Goeree - Overflakkee
Chasing the Curves
Wageningen University Jeroen Castricum Msc Atelier Landscape Architecture & Planning 2011 (LAR-60318)
Project Report Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Milieu
Table of Contents Introduction
4
1 Fluctuations in the Sustainable Energy Landscape
4
2 Project Area
5
3 Vision
5
4 Methodology and Research Approach
5
5 Results
6 6 7 7 9
5.1 Periodic Energy Fluctuations for the Village of Stellendam 5.2 Recreation in the Dierent Landscapes 5.3 Facility design 5.4 Recreational Landscape Design
6 Conclusions and Recommendations
10
References
10
Appendix
11
2
3
Introduction
1 Fluctuations in the Sustainable Energy Landscape
In the 2011 Atelier course of Wageningen University, students Landscape Architecture, Spatial planning, and Social Spatial Analysis work together to create a vision within a specific scenario for the island of Goeree-Overflakkee. The Atelier is about the ambition of the island to become a sustainable energy island. This means that the sustainable energy production aspect is an important part of the design. In the individual part of the Atelier, students work out and design a specific part of the vision. This is a report of my individual part, which is about the use of periodic energy fluctuations for recreation facilities in the area between Stellendam and the Grevelingen coast.
An important aspect of sustainable energy sources is that the power output has periodic fluctuations. Photovoltaic (PV) panels produce only power when the sun shines, wind power is only generated when the wind blows, and tidal power is generated half an hour later every day, because of the period of the tide. To deal with this change in production several storage solutions can be used, like hydrogen storage, compressed air storage and pumped-water storage. However, not only energy production is fluctuating. One can imagine that the energy demand is also fluctuating during the day. This fluctuation in energy demand is something you can also see today: although the fossil fuel-fired power plants don’t have real fluctuations in the power production, electricity prices, and thus energy scarcity, do change in time (fig. 1.3). Solutions like storage, which can make the sustainable energy landscape better adjusted to the demand, will need big investments. These investments are a problem for the energy transition. This makes the fluctuating character of sustainable energy production a slowdown for the transition to a sustainable energy future. So, in this perspective it is very interesting to find out whether these fluctuations can provide us with more than only energy. The new energy landscape with all its many sustainable energy sources, its storage facilities, and its new energy flows has, for a large part, still to be constructed. The aim of this project is to make the energy transition more interesting by organizing the energy landscape in such a way that other functions can profit from the energy fluctuations. The new energy systems and energy fluctuations may give us more and new chances for other combinations of functions, like for instance with recreation and tourism facilities. In this project I would like to focus on how the recreational landscape can make use of the energy fluctuations.
Figure 1.1 In summer, PV power production is very high at midday.
Figure 1.2 In summer, energy demand is low at weekend midday. Large amounts of energy has to be stored.
The project considers the following research question: How can we organize the sustainable energy landscape in such a way that it can meet the energy demand and also give new opportunities for recreation by using the energy fluctuations?
Figure 1.3 Electricity costs per hour, measured per day for one year. Source: ECN
4
2 Project Area
4 Methodology and Research Approach
In this project a design is proposed for Stellendam to deal with the energy fluctuations in such a way that the energy demand is fulfilled, while giving opportunities for new developments in the recreational sector. Stellendam is closely located to current tourist area in the head of Goeree. In the vision of the second phase of the atelier, which will be dealt with in the following section, the whole coast area around the island will be more interesting for recreation. So, the new recreation area will not only be close to the current recreation and tourist areas. It will also be a node between the recreation in the ‘head’ of Goeree and the ‘body’ of Overflakkee, because of its location in the ‘neck’ of Goeree-Overflakkee. The nature area along the Grevelingen coast is at the moment hardly accessible and has a lot of potential for recreation and tourism. The Grevelingen coast can be a new interesting landscape for both nature and recreation for the inhabitants and tourists of Goeree-Overflakkee.
