Our Lay of Lourdes is hold by tracery that is comprised of overlapping arcs like flower petals and circular shape. Other traceries of the side windows can be found in graphic forms of trefoils or quatrefoils.

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Diagram 4.1.3 Blind arcade on the front facade

Diagram 4.1.4 Tracery of rose window and side windows

4.1.4 RIBBED DOME Being invisible exteriorly, the ceiling of the church’s back part where the altar and sanctuary locate is designed as ribbed dome. It is a type of vault giving the effect of a dome where the under-surface of the dome is subdivided by radiating ribs.

4.1.5 TOWERS AND SPIRES Although not as visible and prominent as those of the ancient western churches, Church of Our Lady of Lourdes still show the influence of Gothic architecture by having two bell towers of equal height on which each of them has 4 spires at the corners.

4.1.6 SCULPTURES AND DECORATIONS The exteriors and interiors of Gothic cathedrals were usually lavishly ornamented with sculptures and decorations on religious themes. The same condition can be seen in Church of Our Lady of Lourdes where statues and sculptures with symbolic meanings can be found at the outside an inside of the building.

Diagram 4.1.5 Ribbed dome above altar and sanctuary

Diagram 4.1.6 Spires on top of the bell tower

Diagram 4.1.7 Symbolic sculpture outside the church

4.2 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semicircular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 11th century, this later date being the most held. It combined features of ancient Roman and Byzantine buildings and other local traditions 33

4.2.1 BARREL VAULT A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve along a given distance. It is the simplest type of vaulted roof. In Church of Our Lady of Lourdes, a single arched surface extends from wall to wall across the length of the nave.

4.2.2 SEMICIRCULAR ARCH The arches used in Romanesque architecture are nearly always semicircular, for openings such as doors and windows, for vaults and for arcades. The three main entrances of Church of Our Lady of Lourdes was designed with this round arch, and the same design was also applied to the windows and arcades.

Diagram 4.2.1 Barrel vault spanning across the nave

Diagram 4.2.2 Semicircular arches at entrances and windows

4.2.3 COLUMNS AND CAPITALS Columns are an important structural feature of Romanesque architecture. The columns found inside the church is in the form of attached shafts or colonettes where they are half-engaged to the wall. Each columns come with capital of simple carvings on top.

4.2.4 FLAT BUTTRESSES Buttresses are not a highly significant feature in Romanesque building, as they are in Gothic architecture. Romanesque buttresses are generally of flat square profile and do not project a great deal beyond the wall. Angled buttresses can be found all around the church.

4.2.5 SYMMETRICAL PLAN In Romanesque architecture, buildings have clearly defined forms, frequently of very regular, symmetrical plan; the overall appearance is one of simplicity when compared with the Gothic buildings. The design of Church of Our Lady of Lourdes fulfil this characteristic where it has a symmetrical plan and simple form.

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Diagram 4.2.3 Flat buttresses around the church

Diagram 4.2.4 Attached columns with carved capitals

5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.1.1 DESIGN CONCEPT The construction of the church aim to achieve architecture that contains not only art and beauty, but also emphasizes values and belief by considering building orientation. Thus, the light setting and tone in the church is one of the most important aspects that need to be considered to fulfil the concept of Light and God, where the element ‘Light’ represents God’s love and the light penetration through fenestrations into the church represents the love that overcomes sin and darkness.

LIGHT

LOVE

GOD

Diagram 5.1.1 Initial design concept of Church of Our Lady of Lourdes

5.2 STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS 5.2.1 GABLE ROOF The roof of Church of Lady of Lourdes consists of two roof sections sloping in opposite directions and placed such that the highest horizontal edges meet to form the roof ridge. The main structure was made up of hardwood rafters that were supported by metal roof truss and concrete vault ceiling. Above the rafters were clay roof tiles that act as finishing and provides a layer of protection to the structure.

5.2.2 BRICK WALL The wall of the building was relatively thinner to minimize heat absorbed as the thicker wall gains more heat. It was built in the conventional way of using bricks and cements. The exposed bricks were then covered with plaster finishing or aesthetic purpose. The wall had undergone repainting years after construction when the white paint faded away.

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Diagram 5.2.1 Gable roof with clay tiles finishing

Diagram 5.2.2 Metal roof truss structure

Diagram 5.2.4 Section of roof

Diagram 5.2.3 Bricks and cements wall

Diagram 5.2.5 Section of wall

5.3 MATERIAL ANALYSIS 5.3.1 BRICK Brick wall was implemented in the construction of Church of Lady of Lourdes instead of stone wall because brick was a locally abundant materials that can be easily acquired. Besides, construction of brick wall involved lower cost and required less skills as it is easy to work with.

Brick is also weatherproof and can withstand the test of time, even under the harshest environmental conditions.

5.3.2 CLAY Clay tiles were preferred to be used as roof finishing because clay is more conventional and is a cheaper roofing material. It is a natural thermal mass insulator as it keep the heat out and the cold in during hot days and vice versa during cold days.

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5.3.3 TIMBER Timber overhanging pitched roofs were constructed along the sides of the building using the locally abundant Meranti wood. It provides shade to create a cooler environment during sunny days. Rawness of timber also has its aesthetic value to give the users a natural and rustic ambiance.

