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Group 1 JUN WANG & XIANGJIAN ZOU
What is IBA? OVGA? DWELP? Who are the Jury and what would they be looking for? What is the IBA model? Show Examples.
What is IBA?
IBA Internationale Bauausstellung or International Building Exhibition The goal of an IBA is to develop evidence-based toolkits and frameworks that designers, planners and policymakers can access to plan for their city’s future. In Victoria, the IBA Melbourne project affects the transformation of housing provision.Related IBA activities attracted citizens of all ages and fields to explore the possibilities of Melbourne’s future housing. IBA considered Melbourne’s shortage of affordable housing and other pressing issues of today and establish new paradigms for future practices.
What is OVGA?
OVGA Office of the Victorian Government Architect OVGA provide advice, advocacy and collaboration on good design in the built environment. ADVICE In the process of government work, OVGA provides a critical understanding of architectural design for capital works, individual projects and broader planning initiatives. ADVOCACY OVGA encourages high-quality buildings and public spaces, reflecting the following characteristics: diversity, sustainability, promote confidence and wellbeing, as well as cultural and visual. COLLABORATION In the design process, bring project leads, experts and decision makers together with stakeholders.
What is DWELP?
DWELP Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning DWELP creates thriving environments and communities. DWELP believes that communities are diverse and the agency focused on creating a liveable, inclusive and sustainable Victoria with thriving natural environments-where the community is at the centre of everything they do. They focus on the following areas of service: climate change, wildlife, property and land titles, forest ďŹ re management, environment, water, forest and energy, etc.Their goal is to reduce community risks through various services, build exible communities, set sustainable strategies, and create green energy and a zero-carbon environment.
Who are the Jury and what would they be looking for?
Alan Pert The University of Melbourne
Jill Garner OVGA
Stefan Preuss OVGA
Kerstin Thompson Kerstin Thompson Architects
Kate Raynor The University of Melbourne
Gerard Healey The University of Melbourne
Lee-Ann Khor Monash University
Shane Murray Monash University
Tom Alves RMIT
Andrea Sharam RMIT
Marcus White Swinburne University of Technology
Kath Hulse Swinburne University of Technology
Robert Pradolin Housing All Australians
What are they looking for? Leading university research studies + Government bodies + Architectural Practices //
Resolving Melbourne’s housing crisis IBA Melbourne will shape the future of aordable housing and showcase Victoria on a global platform.
Perfect IBA Research Repository Exploring current housing repository. IBA lab is collecting and seeking material relating to housing research. To contribute to the study of future house types.
What is the IBA model?
IBA Melbourne Most of the IBA’s in the 20th century revolved around periods of either great political upheaval, social change, or demographic shift. Therefore, IBA Melbourne is also formed in this social context.
IBA Model The IBA model ensures that the public are a formal part of the IBA governance structure and design process. A important tool for built environment professionals. Providing appropriate, liveable, sustainable, and aordable housing models for a wide range of people. The IBA model can provide some past or historical experiences. The end goal is to produce architecture and typologies that represent a point in time, reect on the past, and prepare for the future.
Show Examples Case 01
VALLASTADEN 2017
Vallastaden 2017 Project early 1000 residences have been built by 40 different developers – all in record time. Located in Linköping Sweden A dense, green and varied city district · A vibrant urban district centered around its residents. · A mix of detached houses, terrace houses, apartment buildings, student housing and commercial spaces. · The Vallastaden Model, a new model for social planning. · Challenging the way in which we traditionally build cities. · The Vallastaden Model is based on the municipal toolbox for urban planning.
Four themes COMMUNITY high density, green, diversity MATERIALS wood, metal sheet and glass concrete CONNECTIONS parks, squares, streets and bridges INSPIRATION Art in the Urban Environment
Variety and mixing In Vallastaden, all houses are dierentfrom the frame to the ground. The designers focused on aspects such as how the land is used and the relationship between the house and the street and the house next door.
Various expressions In the same block, villas, terraced houses, nursing homes, generational housing, apartments, rental apartments (large and small) coexist
Meeting Luxury communicate space. The Plaza is regarded as the main transportation hub.
Slow Reduce the use of motor vehicles, oneway street establishment.
Energy-saving and smart facilities Using passive and energy-eďŹƒcient homes. In Vallastaden, most of the houses are made of wood and use new energyeďŹƒcient materials.
Planning and Innovation Set Vallastadsmodellen model for subsequent block development. Models can be used to analyze property division, quality planning, and land distribution.
Vallastaden 2017 Project
Alp Lodge
Alp Lodge
Arkadhuset
Atriumhuset
B2
B24
B3
B43
Desire The overall goal of Vallastaden is to create an attractive community while contributing to the development of community architecture in Sweden. Through extensive dialogue with the industry and the public, the goal is to create an entertaining and hybrid region where many innovative ideas can be realized.
Show Examples Case 02
PREVI Lima 1969 Experimental Housing Project
PRIVE Project PREVI experimental housing 1969 by Josep LluĂs Mateo, Marianne Baumgartner, Tomeu Ramis, Peter Land. The Site is in the north of Lima’s downtown. Due to political and economic circumstances, instead of the 1,500 dwellings initially envisaged, the pilot scheme comprised 500 homes.
Complex Process The PREVI was the result of a rather complex procedure involving 13 international and 13 local architects, various competitions and, ďŹ nally, the construction of a new neighbourhood comprising fragments designed by dierent agents, like a patchwork.
Competition Brief A neighborhood and design based upon the high-density, low-rise concept, a module and model for future urban expansion. A growing house concept , with integral courtyard. ConďŹ gurations of housing clusters within the neighborhood master plan. An entirely human-scale pedestrian environment in the neighborhood. Improved and new house-building methods with earthquake resistance. An overall neighborhood landscape plan.
A New Urban Principle The PREVI built project itself deďŹ nes the new urban principles, which is a more comprehensive take on functionalism. The urban principles of PREVI are human scale and a pedestrian orientated environment.
Adaptability and Transformation PREVI considered and studied the desires and living patterns of future occupants of the project in the design process. PREVI has been radically transformed by its inhabitants in programmatic and formal terms over the last 40 years.
Research Repository GROUP 2: Data Pack + InďŹ ll Opportunities
Data Pack Amber Young + Zhuoqing LI (Eve)
02.01 01. Clause 52.06 Car Parking Provision The Purpose • •
• • • •
To ensure that car parking is provided in accordance with the Municipal Planning Strategy and the Planning Policy Framework. To ensure the provision of an appropriate number of car parking spaces having regard to the demand likely to be generated, the activities on the land and the nature of the locality. To support sustainable transport alternatives to the motor car. To promote the efficient use of car parking spaces through the consolidation of car parking facilities. To ensure that car parking does not adversely affect the amenity of the locality. To ensure that the design and location of car parking is of a high standard, creates a safe environment for users and enables easy and efficient use.
The Car Parking Requirement A car parking requirement in Table 1 is calculated by multiplying the figure in Column A or Column B (whichever applies) by the measure (for example square metres, number of patrons or number of bedrooms) in Column C.
02.01 01. Clause 52.06 Car Parking Provision Design standards for car parking
• • • • • • • •
Design standard 1 – Accessways – Dimensions Design standard 2 – Car parking spaces Design standard 3 – Gradients Design standard 4–Mechanical parking Design standard 5–Urban design Design standard 6–Safety Design standard 7–Landscaping General Decision guidelines
02.02 02. Clause 52.34 - Bicycle Facilities Provision The Purpose • •
To encourage cycling as a mode of transport. - sustainable transport To provide secure, accessible, and convenient bicycle parking spaces and associated shower and change facilities.
The Bicycle Facilities Requirement
Design Of Bicycle Spaces •
• •
Provide a space for a bicycle of minimum dimensions of 1.7 metres in length, 1.2 metres in height and 0.7 metres in width at the handlebars. Be located to allow a bicycle to be ridden to within 30 metres of the bicycle parking space. Be located to provide convenient access from surrounding bicycle routes and main building entrances.
02.03 03. Clause 55 - Two or more dwellings on a lot and apartment developments The Purpose • •
• •
To implement the Municipal Planning Strategy and the Planning Policy Framework. To achieve residential development that respects the existing neighbourhood character or which contributes to a preferred neighbourhood character. To encourage residential development that provides reasonable standards of amenity for existing and new residents. To encourage residential development that is responsive to the site and the neighbourhood.
The Application • • • • •
Construct a dwelling if there is at least one dwelling existing on the lot, Construct two or more dwellings on a lot, Extend a dwelling if there are two or more dwellings on the lot, Construct or extend a dwelling on common property, or Construct or extend a residential building, in the Neighbourhood Residential Zone, General Residential Zone, Residential Growth Zone, Mixed Use Zone or Township Zone.
02.03 03. Clause 55 - Two or more dwellings on a lot and apartment developments Overview •
•
•
Objectives. An objective describes the desired outcome to be achieved in the completed development. Neighbourhood and site description and design response Site layout and building massing On-site amenity and facilities Detailed design Apartment developments Standards. A standard contains the requirements to meet the objective. A standard should normally be met. However, if the responsible authority is satisfied that an application for an alternative design solution meets the objective, the alternative design solution may be considered. Decision guidelines. The decision guidelines set out the matters that the responsible authority must consider before deciding if an application meets the objectives.
Objectives - Neighbourhood and site description and design response • • • • •
Neighbourhood character objectives Residential policy objectives Dwelling diversity objective Infrastructure objectives Integration with the street objective
02.03 03. Clause 55 - Two or more dwellings on a lot and apartment developments Objectives - Site layout and building massing • • • • • • • • • •
Street setback objective Building height objective Site coverage objective Permeability and stormwater management objectives Energy efficiency objectives Open space objective Safety objective Landscaping objectives Access objective Parking location objectives
Objectives - Amenity Impacts • • • • • • • •
Side and rear setbacks objective Walls on boundaries objective Daylight to existing windows objective North-facing windows objective Overshadowing open space objective Overlooking objective Internal views objective Noise impacts objectives
02.03 03. Clause 55 - Two or more dwellings on a lot and apartment developments Objectives - Site layout and building massing • • • • • •
Accessibility objective Dwelling entry objective Daylight to new windows objective Private open space objective Solar access to open space objective Storage objective
Objectives - Detailed design • • • •
Design detail objective Front fences objective Common property objectives Site services objectives
02.03 03. Clause 55 - Two or more dwellings on a lot and apartment developments Objectives - Apartment developments • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Energy efficiency objectives Communal open space objective Solar access to communal outdoor open space objective Deep soil areas and canopy trees objective Integrated water and stormwater management objectives Noise impacts objectives Accessibility objective Building entry and circulation objectives Private open space above ground floor objective Storage objective Waste and recycling objectives Functional layout objective Windows objective Natural ventilation objectives
02.04 04. Clause 73.01 - Planning Scheme DeďŹ nition - General Terms Selected General Terms
02.04 04. Clause 73.01 - Planning Scheme DeďŹ nition - General Terms Selected General Terms
02.06 06. PPN 84 Garden Area Requirement The size of the existing lot determines the minimum percentage of the lot that must be set aside as garden area. This is to ensure the garden character of suburbs is protected. Lot size
Minimum percentage of garden area
400-500 sqm
25%
Above 500-650 sqm
30%
Above 650 sqm
35%
Part of Garden Area
Non-Allowed Garden Area
Pergola, unroofed terrace, decks less than 800mm in height
Dwelling/residential building
Area under eaves, fascias or gutters that does not exceed a width of 600mm
Driveway/area for car parking (including carports and garages)
Area above basements (that do not project above ground level)
Basement that projects above ground level
Outbuildings (less than 10sqm) eg. garden sheds
Any area that has the dimensions of less than 1m
Swimming pools and tennis courts
Area under verandah/porch/balcony forming part of the dwelling
Pathways and outdoor entertaining areas
Roofed alfresco area
-
2.02.07 07. 2020 Better Apartment Design Standards Existing Clause/Requirement
2020 Apartment Standard
Clause 55.02-5 Integration with the street
Integration with the street Objective: Integrate development layout with street to activate street frontage Standard: - Should incorporate pedestrian entries, windows, balconies etc along street - Blank walls and high fences along street avoided - Front fencing visually permeable - Car parking and waste collection not to be visible from street - Developing next to open space should facilitate passive surveillance
Clause 55.03-8 Access
Access Objective: Ensuring vehicle access points are designed to provide safe access and minimise impact on other pedestrians and vehicles, and visual impact on the street Standard: - Number of vehicle access points should be minimised and integrated with facade, and preferably located at the side or rear of building - Pedestrian and cycle access should be separate from vehicle access - Maximise retention of on street parking - Provide access for emergency, delivery and service vehicles
Clause 55.03-9 Site Services
Site Services Objective: Ensure site services can be installed and easily maintained and visually integrated into the building + landscape design Standard: - Provide adequate space and facilities for efficient installation and maintenance of services - Meters/utility services should be integrated with building and landscape
2.02.07 07. 2020 Better Apartment Design Standards -
Mailboxes etc should be integrated into design, durable, weatherproof, adequately sized and convenient
Clause 55.07-2 Communal Open Space
Communal Open Space Objective: Providing open space to meet recreational need of residents Standard: - Developments with 12 dwellings or fewer should have min space 30sqm - 13 or more dwellings should have min space of 2.5 sqm per dwelling or 250 sqm, whichever is less - Communal open space should be -Accessible to all residents -Useable shape, size and dimension -Can accommodate canopy trees Located to - Provide passive surveillance - Provide outlook for dwellings - Avoid overlooking into dwellings - Minimise noise
Clause 55.07-4 Deep soil areas and canopy trees
Landscaping Objective: Provide landscaping that: - supports existing landscape of area - Preserves existing canopy cover - Reduces visual impact of buildings to streetscape - Is climate responsive - Supports biodiversity, wellbeing and amenity - Reduces urban heat Standard: - Development should retain canopy trees and provide canopy cover - Canopy trees should be located in communal open space or common areas, with landscaping being provided on street frontage - Landscaping should also have ground cover, shrubs and flowering native species - Landscaping should be supported by irrigation from water sources such as rainwater tanks, stormwater and recycled water
02.09 05. Livable Housing Design Guidelines A livable home is designed and built to meet the changing needs of occupants across their lifetime. They include features that make them easier and safer for all occupants to use, including: • people with a disability (better choice of housing and opportunity to visit homes of others) • ageing Australians/baby boomers • people with temporary injuries (limited mobility) • families with young children (manoeuvre prams and removing trip hazards for toddlers) A liveable home is designed to: • Be easy to enter • Be easy to navigate in and around • Be capable of easy and cost effective adaptation • Be responsive to the changing needs of home occupants Three performance levels: silver, gold and platinum Core liveable design elements (silver level) • A safe continuous and step free path from the street entrance/ parking area to a dwelling entrance • At least 1 level step free entrance to the dwelling • Internal doors and corridors facilitate comfortable movement between spaces • A toilet on the ground floor that is easy access • A bathroom that has a hobless shower recess (sits flush with rest of floor) • Reinforced walls around the toilet, shower and bath to support safe installation of grabrails • Stairways designed to reduce injury likelihood and enable future adaptation Guidelines: 15 liveable design elements Dwelling access, Dwelling entrance, Internal doors and corridors, Toilet, Shower, Reinforcement of bathroom and toilet walls, Internal stairways, Kitchen space, Laundry space, Ground (or entry level) bedroom space, Switches and powerpoints, Door and tap hardware, Family/living room space, Window sills, Flooring.