Before making design suggestions first the fluctuations that appear in the project area should be clear. First step is to make an overview of all the different energy fluctuations in the project area and how they change in time. This will be done for both the fluctuations in production as for the demand of energy. Energy will be divided into electric energy and heat energy. All of the information about energy fluctuations will be extracted from scientific literature and data from electricity and gas companies. When the graphs of energy production and demand are fitted on top of each other, the most important storage periods, cheap energy periods and possible connections between energy flows can be identified. To find out which parts of the energy landscape we can use for recreation, all of the different energy flows are checked whether they can be useful for recreation.
3 Vision The design is based on the ‘Independent Island’ vision, which is constructed in the second phase of the Atelier. The vision is framed within the scenario context of a regional scale, concentrating on the civil society and private sector. For the island, this means that almost all of the food and materials have to be produced on the island itself, and that the government only provides in the basic policies and functions. When looking at the vision landscape map in figure 3.1 one could see that three main land types are important in the vision, that are the coastal nature area, the midland area and the intensive agricultural area in the centre of the island. In the coastal nature area the focus is mainly on nature. These are the grounds that are less interesting for agriculture. There is a fresh-brackish water gradient in the area, which can create different habitats for different interesting plant and animal species. Some recreation is possible in this area. The midland landscape is a landscape with rangelands and reedlands. The reedlands will be in the lower and wetter areas, and will be producing reed for biomass. The rangelands will be on the higher grounds and are extensive areas for cattle breeding. So, in this landscape the focus is less on nature but more on production of biomass, meat and dairy products. This varied landscape could be well combined with recreational facilities and routes. In the intensive agriculture area the focus is on production of food and materials for the island. Most of the food and materials is produced in this central part of the island. The landscape is optimized for production. Crops are produced in large agricultural fields, there where they can be produce the best. Near the villages greenhouses will be placed. These greenhouses produce the part of food and materials that should be produced in greenhouses because of the climate. Next to this, the greenhouses can provide the houses from heat, which is generated in the greenhouses. The intensive agricultural landscape is less interesting for recreation because of the large scale of the landscape and the focus on productivity. The greenhouses can give some interesting opportunities for recreation, because they are close to the people and they can give some energy inputs for recreational facilities.
Second, the vision from phase two is considered, to find out which recreation facilities can be placed in the three different landscapes. The identity and the properties of the landscape are considered as an important aspect to determine the type of recreation. The third step is to find out to what extend the different recreation facilities can make use of the energy fluctuations, and how they can be adjusted to make better use of them. Scientific literature is used to find information about how facilities can use periodic fluctuations of energy. It may be possible that some facilities can better be combined with other facilities or functions to make optimal use of the fluctuations. This can give new opportunities and constraints that have to be checked with the second step. In this way it is possible to find out whether the function of the facility still corresponds with the landscape type identity. The last step is to design the surrounding landscape in order to interweave the recreational facilities with the landscape. Also in this step the existing landscape properties and its identity are important.
: ::: : ::
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5 Results
Energy fluctuations in summer ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION IN SUMMER
5.1 Periodic Energy Fluctuations for the Village of Stellendam
The graphs on this page are about the demand and production of sustainable energy for the village of Stellendam. The data of the demand is based on information from the Department of Energy and Climate Change. The information about fluctuations in production is based on different smallscale projects and on a Scottish research that tries to find solutions to match renewable electricity generation with the demand (Boehme et al. 2006). The values of the output are scaled to the project area. So, the numbers correspond with the energy amounts for the village of Stellendam. As one can see, most of the electric energy is produced at summer midday. Most of this energy has to be stored, because not all the energy is needed at that specific moment. This can be in hydrogen for the long-term storage or in pumped-water storage for the short term. Hydrogen is useful when large amounts of energy have to be stored (high energy density) and when the ‘frequency’ of the production-usage cycle is long. Pumped-water storage (low energy density) is interesting when there are small amounts of energy to be stored. The efficiency is very high; it has a 70% to 85% round-trip efficiency (Electricity Storage Association, 2011). Most of the heat is also produced in summer, in the greenhouses. These greenhouses are highly abundant in the vision. This heat can partly be stored for the winter in the heat-cold storage (ATES). The heat can also be stored in the greenhouse itself, and in water bodies, for morning and evening heat demand. In winter only a small amount of the heat demand can be fulfilled by the heat storage (ATES). The demand in this period is much higher so some extra heat should be generated. It is also important to notice that a part of the heat demand (especially of industries) consists of demand for higher values of heat than provided by the heat-storage. The extra heat is generated by burning biogas in installations at home or in the industry buildings. The biogas is generated in fermentation plants. When those fermentation plants work all day long in winter, they can store biogas for winter midday and also for summertime. When looking at the fluctuations in energy flows some interesting usages for recreation can be found. Some of those useful fluctuations are mentioned in figure 5.1 and 5.2 at the next page. It appears that some energy flows in the sustainable energy landscape are more useful for recreation than others. Also, some energy flows can be more interesting in winter than in summer, like the waste heat from hydrogen plants. The overview of all energy flows and their possible use for recreation can be found in appendix 1.
