The Caribbean by The Advocacy Foundation, Inc.

The e-Advocate Legal Missions International

The Caribbean

Isaiah 40:15 | Acts 28:1-10

“Helping Individuals, Organizations & Communities Achieve Their Full Potential”

Vol. III, Issue XI – Q-3 July| August| September 2017

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The Advocacy Foundation, Inc. Helping Individuals, Organizations & Communities Achieve Their Full Potential

Legal Missions International

The Caribbean

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Helping Individuals, Organizations & Communities Achieve Their Full Potential 1735 Market Street, Suite 3750 Philadelphia, PA 19102

| 100 Edgewood Avenue, Suite 1690 Atlanta, GA 30303

John C Johnson III Founder & CEO

(878) 222-0450 Voice | Fax | SMS www.TheAdvocacyFoundation.org

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Biblical Authority ______ Isaiah 40:15 (NIV) 15 Surely the nations are like a drop in a bucket; they are regarded as dust on the scales; he weighs the islands as though they were fine dust.

______

Acts 28:1-10 (NIV) Ashore on Malta 1 Once safely on shore, we found out that the island was called Malta. 2 The islanders showed us unusual kindness. They built a fire and welcomed us all because it was raining and cold. 3 Paul gathered a pile of brushwood and, as he put it on the fire, a viper, driven out by the heat, fastened itself on his hand. 4 When the islanders saw the snake hanging from his hand, hey said to each other, "This man must be a murderer; for though he escaped from the sea, Justice has not allowed him to live." 5 But Paul shook the snake off into the fire and suffered no ill effects. 6 The people expected him to swell up or suddenly fall dead, but after waiting a long time and seeing nothing unusual happen to him, they changed their minds and said he was a god. 7 There was an estate nearby that belonged to Publius, the chief official of the island. He welcomed us to his home and for three days entertained us hospitably. 8 His father was sick in bed, suffering from fever and dysentery. Paul went in to see him and, after prayer, placed his hands on him and healed him. 9 When this had happened, the rest of the sick on the island came and were cured. 10 They honored us in many ways and when we were ready to sail, they furnished us with the supplies we needed.

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Table of Contents The Caribbean ______

Biblical Authority I.

Introduction

II.

Geography

III.

Demographics

IV.

Politics & Government

Caribbean Cuisine ______ Attachment A Caribbean Law & Justice

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Introduction The Caribbean (kærɨbiːən/ or /kərɪbiən/; Spanish: Caribe; Dutch: Caraïben; French: Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles) is a region that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean), and the surrounding coasts. The region is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and the North American mainland, east of Central America, and north of South America. Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, the region comprises more than 700 islands, islets, reefs, and cays. (See the list.) These islands generally form island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea. The Caribbean islands, consisting of the Greater Antilles on the north and the Lesser Antilles on the south and east (including the Leeward Antilles), are part of the somewhat larger West Indies grouping, which also includes the Lucayan Archipelago (comprising the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands) north of the Greater Antilles and Caribbean Sea. In a wider sense, the mainland countries of Belize, Guyana, and Suriname may be included. Geopolitically, the Caribbean islands are usually regarded as a subregion of North America and are organized into 30 territories including sovereign states, overseas departments, and dependencies. From December 15, 1954, to October 10, 2010 there was a country known as the Netherlands Antilles composed of five states, all of which were Dutch dependencies. While from January 3, 1958, to May 31, 1962, there was also a short-lived country called the Federation of the West Indies composed of ten English-speaking Caribbean territories, all of which were then British dependencies. The West Indies cricket team continues to represent many of those nations.