02.10 09. Apartment Design Guidelines for Victoria (March 2020 Draft) Key Areas Landscaping • Using canopy trees to foster a green landscape character to new apartment buildings • Locate canopy trees to maximise the enjoyment by residents and the broader community • Provide enough soil space to ensure all canopy trees will thrive • Vary and arrange canopy trees to bring interest and life to the landscape • If canopy trees cannot be provided, use pergolas or arbours with climbing plants to provide shade and urban cooling • Supplement canopy trees with smaller trees, shrubs, groundcovers and climbers to ensure a complete landscape solution • Use landscape to enliven building frontages • Use light coloured pavements to avoid creating hot outdoor spaces • Create a place that is resilient to the impacts of climate change Communal Open Space • Incorporate outdoor communal open space into the functional layout of the site • Design and site outdoor communal open space to enable a comfortable outdoor environment throughout the year and in a range of weather conditions • Where sited on upper levels r rooftops, avoid outdoor communal open space having adverse amenity impacts on neighbouring sites • Facilitate convenient access to outdoor communal open space • Locate outdoor communal open space to support passive surveillance while protecting the amenity of dwellings within the site • Maximise opportunities for canopy cover and landscaping to provide shade and habitat to outdoor areas • Design outdoor communal open space to facilitate an functional outdoor environment comprising a range of activities in an attractive setting
02.10 09. Apartment Design Guidelines for Victoria (March 2020 Draft) Key Areas External Walls and Materials • Relate external walls and materials to the site context • Demonstrate residential character appropriate to the context in the composition of external walls • Make the composition of buildings legible within the streetscape • Present external walls at the ground floor that positively contribute to the public realm • Construct external walls from durable materials • Design external walls for the future practical maintenance of a building Wind Impacts • Design the massing and composition of buildings to avoid adverse wind impacts to the public realm • Accommodate appropriate wind mitigation measures in the design of new buildings to avoid adverse impacts to the public realm • Avoids wind mitigation techniques that shift impacts to another location Integration with the Street • Provide active uses appropriate to an activity centre context • Provide a clear delineation between the public realm and ground level apartments in an activity centre context • Provide active uses appropriate ina suburban residential context • Provide a clear building entry that connects to light filled and cross ventilated circulation spaces • Design windows and openings to respond to the site context Access • Minimise the impact of car access to the streetscape • Prioritise safe pedestrian and cycle access to the site • Design car parking access as a recessive and integrated component of the building
02.10 09. Apartment Design Guidelines for Victoria (March 2020 Draft) Key Areas Site Services • Consider service locations early in the design process • Minimise the visual impact of services located in active frontage areas • Where substations and switch rooms and required, locate them away from the street frontage and minimise impact on outlook from dwellings • Maximise the presentation of building frontages by locating fire boosters away from primary street frontage • Maximise the presentation of building frontages by locating gas and water meters away from the primary street frontage • Locate mechanical services away from active use areas • Locate back of house facilities within the building footprint and away from primary street frontages • Ensure intercoms and mailboxes are sited and designed for the convenience of residents and visitors Construction Impacts • Amenity impacts for surrounding communities such as traffic, road, bike path, footpath closures, dust, odour and noise
InďŹ ll Opprtunities Summary Amber Young + Zhuoqing LI (Eve)
Infill Opportunities Project Description Infill Opportunities is an initiative of the Office of the Victorian Government Architect (OVGA) and Monash Architecture Studio (MAS). It explores design strategies for enhancing the outcomes of infill housing redevelopment in the middle suburbs of Melbourne. Project Aims and Purpose • Infill Opportunities examines the spatial relationships, dwelling configurations and siting considerations for achieving higher density and better quality infill redevelopment outcomes in the middle suburbs of Melbourne. • This report captures the research approach and findings for the project and provides recommendations for improving infill redevelopment outcomes in the middle suburbs.
Key Findings Strategic location of infill development in the middle suburbs • 7-25km radius from the CBD • Suburbs developed between 1950’s-1970’s -> outside of areas with heritage overlays • Close proximity to public transport Design Benefits • Flexible, compact dwelling design • Improved open space and shared amenity • More effective site use and extended community benefits • Adaptable housing • Construction techniques • Replicable design models Barriers to improving infill housing design • Regulated building setbacks • Limited building profiles • Excessive overlooking requirements • Market expectations
Infill Opportunities Background Research The compounding pressures of climate change and a rapidly increasing population are shifting the focus of metropolitan planning policies from expanding new development on the urban fringe to more intensive redevelopment within existing urban areas. Problems: • The middle suburbs actually have more potential: very low existing dwelling densities and comparatively high access to public amenity, transport and services. • To maximize profit margins, projects tend to be completed to minimum construction standards with little or no design consideration, which is not a suitable performance level going into the future. Define the Middle Suburb: Study Area A – Essendon, Study Area B – Preston, Study Area C – Burwood East, Study Area D – West Footscray, Study Area E – Doncaster, Study Area F – East Brighton.
Infill Opportunities Background Research Common lot sizes for infill development projects in the middle suburbs range from 15-16m in width and 38-43m in depth (625-750 sqm).
East Brighton Plot Size and Orientation Analysis
Market Trends + Standard Industry Practice Current Infill Housing Market Trends • Currently, most are large, semi-detached unit types with double garages and small private courtyards ranging between 220-250sqm • Infill housing is only suitable for domestic purposes for a limited number of household types -> no adaptation opportunities for different family types • Australia’s aspiration for spacious homes -> sacrifice of solar access, natural ventilation, and open space amenity opportunities to ensure the dwelling is as large as possible
Infill Opportunities Market Trends + Standard Industry Practice Dwelling Types: • Dual and triple occupancy • Multi-lot developments (6 or more units on 2 or more blocks) • Terrace type
East Brighton Plot Size and Orientation Analysis
Market Trends + Standard Industry Practice Standard Industry Practice • To maintain competitive pricing, infill housing is usually completed with the most cost-effective building methods to minimum construction and regulatory requirements (for both construction and sustainability) -> typically lightweight framing on concrete slabs, brick veneer with metal sheet roofing systems • Cost neutral benefits (eg. passive design, orientation and spatial solutions that facilitate a range of social sustainability outcomes) are often omitted
Infill Opportunities Design Strategies Design Objectives to Improve Infill Housing Design • 3 for 1 dwelling replacement • 1:1 parking (1 onsite carpark per dwelling) • Optimised passive design strategies • Ground floor access to all dwellings • Viable/innovative construction techniques • Preserve key aspects of suburban character and amenity • “Inside out” design strategy -> “first principles” design method Design Strategies • Flexible rooms, compact plan • Housing designs that anticipate growth and changing occupations • Maximize shared uses and collective benefits
Design Case Studies
Room and core configuration to suit a wide range of household types
Infill Opportunities Design Case Studies - Single Lot Single Lot Case Study • Essendon - 53 Nimmo Street • Single Lot that can expand to double lot back to back • Design response to accommodate 15.4 or 16.6m frontage • East West orientation Single Lot Site Dwelling Plans - Essendon •
•
•
Single Lot Model Essendon Dwelling Plan: Dividable House with Shared Laundry Single Lot Model Essendon Dwelling Plan: Dividable House with Shared Laundry Single Lot Model Essendon Dwelling Plan: Large Family
Single Lot Model Essendon - Location, Subdivision and Design Diagrams
InďŹ ll Opportunities Design Case Studies - Single Lot
Single Lot Model Essendon - Site Layout
Single Lot Model Essendon - Floor Plans
InďŹ ll Opportunities Design Case Studies - Single Lot
Single Lot Model Essendon - Sections
Single Lot Model Essendon - Large Family
Infill Opportunities Design Case Studies - Double Lot Double Lot Case Study • Site 2 – Preston: 22-24 Union Street • Double lot configuration • North-south orientation • North side of the street Double Lot Site Dwelling Plans - Preston • Accessible Unit • Couple with Home Office plus Independent Ground Floor Studio Double Lot Design Configuration • Design Description: Potential to achieve up to 7 dwellings on 2 sites • “Mansion” typology with individual access points • Double Lot Model Preston- Location, Subdivision and Design Diagrams
Double Lot Model Preston - Location, Subdivision and Design Diagrams
InďŹ ll Opportunities Design Case Studies - Double Lot
Double Lot Model Preston - Site Layout
Double Lot Preston - Floor Plans
Infill Opportunities Design Case Studies - Double Lot
Double Lot Model Preston- Section
Double Lot Preston - Couple with Home Office plus Independent Ground Floor Studio
Infill Opportunities Design Case Studies - Triple Lot Triple Lot Case Study • Burwood East - 2-6 Sandowen Avenue • Triple lot configuration • North South orientation • South side of the street Triple Lot Site Dwelling Plans - Preston • Ground Floor Office or Shop plus First Floor Studio Apartment Triple Lot Design Configuration • Potential to achieve up to 7 dwellings on 2 sites • “Mansion” typology with individual access points • Dwellings can be universally accessible • Subdivision allows for effective shared space and facilities • Building model optimizes passive design opportunities
Triple Lot Model Burwood East - Location, Subdivision and Design Diagrams
InďŹ ll Opportunities Design Case Studies - Triple Lot
Triple Lot Model Burwood East - Site Layout
Triple Lot Model Burwood East - Floor Plans
Infill Opportunities Design Case Studies - Triple Lot
Triple Lot Model Burwood East - Section
Triple Lot Model Burwood East - Ground Floor Office or Shop plus First Floor Studio Apartment
Infill Opportunities Design Visualisations Landscape Turnover Strategy • Stage One: It is proposed the shared zone is used for collective parking, providing space for 1 car park per dwelling. Furthermore, the entire laneway is kept clear to enable vehicle access and parking within the individual dwelling lots. • Stage Two: The segment of the driveway between the shared parking areas is closed to vehicle access and becomes a garden laneway with grass and planting allowed to cover much of the permeable paved ground. This enables informal appropriation of the lane for outdoor uses by the residents. • Stage Three: Parking provision is limited to two small bays at either end of the site, sufficient for a flexi-car or other shared transport arrangement. The shared zone is transformed to provide generous shared open space amenity and common facilities for residents. The Western yard becomes a shared productive garden with an outdoor kitchen and tool shed, while the Eastern yard is given over to recreational activities.
Landscape Turnover: Stage One
InďŹ ll Opportunities Design Visualisations
Landscape Turnover: Stage Two
Landscape Turnover: Stage Three
InďŹ ll Opportunities Design Visualisations
Internal Site View Stage One: Vehicle Parking
Internal Site View Stage Three: Shared Open Space Amenity
InďŹ ll Opportunities Design Visualisations
Street View Stage One: Private Residence
Street View Stage Three: Potential Shop Front
Research Repository Group 3 Missing Middle and InďŹ ll Competitions Mo Chen & Andrew Kurniawan
‘Missing Middle’ Infill Design Competition The competition of ‘Missing Middle’ infill design is endorsed by the Alberta Association of Architects (AAA) where 30 proposals from teams of architects and builders/developers from across Canada and as far away as London, UK are drew. The task in the competition is to design a multi-unit housing development which not only takes into account of the neighborhood context but also aspects of economic feasibility and good design that would work in Edmonton. The aim of the City of Edmonton’s work plan is to welcome more homes into Edmonton’s older neighborhoods to help keep these neighborhoods vibrant and healthy. In order to achieve this goal, it is crucial to provide people with increasing housing choices particularly in the ‘missing middle’ range of housing.
What is ‘Missing Middle’ Housing The terms ‘missing middle’ refers to multi-unit housing that falls between single detached homes and tall apartment buildings. It includes row housing, triplexes/fourplexes, courtyard housing and walk-up apartments. For the competition, the maximum height is 4 storeys and at least 15 dwelling units should be included in the development. This density is quite similar to the requirement of the Future Home competition. The reason that these housing forms are considered “missing” is because they hey have been largely absent from urban streetscapes in Canada, including Edmonton.
Demographics & Climate in Edmonton Demographics Edmonton is the provincial capital of Alberta where a large number of public sector employees are housed in this city. And there are also two universities, a number of colleges, and a technical school that is the largest apprenticeship trainer in Canada. The population in Edmonton is relatively young. For the neighborhood of ‘the Spruce Avenue’ which is the site of the design competition, most residents are between the ages of 20 to 34 years and 50 to 64 years. There is a diverse and broad demographic focus in the winning design proposals of this competition which aims to provide a wide range of middle housing typologies for the potential residents. In the neighborhood, over half of the residents used a personal vehicle to get to work and over 1/3 walked or took public transit (2016). There are different responses to the car parking needs in the competition proposals.
Climate As a metropolitan city in the northernmost of Canada, Edmonton has very extreme seasonal temperature variations. In summer, the temperature can exceed 30 degrees. Winter period can lasts 6 and 7 months which is commonly below -20 degrees. Owning to the high latitude, Edmonton’s daylight varies greatly in different seasons. At summer solstice, Edmonton gets over 17 hours of sunlight, but winter solstice sees only 7.5 hours. The climate context of Edmonton is quite different to Melbourne where some proposal entries are more enclosed large massing with less outdoor space due to the long chilling winter in Edmonton. The scale of these proposals are too large to be used as precedents in our future home competition. While, several proposals are more relevant to the mid-sized housing definition in our future home competition including the winning proposals which have relatively smaller massing, more loose spacing between the dwellings and integrate open spaces and gardening in-between.
The Goodweather PART & PARCEL, STUDIO NORTH, AND GRAVITY ARCHITECTURE
The good weather proposal won the ďŹ rst place award in this competition which aims to provide aordable, accessible and intergenerational living housing for shifting demographics in Edmonton including students, families and seniors. This good response to the demographic of the neighborhood makes this proposal stands out. Outdoor spaces for play and relaxation are shared among all the dwellings to create a strong sense of community and promotes human interaction between various demographics and generations.
Senior oriented dwellings are on ground oor with accessible design considerations. Family townhouses and single loft dwellings for students are stacked above the senior oriented dwellings. These dwellings are accessed from the stairs in the shared courtyard. Overall, the layout of the dwellings is linear and compact. Car garages are only designed for the family townhouses as the site is well-connected. And this design proposal aims to promote walking, biking and public transport. The residence is close to the sidewalk which also helps to activate the streets and make the area more vibrant.
Bricolage LECKIE STUDIO ARCHITECTURE + DESIGN INC
Bricolage won the second place award in this competition. The pitched roof forms and similar scale of massing which is corresponding to the neighborhood homes are highly praised by the jury. The materials used in the design reects surrounding buildings in the area. And the durable and robust material also helps to withstand the winters in Edmonton with high energy eďŹƒciency performance.
The productive community garden with garden plots and fruit trees is raised one full oor above the natural grade. A full level of underground car parking spaces are accessed from the lane. The elevator and stairs to the car park is in small pavilion at north end of the courtyard. There is also communal kitchen and gathering space in there for this community. A variety of units are stacked vertically in the row house typology including studios, one bedroom unit, two bedroom unit, three bedroom units. And there is a very clear vertical spatial separation between living and sleeping spaces. Intergenerational living are available with studio units which are able to connect with units above or below internally.
Spectrum REDBRICK GROUP OF COMPANIES AND SPECTACLE
There is a spectrum of density across the site with over 20 floor plans of all shapes and sizes to create a larger, more diverse and vibrant community for different demographics and ages. The diverse options of units also provide potential residents with affordable price options and the ability to move within the development when their needs and circumstances change.
The checkered building form could be accessed independently from the exterior. Many private outdoor courtyards are created between the units. There are both shared interior and exterior spaces to bring the residents all together as a community.
The simplicity and repetition of design constructed out of wood make the construction easy and more aordable. The foundation and structure design of the building is separated which allows the development to be built in phases if needed.
Spruce Avenue Mews PRIMAVERA DEVELOPMENT GROUP INC., RPK ARCHITECTS LTD., MCELHANNEY CONSULTING SERVICES LTD., AND SYNERGY PROJECTS LTD. The Spruce Avenue Mews is a hybrid of existing neighborhood typologies which aims to amplify what was historically on and around the site. On the ground floor there is parking spaces for the residents which is surrounded by one and two bedroom live-work apartment units along main street frontage. These units might be potentially connected with the townhouses above. Above the ground floor, there is a central courtyard with community outdoor kitchen and living room. Townhouses are accessed from the courtyard. Overall, the proposal is three storey height. The main floor of every unit is fully accessible with accessible washroom.
NSW Missing Middle Design Competition architectureau.com
diagram showing medium-density housing types called the missing middle.