Energy fluctuations in winter ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION IN WINTER
PV POWER PRODUCTION
PV POWER PRODUCTION
TIDAL POWER PRODUCTION
TIDAL POWER PRODUCTION
1.7 MW
PV AVERAGE
1.7 MW
PV AVERAGE
1.5 MW
TIDAL AVERAGE
1.5 MW
TIDAL AVERAGE
0.84 MW
0.84 MW
2 WINDTURBINES
2 WINDTURBINES
2.5 MW, HUB 85 m, DIAM: 100 m
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2.5 MW, HUB 85 m, DIAM: 100 m
16
18
20
22
24 Hours
0
2
ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION AND DEMAND IN SUMMER
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24 Hours
ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION AND DEMAND IN WINTER
- large amounts of energy - low frequency - H2 storage
Storage for winter
- low amounts of energy - high frequency - pumped-water storage
- small amounts of energy - high frequency - pumped-water storage
Weekday storage for morning & evening
5.0 MW 4.7 MW
AVERAGE DEMAND
4.1 MW
- medium amounts of energy - medium frequency - H2 storage
SUMMER WEEKDAY DEMAND
WINTER WEEKDAY DEMAND
- medium amounts of energy - medium frequency - H2 storage
Weekend storage for weekday morning & evening
Weekend storage for weekday morning & evening
ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION
ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION
2.2 MW
WINTER WEEKEND DEMAND 1.6 MW
SUMMER WEEKEND DEMAND
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24 Hours
0
2
HEAT PRODUCTION AND DEMAND IN SUMMER
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24 Hours
HEAT PRODUCTION AND DEMAND IN WINTER Long-term storage (ATES)
Weekday storage for morning & evening (in greenhouse)
Heat generated in greenhouses
WINTER WEEKDAY DEMAND Uncertainties in biogas production
1.7 MW
1.4 MW
BIOGAS PRODUCTION IN FERMENTATION PLANT
1.2 MW
AVERAGE HEAT DEMAND
1.2 MW
Biogas storage for mid-day
Weekend storage for weekday morning and evening (ATES)
AVERAGE DEMAND
Long-term biogas storage (for next week/summer)
SUMMER WEEKDAY DEMAND
Biogas use weekday
0.5 MW
WINTER WEEKEND DEMAND
0.3 MW
SUMMER WEEKEND DEMAND
Long-term stored heat from ATES
Cold storage for cooling Biogas use weekend
0
6
2
4
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20
22
24 Hours
0
2
4
6
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22
24 Hours
5.2 Recreation in the Different Landscapes
From the vision three different landscape types can be identified near Stellendam. All three landscapes will gain recreational facilities. The midland and coastal nature landscape form the recreation landscape along the entire coast of the island. Recreation routes connect the different villages along the coast. Recreational functions differ with the landscape type to give a varied recreational landscape. In the coastal nature area the focus is on experiencing and learning from nature. In the midland area the recreation is focused on experiencing the rural production landscape. The intensive agricultural landscape is less interesting for recreation, because this landscape is optimized for producing food and materials. In this landscape the greenhouses have interesting possibilities for intensive recreation near the village. The facilities for recreation will all be housed in greenhouses because of their ability of generating some extra energy and to store the waste energy from fluctuating energy flows, but also because of its transparency in the nature landscape, its rural identity in the midland landscape, and its abundance and close connection to the village in the intensive agricultural landscape. In order to strengthen the different landscapes, the greenhouses will emerge in different forms that contribute to the landscape identity. These are: village forms (urban greenhouses in intensive agricultural area), rural productivity (midland area), and botanical connections (coastal nature area). This can be seen in figure 5.3 - 5.5.