Etymology and Pronunciation The region takes its name from that of the Caribs, an ethnic group present in the Lesser Antilles and parts of adjacent South America at the time of the Spanish conquest. The two most prevalent pronunciations of "Caribbean" are KAIR-ə-BEE-ən, with the primary accent on the third syllable, and kə-RIB-ee-ən, with the accent on the second. The former pronunciation is the older of the two, although the stressed-second-syllable variant has been established for over seventy-five years. It has been suggested that speakers of British English prefer KAIR-ə-BEE-ən while North American speakers more typically use kə-RIB-ee-ən, although not all sources agree. Usage is split within Caribbean English itself. Page 8 of 40

The word "Caribbean" has multiple uses. Its principal ones are geographical and political. The Caribbean can also be expanded to include territories with strong cultural and historical connections to slavery, European colonisation, and the plantation system.  



The United Nations geoscheme for the Americas accords the Caribbean as a distinct region within The Americas. Physiographically, the Caribbean region is mainly a chain of islands surrounding the Caribbean Sea. To the north, the region is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico, the Straits of Florida, and the Northern Atlantic Ocean, which lies to the east and northeast. To the south lies the coastline of the continent of South America. Politically, the "Caribbean" may be centred on socio-economic groupings found in the region. For example, the block known as the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) contains the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, the Republic of Suriname in South America, and Belize in Central America as full members. Bermuda and the Turks and Caicos Islands, which are in the Atlantic Ocean are associate members of the Caribbean Community—as is the Commonwealth of the Bahamas, which is a full member of the Caribbean Community. Alternatively, the organisation called the Association of Caribbean States (ACS) consists of almost every nation in the surrounding regions that lie on the Caribbean, plus El Salvador, which lies solely on the Pacific Ocean. According to the ACS, the total population of its member states is 227 million people.

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Geography The geography and climate in the Caribbean region varies: Some islands in the region have relatively flat terrain of non-volcanic origin. These islands include Aruba (possessing only minor volcanic features), Barbados, Bonaire, the Cayman Islands, Saint Croix, the Bahamas, and Antigua. Others possess rugged towering mountain-ranges like the islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Dominica, Montserrat, Saba, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Saint Thomas, Saint John, Tortola, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Trinidad & Tobago. Definitions of the terms Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles often vary. The Virgin Islands as part of the Puerto Rican bank are sometimes included with the Greater Antilles. The term Lesser Antilles is often used to define an island arc that includes Grenada but excludes Trinidad and Tobago and the Leeward Antilles. The climate of the area is tropical but rainfall varies with elevation, size, and water currents (cool upwellings keep the ABC islands arid). Warm, moist tradewinds blow consistently from the east creating rainforest/semidesert divisions on mountainous islands. Occasional northwesterlies affect the northern islands in the winter. The region enjoys year-round sunshine, divided into 'dry' and 'wet' seasons, with the last six months of the year being wetter than the first half. The waters of the Caribbean Sea host large, migratory schools of fish, turtles, and coral reef formations. The Puerto Rico trench, located on the fringe of the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea just to the north of the island of Puerto Rico, is the deepest point in all of the Atlantic Ocean. Hurricanes that sometimes batter the region usually strike northwards of Grenada and to the west of Barbados. The principal hurricane belt arcs to northwest of the island of Barbados in the Eastern Caribbean. The region sits in the line of several major shipping routes with the Panama Canal connecting the western Caribbean Sea with the Pacific Ocean.

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Island Groups Greater Antilles  

Cuba Hispaniola o o

  

Haiti Dominican Republic

Jamaica Cayman Islands (United Kingdom) Puerto Rico (U.S. Commonwealth)

Lesser Antilles 

Leeward Islands o U.S. Virgin Islands (United States)  Saint Croix  Saint Thomas  Saint John  Water Island o British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom)  Tortola  Virgin Gorda  Anegada  Jost Van Dyke o Anguilla (United Kingdom) o Antigua and Barbuda  Antigua  Barbuda  Redonda o Saint Martin, politically divided between  Saint Martin (France)  Sint Maarten (Kingdom of the Netherlands) Page 12 of 40

o o o o

o o

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 

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Saba (BES islands, Netherlands) Sint Eustatius (BES islands, Netherlands) Saint Barthélemy (French Antilles, France) Saint Kitts and Nevis  Saint Kitts  Nevis Montserrat (United Kingdom) Guadeloupe (French Antilles, France) including  Les Saintes  Marie-Galante  La Désirade