The competition was held by NSW Ministry for Planning and Housing, following the release of the draft Medium Density Design Guide, a standard for a range of medium-density housing types including terrace houses, townhouses, dual occupancies, semidetached dwellings and manor homes. A purpose of the competition was to “see the draft policy in action, test it and get feedback,� potential precedents The full list of winners, runners-up and commendations below:
Dual occupancy Winner: Youssofzay & Hart Architects Runner up: Trias Studio Commendation: Eeles Trelease Architects
Manor houses Winner: Madigan Architecture / University of South Australia Runner up: Kieran Ward, graduate architect Commendation: Henry Foley and Isobel Lord
Terraces Winner: Platform Architects Runner up: Olivia van Dijk Architecture Commendation: PHplus Architects link: https://architectureau.com/articles/winners-announced-nsws-missing-middle-design-competition/
Architecture Australia Magazine May/Jun 2018, p. 75-78
scan of Architecture Australia Magazine, May/Jun 2018, p.75
scan of Architecture Australia Magazine, May/Jun 2018, p.76
scan of Architecture Australia Magazine, May/Jun 2018, p.77
scan of Architecture Australia Magazine, May/Jun 2018, p.78
Periscope House youssofza+hart winner of NSW Missing Middle Design Competition dual occupancy category
“...modified and extended early dwellings to strategically achieve infill housing by leveraging off the accepted tropes of suburban alterations and additions.” Periscope house is a prototype design that based on y+h winning entry for the Missing Middle Design Competition, dual occupancy category. It attempted to extend an existing dwelling into an inter-generational family home. One key feature of this model is the shape of the roof with apertures oriented to capture the moving sun throughout the day. This is important in order to provide natural light into the house after it is densified with multiple extensions.
link(s): (https://www.youssofzayhart.com.au/periscope-house/)(http://www.beta-architecture.com/missing-middle-design-competition-youssofzay-hart/)
Established Manors madigan architecture winner of NSW Missing Middle Design Competition manor houses category
Established Manors proposed the adaptation of and addition to two existing Sydney bungalows in order to not just provide more housing, but housing of different configurations that could maintain and enhance the existing character and mature landscape of an established suburb. “If we can accept a garage between houses ...what about kitchen and dining space that triggers and additional dwelling?” The scheme questioned the conventional domestic program and its re-appropriation can bring an added quality in densification scenario.
link(s): (https://www.madigan-architecture.com/projects/the-missing-middle/)
The Missing Middle lecture slides presented by Dr Damian Madigan & Dr Alysia Bennett
The Missing Middle
1. Defining the ‘Missing Middle’
increasing the density and diversity of housing in Australia’s suburban cities
2. A National Appetite for Missing Middle Housing 3. Rethinking the Allotment 4. A DIY Model: an alternative to KDR
Dr Damian Madigan Senior Lecturer in Architecture damian.madigan@unisa.edu.au
5. Current Allotment-scale MM Design Research Projects
Dr Alysia Bennett Lecturer, Department of Architecture alysia.bennett@monash.edu
© Damian Madigan
6. Leveraging Market Capacity as a Roll-out Mechanism
@madigan_damian @Alysia_Bennett
Co-housing for Ageing Well A collaborative design research project
© Damian Madigan
damian.madigan@unisa.edu.au
alysia.bennett@monash.edu
@madigan_damian
@Alysia_Bennett
damian.madigan@unisa.edu.au
alysia.bennett@monash.edu
@madigan_damian
@Alysia_Bennett
© Monash Art, Design & Architecture accessed at: https://www.ovga.vic.gov.au/images/Infill_Opportunities_-_Design_Research_Report_-_FINAL.pdf
The slides offer a comperhensive insights of what missing middle housing is. It was presented by Dr Damian Madigan, the winner of NSW Missing Middle Design Competition manor houses category. It also discusses relevant case studies to the competition brief. Accessible through link below. This will lead you to multiple precedents, website, and books resources.
link(s): (https://www.ahuri.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0026/45944/The-Missing-Middle-increasing-the-density-and-diversity-of-housing-in-Australia-suburban-cities-Damian-Madigan-National-Housing-Conference-2019-Darwin.pdf)
Bee Breeders
Architecture Competitions/ Residential Category
Bee Breeders is architecture competition organizer, usually open both for students and professional. They oer wide range of competitions, including residential category. Although the topics are not directly related to medium density housing solution, some entries might be relevant. Because the nature of its open competition, the entries usually oer radical (or clichÊ) approach that might be useful to generate wide range of ideas.
link(s): (https://beebreeders.com/results)
Sydney Aordable Housing Challenge Bee Breeders
link(s): (https://beebreeders.com/architecturecompetitions/sydneyhousing/)
Density Diversity Done Well Competition QLD Department of Housing and Public Works
The competition also attempted to explore “the missing middle� The brief of the competition is to propose a new housing options for Queensland that meet contemporary community as well as urban and environmental challenges. You can access the competition results through the link below, complete with each winning proposals competition submission boards.
link(s): (https://www.hpw.qld.gov.au/about/initiatives/density-diversity-competition)
The Missing Middle Competition Urbanarium/ Vancouver
link(s): (https://urbanarium.org/missing-middle-competition-completed)
In 2018, the Urbanarium held an open design competition to develop and present exciting options for addressing Metro Vancouver’s aordability and social health challenges, with outstanding design and social innovation. There were four study areas, one each in Vancouver, Port Coquitlam, Burnaby and Surrey. Applicants were assigned one of the study areas randomly. Each study area was around four blocks in size and competitors selected one or two single-family lots to design and provide some contextual assessment based on the study area and municipal plans and by-laws.
Suburbia Reimagined Ageing and IncreasingPopulations in the Low-Rise City By Nigel Bertram & Leon van Schaik
Caleb and Alexa
Introduction Part Overviews
PART I: The first Chapter outlines that both suburbs and places are places of unique rituals that are constantly evolving over time and are greatly unique from one and another. Suburbs within the Australian suburbs are distinct from our global counterparts, and detailed observations must be made into understanding how people live and interact with architecture within suburbia. The aging population in today’s Information age requires a new set of requirements thus Architectural and urban design must be fit to morph the changing needs. PART II: Part two of the text turns its focus to Architecture, through the use of plans and diagrams the authors explore various possible ways in which the residential offerings of melbourne can be improved. Renovations on existing buildings as well as new projects were demonstrated as ways of tackling the problems currently faced in the suburbs of Melbourne. PART III: The Final Chapter looks to address some of the issues of suburbia at an urban development scale. The ‘Missing Middle’ is Identified as a significant need in the australian housing market, Medium density housing provides with it many urban renewal opportunities for our suburbs. Suburban engines (suburban hubs) like shopping centres, health precincts and Universities give opportunities for an Atomized Suburbia where seamless integration between homes and public facilities can occur. These ‘Suburban engines’ like that which has been proposed at Monash University use large long term master plans which benefit both themselves and the adjacent community as they blend their campus into the neighbourhood itself.
PART I Living Together 1. Ideas of the Suburb
Since the Colonialization of Australia Australian cities and suburbs have continued to expand and house the population, by the end of the 19th Century upwards of 80 percent of Australians lived in city suburbs (Figure 1.2). The suburbs have a close relationship with their adjacent CBD, though the city centre is pedately the prime mover out of the two, with most of the public and private infostructure focused at the core. Gandelsonas States a view that within suburbia Architectural quality has evaporated, this should not be the goal going forward, Suburbs should not be seen as a wasted space and neglected for inner city development, there are many opportunities to progressively enhance them. Taking a bird’s eye view it is easy to regard what is seen as evidence of ‘placelesssness’, but as Terence Lee’s research into what he called the spatial schemata established in people’s daily routines revealed, people use journeys of all kinds, not for efficient expedition of functional tasks, but for the structuring of meaning in their lives. Places are unique and personally constructed, thus you should try your best to not use sweeping generalizations when analysing homes and suburban infrastructure. Suburbs will be the place for Australians fastest growing job market, Aged care living. There are many opportunities for new architectural solutions in this space which can be better suited for the client than the current approach to aged care which is mostly made up of sealed up ‘villages’ on the neighbourhood edges.
Melbourne City and Suburbs. Urban Growth over the past 75 years. Melbourne’s growth from the 19th century to the 21st has resulted in the infilling of suburbia, no longer are there gaps in the urban sprawl, Melbourne is a ‘ever receding suburbia.’ The CBD is no longer accessible, thus improvements in suburbs to replace its role for much Melbourne citizens
2. Ideas of the House Finding precedents for housing can be hard, though on the surface level Australian and American suburbs may seem similar they have been developed and formed in very different ways and circumstances. For example, the Australian home is more likely to have the master bedroom close to the home’s main entrance. Most of the good design precedents we are interested in are selected on the assumption that communal space is an inherent ‘good’ and that supporting a few standard human interactions is all that is needed. Postmodernism has removed any sense that a house can be ‘a machine for living in,’ Architect Sean Godsell redefines the term as “not so much a machine for living in as a machine that someone is living in…” People will find a way to use overly planned designs in the way they want too, People will Inhabit spaces through their own personal rituals. One can only find out the need of a space after it has been used and not completely at the design stage.
Tully bathroom, Harrison and White Architects, Fitzroy,. “An accessible bathroom rendered ambiguous and multifunctional” A local example of such an approach is a bathroom designed by Harrison and White for a person with a disability. The room is not specifically described as a bathroom. It was instead a room in which numerous activities can take place. The shower is not immediately apparent. Below a window that overlooks a garden there is a long timber bench seat that provides the user with an array of activities like reading, conversing and relaxing. Only incidentally is this a room in which evolution can happen as.
Melbourne Architecture studio NMBW like many australian architects are following the trend of moving away from 20th century architectural graphic standard so of labelling and deďŹ ning spaces within a plan, instead choosing to leave space ambiguas to promote an architecture which is beyond the single purpose and allows the user to adapt the building to their use. This can be seen in the design of the Alexander Miller Memorial Homes above.
Can use Things such as moveable walls or ‘furniture’ to change spaces in a building without having to use expensive architecture in order to keep up with the changing needs of a space in its present and future uses. More things can be designed as ‘Furniture’ as in parts of the architecture which are normally designed as fixed pieces can be rimaginged in a way that they can be moved and placed in any room as the need is required. This is a solution in having a home which will not become unusable as the societal needs change in the future.
The Authors suggest a list of questions which should be asked when design a dwelling in regards to it spacital layout and relationships, These questions can help the designer to understand the vast intricacies of home in regards to its occupants ritualistic needs. From Page 35: • Have we maximised spatial indeterminacy? Inside and out? • Can space be informally and unpredictably adopted? • Are there triggers and clues that indicate that this is allowed? • Are elements designed with multiple functions in mind (kerbs and bollards that encourage sitting etc.)? • Have we minimised specialisation? Inside and out? • Can spaces be populated with all known contemporary rituals? • Is there sufficient ‘redundancy’ of space to allow for future rituals? • Can spaces be reconfigured through deploying ‘furnitures’? • If a dwelling is entered through a major room, can that room’s purpose be altered by the use of ‘furnitures’? • If a dwelling has two major rooms, and is entered through one of them, can its purpose be swapped with the purpose of the other room through the use of ‘furnitures’? • Have we obviated the need for ‘dead’ storage spaces inside the dwelling and outside the dwelling?
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Single Houses: Design Proposition In this part, the author presented a series of designs that started with renovations (internal and external), moving on to single houses, to small groups of houses, to larger ensembles, streets and cul-de-sacs. In each case, we discussed examples from other places and other designers before we demonstrated our own designs. We captioned our drawings extensively, making their arguments about the enhancements they proposed.
Propotion I Single House
Flexible Room Configuation
- Single room house: one air space, no doors but ‘alcoves’; for example, House in a Plum Grove by Kazuyo Sejima and Associates, House A by Office of Ryue Nishizawa, Pholiota by Marion Mahoney and Walter Burley Griffin. - Multiple room house: each room with two entry/exit points, multiple sleeping spaces; for example, Sorrento House by NMBW Architecture Studio. - Multiple room house: functions not defined and interchangeable; for example, Lake View, Chiltern. - No room house: just outer enclosure and furniture; for example, Garden House by Baracco and Wright. - Warehouse shell: permanent enclosure and impermanent/flimsy interior; for example, Cité Manifesté, Mulhouse by Lacaton and Vassal.
House A All rooms are in a single air space, linear sequence of connected spaces, each surrounded by dierent scale open space. Use of each space is mixed and ambiguous, deďŹ ned by furniture, pot plants and curtains.
Sleeping alcoves/built-in beds spatially continuous with central living area, separated through curtains to modulate light and privacy.
“Sorrento House” Multiple rooms, each room with two doors; multiple circulation routes and possible sleeping spaces, including attic and window bed. Room functions can join in with or be isolated from circulation space, through opening and closing of different doors.
Multiple rooms with functions not completely deďŹ ned, supported by a detached kitchen/wet area outbuilding. Equivalence in size, scale and conďŹ guration allows internal rooms in this house to be conceptually interchangeable.
Warehouse-like enclosure with lightweight, non-loadbearing internal fitout able to be modified by tenant; fixed size, but number of rooms indeterminate
No rooms as such – one large shed-like enclosure with ‘kang’-like bed platform and mezzanine furniture.
Single Houses: Design Proposition
A simple catalogue of rooms that were easy to construct was arrived at and the different ways that these rooms could be occupied through non-structural subdivision and alternative furniture arrangements was documented. - Small Flexible Room: 4.5 × 6.0 Metres - Large Flexible Room: 5.4 × 7.3 Metres - Compact Wet Area Core - Covered External Space: 5.4 × 5.7 Metres
InďŹ ll Opportunities, 2011. Flexible room types in comparison to typical suburban volume housing. The new room types are similar in size and proportion to the double-garage of a typical suburban house. Their size is determined in relation to typical suburban allotment dimensions and can be used as a single space or temporarily subdivided in dierent ways. Free spans are achievable using standard fabricated timber/composite joists.
Infill Opportunities Matrix showing different combinations of service cores and flexible rooms, to suit different household structures, from very small and simple to multigenerational and mixed-use. Room use is non-assigned and flexible.
Infill Opportunities Diagrams showing three-dimensional relationships of the five basic elements and relationships of internal to external spaces. The basic two-level house is extendable by filling in the covered external space and/or adding a third level by extending the core with integrated staircase.
Individual Brief
Infill Opportunities Example diagrammatic use configurations within the same flexible room structure: couple with home office, study or guest suite; dividable house with shared laundry; large family house; accessible unit; couple with home office and independent ground floor studio; ground floor office or shop and first floor studio apartment/guest suite.
Translation of the infill opportunities base type of stacked services core with large flexible rooms to an actual site in North Melbourne.The ultimate form of the house is determined by site topography, neighbouring buildings, sun angles and other constraints; room sizes have been ‘stretched’ to fit the available site, with one quarter of the site left open as a courtyard. The house links to the neighbouring cottage through kitchen and courtyard spaces, forming a double house with four separate entries and multiple service spaces: a ‘share house for ageing-in’.
Propotion II Large Ensembles A large ensemble of dwellings forms a mini-city within a suburb that can evolve a tangible sense of identity through shared values and behaviours. Larger ensembles need to combine a strong and recognisable architectural identity, with equally strong landscaping, vegetation and external spaces, which tread a delicate line between privacy for individuals and maintaining a ‘neighbourly’ sense of belonging.
Richmond Apartments This block mixes market housing with affordable and subsidised dwellings in a single, large atrium-courtyard building of hybrid identity. Separate communal spaces are offered, each with a distinctive purpose and ‘membership’, allowing an optional coming together of residents through shared interests, such as gardening, movie screening and children’s parties. Flexibility is built in through intelligent future proofing, such as a semi-sunken carpark area with courtyard frontage, which can be retrofitted into the office or childcare space.
Larger Ensembles Design Proposition
The author has designed larger apartment ensembles, Rosella Avenue, where opportunities for neighbourly interaction, personalised expression and informal identity building are built into the infrastructure and considered as an essential part of the brief. Lift lobbies have natural light and air, extra space for seating, pot plants and storage of equipment, such as scooters and wheelchairs. They are modest places to sit for a while or personalise. Ground oor areas incorporate shared facilities, such as small bookable meeting or function rooms. External courtyard spaces make deep-root planting space for trees and provide outlook from private balconies.
The building is conceived as a staggered, monolithic and robust armature for inhabitation, with flexible internal layouts and adaptable external private spaces. Concrete floor structure with lightweight infill and commercial floor-to-floor heights allows ground floor occupation to change over time, as the suburb develops and densifies. This basic model can be adapted, stretched and reconfigured to suit a wide range of larger suburban sites.
Propotion III Streets and Cul-de-secs
The cul-de-sac or ‘court’ became emblematic of a type of suburban concept or even ideology. In 1950s heathmont in eastern melbourne, dead-ended curvilinear cul-de-sacs were the physical and symbolic loci of neighbourliness and community spirit. Residents sharing this type of road would hold joint christmas parties in the street, and hang up tea-towels as signs for neighbours to drop in for a cup of tea. The dead-end street is conventionally understood as a quiet and relatively safe environment for kids to ride bikes and play in the street, free of the speed and noise of through-traffic.
“Civic Street“ With subdivision and densification of large suburban blocks, the street space can gradually transform into a ‘linear park’ and environmental services infrastructure, replacing to a degree the traditional backyard, with contributions from each individual development into this shared local public realm.