5.3 Facility design
By harmonizing the fluctuating energy flows with the different recreational functions, three systems have been designed. These systems will be described in this section. The energy landscape is organized in such a way that the recreational facilities in the different landscapes can profit as much a possible from the energy fluctuations and storage facilities. At the same time there has been accounted for the identity of the landscape: small scale and transparent solutions at the nature sites and bigger scale solutions that enhance the productive identity of the midland landscape. All systems are connected by a thermoelectric light path along the main paths from and to the village, which works at morning and evening. The light path works as following. The difference between a warm and a cold water flow can generate a small current. This current can be used to light small led-lamps. This way of generating energy is very new, but is already applied in watches. (Akai et al., 1985). Generating small amounts of electric energy in this way is possible by using waste heat with a minimum temperature of 27 degrees Celsius (Rowe & Min, 1998).
Figure 5.3 Small scale architecture with gable roofs along straight streets in the urban greenhouse area.
Figure 5.1 Useful fluctuations in energy flows for recreation in summer
Figure 5.2 Useful fluctuations in energy flows for recreation in winter
Figure 5.4 Classical production greenhouses at energy farms in the midland area.
Figure 5.5 Curved lines with a link to botanical greenhouses in the coastal nature area.
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Facility 1: Food producing greenhouse with swimming pools (marked with ‘A‘ in landscape plan)
Facility 2: ‘Gardening greenhouse’ at biogas and electricity producing farm (marked with ‘B‘ in landscape plan)
Facility 3: Hydrogen plant with exotic greenhouse, and small restaurant. (marked with ‘C‘ in landscape plan)
Energy flows in the facility The indoor and outdoor swimming pools will be the heat storage basins for the greenhouses. The swimming pool makes use of high frequency storage (pumped-water storage) by using the water flow and part of the electricity for powering a heat pump. The heat pump will heat the water in morning and evening when the pumped-water storage is generating power. The cold water from the heat pump is used for cooling in the restaurant near the pool. The water in the pumped water storage in connected to the swimming pool, which contains areas of different depth. In this way the form and size of the pool can change from time to time. When energy production is high, and energy is cheap, it is possible to use a part of the water flow at midday for recreation purposes.
Energy flows in the facility The gardening greenhouse uses the waste heat from the hydrogen plant, which generates extra power in winter morning and evening. The heat is cascaded from the hydrogen plant via the fermentation plant (also only works in winter) to the greenhouse. The greenhouse delivers heat to the farm, and in morning and evening also to the light path. The fermentation and hydrogen plant only work in winter; in summer the greenhouse delivers enough heat for the farm and light path. The cold pipe of the thermoelectric light path is guided through the food product cooling of the farm.
Energy flows in the facility The exotic greenhouse is heated in morning and evening by a small hydrogen plant. This hydrogen plant delivers electricity in morning and evening all year long. The restaurant uses the heat from the greenhouse. In morning and evening, the cooling of the restaurant cools the cold pipe of the thermoelectric light path. The heat is cascaded from the greenhouse to the warm pipe of the light path.
Connecting the systems with the landscape The urban greenhouse has its focus on the village. The orientation follows the structure of the village and the form corresponds with the different gable roofs of the houses. The greenhouses produce food and heat for the villagers. In this area the greenhouses will also combined with housing projects to create liveable greenhouse areas. This makes the greenhouse area a new part of the village.
30 ˚ C
Connecting the systems with the landscape The gardening greenhouse, which is used as a community garden, has its focus on the productive agricultural farm. The farms in this area deliver meat and dairy products. In addition to this, the farms are an important link in the energy landscape. The farms store energy in hydrogen and produce biogas. When electric energy demand is high, the hydrogen installations can produce power by burning the hydrogen. The greenhouses are added to the farm buildings and have a more ‘classical’ greenhouse design that fits the productive landscape. The greenhouses themselves have a recreational function for villages by providing them with space for producing their own vegetables. At the energy farms there are also possibilities for sustainable energy education. In this way people get more involved in the energy landscape.