Windward Islands o Dominica o Martinique (French Antilles, France) o Saint Lucia o Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  Saint Vincent  The Grenadines o Grenada  Grenada  Carriacou and Petite Martinique Barbados Trinidad and Tobago o Tobago o Trinidad Leeward Antilles o Aruba (Kingdom of the Netherlands) o Curaçao (Kingdom of the Netherlands) o Bonaire (BES islands, Netherlands)

Historical Groupings All islands at some point were, and a few still are, colonies of European nations; a few are overseas or dependent territories: 

  

British West Indies/Anglophone Caribbean – Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Bay Islands, Guyana,Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada,Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Croix (briefly), Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago (from 1797) and the Turks and Caicos Islands Danish West Indies – present-day United States Virgin Islands Dutch West Indies – Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten, Bay Islands (briefly), Saint Croix (briefly), Tobago and Virgin Islands French West Indies – Anguilla (briefly), Antigua and Barbuda (briefly), Dominica, Dominican Republic (briefly), Grenada, Haiti, Montserrat (briefly), Page 13 of 40



 

Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sint Eustatius (briefly), Sint Maarten, St. Kitts (briefly), Tobago (briefly), Saint Croix, the current French overseas départements of Martinique and Guadeloupe (including Marie-Galante, La Désirade and Les Saintes), the current French overseas collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin Portuguese West Indies – present-day Barbados, known as Os Barbados in the 16th century when the Portuguese claimed the island en route to Brazil. The Portuguese left Barbados abandoned in 1533, nearly a century prior to the British arrival to the island. Spanish West Indies – Cuba, Hispaniola (present-day Dominican Republic, Haiti (until 1609 to France)), Puerto Rico, Jamaica (until 1655 to Great Britain), the Cayman Islands (until 1670 to Great Britain) Trinidad (until 1797 to Great Britain) and Bay Islands (until 1643 to Great Britain), coastal islands of Central America (minus Belize), and some Caribbean coastal islands of Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela. Swedish West Indies – present-day French Saint-Barthélemy, Guadeloupe (briefly) and Tobago (briefly). Courlander West Indies – Tobago (until 1691)

The British West Indies were united by the United Kingdom into a West Indies Federation between 1958 and 1962. The independent countries formerly part of the B.W.I. still have a joint cricket team that competes in Test matches, One Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals. The West Indian cricket team includes the South American nation of Guyana, the only former British colony on the mainland of that continent. In addition, these countries share the University of the West Indies as a regional entity. The university consists of three main campuses in Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago, a smaller campus in the Bahamas and Resident Tutors in other contributing territories such as Trinidad.

Modern-Day Island Territories             

Anguilla (British overseas territory) Antigua and Barbuda (Constitutional monarchy) Aruba (Kingdom of the Netherlands) Barbados (Constitutional monarchy) Bonaire (special municipality of the Netherlands) British Virgin Islands (British overseas territory) Cayman Islands (British overseas territory) Cuba (Republic) Curaçao (Kingdom of the Netherlands) Dominica (Republic) Dominican Republic Grenada (Constitutional monarchy) Guadeloupe (overseas department of France) including Page 14 of 40

les Saintes Marie-Galante la Désirade Haiti (Republic) Jamaica (Constitutional monarchy) Martinique (overseas department of France) Montserrat (British overseas territory) Puerto Rico (commonwealth of the United States) Saba (special municipality of the Netherlands) Saint Barthélemy (overseas collectivity of France) Saint Kitts and Nevis (Constitutional monarchy) Saint Lucia (Constitutional monarchy) Saint Martin (overseas collectivity of France) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (Constitutional monarchy) Sint Eustatius (special municipality of the Netherlands) Sint Maarten (Kingdom of the Netherlands) Trinidad and Tobago (Republic) United States Virgin Islands (territory of the United States)

o o o               

Biodiversity The Caribbean islands are remarkable for the diversity of their animals, fungi and plants, and have been classified as one of Conservation International's biodiversity hotspots because of their exceptionally diverse terrestrial and marine ecosystems, Page 15 of 40

ranging from montane cloud forests to cactus scrublands. The region also contains about 8% (by surface area) of the world's coral reefs[17] along with extensive seagrass meadows, both of which are frequently found in the shallow marine waters bordering island and continental coasts off the region.