Streets and Cul-de-sec Design Proposition
The public streets within existing suburbs as transforming alongside the transformation of the private realm and building stock. Streets and cul-de-sacs. Once a certain density of change is achieved in areas of high inďŹ ll activity, the street culture might evolve to become more varied, so that other landowners in the sites between are also encouraged to participate, even without associated development or density increase. Such diversiďŹ ed and participatory street environments would develop a public?Private hybrid character, while also able to achieve additional urban design beneďŹ ts at a local precinct scale, such as improving ped estrian priority connections between existing landmarks, and social infrastructure, such as small existing groups of strip shops, linking into new pedestrian and cycle paths through areas of redevelopment and integrating localised stormwater storage and detention.
“Green Streets” This street type develops as a patchwork of infill development site frontages and over time the entire street can be transformed in a participatory manner. Existing streets providing strategic pedestrian connections and links to existing infrastructure (in this case two sports ovals with clubhouses, etc.) can be targeted for renewal, co-contributed to by higher density infill developments and local council according to an agreed framework plan and process. Associated non-residential services can be incentivised at ground level, linked to adjacent uses such as sports clubs, as well as new elderly residents.
“Neighbourhood Shops” Many middle suburbs have remnant strip shops dating from the post-war era that have become unviable as businesses and, in many areas, remain shuttered and closed. These small nodes of community focus are an important and symbolic community asset and their narrow site type—often with rear-lane access—can be leveraged to support new higher-density housing typologies and more engaged street uses. Single-storey shopfronts can have dwellings added above and behind, with shop spaces transformed into small meeting rooms or project spaces for local schools. With sufficient densification at a precinct scale, a new generation of retail or shared networked office space can inhabit these small grains of difference and seed a finer-grain, more intense and street-focused development within existing fabric.
“Park Edge” The middle and outer suburbs of Australian cities have a high acreage of green open space, but much of this is passive, without function and with no particular ecological or environmental value. Vast areas of weeds are fenced off and fronted by the blank timber paling fences of adjoining rearyards. This substantial open space amenity has the potential to be reinvigorated and used more intensively through new links and connections into the existing street network. A series of laneways shared between vehicles and pedestrians and associated with terrace-style laneway-fronting housing here connect a previously isolated street to substantial park and creek frontage, linking to a regional cycle path network. Potential for similar fine-grain street extensions into existing park and waterway open space networks is scattered all over the city.
PART III Conflations and Combinations 8. The Missing Middle The missing Middle in Australia is the place in between single detached homes and large-scale High-Rise housing (above 20floors). Both of the former are readily available and provided for. Despite being the “missing Middle’ this is a place that many people would choose to live, it would be enabling them to live in a relatively convenient location at a relatively affordable price range. Dwelling types in this middle category include duplexes, terraces, multi-dwelling houses, cluster housing and low-rise (two- to five-storey) apartment blocks. There is a lack urban scale cooperation in Melbourne’s suburbs, currently each site is fenced off and independent from its surroundings. This is beneficial as people are able to create their own tailored spaces but unfortunately means that there is a lack of interconnected architecture which serves to benefit the larger suburban community. Passive architectural cooperation has been seen in Melbourne’s past with the use of terrace houses and high streets, where some building elements (at least originally) were shared. This is very much contrasted with the now typical single plot dwellings which make up the majority of Melbourne suburbs. This gives us an opportunity to develop more cohesive strategies when building the missing middle. We need more ‘middle’ options in the market, current offerings do not suit the current needs and wants so people end up going to other options. Only available off the plan. Government housing programs and Aged Care facilities can be a way of increasing the middle housing stock.
Traditional quare arce blocks, Large front and back gardens. no internal garage and pleanty of green space.
Modern small blocks, with homes which take up the the majority of the block with garage and driveways occupying the front yard and a small garden in the rear
House blocks are always decreasing in size reducing the possibilities and increasing the need for more shared spaces within architectural design. Detached houses have been shrunk to almost the 19th century terrace scale as a way of keeping the Australian dream of having a detached house whilst allowing for a higher urban density. At this smaller scale, the car and garage becomes the main point in planning. This and the smaller housing plots has reduced the number of trees in housing. Despite the high priority of parking our views of aesthetics means we often want to have our cars hidden and garages not be the centre of the architecture. It is Oftern a Governemnt Requiremnet that there is atleast one car per household
An Example of a site plan as a when a second dwelling is added on a existing single home block.
InďŹ lling is occurring on the older quarter acre blocks, despite this being a successful way to increase housing density within the city, the types of houses ďŹ lling these subdivided blocks are more than often lacking in architectural quality. Due to the need to build around an existing home, the new subdivided homes can not be orientated currently, have minimal outdoor space, and car focused designs.
By connecting multiple allotments the urban density can be increased at a 3:1 scale. In this method shared spaces Incorperated more easily with gadens and paths peing able to stretch past a typical single block length.
“It was found that by utilising two and three adjoining allotments, a greater range of dwelling solutions are possible—enabling fit to different adjoining contexts and orientations. The low-rise fabric is diversified by utilising semiattached, terrace and courtyard arrangements, rather than relying on the detached villa in all instances.” Shared blocks reduce the amount of individual parking areas, and can be grouped to reduce the total area required. Collectives of adjacent landowners working for mutual benefit could potentially achieve much more than if the owner of each individual parcel acted alone
The Missing Middle: Design Proposition: Government owned social housing allotments are an opportunity for Melbourne to test out and develop ideas using infill housing and filling the Missing Middle hosing stock. Much of the housing is spread throughout suburbs giving the opportunity to develop design models that can ‘up-lift’ the entire area. Ultimately it will be up to Governments to develop new legal and financial incentives are needed to build the middle in the Melbourne context. A precinct-scaled design approach reveals that with a limited degree of sharing across title boundaries, rationalisation of driveways within a localised concentration of apartment buildings could provide a dramatic increase in permeable surface area at ground level.
By developing multiple sites with a central masterplan, services can be spread out but still connected to each other. Can be connected through parks or a ‘green spine. Urban plan becomes an avenue for for the suburb to move through and use the service and shops incorperated into the new buildings.
9. Suburban Engines
Doncaster and Chadstone Shopping centre siteplan, showing size at opening (1960) to curent day size. Both now have a large outward street presense.
Today our large shopping centres like Highpoint and Chadstone act as our town squares, they are the social hearts of both the community and suburbs, becoming more of a place of entertainment rather than just a place to shop. Growing over the years these shopping centres have adapted themselves to meet the public’s expectations of a modern public ammanity. They have potential for being part of an atomized future city. Like shopping centres hospitals and their conjoined health precincts are now understood as ‘employment clusters’ and function as small cities, with places for workers to eat, socialise and collaborate in the same area without ever having to leave. These spaces often are well connected to the greater city through main roads and act as public transport hubs, making them the ‘centres’ of their particular suburbs.
Aged Care Facility in Pijnacker, Netherlands. The large buildings located in the centre of the suburb ďŹ lter the community as they move through to the site giving pleanty of oppertunities for the age care residents to interact with a diverse demographic, they be come part of the community. Health facilities and other public services were also incorporated into the building complex, most of which is open for public use as well. Design allows for the aged clientele to still engage and benniďŹ t the community, this is unlike most aged care facilities which are fenced o and located on the edges of the suburbs.
Combining Aged care with Education and research to develop one new precinct; Located on the edge of the residential suburbia the new development helps blur the gap between single plot homes and the higher density university campus. Centred in between the two the precinct oers services and space that can be utilized by all parties. This method of development helps to better integrate aged care and allied health services into the community, creating more diversity of outcomes. the proposed master plan would allow for long term improvements in things such as parking, greenscape, which can improve the lives of the whole neighbourhood.These could only be done through the process of developing multiple lots, both conjoined and nearby, through a central plan. Existing buildings are also to be renovated and/or added as to better connect to the suburbs wide master plan.
Can attempt to bring the benefits of a city campus like RMIT melbourne CBD campus into the suburban setting. The campus can become integrated into the suburb with care facilities, retail shops, gyms and health clinics. In doing so it will become a ‘Soft’ entrance to the campus, as there will be no set perimeter to buildings dedicated to Monash University. By combining aged care facilities with student/education buildings and apartments the projects can become more financially lucrative for private developers.
Details of the architecture used in the Monash university ‘Urban Engine’ Master plan
The precinct uses the full range of age-friendly housing typologies developed in the previous chapters to embed a new supported living precinct within the existing suburban fabric. New small and large apartment buildings, shared streets, subdivided houses and outbuildings work with existing fabric and open spaces to make a network of living, working, community services and recreation, used by university staff and students, aged-care residents and the wider community. A carefully modulated sense of overlooking, privacy, landscaping and ground floor permeability allows the suburb to be used in a different way—for example, vehicle access might be provided through the rear of the adjacent block, freeing up street frontage for other uses, or an existing side driveway might be renovated to provide laneway address to a new small dwelling behind or a through-block pedestrian shortcut.
TAKE-7 DISTILLATION Rearch Repository Presentation Take 7, Professor Geoffrey London and Professor Simon Anderson
-Group 5Mike Wen Zien Lam Elaine Huaqing Tao
“Prophetic, Provocative and Pragmatic… “Prophetic: Addressed issues far ahead of their time when It was then, non-existent. Provocation: Disregards many of the accepted contemporary house designs. Pragmatic: Easily adaptable
(London, G. and Anderson, S. 2008, Page 6)
Introduction: The Giving of Take 7
Environment; Demographic; Affordability; Sets the triadic nature of interrogations of the 21 design ideas and frameworks for housing around Australia as portrayed in Professor Geoffrey London and Professor Simon Andersons’ distilled anthology. Expanding from the triad, common issues highlighted by a collective of the 21 include: Issues includte new household typologies; adaptation of new materials and construction methods; response to environmental and social fluxes; density boom, affordability.
This document will discuss these thematics in view of the 21 ideas of take 7, and briey highlight key points of interests and contention under a set of 10 prevalent potential keywords and strategies as listed below:
Potential Keywords and Strategies: Sustainability (ESD); density; aordability; demographic; aging; new household types; new materials and methods; social and communal; planning and viability; wellbeing
Potential Application Scale: Urban Planning; Immediate Surroundings; Internal
The Link Between Potential Keywords and Strategies:
Potential Keywords and Strategies
Each “Applicable to� corresponds to their respective ideas and can be found in the next section, where: Potential Keyword and Strategy Employed: Practice Statement: Community Served: Target Issues: Notes: of each idea will be discussed further.
1) Sustainability (ESD) Applicable to: 1; 2; 7; 8; 11; 13; 16; 17 and 19
Application: Sustainability has been explored by dierent projects, including methods of improving passive environmental performance and improving relations between buildings and landscape. Idea 1 (page 17) and Idea 8 (page 68) attempts to use smart building forms to access suďŹƒcient natural light, ventilation and shading to reduce energy expenditures. Idea 2 (page 23) and Idea 7 (page 62) depicts how buildings can be incorporated into their landscapes such as hanging gardens systems and internal independent ecosystem to improve the environmental performance.
2) Density Applicable to: 3; 8; 9; 12; 14; 18 and 19
Application: Average household occupancy is projected to drop from 2.7 to 2.2 by 2031 in Sydney, approaching Melbourne’s 2.0. With the developments at city fringes and expansion of population, the housing densities in suburbs still hold opportunities to be increased to fit demand. Idea 2 (page 27) explores a way of fitting 4 self-contained apartments into 2 lots, while Idea 7 (page 61) employs a unique way of arranging the housings into a loop with different heights (number of storeys) to create a variety of density from medium to high. Another way of increasing the density is to use different types of apartments as a puzzle and configure them tightly for higher density (idea 8 page 69; idea 9 page 79). Idea 12 seeks to triple occupancy densities on the same lot, while retaining genuine garden areas, which will later be adapted to enrich streetscapes (Idea 12, Page 102).
3) Affordability Applicable to: 1; 3; 8; 10; 11; 12; 15; 16; 17 and 18
Application: Greater economical value have been achieved by stringently adhering to the construction processes and thorough material selection of volume building (idea 11, page 95). As with the contemporary construction industry, components or even entire housing modules can be prefabricated, mass produced and transported to site (idea 10, page 89; idea 5, page 47). On site planning, split dwellings within the 900m2 lot with injected communal amenities reduces cost impacts on first time home buyers looking to enter home ownerships (Idea 12, Page 102).(Idea 18, Page 150) is a research that looks to develop and densify vacancies and opportunities within Melbourne CBD with social housing through a variation of scales (from 2 story interventions to fiscally supported denser infrastructures). However, (Idea 13, Page 113) NMBW stated per verbatim “Apartment blocks and cluster housing developments increase efficiencies but because of the scale required also demand some sort of centralised control (body corporate) and a large capital investment on infrastructure and land acquisition,…”.
4) Demographic Applicable to: 2; 8; 10; 11; 12; 13; 17 and 19
Application: By targeting first time home buyers and the aging population, (Idea 12, Page 102) have found a unique target market demography. In (Idea 13, Page 113), we see a different approach, where a series of abutting lots are configured synonymously to procure an outdoor greenspace -or “yard” as NMBW would coin it- in relations to their dwelling spaces, which would attract a varying set of analogous unique occupants.
5) Aging Applicable to: 1; 2; 12 and 17
Application:A focus on communal space development drives interactivity between dwellers, oering possibilities of social gatherings and chanced social interactions (Idea 12,Page 102).
6) New Household Types Applicable to: 1; 5; 8; 9; 10; 11; 13; 17 and 18
Application: The housing demand began to be driven by transformations in household make-up and a consequent growth in households, and the households are becoming smaller and more diverse. Idea 11 (page 97) uses partially detached rooms which can be accessed separately to the main area to achieve a variety of occupations and household combinations. Idea 10 (page 87) involves a strategy of incremental addition of rooms to the central pod as family and funds grow. Similar concept was adapted in idea 8 (page 69) by oering a format for responding to the changes occurring in Australia’s household structures and demographics by enabling diversity of individual house design through varying house sizes and allowing exibility of internal arrangement within a consistent overall structure.
7) New Materials and Methods Applicable to: 1; 2; 15 and 16
Application: Adaptation of unorthodox building composites enabled the installation process and completion of projects in rural areas, or sites with difficulties of access. This can be done via more cost effective solutions in view of material characteristics. In (Idea 15, Page 127), a steel laminated foam panels allowed for longer spans, required insulative properties and sufficient structural integrity to not need secondary structures. (Idea 16, Page 136) offered solutions for an otherwise inaccessible site, through craning in developed precast panels.
8) Social and Communal Applicable to: 2; 3; 12; 13; 17; 18; 19 and 20
Application: A precedence of communal spaces and garden frontage invigorates spatial occupancy and habitation accordingly (Idea 12, Page 102). Idea 7 (page 61) provides a series of giant openings to allow public access and to encourage circulation through the site, and activate the inner and outer space with programmes, facilities and activities to improve the interaction within the community. Idea 9 (page 78) arranges a variety of building types to achieve a more diverse and complex community. Communal facilities such as shared kitchens between households are applied in idea 10 (page 89) to encourage interactions.
9) Planning and Viability Applicable to: 3; 5; 7; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 17
Application: For (Idea 12, Page 102), Formal augmentations dictated by planning legislatives provide for unique roof forms, curating a series of unique spaces in the dwellings beneath. Free-standing rectangular volumes are used in idea 1 (page 17), which provides for possible future buildings to be added behind the new house. Idea 5 (page 46) and 8 (page 69) challenge the lot lines and explore new building arrangements for better land use.
10) Wellbeing Applicable to: 2, 12; 13; 14; 19 and 20
Application: Access to open green spaces can be essential for a healthier living environment. For instance in idea 2 (page 26), the central court was planned as a large, outdoor room providing a wind-sheltered retreat and views from the interior to the tall, tropical, shade plants. The steps to the north lead towards the bay and down to a lower sheltered garden.
Project Case Study
1)Factories for living in -Simon Anderson
Potential Keyword and Strategy Employed: Affordability, aging, new materials and methods, new household types Practice Statement: The project attempts to develop alternative housing prototypes at low- to medium-density through systematically utilising the current techniques of the commercial factory building. Community Served: Changing family structure Target Issues: Few advances in industrial building techniques have been applied to low-to-medium-density housing. Notes: The form of the house is designed to be a free-standing rectangular volume, which can achieve good solar access, street surveillance, nominal over shadowing, and alternative orientation. This compact two-storey house allows for significant landscape retention and large tree planting.It is also possible for future buildings to be added behind the new house. All the houses are designed and built like commercial factory buildings, using “green cement”, recyclable steel and timber framing.