35 ˚ C
30 ˚ C
15 ˚ C
10 ˚ C
E 10 ˚ C 40 ˚ C
35 ˚ C
10 ˚ C
Connecting the systems with the landscape The coastal greenhouse has its focus on nature. The greenhouse will contain many exotic trees and birds. Although the species inside are exotic, the greenhouse is still focussed on the surrounding landscape. A current existing water stream will flow through the greenhouse when raining outside. The greenhouse can educate people about what higher temperatures can do with the climate, and which species can live in such a climate. The greenhouse has a view on a protected bird area. When you are in the greenhouse you can see both the native bird species outside as well as the exotic birds inside.
35 ˚ C
30 ˚ C
15 ˚ C
10 ˚ C
E
5˚C
10 ˚ C
40 ˚ C
E
10 ˚ C
Food storage
5˚C 35 ˚ C
Food storage Heat pump 0˚C
15 ˚ C
5˚C 35 ˚ C
50 ˚ C
35 ˚ C
Stables (producing manure for fermentation)
H2 plant
40˚ C
Farm building
60 ˚ C H2 plant
50 ˚ C Water storage
60 ˚ C
Biogas storage
Summer (Outdoor pool open) Mid-day: Pumped water storage, heat storage in greenhouse, water body and ATES. Morning & evening: Energy from pumped water storage partly to heat pump, water flow to swimming pool. Heat pump for extra cooling of food products and heating of outdoor swimming pool. Cascading to light path. Weekend: When necessary, some extra energy is used to heat the pools. Winter Mid-day: Morning & evening:
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Pumped water storage, greenhouse heat from ATES Heat pump for extra cooling of food products and heating of indoor swimming pool. Cascading to light path.
Fermentation plant
Summer (Biomass growing) Mid-day: Heat storage in greenhouse and ATES. Morning & evening: Heat from greenhouse to light path and farm buildings.
Summer Mid-day: Morning/evening:
Winter (Fermentation plant working) Mid-day: Heat from ATES, used for heating fermentation plant and farm buildings. Morning & evening: Heat cascading from hydrogen plant to fermentation plant, greenhouse and light path.
Winter Mid-day: Morning & evening:
Heat storage in greenhouse and ATES. Heat cascading from small hydrogen plant to greenhouse to light path. Heat from ATES, to avoid too low temperatures for plant and bird species. Heat cascading from small hydrogen plant to greenhouse and light path.
5.4 Recreational Landscape Design
As one can see in the landscape plan on the right, all of the recreational facilities are located near nodes in the recreation network. In this way the facilities will become central points in the recreation network. By passing the light path in the recreation network, one is aware of the fact that the village is nearby. The light paths that lead into the recreation area are straight lines from village towards the coast, crossing different recreational routes that follow more or less the coastline. By following the light path you will find all the recreation facilities and also the village. The many recreation routes go through different landscape types, and have only small viewpoints at the coastline for not disturbing birds at the flood plains. Due to heat losses the lights along the light paths get weaker when you get further away from the facilities and brighter when you are approaching them. This gives you an idea of your distance to the recreation facility.
Landscape plan 1:10.000
B
C
A B
Gardening in and near the greenhouse at the energy farm (B)
The thermoelectric light path and exotic greenhouse in the coastal nature area (C)
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6 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
The proposed design for the recreation area near Stellendam shows that it is possible to use the periodic fluctuations of sustainable energy sources for recreation purposes. This can be a direct use of an energy fluctuation; using more energy when it is cheap for extra recreational functions, like in the swimming pool at weekend midday. The direct use could also be the direct use of a storage facility, like the use of a water body near the greenhouse, which you can also use as a swimming pool. This can be an indirect use; like the use of waste heat from hydrogen burning as heat for recreation purposes.