For the fungi, there is a modern checklist based on nearly 90,000 records derived from specimens in reference collections, published accounts and field observations. That checklist includes more than 11250 species of fungi recorded from the region. As its authors note, the work is far from exhaustive, and it is likely that the true total number of fungal species already known from the Caribbean is higher. The true total number of fungal species occurring in the Caribbean, including species not yet recorded, is likely far higher given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have been discovered. Though the amount of available information is still small, a first effort has been made to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to some Caribbean islands. For Cuba, 2200 species of fungi have been tentatively identified as possible endemics of the island; for Puerto Rico, the number is 789 species; for the Dominican Republic, the number is 699 species; for Trinidad and Tobago, the number is 407 species.

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Many of the ecosystems of the Caribbean islands have been devastated by deforestation, pollution, and human encroachment. The arrival of the first humans is correlated with extinction of giant owls and dwarf ground sloths. The hotspot contains dozens of highly threatened animals (ranging from birds, to mammals and reptiles), fungi and plants. Examples of threatened animals include the Puerto Rican Amazon, two species of solenodon (giant shrews) in Cuba and the Hispaniola island, and the Cuban crocodile. The region's coral reefs, which contain about 70 species of hard corals and between 500â&#x20AC;&#x201C;700 species of reef-associated fishes have undergone rapid decline in ecosystem integrity in recent years, and are considered particularly vulnerable to global warming and ocean acidification. According to a UNEP report, the caribbean coral reefs might get extinct in next 20 years due to population explosion along the coast lines, overfishing, the pollution of coastal areas and global warming. Some Caribbean islands have terrain that Europeans found suitable for cultivation for agriculture. Tobacco was an important early crop during the colonial era, but was eventually overtaken by sugarcane production as the region's staple crop. Sugar was produced from sugarcane for export to Europe. Cuba and Barbados were historically the largest producers of sugar. The tropical plantation system thus came to dominate Caribbean settlement. Other islands were found to have terrain unsuited for agriculture, for example Dominica, which remains heavily forested. The islands in the southern Lesser Antilles, Aruba, Bonaire and CuraĂ§ao, are extremely arid, making them unsuitable for agriculture. However, they have salt pans that were exploited by the Dutch. Sea water was pumped into shallow ponds, producing coarse salt when the water evaporated. The natural environmental diversity of the Caribbean islands has led to recent growth in eco-tourism. This type of tourism is growing on islands lacking sandy beaches and dense human populations.

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Demographics

At the time of European contact, the dominant ethnic groups in the Caribbean included the TaĂno of the Greater Antilles and northern Lesser Antilles, the Island Caribs of the southern Lesser Antilles, and smaller distinct groups such as the Guanajatabey of western Cuba and the Ciguayo of western Hispaniola. The population of the Caribbean is estimated to have been around 750,000 immediately before European contact, although lower and higher figures are given. After contact, social disruption and epidemic diseases such as smallpox and measles (to which they had no natural immunity) led to a decline in the Amerindian population. From 1500 to 1800 the population rose as slaves arrived from West Africa such as the Kongo, Igbo, Akan, Fon and Yoruba as well as military prisoners and captured slaves from Ireland, who were deported during the Cromwellian reign in England. Immigrants from Britain, Italy, France, Spain, the Netherlands, Portugal and Denmark also arrived, although the mortality rate was high for both groups. The population is estimated to have reached 2.2 million by 1800. Immigrants from India, China, and other countries arrived in the 19th century. After the ending of the Atlantic slave trade, the population increased naturally. The total regional population was estimated at 37.5 million by 2000.