Diagram 5.3.1 Brick wall

Diagram 5.3.2 Clay roof tiles

Diagram 5.3.3 Timber overhang roof

5.3.4 METAL Steel was used as roof framing and wrought iron was used as material for the spiral staircase found in the church. This is because steel is a light yet strong material that provide enough support to hold up the roof structure and is not prone to breaking. Iron’s ductility and malleability enable it to be formed into desire shapes according to the design of the structure.

5.3.5 CERAMIC The interior flooring material is ceramic tiles. It was used because of its quality of moisture resistant, in which it prevents bacteria and fungi from growing and destroying the building.

Ceramic is a good insulator of heat which means it has a cooling effect as it prevent absorption of excess heat from the surrounding. It can be easily cleaned and maintained and can withstand compression.

5.3.6 GLASS Stained glass was used in windows of Church of Lady of Lourdes as decorative elements. It add colours and light to the building when light pass through the stained surface. Stained glass also enhances the sense of sacred and holiness of the church.

Diagram 5.3.4 Wrought iron staircases 37

Diagram 5.3.5 Ceramic flooring

Diagram 5.3.6 Stained glass window

5.4 RESPONSE TO CLIMATE The design of clay-tiled gable roof is very suitable as it adapted to Malaysia’s hot and humid climate. The steepness of the roof allow rainwater to run down the slope instead of flooding at the rooftop. This mechanism protect the building from being destroyed in rainy season.

Apart from that, the tinted glass windows and rose window allow sunlight to penetrate and brighten up the space but at the same time control the amount of heat by filtering away excess sunlight entering the building.

LEGEND: Sunlight direction

Cool air direction

Rain flow direction

Warm air direction

Jalousie windows at the façade of the church allow better ventilation where cool air moves into the building and hot air rises to escape through the windows placed at the bell towers.

This help to regulate the inner temperature of the building.

5.5 IN COMPARISON WITH THE LIKE NOTRE DAME DE PARIS

CHURCH OF OUR LADY OF LOURDES

5.5.1 SIMILARITIES ROSE WINDOWS Being influenced by Gothic architecture, both of the churches were decorated with stained glass rose window on their façade.

Diagram 5.5.1 Rose window of Church of Lady of Lourdes

Diagram 5.5.2 Rose window of Notre Dame De Paris 38

FRONT FACADE Both of the churches have similar design on their front faรงade, with three arched entrances and two bell towers of equal height standing on both sides.

Diagram 5.5.4 Front faรงade of Notre Dame De Paris

Diagram 5.5.3 Front faรงade of Church of Lady of Lourdes

GABLE ROOF The roofs of both buildings are of gable type, consist of two pitched or sloping slides which are symmetrical to each other.

Diagram 5.5.5 Gable roof of Church of Lady of Lourdes

Diagram 5.5.6 Gable roof of Notre Dame De Paris

CHURCH OF OUR LADY OF LOURDES

NOTRE DAME DE PARIS

5.5.2 DIFFERENCES VAULT TYPE Barrel vault was used for the ceiling Heavily influenced by Gothic architecture, because it was easier to construct. ribbed vault was chose to be constructed.

Diagram 5.5.7 Barrel vault 39

Diagram 5.5.8 Ribbed vault

ARCHES The arches used in Church of Our Lady of Lourdes are semi-circular Roman arches.

Diagram 5.5.9 Air- conditioning system of Astrodome

The arches used in Notre Dame De Paris are Pointed Gothic arches.

Diagram 5.5.10 Ventilation tunnel incorporated with seats

6.1 WINDOWS 6.1.1 TINTED GLASS WINDOWS Tinted glass windows can be found on the front faรงade as rose window. Other tinted glass windows were designed with symbolic graphics and are situated on both sides of the building.

6.1.2 JALOUSIE WINDOWS Jalousie or louvre windows which were made of timber are constructed at the sides of the building and on the bell tower to facilitate ventilation. The round arch lintel is used to support the upper part of the window to prevent the bricks in the wall from collapsing.

Diagram 6.1.1 Tinted glass window

6.2 STAIRCASE AND STEPS

Diagram 6.1.2.2 Jalousie

6.2.1 SPIRAL STAIRCASE Spiral staircase with steps wind around a vertical axis that forms a helix form was build to connect the ground floor and the mezzanine floor. There are railings and rought anti-slip surface of threads on the steps to ensure safety of the users 40

6.2.2 STEPS From the nave to the chancel, there are steps that span horizontally across the full length of the building. This steps produce a contrast in level between the two connected area, which are the nave and the chancel..

Diagram 6.2.1 Spiral staircase made of wrought iron

Diagram 6.2.2 Anti-slip surface on steps

Diagram 6.2.3 Steps from nave to chancel

Conclusively, Church of our Lady of Lourdes is a fusion between local vernacular architecture with obvious hints of French Gothic Architecture by analysing the construction of the building. Father Souhait, whom was a former architecture student, prioritised the importance of the user’s comfort. Hence, the architecture and the preservation of architecture is very crucial in maintaining this historical building. As one of the first masonry with French Gothic Architecture features, a good and consistent preservation ensures the safety and comfort of church-goers, while also marking it as a unique and must-visit landmark within the urban landscapes of Klang.

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EDITORIAL LIST PROJECT 2 C O M PA R AT I V E A N A LY S I S R E P O R T

AUDREE ONG JING EE

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0340152

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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOUR) IN ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE HISTORY AND THEORY | ARC 60804 | AUGUST 2019 INTAKE