Articles:
There are some important remarks and recommendations considering the project. When comparing the vision with this design, one would notice that in contrast with the vision, wind turbines do appear in this design. This has been decided because of the fact that wind turbines can level out the largest fluctuations of the PV power. More energy sources will result in smaller short-term fluctuations, which is favourable for energy storage. A recommendation for further research and design is that the energy flows in the different facilities can be worked out in more detail. In this way the cascading and the use of heat and electricity fluctuations can be further optimized. Also one should be aware for new developments in the sustainable energy sector. New developments can give new inputs and new options for the use of energy fluctuations for recreation. As a last point, it is important to notice that the systems proposed in this design can be used more broadly. The functions of the systems are not rigid, but can be adjusted to different situations and locations. Since the same energy fluctuations appear in different scenarios, the plan is not only interesting at different locations, but also in different scenarios.
Akai, S., Takeda, S., Onuma, Y., and Kobayashi, M., (1985), Thermoelectric properties of Deposited Semiconductor Films and their Application, Electrical Engineering in Japan, Vol. 105. Boehme, T. et al.,(2006) Matching Renewable Electricity Generation With Demand, University of Edinburgh Riffat, S.B., Ma, X., (2003), Thermoelectrics: a review of present and potential applications, Applied Thermal Engineering 23, p913–935 Rowe, D. M., (1999), Thermoelectrics, an enviromentally-friendly source of power, Renewable Energy 16, p1251-1256 Rowe, D. M. and Min G., (1998), Evaluation of thermoelectric modules for power generation, School of Engineering, University of Wales Cardiff, Cardiff, UK Sievers et al., (2007), Long-term perspectives for balancing fluctuating renewable energy sources, University of Kassel, Department of Efficient Energy Conversion. Websites: Department of Energy and Climate Change. 2011. Graphs of energy demand UK. http://chp.decc.gov.uk/cms/future-energy-loads/ [May 18, 2011] Electricity Storage Association. 2011. Properties pumped-water storage. http://electricitystorage.org/site/technologies/pumped_hydro [May 16, 2011] Nationalgrid UK. 2011. Energy demand UK. http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/Electricity/Data/Realtime/Demand/ Demand8.htm [May 20, 2011] Smiemansprojecten. 2011. Innovative greenhouses for different landscape types. www.smiemansprojecten.nl/ [May 18, 2011] Solarchoice. 2011. PV power production. http://www.solarchoice.net.au/blog/home-energy-consumption-versussolar-pv-generation/ [May 20, 2011]
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Appendix 1: Overview of all energy flows and their possible use for recreation Summer/Winter Energy source Frequency
Generated at:
Summer/Winter
Electricity (PV/wind)
Long
Weekend midday
Summer
Electricity (PV/wind)
Medium
Weekend midday
Summer
Electricity (PV/wind)
High
Midday (*)
Summer/Winter
Heat (Greenhouse) Heat (Greenhouse)
Long
Weekend midday Weekend midday
ATES
Summer
Heat (Greenhouse)
High
Midday (*)
Air & water bodies
Winter
Electricity (PV/wind)
Medium
Weekend midday
Hydrogen
Winter
Electricity (PV/wind)
High
midday (*)
Winter
Heat
Long-medium
All week ***
Winter
Heat
High
All week ***
* ** *** ****
Summer
Medium
Recreational Storage options at large energy peaks
Recreational options at storage time
Usage at:
Hydrogen
Education at storage site
Winter weekday Waste heat morning & (90°) evening
Hydrogen
Education at storage site
Summer weekday morning & evening
Waste heat (90°)
-
Morning & evening
Water flow and electricity (**)
Pumped-water In weekend midday some extra electricity can be used directly for recreation
ATES
-
Winterdays (****) Summer morning & evening Multi-functional Morning & greenhouse & evening water bodies
Extra Recreational options at time of usage
-
-
Education at storage site
Winter weekday Waste heat morning & (90°) evening
-
Winter weekday Water flow and morning & electricity evening (****)
Biogas
Education at storage site
Biogas
Education at storage site
Winter weekdays and summer Winter midday
Pumped-water In weekend midday some extra electricity can be used directly for recreation
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