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The majority of the Caribbean has populations of mainly Africans in the French Caribbean, Anglophone Caribbean and Dutch Caribbean, there are minorities of mixedrace and European peoples of Dutch, English, French, Italian and Portuguese ancestry. Asians, especially those of Chinese and Indian descent, form a significant minority in the region and also contribute to multiracial communities. All of their ancestors arrived in the 19th century as indentured laborers. The Spanish-speaking Caribbean have primarily mixed race, African, or European majorities. Puerto Rico has a European majority with a mixture of European-African (mulatto), and a large West African minority. One third of Cuba's (largest Caribbean island) population is of African descent, with a sizable Mulatto (mixed African– European) population, and European majority. The Dominican Republic has the largest mixed race population, primarily descended from Europeans, West Africans, and Amerindians. Larger islands such as Jamaica, have a very large African majority, in addition to a significant mixed race, Chinese, Europeans, Indian, Lebanese, Latin American, and Syrian populations. This is a result of years of importation of slaves and indentured labourers, and migration. Most multi-racial Jamaicans refer to themselves as either mixed race or Brown. The situation is similar for the Caricom states of Belize, Guyana, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago has a multi-racial cosmopolitan society due to the arrival of the Africans, Indians, Chinese, Syrians, Lebanese, Native Amerindians and Europeans. This multi-racial mix has created subethnicities that often straddle the boundaries of major ethnicities and include Chindian, Mulattos and Dougla.

Indigenous groups 

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Arawak peoples o Igneri o Taíno Caquetio people Ciboney Ciguayo Galibi Garifuna

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   

Island Caribs (Caribs or Kalinago) Lucayan Macorix Raizal

Language Spanish, English, French, Dutch, Haitian Creole and Papiamento are the predominant official languages of various countries in the region, though a handful of unique Creole languages or dialects can also be found from one country to another.

Religion Christianity is the predominant religion in the Caribbean. Other religious groups in the region are Hinduism, Islam, Rastafari, and Afro-American religions such as Santería and Vodou. Area Land area Population (2009) Density Ethnic groups Demonym Languages Government

Largest cities

2,754,000 km2 (1,063,000 sq mi) 239,681 km2 (92,541 sq mi) 39,169,962[1] 151.5/km2 (392/sq mi) Afro-Caribbean, European, Indo-Caribbean, Chinese Caribbean,[2] Amerindians (Arawak, Island Caribs, Taínos) Caribbean, Caribbean person, West Indian Spanish, English, French, Dutch, Antillean creole, among others 13 sovereign states 17 dependent territories List of cities in the Caribbean Santo Domingo San Juan Port-au-Prince Maracaibo Havana Puerto La Cruz Barranquilla Cartagena Barcelona Kingston Santiago de los Caballeros Cancún Santa Marta Santiago de Cuba Cumaná Holguín

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Port of Spain

Multiple Calling code Multiple Time zone UTC-5 to UTC-4

Internet TLD

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Politics & Government

Caribbean societies are very different from other Western societies in terms of size, culture, and degree of mobility of their citizens. The current economic and political problems the states face individually are common to all Caribbean states. Regional development has contributed to attempts to subdue current problems and avoid projected problems. From a political and economic perspective, regionalism serves to make Caribbean states active participants in current international affairs through collective coalitions. In 1973, the first political regionalism in the Caribbean Basin was created by advances of the English-speaking Caribbean nations through the institution known as the Caribbean Common Market and Community (CARICOM) which is located in Guyana. Certain scholars have argued both for and against generalizing the political structures of the Caribbean. On the one hand the Caribbean states are politically diverse, ranging from communist systems such as Cuba toward more capitalist Westminster-style parliamentary systems as in the Commonwealth Caribbean. Other scholars argue that these differences are superficial, and that they tend to undermine commonalities in the various Caribbean states. Contemporary Caribbean systems seem to reflect a "blending of traditional and modern patterns, yielding hybrid systems that exhibit significant structural variations and divergent constitutional traditions yet ultimately appear to function in similar ways." The political systems of the Caribbean states share similar practices.