2)Moreton bay houses -Brit Andresen
Potential Keyword and Strategy Employed: Demographic, aging, social and communal. New methods Practice Statement: The project attempts to retain the possibility of accommodating four, independent households each of the two houses is designed with an upper and lower apartment sharing three common courtyards. Community Served: Single women particularly during retirement years to share facilities and oer each other support Target Issues: A method for single women to support each other in shared apartments and how four individually owned apartments can be suited in two narrow lots. Notes: The principal architectural intention has been to establish building and landscape relations using metaphor, sightlines, and coherence. The strategy in this project has been to create the habitable terrain from a set of frames that could be variously enclosed for occupation.
3)Taming the Fringe -Jocelyn Chiew, Eli Giannini and Robert McGauran
Potential Keyword and Strategy Employed: Density, affordability, social and communal;planning and viability Practice Statement: Bring to the fringe the dynamic employment, public transport, lifestyle and housing choices that today are only available to inner city residents. Community Served: Officer’s town centre Target Issues: Burgeoning demands for affordable housing, community housing, convenient and flexible home-workplaces and smaller person households to be accommodated. Notes: The project aims to provide employment housing in an officer’s town centre with access to transport station and essential services.
5)Post fab housing -Donovan Hill
Potential Keyword and Strategy Employed: Density, new household types, planning and viability Practice Statement: Studies on factory-built building and ways that differing, transportable items can be arrayed as a site and not just an object. Community Served: Housing in areas of limited skill and resources Target Issues: Methods to combine vernacular systems and prefabricated housing, and avoid the issue of industrial urban stacking modules. Notes: Houses are factory built and trucked to a site. Very ordinary building systems will be used to pursue the practice’s usual interests in establishing a ‘territory’ for occupation. Different types of site can be achieved by arranging the houses, including courtyard, string and slide between.
7) The loop, the landscape and the double loaded corridor -Jackson Clements Burrows
Potential Keyword and Strategy Employed: Sustainability (ESD), social and communal, planning and viability Practice Statement: The design response articulates the idea of using a looped double loaded corridor building form to define the site perimeter and encapsulate a large internal public space Community Served: Established and socially active suburb at the fridge of the city Target Issues: The built fabric is ‘tired’ and the amount of housing available is inadequate in the fridge suburb of Melbourne. Notes: Loop—inclusive, a form for communal gathering and interaction Landscape—as an ecosystem, a public space that connects back to natural/native landscape Double loaded corridor—dynamic manipulation of an existing rational typology to balance the yield/amenity ratio.
8)The courtyard house -Geoffrey London
Potential Keyword and Strategy Employed: Sustainability (ESD), density, affordability, demographic, new household types, social and communal Practice Statement: Use courtyard house to increase diversity by offering another house type, one that is capable of flexibility, climateresponsiveness, doubling the surrounding suburban density, and of meeting the current expectations of room function to be found in the project house market. Community Served: Different types of households in suburb Target Issues: Courtyard house in Australia has lots of advantages such as capacity for higher density, but the potential of this type of houses has not been fully developed in Australia. Notes: The design demonstrates small groups of courtyard houses within existing suburban subdivisions that are in the process of change through infill and/or rebuilding of the housing. It provides diversity of size and plan configuration to suit a range of different household types. The courtyard house also offers good opportunities for acoustic and visual privacy, together with the full integration of internal and outdoor spaces—the courtyard becoming an outdoor room. Within well-designed subdivisions, correct orientation for solar gain and good passive environmental performance is possible, resulting in less energy use.
9)Townhouses -McBride Charles Ryan
Potential Keyword and Strategy Employed: Density, new household types, social and communal Practice Statement: Using courtyard homes with a great variety and complexity to achieve a complex amalgam, which will articulate individual ownership and variety whilst still responding to the larger urban grain of the city. Community Served: Medium-density housing development in the inner city Melbourne suburb of South Yarra Target Issues: Provide more dense and varied individual houses and develop more diverse and complex communities. Notes: Using courtyard houses as a type and increasing the diversity and variety to fit for different demand. Create a complex “puzzle” by arranging and orientating the houses. The essential structure of the houses will be reinforced concrete slabs. Aided by digital modelling that could be translated directly into the contractors’ shop drawings to reduce cost.
10)Open hearth -Mulloway studio
Potential Keyword and Strategy Employed: Affordability, demographic, new household types, planning and viability Practice Statement: Informed by a desire to address the housing affordability crisis and inspired by the view of camping and its applicability to permanent dwellings. Community Served: Adelaide’s inner northern suburbs and different households. Target Issues: Develop the viability and affordability of housing by analysing temporary dwelling forms of camping Notes: Apply a core to incorporate the majority of essential services of a house. Allow incremental addition of rooms to the central pod as funds and families grow. Larger trees form the major spatial anchors and are supported with smaller plantings that can be easily removed or relocated as development progresses. Components are prefabricated, mass produced and readily available.
11)The adaptable house -Shane Murray, Diego Ramirez-Lovering, Graham Crist
Potential Keyword and Strategy Employed: Sustainability (ESD), aordability, demographic, new household types, planning and viability Practice Statement: This house design recognises the needs and the diversity of household makeup in the Australian population thereby contributing to social sustainability through appropriate allocation of space. This also results in improved environmental sustainability because it enables larger and more complex groupings of individuals to occupy a single small dwelling. Community Served: Typical suburbs in Victoria Target Issues: Challenge the conventional and traditional provision of rooms, and improve the design quality of houses. Notes: This project emphasises the importance of achieving both social and environmental sustainability in contemporary housing. Adaptable forms of occupation have been combined with simple passive ESD strategies. Economy has been achieved by stringently adhering to the construction processes and disciplined material selection of volume building. ESD approach focuses on the fundamental principles of good passive solar orientation and eďŹƒcient environmental envelope. The adaptable house design supports a exible range of occupations. This is achieved through a partially detached multi-purpose room that can be accessed separately to the main area of the dwelling.
12)On Density and Streat Activation (Sydney) -Neeson Murcatt
Potential Keyword and Strategy Employed: Affordability; Aging; Social and Communal; Demographic; Planning and Viability; Wellbeing Practice Statement: Studies on particularities of site and contexts to derive questions for architectural resolution. Community Served: Aging population and first-time home buyers Target Issues: Lack of housing choice for the aging population; Impenetrable market for first time home buyers; Social interactivity. Notes: Aims to bridge market gap between empty nesters (aging population) and first-time home buyers (young). Decrease in average household occupancy from 2.7 to 2.2 reflected in dwelling intensity growth from 1 house to 3 houses per lot. Injecting a garden living space by the street increases streetscape vitality. Shared communal spaces are larger than any private spaces, The private spaces leverages on unique internal spaces created by constraints of the building envelope (such as reading nooks, sunlit showers, extendable kitchens etc) (Page 103). Extended gardens provide for further delineation between the property, streetscape and roadway.
13)Small Groups -NMBW Architecture Studio
Potential Keyword and Strategy Employed: New Household Types; Social and Communal; Sustainability and Efficiency; Planning and Viability; Demographic; Wellbeing Practice Statement: Focuses on cultural and historical values of site. Researches on Australian contemporary conditions, and relations between the domestic life and public conditions. Community Served: Groups of “Non-standard” housing needs (extended families; group of dwellers-friends; retirees) and smallscale builders. Target Issues: Inefficient land use arising from compartmentalised and autonomous building and living methods. How to maximise potential dwellings without needing a centralised (corporate body) or fiscal support? Notes: Proposal of 4 scenarios of small clusters upon a combined site of 2/4/6 lots (while maintaining their separate land title). Apart from mutual benefits within the proposal, the proposal aims to connect and enable private landscapes (yards) into the public landscapes of recent suburban developments. (Page 114-117 for yard configurations). Varying configurations and composition of the yard in respect to the dwelling allows for various functions of external spaces.
14)Between Spaces -Nathanael Preston and Daniel Lane Preston Lane Architects Pty Ltd
Potential Keyword and Strategy Employed: Density; Planning and Viability; Wellbeing Practice Statement: Projects ranging from small-scale highly crafted to larger urban designs. Interrogation of site constraints as integral to brief formation and outcomes. Community Served: Mid ring suburbia revitalisation Target Issues: For increasing densities and decreasing dwelling sizes. Increased density in inner and outer suburbia (the latter contributed by policies) results in an inward focused community. Project explores in-between spaces, and thresholds between the inside and outside. Can we perceive spaces to be larger? How to change market expectations about dwelling sizes? Notes: Project bridges gap between incongruencies of increased household size and decreasing average household occupancy. Believes that thoughtful and considered designs, consumptions can be limited leading to “real sustainability�. Manipulation of building external skin -pushing and pulling, extending and vacating- can result in opportunities (matchbox diagrams below)?
15)Eskiimo -Rodrigues Bodycoat
Potential Keyword and Strategy Employed: Aordability; New Materials and Methods Community Served: Remote living. Target Issues: Environmental and structural beneďŹ ts to materials and construction methods and low-cost solutions. Notes: Prefabricated steel coated foam panels allows for larger spans whilst ensuring insulated comfort levels in varying weather. There is also no secondary structure, thus lowering costs.
16)Climatic Orientationa and Construction Technology=Residential Building Form -Bernard Seeber Pty Ltd Architects
Potential Keyword and Strategy Employed: Density, new household types, planning and viability Practice Statement: Mainly involved in housing in the means of refurbishments and additions. Development and solutions for thorough briefs crafts specific projects. External building skin as integral to internal scapes and construction methods. Target Issues: Environmental and sustainable construction methods and long term building sustainability? Notes: Injection of passive solar systems, forms and material textures to influence spatial occupancy. Apertures facilitates cross ventilation and complements their served programs. Grid like systems assists in layout and building composition. (Page 134-137 for case studies). Offsite prefabricated and precast manufactured components to reduce cost. This also allows for ease of assembly at hard to access sites (Solomon Street House, Fremantle (Page 136). Orientation and building form (Roofs) allows for solar and rainwater/stormwater collection conditions.
17)Allowing Adaptation -Roderick Simpson and Christopher Kelly Simpson+ Wilson Architecture + Urban Design
Potential Keyword and Strategy Employed: Sustainability (ESD); Demographic; Aging; Social and Communal; New Household Types; Planning and Viability; Affordability Practice Statement: Seeks to develop projects on aging in place, multigenerational and multi-occupancy as a sustainable and affordable response for a social catalyst. Strives for ecologically sustainable designs. Community Served: Aging population; multi-generational occupancy; extended families. Target Issues: Social, economic and environmentally unsustainable influx of housing developments that do not consider evolving dwellers, aging and demographic requirement shifts. This is exacerbated by planning and building regulations. Notes: Push to increase adaptable occupancy density in existing structures with social, environment and energy effects as proponents. (Page 140-142 for Environment effects and push for urban consolidation). This adaptability is to cope with the varying needs of the communities, from aging in place to multi-generational occupancy. Case studies on property divisions as follows (Page 143-147)
18)Social Housing-Urban Opportunities -Keith Streames and Barend Meyer, in collaboration with Michael Burke of Home Ground Services
Potential Keyword and Strategy Employed: New Household Types; Social and Communal; Density; Affordability. Practice Statement: Interests in social housing. HomeGround Services seeks to provide for the homeless, motivated by the idea that access to decent, secure and affordable housing is a human right. Community Served: For the people with no permanent accommodation. Target Issues: Complexities revolving the homeless and provisions of social housing. Notes: Seeks to identify various opportunities and resources that enables basic shelter with minimum fiscal outlays. The three projects looks at re-urbanisation, densification and issues pertaining to medium to high density social housings. On site amenities providing for dwellers such as mental health, employment, drug and alcohol services are proposed. Methods were taken to mediate zones between the public and private. Atriums punch through single loaded corridors, while perforated semi-opaque screens clad facades. (Page 152-159 for their three projects).
19)Courtyard Apartment Buildings -Hill Thalis Architecture + Urban Projects
Potential Keyword and Strategy Employed: Employed: Sustainability (ESD); Density; Demographic; Social and Communal; Wellbeing Practice Statement: Looks at a collaborative eort to integrate urban design, housing and ESD. Target Issues: A negotiation between unsustainable forms of urbanisation brought by low density housing (villas, townhouses etc), and impenetrable gated suburbs resistant to demographic changes. Notes: Seeks to produce housing models with increased public access, facilities, access to new public transport, and are environmentally sustainable and aordable.
20)house-street-relationship-house-street-districtcity -Kerstin Thompson Architects
Potential Keyword and Strategy Employed: Social and Communal; Wellbeing Practice Statement: Looks at residential architecture to procure opportunities for new responsive typologies, reective of lifestyle preferences and environmental conditions of the current. Community Served: Private dwellings -individual or multiple lotsTarget Issues: Typology curation, subdivision pattern and building envelope acts to develop and revitalise characters of streetscape and neighbouring dwellings, as well as thresholds between the private and public of spaces. Can private dwellings serve the public realm? Notes: “in accommodating domestic bliss we are also inevitably forming the civic realmâ€? (Thompson, Page 174). Also believes in the curatable act of many small fragment and interventions which will contribute to the overall suburb and city. The following 4 case studies interacts with and activates the streetscape with the idea of connectivity beyond site.
21)Redesigning Controls for Sustainable Cities -Alec Tzannes
Potential Keyword and Strategy Employed: Sustainability (ESD); Density; Demographic; Planning and Viability Practice Statement: Strives for a sustainable and energy efficient tectonic experience and the contributions of architecture towards the public environments. Sustainability is integral to all phases of design stages. This integration ensures projects are sustainable, enduring and of cultural significance. Community Served: “…all people and family structures…” Target Issues: Methods to combine vernacular systems and prefabricated housing, and avoid the issue of industrial urban stacking modules. Notes: Seeks to gain the most out of legislative dictates and cultural/historical values. Looks at recent developments of environmental considerations.Notes: Believes that greater urban and housing densities will bridge the gap to sustainability. Looks to refocus planning paradigms, from a focus building controls of private lands to environmental controls of the public domain. (Page 183186 for interesting views on amending city planning control policies). The elements of the Central Sydney DCP that was recommended in this proposal to be deleted under the Controls Redesigning Proposal includes certain elements of controls of: Building Setbacks; Building Bulk; Building Exteriors; Residential Development; Ecologically Sustainable Residential Development and Residential Amenities.