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The influence of regionalism in the Caribbean is often marginalized. Some scholars believe that regionalism cannot exist in the Caribbean because each small state is unique. On the other hand, scholars also suggest that there are commonalities amongst the Caribbean nations that suggest regionalism exists. "Proximity as well as historical ties among the Caribbean nations has led to cooperation as well as a desire for collective action." These attempts at regionalization reflect the nations' desires to compete in the international economic system. Furthermore, a lack of interest from other major states promoted regionalism in the region. In recent years the Caribbean has suffered from a lack of U.S. interest. "With the end of the Cold War, U.S. security and economic interests have been focused on other areas. As a result there has been a significant reduction in U.S. aid and investment to the Caribbean." The lack of international support for these small, relatively poor states, helped regionalism prosper. Following the Cold War another issue of importance in the Caribbean has been the reduced economic growth of some Caribbean States due to the United States and European Union's allegations of special treatment toward the region by each other.

United States Effects on Regionalism The United States under President Bill Clinton launched a challenge in the World Trade Organization against the EU over Europe's preferential program, known as the LomĂŠ Convention, which allowed banana exports from the former colonies of the Group of African, Caribbean and Pacific states (ACP) to enter Europe cheaply. The World Trade Organization sided in the United States' favour and the beneficial elements of the convention to African, Caribbean and Pacific states has been partially dismantled and replaced by the Cotonou Agreement. During the US/EU dispute, the United States imposed large tariffs on European Union goods (up to 100%) to pressure Europe to change the agreement with the Caribbean nations in favour of the Cotonou Agreement. Farmers in the Caribbean have complained of falling profits and rising costs as the LomĂŠ Convention weakens. Some farmers have faced increased pressure to turn towards the cultivation of illegal drugs, which has a higher profit margin and fills the sizable demand for these illegal drugs in North America and Europe.

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European Union Effects on Regionalism The European Union has also taken issue with US based taxation extended to US companies via the Caribbean countries. The United States has not been in favor of shutting off the practice yet, mainly due to the higher costs that would be passed on to US companies via taxation. Caribbean countries have largely countered the allegations by the OECD by signing more bilateral information sharing deals with OECD members, thus reducing the dangerous aspects of secrecy, and they have strengthened their legislation against money laundering and on conditions under which companies can be based in their nations.[citation needed] The Caribbean nations have also started to more closely cooperate in the Caribbean Financial Action Task Force and other instruments to add oversight of the offshore industry. One of the most important associations that deal with regionalism amongst the nations of the Caribbean Basin has been the Association of Caribbean States (ACS). Proposed by CARICOM in 1992, the ACS soon won the support of the other countries of the region. It was founded in July 1994. The ACS maintains regionalism within the Caribbean on issues unique to the Caribbean Basin. Through coalition building, like the ACS and CARICOM, regionalism has become an undeniable part of the politics and economics of the Caribbean. The successes of region-building initiatives are still debated by scholars, yet regionalism remains prevalent throughout the Caribbean.

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Venezuela's Effects on Regionalism The President of Venezuela, Hugo Chavez launched an economic group called the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA), which several eastern Caribbean islands joined. In 2012, the nation of Haiti, with 9 million people, became the largest CARICOM nation that sought to join the union.

Regional Institutions Here are some of the bodies that several islands share in collaboration:   

Association of Caribbean States (ACS), Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean Association of Industry and Commerce (CAIC), Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean Association of National Telecommunication Organizations (CANTO), Trinidad and Tobago

              

Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Guyana Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), Barbados Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDERA), Barbados Caribbean Educators Network Caribbean Electric Utility Services Corporation (CARILEC), Saint Lucia Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC), Barbados and Jamaica Caribbean Financial Action Task Force (CFATF), Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean Food Crops Society, Puerto Rico Caribbean Football Union (CFU), Jamaica Caribbean Hotel & Tourism Association (CHTA), Florida and Puerto Rico Caribbean Initiative (Initiative of the IUCN) Caribbean Programme for Economic Competitiveness (CPEC), Saint Lucia Caribbean Regional Environmental Programme (CREP), Barbados Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM), Belize Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery (CRNM), Barbados and Dominican Republic

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Caribbean Telecommunications Union (CTU), Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO), Barbados Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) Foundation for the Development of Caribbean Children, Barbados Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre (LACNIC), Brazil and Uruguay Latin American and the Caribbean Economic System, Venezuela Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), Saint Lucia United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC),

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Chile and Trinidad and Tobago ď&#x201A;ˇ

ď&#x201A;ˇ

University of the West Indies, Jamaica, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago. In addition, the fourth campus, the Open Campus was formed in June 2008 as a result of an amalgamation of the Board for Non-Campus Countries and Distance Educationn, Schools of Continuing Studies, the UWI Distance Education Centres and Tertiary Level Units. The Open Campus has 42 physical sites in 16 Anglophone caribbean countries. West Indies Cricket Board, Antigua and Barbuda

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Caribbean Cuisine Favorite or National Dishes

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Anguilla – Rice and Peas and Fish Antigua and Barbuda – Fungee & Pepperpot Barbados – Cou-Cou and Flying fish Belize- Stew Chicken, rice and Beans, Fry Jacks, Johnny cake, Hudut, lobster, crab soup, Chicken escabeche, conch fritters, Gibnut, Chimole" Black dinner soup", Ceviche, Cow Page 30 of 40

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foot soup, oxtails with rice, curry chicken, Roti, Ducunu, Garnaches, Salbutes, Panades, Tamales, Callaloo and Saltfish, pigtail and split peas soup, Meats pies and Sere. British Virgin Islands – Fish and fungee Cayman Islands – Turtle Stew, Turtle Steak, Grouper Colombian Caribbean – Rice with Coconut Milk, arroz con pollo, Sancocho, Arab cuisine due to large Arab immigration Cuba – Platillo Moros y Cristianos, Ropa Vieja, Lechon, Maduros, Ajiaco Dominica – Mountain chicken, Rice and peas, Dumplings, Saltfish (dried Cod), Dashin, Plantain, Bakes (fried dumplings), Coconut Confiture, Breadfruit, Curry Goat, Cassava Farine, Oxtail and various Beef broths Dominican Republic – arroz con pollo topped with stewed red kidney beans, pan fried or braised beef, and side dish of green salad or ensalada de coditos, shrimp, empanadas and/or tostones, or the ever popular Dominican dish known as Mangú, which is mashed plantains. The ensemble is usually called bandera nacional, which means "national flag," a term equivalent to the Venezuelan pabellón criollo. Grenada – Oil-Down Guyana – pepperpot, cookup rice, Roti and curry, methem Haiti – Griot (Fried pork) served with Du riz a pois or Diri ak Pwa (Rice and beans) Jamaica – ackee and saltfish, callaloo, jerk chicken, curry chicken Montserrat – Goat Water Puerto Rico – Yellow Rice with Green Pigeon Peas, Saltfish Stew, Roasted Pork Shoulder, Chicken Fricassée, Mofongo, Tripe Soup, Alcapurria, Coconut Custard, Rice Pudding, Guava Turnovers, Mallorca Bread. Saint Kitts and Nevis – Coconut dumplings, Spicy plantain, saltfish, breadfruit Saint Lucia – Callaloo, Dal Roti, Dried and salted cod, Green Bananas, Rice & Beans Saint Vincent and the Grenadines – Roasted Breadfruit & Fried Jackfish Trinidad and Tobago – Callaloo, Doubles, Roti, Crab and dumpling, pelau (pilaf) United States Virgin Islands – Stewed goat, oxtail or beef, seafood, callaloo, fungee