Housing Research Estate JADE LAYTON - KHUE NGUYEN
)PVTJOH 3FTFBSDI &TUBUF 5PQJD 4VNNBSZ Density
Melbourne Terrace
Previously a singular residential building within a sea of factories and warehouses, Melbourne Terrace was the first of a series of apartment blocks in the CBD. The house / apartment hybrid, aimed to attract middle class people and families into the city. They provide traditional suburban living arrangements within an inner city dense setting. The apartments all vary from 1 to 3 bedrooms with some even split over varying levels. The double height living area in some of the apartments create a light filled interiors with a sense of openness and connection. Some fitouts were sold off the plan and some were sold fully furnished. This gave buyers flexibility and was one of the key success factors. https://www.housingresearchestate.com.au/forum/case-studies/melbourne-terrace
QVII Apartments
This residential building complex looks at layering residential spaces above retail spaces in the high-rise dense Melbourne CBD. QVII takes up an entire block of the Hoddle grid so building vertically is a way to maximise space. Balconies are all north facing with nothing on the south facade to maximise natural daylight. The island planning strategy used, consists of a compact service core that runs through the building containing kitchen, bathroom and laundry to maximise space. https://www.housingresearchestate.com.au/forum/case-studies/qvii
Napier Street Housing
Napier Street Housing project by Kerstin Thompson Architects was designed for and addresses the needs and tastes of a specific client group, the ageing baby-boomers. With three street frontages, a service alley and two streets, each unit has similar Napier projectterrace by Kerstin Thompson Architects size andStreet shape Housing to the existing housing and is designed to was designed for and addresses needs and tastesThis of a ensures specific have independent vehicular andthe pedestrian access. client group, baby-boomers. three street privacy betweenthe unitsageing while allowing for the With flexibility of using frontages, a service alleyspace and –two unit has similar the garage as a habitable thestreets, surpluseach space. Internally, the size and shape to the existing terracethe housing andand is designed to living space is sandwiched between upstairs downstairs have independent vehicular and pedestrian access. Thislifestyle. ensures bedrooms to accommodate a wider range of tenant’s privacy between units while allowing for the flexibility of using https://housingresearchestate.com.au/forum/case-studies/napier-street-housing the garage as a habitable space – the surplus space. Internally, the living space is sandwiched between the upstairs and downstairs bedrooms to accommodate a wider range of tenant’s lifestyle. https://housingresearchestate.com.au/forum/case-studies/napier-street-housing
Emerging User Group
The Space of Ageing
This case study was developed by Monash University and Housing Choices Australia and focuses on the spatial and experiential housing typologies for ageing in place. The study notes two common discourses derived from accessible architecture: the accessibility and functionality direction, and the qualitative design that is dignity-enabling; and highlights the lack of design exploration in the later discourse. The team investigated and studied key factors that contribute to the qualitative aspect of accessible architecture such as: opportunities to interact, daylight and views, exible spaces and multi-use bathrooms. https://housingresearchestate.com.au/media/pages/case-studies/the-space-ofageing/2055226554-1563786513/bertram-murphy-ageing-aa.pdf
A Community Fix for the Affordable Housing Crisis
Using Caggara House in Brisbane as an example, the article highlights the needs of an emerging user group – former lowincome public housing tenants aged 55 and over. Before moving to Caggara House, many lived in state-owned houses that were much for House their needs and maintenance ability, the especially Usingbigger Caggara in Brisbane as an example, article after their household size decreases. Not only does creating highlights the needs of an emerging user group – former lowhousing for this user group free up resources for other families income public housing tenants aged 55 and over. Before moving in also allows closer tohouses urban that support to needs, Caggarait House, manythem lived to in live state-owned were services and become active community members. From a much bigger for their needs and maintenance ability, especially housing market perspective, article notes for after their household size the decreases. Not the onlyrising doesneeds creating government support in the Community Housing sector, projects housing for this user group free up resources for other families owned community-based organisations. in needs,byit also allows them to not-for-profit live closer to urban support services and become active community members. From a
https://theconversation.com/a-community-fix-for-the-affordable-housinghousing market perspective, the article notes the rising needs for crisis-102840
government support in the Community Housing sector, projects owned by community-based not-for-profit organisations. https://theconversation.com/a-community-fix-for-the-affordable-housing-
Upper House
Upper House is located between the University of Melbourne and RMIT, and focuses on the emerging need for student accommodation. These apartments consist of one and two bedroom spaces that provide modest living arrangements. The upper (at cloud) levels ensure cross ventilation and a oor to ceiling corner window to maximise light penetration. Architects thought about the student user group and incorporated details such as, in-built desks to bedrooms and full height sliding doors between bedrooms and living to dissolve boundaries. The Observatory on the 11th oor is a successful communal space for students to gather while using the design to provide shade and relief from wind. https://www.housingresearchestate.com.au/forum/case-studies/upper-house
Abbotsford Housing Demonstration Project
Abbotsford Housing Demonstration Project is a housing and support project which provides young people with disabilities the opportunity to be independent in a way that the average person takes for granted. It consists of 6 fully accessible apartments within multi-storey private and social housing development. Internal circulation spaces of the whole development are highly accessible. Designers thought about the user group and incorporated details such as smart home technology which allows tenants to control their environment (blinds and lights) from their phone. Support sta are on-hand 24/7 and are contactable through smart system allowing independence in a supported environment. https://www.housingresearchestate.com.au/forum/case-studies/abbotsford-housing-demonstration-project
Ozanam House
Ozanam House is an initiative of vincent Care which provides long-term, temporary, as well as crisis accommodation for people experiencing homelessness. The design creates a small city / neighbourhood within itself, which creates a respectful and supported environment for all residents.The exible design provides accommodation for short, medium and long-term occupants. Some of the longer-term rooms feature private bathrooms, storage facilities and private cooking facilities for self-suďŹƒciency. Some short-term rooms share communal spaces addressing crisis needs. Architects have thought of the vulnerable user group and included a resource centre for psychological and physical needs, as well as a space for 250 daily visitors. https://www.housingresearchestate.com.au/forum/case-studies/ozanam
Innovative Housing
Bedford Street Townhouses
DKO Architects transformed a heritage listed, long and narrow site which would usually be difficult to provide multiple dwellings, into a series of 5 responsive townhouses. Architects looked at the benifits of the townhouse typology against the popular apartment layouts which gave their design a point of difference. Stacking the spaces vertically allows each of the townhouses to enjoy north sun. The scale of the lanway is increased due to the use of a striking cantilever. This brightens the alleyway into a welcoming urban space. Facade features robust materials that will age well, such as Corten steel and fibre cement sheeting. Building performs well with a 6-star energy rating. Flexibility to support emerging trend of home offices by having the first floor accessed as an office without privacy compromise. https://www.housingresearchestate.com.au/forum/case-studies/bedford-street
Assemble Model Kensington
Based at 393 Macaulay Road, Kensington, the apartment building is part of the Resilient Communities 5-10-year research project supported by Resilient Melbourne. The Assemble Model is a housing development model where residents can lease their homes while saving to buy. In addition to providing aordable housing, the project places strong emphasis on building and sustaining a sense of community in inner city apartments, as an approach to urban resiliency. Other aspects such as small living footprint and crisis preparedness also play major roles in the project development. https://housingresearchestate.com.au/forum/case-studies/assemble-modelkensington https://resilientmelbourne.com.au/resilient-communities/resilient-communities393-macaulay-rd-kensington/ case-studies/assemble-model-kensington
Munro Court
Munro Court is a housing development with 8 private houses connected to each other by external pathways and gardens and aims to promote social sustainability and small house design. Orientation and site planning are carefully considered to maximise access to natural light while maintaining the delicate balance between privacy and social connection. Architecturally, the project focuses on the quality of interior spaces enhanced by natural lighting and spaciousness. The gardens play a signiďŹ cant role in not only establishing the characters of the development, but also recognising the values of native oras and drought-tolerant vegetations. https://lifehousedesign.com.au/project/munro-court/ https://housingresearchestate.com.au/forum/case-studies/munro-court
Murundaka Cohousing Community
With a 20-year history of being a rental housing co-op, Murundaka Cohousing Community was realised as a facility that houses 18 self-contain units and up to 40 residents. The project is strongly characterised by the excellent balance between private homes and shared communal spaces. Productive and social-enabling activities such as gardening, laundry, cooking and dinning take place in shared areas. A self-funded Energy Freedom Initiative resulted in the installation of 30 solar panels that beneďŹ ts all residents and contributes to reducing their living footprint. The project has gained highly positive feedback and received an overwhelming amount of expression of interest. The organisation and residents engage with the wider community by holding workshops and open days where homes can be visited. https://housingresearchestate.com.au/forum/case-studies/murundaka-cohousingcommunity
The Sustainable & Affordable Housing Initiative
A brief discussion on the context of Australian volume housing shows that detached housing construction still proves to be the most economical in the market. However, the essay also highlights the unaffordability of the current housing market and a concern for environmental sustainability due to the increase in detached houses size. The Sustainable and Affordable Housing Initiative sought architecture involvement to explore how architecture can contribute towards bridging the gap in these issues. The outcome was three housing typologies: Adaptable House 1 (allows for flexible spatial flow and wide range of occupation), Dividable House (can be divided into two dwellings later on and suitable for large or multi-generational families), and Adaptable House 2 (allows for significant separation between unrelated occupants). https://housingresearchestate.com.au/forum/essays/the-sustainable-and-affordable-homeinitiative-a-case-study-exploring-an-architectural-contribution-to-volume-housing-in-australia
Research Repository Group 7: Monash & DASH
Monash Art, Design and Architecture researchers from varied backgrounds – including professional artists, designers, architects and theorists – work together to produce vibrant, innovative, creative research that addresses the social, economic and human issues facing Australia.
Future Building Initiative Working collaboratively with its national and international consortium of leading industry and academic partners on applied research projects, the Future Building Initiative plays a critical translational role between research and industry. A key part of this project is to conceptualise and implement a more industrialised approach to building; an approach that will more fully utilise emerging opportunities in technology, advanced processes, and the latest thinking.
Mobility Design Lab The Mobility Design Lab combines evidence-based research methods and real world solutions with design-led innovations that challenge prevailing orthodoxy. Our research mediates connections between science, government, engineering and user experiences of mobility systems. We engage with user-centred and participatory research techniques to reveal new insights into passenger experiences.
Monash Urban Lab The Monash Urban Lab distinguishes itself through its unique integration of practice-based design and urban planning research. The Lab combines multi-scalar architectural design investigations with policy studies focussed on transitioning to sustainable and equitable urban environments and communities at city and regional scales.
After researching various studies conducted in three laboratories at Monash University, we summarize the ďŹ ndings into three parts. They are the technical innovation of future housing, the design for special groups and the new design concept theories.
Technical Innovation of Future Housing The Future Building Initiative’s broad thematic interests include: 1.integrated digital platforms for building design, development, production, and operation 2.advanced manufacturing and Industry 4.0 3.advanced materials and systems 4.digital and automated fabrication technologies 5.mass customisation
Building 4.0 CRC
Prefabricated Affordable Housing
Intelligent Home Solutions
Future Gird Homes
https://www.monash.edu/mada/research/building-4.0-crc
Building 4.0 Better buildings, new efficiencies through technology and collaboration. Australia’s existing high-cost, low-tech building sector is an ideal target for disruption. Building 4.0 CRC will prepare the industry for this event and place Australia among world-leaders in the field. ----Professor Mathew Aitchison Building has not kept pace with the rapid technological and organisational change of modern business and society, which has led other sectors to gains in productivity and customer satisfaction. Building’s core challenge remains the modernisation of a fragmented and adversarial industry, which has hitherto blocked the collective problem-solving approach required for change. By taking a ‘whole-of-system’ approach, the Building 4.0 CRC aims to create an innovation ecosystem. This leverages the entire construction value chain to underpin the sector’s future prosperity and unlock opportunities for growth and productivity. This will lead to an increase in GDP share, growth in high value employment for Australians, a reduction in greenhouse gases and make better housing that is more liveable and affordable for Australians.
https://www.monash.edu/mada/research/graduate-research/alexandra-mcrobert
Prefabricated Affordable Housing PhD ARC: An approach to holistic knowledge in improving housing affordability utilising prefabricated construction. This project investigates the issue of compartmentalisation of knowledge within the academic and professional discourse on housing affordability, and proposes a new framework for integrating fields of knowledge to provide a map for housebuilding companies to provide more holistic approaches to improving housing affordability, with particular focus on companies utilising prefabricated construction.
https://www.monash.edu/emerging-tech-research-lab/research/energy-futures/futuregrid-homes
Future Gird Homes The Future Grid Homes project was funded by Energy Consumers Australia and involved qualitative research with energy sector professionals and Australian households who had experience with demand management and/or new energy technologies (e.g. solar PV, battery storage and electric vehicles). The aim of the project was to identify best practice engagement strategies, concepts and relationship models to help the energy sector deliver a reliable, affordable and sustainable future electricity system. “Through household and industry research, we have identified how best to engage households towards coming changes in the energy market and electricity sector. There’s no one best way, but rather a variety of different pathways which our research has highlighted.” Associate Professor Yolande Strengers, Emerging Technologies Research Lab, Monash University
https://www.monash.edu/emerging-tech-research-lab/research/future-health/intelligent-home-solutions-for-independent-living
Intelligent Home Solutions “Our researchers are meeting with older people in their homes to discuss what types of devices may be useful for them, the impacts of the technology on everyday living and independence, and how smart home devices could be better designed to suit older people.” Associate Professor Yolande Strengers, Project Leader from the Emerging Technologies Research Lab This project provides off-the-shelf smart home technologies designed to match assessed individual needs for Commonwealth Home Support Programme (CHSP) participants. Installed devices include Google Home, iRobot Roomba robotic vacuum cleaner, Phillips Hue smart lights, Kogan Smart Kettles, Apple tablets, and Fibaro water flood sensors.
Design for special Groups Design Health Collab uses a people-centred design approach to understand and activate signiďŹ cant, high-impact healthcare services and products in the world. XYX Lab is grounded in feminist and queer theory and activated through real-world projects. Equal parts qualitative and quantitative research, we regularly work to collect and analyse data and experiences in order to generate deeper understanding and support our design projects. Our approach is inclusive of all gender and sexual identities.
Gentle House
Preventing Sexual Harassment in Australian Public Transport Spaces
Housing for Young People Recovering from Mental Illness
https://www.monash.edu/mada/research/independent-housing-for-young-people-recovering-from-mental-illness
Independent Housing for Young People Recovering from Mental Illness This project aims to enhance understanding of the role of informal community resources in supporting stable housing and social inclusion for young people recovering from mental illness by: 1.Identifying the informal community resources, relationships and supports that facilitate the acquisition and retention of stable housing for youth in recovery. 2.Identifying the various ways youth recovering from a mental illness utilise these informal resources and relationships in support of stable housing. 3.Identifying ways that informal community resources might be mobilised in the design of novel housing and social inclusion initiatives for youth in recovery.iRobot Roomba robotic vacuum cleaner, Phillips Hue smart lights, Kogan Smart Kettles, Apple tablets, and Fibaro water ood sensors.
https://www.monash.edu/mada/research/gentle-house
Co-designing with people on the autism spectrum to develop richer, more inclusive spaces Gentle House is a research project exploring autistic perceptions of space and seeking strategies for designing spaces in a more inclusive way. An initial pilot project involved working with a family of four to redesign parts of their home to accommodate the home-schooling of one of their children, who is aged nine and has been diagnosed with sensory processing disorder (an autism spectrum condition). Working closely with the family, we developed a series of prototypes and spatial experiments that explored texture, colour, smell and materiality. Spaces for physical activity and quiet study have been developed to create spaces for physical activity and for individual projects. These initial studies have led to a larger-scale project to transform the house and landscaping to create a home that will continue to meet the family’s evolving needs.
New Design Concept Theories The Monash Urban Lab distinguishes itself through its unique integration of practice-based design and urban planning research. The Lab combines multi-scalar architectural design investigations with policy studies focussed on transitioning to sustainable and equitable urban environments and communities at city and regional scales. Our research focuses on three areas of investigation. Select an area to learn more: Sustainable and Inclusive Cities, Urban Infrastructure Systems, Visualising Urban Futures
Habitat 21: Adaptable House
Liveable Compact Cities Project
CRC-P Innovation in Advanced Designing Affordable, Sustainable Multi-Storey Housing Manufacture Housing (DASH)
https://www.monash.edu/mada/research/crc-p
CRC-P Innovation in Advanced Multi-Storey Housing Manufacture Transforming the housing construction industry towards an innovative, advanced manufacturing future. The objective Innovation in Advanced Multi-Storey Housing Manufacture CRC-P was to spearhead the restructuring of the construction sector from a low-margin, low-skill and hierarchical subcontracting model, towards a value-adding, high-skill and integrated manufacturing structure. ----Professor Mathew Aitchison The Innovation in Advanced Multi-Storey Housing Manufacture CRC-P addressed the use of advanced manufacturing technologies and techniques to design and build innovative multi-storey housing that could meet industry and consumer demands by: reducing cost, build-time, risk and waste, while increasing housing sustainability, diversity, eďŹƒciency, safety and quality.in the design of novel housing and social inclusion initiatives for youth in recovery.iRobot Roomba robotic vacuum cleaner, Phillips Hue smart lights, Kogan Smart Kettles, Apple tablets, and Fibaro water ood sensors.
https://www.monash.edu/mada/research/liveable-compact-cities-project
Liveable Compact Cities Project Principles for designing sustainable medium density inďŹ ll housing for subtropical South-East Queensland. Design guidelines were prepared for 4-8 storey apartment buildings in a suburban inďŹ ll context that embrace the sub-tropical environmental conditions of the South-East Queensland Region. The project involved design studies in the area of Cleveland that produced illustrated guidelines for 10 principles of site-responsive and climate-responsive mediumdensity housing developments. The emphasis is on simple initiatives to improve liveability and sustainability in dwellings and the surrounding urban environment. The case-study designs and other preliminary design models provide examples of possible/exemplar outcomes and illustrate the composite nature of design thinking. The primary audience for the guidelines is developers and planners involved in assessing development applications.
https://www.monash.edu/mada/research/habitat-21-adaptable-house
Habitat 21: Adaptable House Flexible design as home owners’ needs change. An adaptable house caters for a wide range of social arrangements within a single building envelope. So rather than move house as your needs change, your house might adapt to you. ----Graham Crist, Antarctica The award-winning (Victorian Architecture Awards: Small Project Architecture 2011) Habitat 21 Adaptable House is a new typology in suburban fringe housing for a concentrated, diverse and growing population. Occupying a small footprint, this three bedroom home has a seven star energy rating, uses low-impact materials and offers flexibility through spatial adaptation, allowing for adaptable housing for different stages of life. Located in Dandenong South, the five demonstration homes have combined the skills of VicUrban, seven leading architects and volume builder Burbank Homes to produce a new way of living that uses land and infrastructure efficiently without compromising on quality.
https://www.monash.edu/mada/research/liveable-compact-cities-project
Designing Affordable, Sustainable Housing (DASH) High-quality, innovative architecture and urban design provides great living places. A primary aim of the DASH project was to investigate the optimization of environmentally sustainable design within an affordable building program as a unified project outcome. ----Diego Ramirez-Lovering
WHY is DASH The project sits at the core of questions regarding the intensification of the middle suburbs: How to find new ways to accommodate population increases? How to create affordable and diverse housing options? How to manage ageing housing stock? How to maximise the use of existing infrastructure and amenity? This project investigates an integrative development approach at the scale of precinct that responds to a timely opportunity in the greyfields of Australian cities: how to redevelop dispersed government-owned public housing land in the middle suburbs in order to maximise its potential for its residents, its local community as well as the wider metropolis.
The Research of
Processes for Developing Aordable and Sustainable Medium-density Housing Models for GreyďŹ eld Precinct authored by Shane Murray, Nigel Bertram, Lee-Anne Khor, Deborah Rowe, Byron Meyer, Catherine Murphy, Peter Newton, Stephen Glackin, Tom Alves and Rob McGauran
This research was undertaken in three distinct but related stages. The detailed methods used in each stage are outlined in Chapter 3.
Stage 1: Nation Building Economic Stimulus Plan—Social Housing Initiative (SHI) A national overview of the SHI delivery involved an analysis of the method of delivery of the SHI, based on an extensive desktop review of available material, supported by a sample of interviews with government agencies and community housing organisations. Geo-spatial analysis of the locations of all projects delivered in the Melbourne Metropolitan area was plotted against key liveability indices and other urban policy objectives. A matrix of key design innovation attributes identified six innovative projects. For each of these projects, site visits, architectural and urban design reviews, and interviews with architects, delivery managers and operators took place. Analytical materials identified the key design strategies and innovations. The findings were tested through tenant surveys and an industry workshop with stakeholders involved in the SHI program. The outcomes from this stage are published as an AHURI refereed Positioning Paper entitled: Design innovations delivered under the Nation Building Economic Stimulus Plan—Social Housing Initiative (Murray et al. 2013).
Stage 2: Dispersed public housing land in the middle suburbs The second stage identified the opportunities for land assemblage of dispersed public housing land in the middle suburbs through a survey of government public housing land holdings in the greyfields of Melbourne. The public housing register was collated with a series of spatial, economic, social and infrastructural datasets in a geographical information system (GIS) platform. The GIS model allowed layers of information to be overlaid and considered together; the GIS software also enabled the necessary shifts in scale required for the assessment of potential precinctscaled redevelopment opportunities. From that, a multi-criteria framework was developed including existing physical attributes, urban context and potential redevelopment capacity. An innovative ‘mixing desk’ tool was developed that enabled this data to be interpreted and filtered.
Stage 3: Developing design scenarios for real sites The third stage involved developing and testing three design scenarios in which actual public housing site precincts in greyďŹ elds were selected to demonstrate how they could be redeveloped. The methods for developing these scenarios included a speculative process and design exploration with architectural masters’ students, which were then discussed and developed with the local community. As well, they were presented and discussed with community housing organisations and local government authorities. All of this informed the development of the design scenarios by the research team to a detailed design level that enables a consideration of the proposed environmental and community beneďŹ ts, as well as viability issues.
Processes for developing affordable and sustainable medium-density housing model for greyfield precincts
Developing of precinct design scenarios The potential availability of dispersed ageing public housing assets, which are scattered throughout Australian cities, offers a significant opportunity to develop and test a new development approach that offers an alternative to the market-led one-off infill type. The main approach is that by approaching development of these lots at precinct scale, a range of individual and collective benefits can be achieved, which could increase the supply of affordable housing as well as increase the overall performance of these contexts in spatial and social terms. The key points of the research about design method can be discussed in two parts: - Initial design ideas and involvement of local residents - Three organizational design methods (Precinct design)
Preliminary design ideas - Localised density - Identifying sites where proximity to different services and amenities enabled support of higher-density dwelling types, while their positioning relative to existing residential areas also meant that there would be little impact on surrounding neighbours. However, if targeted, ‘acupuncturelike’ instances of high-density development might be acceptable if other areas of neighbourhoods would experience lower levels of change. - Key linkages—Connections within and through a neighbourhood could make the urban environment work better and enhance its walkability. - Intensification around bus network—Buses are often the main public transport mode in middle suburbs. - Nodes of activation/intervention—Pressure points in the existing physical and social fabric of the neighbourhood mean small changes can provide a significant community benefit or new potential could be unlocked. - Diversified public spaces—While there is often plenty of public space in the suburbs, it generally has a narrow range of uses. A variety of highquality public spaces is needed to support higher-density housing. - Clustered parking—Responding to the inevitable need to provide more parking as housing provision increases.
Community engagement The intention was to have an open conversation about urban intensification and to better understand the participants’ own ideas, aspirations and concerns for their neighbourhoods. Understand the actual problems existing in the local area, and better guide the development direction. In the study, there were some common results for the communication between the two regions: - Open to change—Residents were far less resistant to urban change than expected and, in fact, welcomed redevelopment if it contributed to local community building and improvements to public amenity. - Giving back to the community—Traditionally issues arising in planning such as overshadowing, overlooking and parking were considered important. Once these concerns had been addressed, increased density and height did not seem to be significant issues. - The most important factor for the workshop respondents in both areas was the enhancement of public spaces, community services and amenity to support greater social interaction. In addition, there are some ideas with their own regional characteristics that are also worthy of our reference. - .Enhanced vitality and public amenity—There was considerable interest in the possibilities of social and cultural regeneration brought about through neighbourhood regeneration. Strong emphasis was placed on providing new or improved public spaces and places that will support greater social interaction and community activity. - Diversity of community facilities. There was a strong interest in smallerscale community facilities suited to semi-private, organised community use. - Housing diversity—Greater provision for diverse housing was noted, as there is a lack of dwelling choices for older and younger sub-markets requiring smaller accommodation types.
Processes for developing affordable and sustainable medium-density housing model for greyfield precincts
Coordinated precinct designs Precinct design objectives - Replicable design models—Design models should respond to sitespecific opportunities while also providing lessons/strategies that can be replicated in other locations. - Dwelling diversity and quality—A range of dwelling design models should be developed that better respond to contemporary social housing needs. - New connections and mixed uses—Precinct designs should enhance connections in the existing neighbourhood. - Quality of open space, not just quantity— Precinct designs should provide different scales and types of public open space that can accommodate a diversity of uses, as well as explore strategies to improve the quality and utility of existing open space amenity. This might include street upgrades, as well as specific treatment and programming of open spaces related to new building designs to accommodate a variety of activities. - Parking efficiencies—This is achieved partly through consolidated parking that encourages the prioritisation of pedestrian environments within 50 metres from their car park, as well as all dwellings having convenient access to ‘drop off ’ areas, encouraging visitation and ease of use (e.g. dropping off shopping).
Precinct design Park edges This proposal focuses on enhancing the interface between the existing neighbourhood and the large public reserve to the east of the study area. Present a replicable opportunity for targeted and intensive redevelopment that enhances the quality of existing open spaces. The string of redeveloped sites also serve to diversify and link existing parts of the community which are currently self-contained or monofunctional. The new ‘park frontages’ have the potential to accommodate a range of small community facilities or commercial programs related to recreational park uses and the existing sports club (e.g. bike or equipment hire). The precinct design also ‘seeds’ the potential for new facilities to be built; the landscaped interfaces could be populated with community gardens, barbeque facilities and the like, further increasing the use of this extensive public open space asset. The scale and location of the precinct introduces the possibility for districtwide servicing, which could be installed linearly along the park edge. Over time, the infrastructure could expand to incorporate other properties in the surrounding neighbourhood.
Processes for developing aordable and sustainable medium-density housing model for greyďŹ eld precincts
Green streets The intent of this precinct is to create a fully accessible ‘walkable neighbourhood’ that promotes a strong sense of community, delivers a range of high-density, good quality dwellings and provides both new and existing residents with high-quality, functional amenities. In this instance, two existing parks are linked through a series of design interventions that transform and improve the overall streetscape and public realm and introduce new programs into the neighbourhood. The building is set back from the side boundary, not only to avoid overshadowing of the neighbouring properties, but also to create a public, landscaped pedestrian link to the park for use by residents and others from the neighbourhood. Landscaped grounds separate the apartment and community buildings, and provide a space for neighbourhood events. The improved amenity has the potential to increase the desirability of the area, raising property values and thus operating as a catalyst for other landowners to undertake similar projects.
Processes for developing aordable and sustainable medium-density housing model for greyďŹ eld precincts
Local shops This strip was identiďŹ ed during community engagement as an important focal point for renewal; local residents want this small hub reactivated to once again provide local services and a place for community life, and they would welcome higher-density housing if it achieved this.
Processes for developing aordable and sustainable medium-density housing model for greyďŹ eld precincts
New buildings in precincts All of the designs are replicable and address the following key points: - Diversity of dwelling types: This range of types can accommodate a variety of different household types and enables a diverse mix of residents within any given precinct. - Scale and density: The designs consist of a series of replicable, interchangeable building typologies that differ in scale and density. The designs are responsive to the wide range of variable suburban site conditions that are encountered. - Flexibility: Where possible, dwellings have been designed to be ‘flexible’ and adaptable to occupants’ needs as they change over time. In addition, some dwellings have been planned so that walls can be added or removed depending on occupants’ requirements. - Efficiency of plan: Careful planning maximises the liveable area of each dwelling while ensuring good access to natural light and ventilation and providing a floor area that is more efficient than the business-as-usual model, reducing both initial construction and ongoing maintenance costs. - Environmentally Sustainable Design (ESD): All dwellings have been planned to ensure that living areas are always oriented to the north with appropriate shading, maximising passive heating and cooling throughout the year and reducing overall energy usage and costs. - Private open space: All dwellings, regardless of size, have access to private, outdoor space oriented to the north to ensure good access to sunlight. Outdoor spaces include balconies, terraces, and courtyards. - Car pooling: As discussed throughout this report, car parks have been pooled together on consoldated sites where possible to maximise quality open space.
Processes for developing aordable and sustainable medium-density housing model for greyďŹ eld precincts
Processes for developing aordable and sustainable medium-density housing model for greyďŹ eld precincts
Conclusion This centralized reconstruction of several areas can provide an effective model for the reconstruction of scattered public housing. Good site selection and design strategies not only affect the residence, but also the surrounding area and other areas to a certain extent. First consider the response to population growth and increased demand for housing. Precinct design: allows for non-uniform, flexible siting of higher density buildings, effective program mixes, efficient parking arrangements and a variety of households and tenure types to be accommodated across a neighbourhood. Place-specific public realm enhancements enable existing community assets to ‘work harder’ for more people. These can then be supplemented with targeted amenity and infrastructure upgrades tailored to local needs and aspirations. Good quality design encourages other flowon benefits, such as attracting local business or institutional investment through active streetscapes and improved access/connectivity.
Higher density buildings: shared circulation and common spaces can augment compact dwelling options, support positive social/private tenure mixes and mitigatenegative impacts of higher density living.
Internal design: careful planning of dwelling spaces provides substantial flexibility and liveability benefits.The flexible design of the houses enables them to better adapt to the functional needs of different families in different periods, and the considerations of orientation and energy use also achieve the purpose of sustainable development.
Research Repository Group 8 Biqin Li / Li Ann Lim
Investigate the archive of essays on https://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/research library and provide summaries and references to any relevant articles on the main competition themes.
AHURI RESEARCH LIBRARY
KEY THEMES 1. Financing social and aordable housing 2. Home ownership 3. Housing aspirations and careers 4. Housing assistance and social policy 5. Housing and the economy 6. Supply of and demand for social and aordable housing 7. Urban planning and housing
AHURI RESEARCH LIBRARY
REFERENCE LISTS
Understanding the USERS 1. Young Australians and the housing aspirations gap https://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/final-reports/317
2. Older Australians and the housing aspirations gap https://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/final-reports/317
3. Housing affordability, central city economic productivity and the lower income labour market https://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/final-reports/317
Understanding the NEEDS 4. Improving outcomes for apartment residents and neighborhoods https://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/final-reports/329
5. Moving, downsizing and housing equity consumption choices of older Australians https://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/final-reports/321
6. Strategies of Australia’s leading not-for-profit housing providers: a national study and international comparison https://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/final-reports/237
Understanding the ROLES 7. ‘A pathway to where?’ Inquiry into understanding and reimagining social housing pathways https://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/final-reports/332
8. Strategic planning, ‘city deals’ and affordable housing https://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/final-reports/331
Understanding the USERS
1. Young Australians and the housing aspirations gap
- Short and longer term housing aspirations and the housing aspirations gap among young emerging (18–24 years) and early adults (25–34 years). - Majority of emerging adults identify owner-occupation (60%) as their ideal: 54% aspire to live in a house and 34 % in an apartment - Around 32 % want four or more bedrooms compared to 30 % wanting one or two - 68 % of early adults aspire to live in a house compared to 21 % in an apartment - Over 43 % want four or more bedrooms compared to 22 % wanting one or two - For young people, longer term housing aspirations for most in this cohort remained secondary to pursuing educational aspirations and finding secure paid work - This includes the key policy platforms of pursuing, and living near, opportunities for study and work; balancing flexibility with security within the dwelling and community; providing diversity and real choice in dwelling type, size and location; and helping households move towards independence and longer term financial freedom and security in owning or renting.
Understanding the USERS
2. Older Australians and the housing aspirations gap
- Older Australians aspire to live in a variety of dierent locations, with the most popular choices being the middle to outer suburbs of capital cities (around 35%) and small regional towns (around 20%) - Generally, they would like to own a detached dwelling (69%) with three bedrooms (50%) although there is an appetite for two-bedroom apartments, particularly in the 75+ age group - Aspirations are driven by a desire for long-term, stable housing. - While the number of bedrooms, building quality and dwelling type are important, safety and security and having somewhere that feels like home are critical for older Australians. - Policy development options: Housing assistance; Housing diversity; more choice for social housing tenants; central housing information service
Understanding the USERS
3. Housing affordability, central city economic productivity and the lower income labour market
- Increased spatial mismatch between LICC job opportunities and the increasing suburbanisation of LI households - Increasing shortage of affordable housing options for LI households within established parts of Australia’s metros, lead to the ensuing trend that these households are increasingly located in the middle and outer suburbs - MI households have to make housing compromises when they are connected to the CC labour market - Increase affordable or diverse housing options - Efficient and affordable transport options to access CC employment - Transport or housing interventions, along with government interventions to ensure an efficient land-use pattern
Understanding the NEEDS
4. Improving outcomes for apartment residents and neighbourhoods
- Experiences of apartment living are mediated by the quality and design of the built environment, the nature and quality of service provision, and the demographic proďŹ les and mix of residents at both the building and local area (precinct) scales - Lower-income households are disproportionately aected by challenges associated with apartment living, yet most existing research and policy does not consider the impact of living in density for lower-income residents in particular - Experiences of apartment living for lower-income apartment residents are inuenced by: - planning and infrastructure provision, - urban design, - building design and management, - neighbourhood amenities and facilities, and ongoing place management and community engagement
Understanding the USERS
5. Moving, downsizing and housing equity consumption choices of older Australians
- Single home owners (63.4% for singles aged 55–59) - Couple homeowners (89.2% for couples aged 65–70) - Single PRS renters (15 % of people aged 55–59, 2.4% of people aged over 80 - Couple PRS renters (6% of people aged 55–59, 1.7% of people aged over 80) - An analysis of barriers to geographic mobility identified by a set of older Australians highlights that the majority of individuals report either health or affordability as the primary barrier to moving - Among older Australians, both geographic mobility and downsizing are associated with an increase in financial and life satisfaction, but a decrease in housing and neighbourhood satisfaction
Understanding the USERS
6. Strategies of Australia’s leading not-for-proďŹ t housing providers: a national study and international comparison
- Product service strategies of NFP organisations that deliver housing assistance Programs - Strategies linked to government priorities—for example, in the aged and disability service areas and on better management of former public housing and supporting its residents - Mixed tenure developments
Understanding the ROLES
8. ‘A pathway to where?’ Inquiry into understanding and reimagining social housing pathways
- Over time, public housing has shifted away from supporting the working class to supporting people who are in poverty and have complex needs (Hayward, 1996; Chalkley, 2012); - While housing continues to be allocated to those with greatest need, and others remain in need and on waitlists, social housing remains an emergency response, rather than a housing solution. - For many tenants, the stability, security and sanctuary offered by social housing, makes it a home. This sense of home is incompatible with a pathway model that promotes transition out of social housing as the most desirable outcome. - As a consequence, there is a significant disconnect between the policy implications of pathways and how these pathways are constructed in people’s lives - We need to recognise that there will be multiple pathways for different people, including social housing as a legitimate end point, and viable alternatives to social housing that are affordable, appropriate, stable and safe. - Truly puts people at the heart of the housing system and building system capacities to ensure the right home for everyone.
Understanding the ROLES
9. Strategic planning, ‘city deals’ and affordable housing
- The paradox in government strategies that are designed to improve connectivity to capital city employment centres while also seeking to attract and retain a local labour market to live and work in the local area - Play a role in offering affordable rental accommodation for lower-income workers, balanced by local employment and transport opportunities - Prioritise strategic transport and infrastructure investment for areas that offer affordable rental housing but have lower accessibility to jobs - Lifestyle and amenity benefits offer competitive advantages - Often have high car dependencies
FUTURE HOUSE RESEARCH REPOSITORY PRESENTATION Group 9 Task 1 Rupert Reed / Shan Jin
Group 9: Perform a thorough search on the University of Melbourne Library website for relevant articles or current journal entries on the main themes of the competition brief including density in our middle ring suburbs, challenges to planning policy in Victorian housing, emerging sustainability and ecological advancements in residential design etc. Focus on collecting pdfs and digital content from ejournals and downloadable ebooks.
RESEARCH REPOSITORY PRESENTATION Rupert Reed / Shan Jin
SOURCE 1 Sustainable urban development in South Korea: compact urban form, land use, housing type, and development methods DESCRIPTION “Over the past few decades, South Korea has experienced economic development and urbanisation, the effects of which have included environmental degradation and social problems. The principles of sustainable development have gained support as an approach to dealing with these issues, and the compact city has been proposed as a means of delivering sustainable development without the sprawl of Western cities.”
WHY IS A COMPACT URBAN FORM IMPERATIVE “As the urban population grows steadily, it is estimated that by 2023 the urban population will reach 61 per cent of the world population; and by 2025 a total of five billion people will live in cities, which is more than the double the urban population in 1995 (2.4 billion) (UNCHS, 1996).”
ENVIRONMENTAL OUTCOME Compact living significantly improves environmental outcomes; due to fewer transport requirements. Achieved through mitigating urban sprawl, and consequently, residents become less reliant on the car as a source or transport.
SOCIAL OUTCOME Aided in developing a sense of community: “high density promotes strong relationships with a few neighbours, while low density is connected to weak relationships but a wider social network because residents in high-density areas are inclined to strong associations in compensation for their spatial segregation” Passive Surveillance on the street, creates a sense of community by making the citizens feel safe.
Link: https://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=cc63e14b-3153-422d-92b8-58ad4d873460%4 0sessionmgr101&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPXNzbyZzaXRlPWVkcy1saXZlJnNjb3BlPXNpdGU%3d#AN=edsb le.600259&db=edsble
SOURCE 2 “Small places” of ageing in a high-rise housing neighbourhood Singapore one of the busiest cities in the world, and with neither seasonal change nor land for urban agriculture—can its older people, who live in a high-rise and high-density environment, enjoy a relaxed pace of life? SUMMARY By 2050, it is expected that 80% of the older populations in developed countries would be residing in cities In the light of these considerations, this paper argues that public and semipublic spaces in a neighbourhood are crucial to foster a liveable lifetime neighbourhood where residents, regardless of their life-stages, can enjoy diverse temporalities and sociality.
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KEY FINDINGS The feeling of security and proximity seems to be closely related to why older people frequent such spaces, whether they are alone or with others. Other research suggests that the quality of public space is closely related to the sense of community rather than the size of public space The combination of the proximity to home and the eateries, the ability to be an activity generator, and the sense of publicness, render the coffee shop the most important public space for older people. It can thus be assumed that thresholds and transitory zones—in other words, open, protected, accessible, and connected spaces under public surveillance— enhance the sense of security and publicness. As such, our research demonstrates that the “quality of paths” is crucial for nurturing natural neighbourhood networks and liveability for older people living in a compact living environment.
Link: https://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=7&sid=11c8d280-375e-401c-9434-
f46ed9f5398a%40pdc-v-sessmgr02&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPXNzbyZzaXRlPWVkcy1saX ZlJnNjb3BlPXNpdGU%3d#AN=S0890406518302822&db=edselp
SOURCE 2 “Small places” of ageing in a high-rise housing neighbourhood KEY FINDINGS
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SOURCE 3 Density and Outer Urban Development in Melbourne DESCRIPTION This journal is mainly about density. It gives a further explanation of what it is and how it matters. It also emphasizes on the issue of residential density which is also significant in strategic land use planning in Australia. Moreover, it analyses the outer urban development based on urban form. It gives the idea that when a designer plans to design a middle-ring suburb. The article also demonstrates the relationship between density and urban development.
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KEY FINDINGS Australian state government has promoted increased residential densities in inner suburbs while retaining low densities in outer suburbs. When designing a suburb, population and urban form become a major concern in the designing process. For inner suburbs (developed in 19th), are characterised mainly by attached housing, other essential features are mixed uses, accessibility to public transport and a high proportion of multi-unit dwellings. New outer suburbs are characterised by detached housing, separated uses, low street connectivity and a high dependence on motor vehicles. Higher income, tertiary educated, professionally employed households are concentrated in inner and middle ring suburbs. Regards to sustainability, urban form influences trip frequency more than distance. But urban form is also influenced by socioeconomic factors such as income. “The overall density of an urban area is affected by the efficiency of land use by all components of urban structure.”
Citation: Michael Buxton & Jan Scheurer (2007) Density and Outer Urban Development in Melbourne, Urban Policy and Research, 25:1, 91-111, DOI: 10.1080/08111140701222831 Link: https://doi.org/10.1080/08111140701222831
SOURCE 3 ‘Third city suburbs’ Options for housing policy in ageing middle ring suburbs DESCRIPTION This paper mainly focuses on the issues on the middle ring suburbs. Emerging problems of obsolescence and replacement in the housing stock market.Since most of the middle rings suburb were developed among the 1940s and 1960s. It means most of the facilities are coming towards the end of its life cycle. At this stage, it not only gives more opportunities for designing or planning but also challenges. Furthermore this article also talks about the link between housing and other social issues in the middle ring suburbs.
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KEY FINDINGS The housing market of the middle suburb is now experiencing considerable pressure for change, Such as population. In many middle ring suburbs, the remaining initial occupants of the middle ring suburb are aging, which represent a significant proportion of population. At the same time, their son or daughter are seeking newer housing. The house in the middle ring suburb used to be designing in poor quality amenities and often small room size with poor insulation standards. Compared to the past, higher density zoning has been actively promoted in middle ring suburbs.
Citation:
Bill Randolph (2002) ‘Third city suburbs’, Australian Planner, 39:4, 173-178, DOI: 10.1080/07293682.2002.9982316 Link: https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2002.9982316
SOURCE 5 Evaluating social and affordable housing reform in Australia: lessons to be learned from history DESCRIPTION This paper talks about the importance of affordable housing. It provides an in-depth analysis of outcomes over the past 50 year to give the lessons that we can learn from the past. It also highlights the intention of developing the community housing section but shifted the focus on affordable housing.
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KEY FINDINGS “In Australia, housing provision is dominated by the market. Almost 70% of households live in owner-occupied housing and around 25% live in dwellings they rent from private landlords. The remaining 5% live in social or affordable housing.” “Affordable housing is intended “to meet the needs of households whose incomes are not sufficient to allow them to access appropriate housing in the market without assistance.” (Milligan, Phibbs, Fagan, & Gurran, 2004, p. 3)”.
Citation: Judith Yates (2013) Evaluating social and affordable housing reform in Australia: lessons to be learned from history, International Journal of Housing Policy, 13:2, 111-133, DOI: 10.1080/14616718.2013.785717 Link: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616718.2013.785717
SOURCE 6 Tiny houses and planning regulation for housing alternatives:the context of regional Victoria DESCRIPTION This paper gives a new idea about tiny houses. It becomes a high-profile example of a housing alternative. It shows the discussion on seeking options for housing. While under housing affordability stress and broad disquiet at the mainstream housing system in australian, tiny houses intend to become more affordable ways of living.
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KEY FINDINGS Tiny House means to “offer a low environmental impact, reducing the conspicuous consumption associated with larger homes and providing an alternative to the investment focus of mainstream housing.” “This housing choice is often represented as a search for freedom and individualism; as a lifestyle and as an ethical statement rejecting the embedded limitations of contemporary Australia urbanisation.” “Tiny Houses as a particular housing alternative with a stated focus on quality in design and flexibility in form and function.” Issues in current Victoria: lack of housing option, including housing affordability and diversity. “The consideration of tiny houses not only through scale but also the quality in design, as an aesthetic and as a shared housing ideal.” Housing quality, size and form become a major concern in the planning system. Housing reform should not just concern the size but also the accessibility of open space. “The planning system includes controls aimed at ensuring dwellings and other forms of accommodation address neighbourhood character, provide an appropriate standard of amenity, have access to essential infrastructure such as all-weather access and effluent disposal.” “Tiny Houses and planning regulations reflects issues at the ‘boundaries’ of development concepts and proposals; not simply concepts of size (or indeed, tinyness), but rather those matters of the Tiny House Movement that extend beyond the legitimate, but remain credible in the public mind – those matters that challenge a housing supply orthodoxy, such as impermanence.”
Citation: Andrew Butt & Carolyn Stephenson (2018) Tiny houses and planning regulation for housing alternatives: the context of regional Victoria, Australian Planner, 55:3-4, 157-163, DOI: 10.1080/07293682.2019.1632359 Link: https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2019.1632359
SOURCE 7 Trends of Sustainable Residential Architecture DESCRIPTION This paper shows prevailing trends in sustainable residential architecture. By introducing different trends which can be described by different features as visual and technical observation of project data. Besides, it also indicates different problems based on different trends. This article aims to formulate a model of evaluation of sustainable residential architecture.
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KEY FINDINGS Definition of Sustainable Residential Architecture 1. Definition of Sustainable Housing and its Objectives (Fig. 1&2) 2. Problems Related to Sustainable Housing Design 3. Principles of Sustainable Housing Construction(Fig. 3) Scientific Framework of Sustainable Housing (Table. 1) 1. social (Fig. 4) 2. ecological (Fig. 5) 3. technological (Fig. 6) 4. economic (Fig. 7) 5. aesthetic (Fig. 8) 6. organic (Fig. 9) Research of Sustainable Housing Results of Sustainable Housing Research 1. Social trend (Table. 2) 2. Ecological trend (Table. 3) 3. Technological trend (Table. 4) 4. Economic trend (Table. 5) 5. Aesthetic trend (Table. 6) 6. Organic trend (Table. 7)
Citation: Narvydas, Arturas. 2014. “Trends of Sustainable Residential Architecture.” Architecture & Urban Planning, no. 9 (January): 33–42. doi:10.7250/aup.2014.005. Link:https://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=41e0cab5-1669-4413-9d97cc983ade53ea%40sessionmgr4006
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KEY FINDINGS Definition of Sustainable Residential Architecture 1. Definition of Sustainable Housing and its Objectives (Fig. 1&2)
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Citation: Narvydas, Arturas. 2014. “Trends of Sustainable Residential Architecture.” Architecture & Urban Planning, no. 9 (January): 33–42. doi:10.7250/aup.2014.005. Link:https://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=41e0cab5-1669-4413-9d97cc983ade53ea%40sessionmgr4006
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KEY FINDINGS Definition of Sustainable Residential Architecture 3. Principles of Sustainable Housing Construction(Fig. 3)
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Citation: Narvydas, Arturas. 2014. “Trends of Sustainable Residential Architecture.” Architecture & Urban Planning, no. 9 (January): 33–42. doi:10.7250/aup.2014.005. Link:https://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=41e0cab5-1669-4413-9d97cc983ade53ea%40sessionmgr4006
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KEY FINDINGS Scientific Framework of Sustainable Housing (Table. 1)
Citation: Narvydas, Arturas. 2014. “Trends of Sustainable Residential Architecture.” Architecture & Urban Planning, no. 9 (January): 33–42. doi:10.7250/aup.2014.005. Link:https://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=41e0cab5-1669-4413-9d97cc983ade53ea%40sessionmgr4006
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KEY FINDINGS ScientiďŹ c Framework of Sustainable Housing (Table. 1) 1. social (Fig. 4) 2. ecological (Fig. 5)
)LJ 6RFLDO VXVWDLQDEOH KRPHV 6KHG +RXVH D > @ 0XUUD\ *URYH E > @ /LRV *RUP F > @ +HDOWK\ +RXVH G > @
)LJ (FRORJLFDO VXVWDLQDEOH KRPHV +RXVH 16 D > @ 6WUDZ +RXVH E > @ 6RODU +RXVH F > @ ' 3HQNLQVNL +RXVH G > @ Citation: Narvydas, Arturas. 2014. “Trends of Sustainable Residential Architecture.� Architecture & Urban Planning, no. 9 (January): 33–42. doi:10.7250/aup.2014.005. Link:https://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=41e0cab5-1669-4413-9d97cc983ade53ea%40sessionmgr4006
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KEY FINDINGS ScientiďŹ c Framework of Sustainable Housing (Table. 1) 3. technological (Fig. 6) 4. economic (Fig. 7)
)LJ 7HFKQRORJLFDO VXVWDLQDEOH KRPHV %HG=(' D > @ 8SWRQ 6TXDUH E > @ 6RODUVLHGOXQJ F > @ <HDU 3URWRW\SH +DXV G > @
)LJ (FRQRPLF VXVWDLQDEOH KRPHV 3DVVLYH +RXVH D > @ 7KUHH RQ 1LQH E > @ KRXVH LQ *XOELQDL F > @ KRXVH LQ *XOELQDL G > @ Citation: Narvydas, Arturas. 2014. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Trends of Sustainable Residential Architecture.â&#x20AC;? Architecture & Urban Planning, no. 9 (January): 33â&#x20AC;&#x201C;42. doi:10.7250/aup.2014.005. Link:https://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=41e0cab5-1669-4413-9d97cc983ade53ea%40sessionmgr4006
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KEY FINDINGS ScientiďŹ c Framework of Sustainable Housing (Table. 1) 5. aesthetic (Fig. 8) 6. organic (Fig. 9)
)LJ $HVWKHWLF VXVWDLQDEOH KRPHV 6WHDOWK 7HUUDFH +RXVH D > @ )ORZHU +RXVH E > @ 6NHZHG +RXVH F > @ YLOOD ´6HD VDQG DQG ZLQG¾ G > @
)LJ 2UJDQLF VXVWDLQDEOH KRPHV 1LQH +RXVHV D > @ *XOGLPDQQ +RXVH E > @ DQG 9DOV +RXVH F > @ SULYDWH UHVLGHQFH G > @ Citation: Narvydas, Arturas. 2014. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Trends of Sustainable Residential Architecture.â&#x20AC;? Architecture & Urban Planning, no. 9 (January): 33â&#x20AC;&#x201C;42. doi:10.7250/aup.2014.005. Link:https://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=41e0cab5-1669-4413-9d97cc983ade53ea%40sessionmgr4006
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KEY FINDINGS Results of Sustainable Housing Research 1. Social trend (Table. 2) 2. Ecological trend (Table. 3)
Citation: Narvydas, Arturas. 2014. “Trends of Sustainable Residential Architecture.” Architecture & Urban Planning, no. 9 (January): 33–42. doi:10.7250/aup.2014.005. Link:https://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=41e0cab5-1669-4413-9d97cc983ade53ea%40sessionmgr4006
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KEY FINDINGS Results of Sustainable Housing Research 3. Technological trend (Table. 4) 4. Economic trend (Table. 5)
Citation: Narvydas, Arturas. 2014. “Trends of Sustainable Residential Architecture.” Architecture & Urban Planning, no. 9 (January): 33–42. doi:10.7250/aup.2014.005. Link:https://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=41e0cab5-1669-4413-9d97cc983ade53ea%40sessionmgr4006
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KEY FINDINGS Results of Sustainable Housing Research 5. Aesthetic trend (Table. 6) 6. Organic trend (Table. 7)
Citation: Narvydas, Arturas. 2014. “Trends of Sustainable Residential Architecture.” Architecture & Urban Planning, no. 9 (January): 33–42. doi:10.7250/aup.2014.005. Link:https://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=41e0cab5-1669-4413-9d97cc983ade53ea%40sessionmgr4006