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Notes ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

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Attachment A Caribbean Law & Justice

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Caribbean Law & Justice The Caribbean Court of Justice The chronology below traces the history and tells the story of the Caribbean Court of Justice: from concept to reality. Click on each title to learn more. History

1901 – Editorial in the Jamaica Gleaner newspaper 1970 – At the Sixth Meeting of the Heads of Government conference of Commonwealth Caribbean Countries, the Jamaican delegation tabled a proposal for the establishment of a Regional Court of Appeal 1970 – 1971 – Meeting of the Committee of Attorneys-General and issuance of draft report on the Establishment of a Regional Court of Appeal 1972 – Report of the Representative Committee of the Organization of the Commonwealth Caribbean Bar Associations on the Establishment of a Caribbean Court of Appeal In Substitution for the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 1989 – The Heads of Government agree to the establishment of the Court at the Tenth Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community 1992 – Time for Action Report of the West Indian Commission makes recommendations for the establishment of a Caribbean Supreme Court 1999 – Trinidad and Tobago announced its plans to house the CCJ in Port of Spain, and the Heads of Government approved the Agreement Establishing the Caribbean Court of Justice Page 37 of 40

14th February 2001 – The Agreement Establishing the Caribbean Court of Justice was signed by the CARICOM states of: Antigua & Barbuda; Barbados; Belize; Grenada; Guyana; Jamaica; St. Kitts & Nevis; St. Lucia; Suriname; and Trinidad & Tobago. 15th February 2003 – Two further states, Dominica and St. Vincent & The Grenadines, signed the agreement, bringing the total number of signatories to 12. 21st & 22nd August 2003 – the first meeting of the Regional Judicial and Legal Services Commission (RJLSC) 18th August 2004 – The Right Honourable Mr. Justice Michael de la Bastide is sworn in as the first President of the Caribbean Court of Justice 16th April 2005 – The inauguration of the CCJ was held at Queen’s Hall, in Port of Spain, Trinidad & Tobago, the Seat of the Court.

The Regional Judicial & Legal Services Division Introduction The Regional Judicial and Legal Services Commission (―the Commission‖) was established pursuant to Article V(1) of the Agreement Establishing the Caribbean Court of Justice (―the Agreement‖) executed by the Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community on the 14th day of February 2001. By virtue of the deposit of Instruments of Ratification or Accession in accordance with Article XXXIV, by three Member States of the Caribbean Community, this Agreement entered into force on the 23rd day of July 2003.

Composition The composition of the Commission as set out in Article V(1) of the Agreement is as follows: ―(a) the President who shall be the Chairman of the Commission; (b) two persons nominated jointly by the Organisation of the Commonwealth Caribbean Bar Association (OCCBA) and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) Bar Association; (c) one chairman of the Judicial Services Commission of a Contracting Party selected in rotation in the English alphabetical order for a period of three years;

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(d) the Chairman of a Public Service Commission of a Contracting Party selected in rotation in the reverse English alphabetical order for a period of three years; (e) two persons from civil society nominated jointly by the Secretary-General of the Community and the Director General of the OECS for a period of three years following consultations with regional non-governmental organisations; (f) two distinguished jurists nominated jointly by the Dean of the Faculty of Law of the University of the West Indies, the Deans of the Faculties of Law of any of the Contracting Parties and the Chairman of the Council of Legal Education; and (g) two persons nominated jointly by the Bar or Law Associations of the Contracting Parties.‖ The first members of the Commission were appointed on 20th August 2003. Current Members

The current members of the Commission are as follows:           

The Right Honourable Sir Charles Dennis Byron Dr. the Honourable Lloyd George Barnett, O.J. Dr. Peter Maynard, Ph.D. The Honourable Justice Dame Janice Pereira Mrs. Cynthia Williams, B.S. Ms. Jennifer Astaphan, LL.M Mr. Evaristus Jn. Marie The Honourable Justice Peter Williams Mr. Tyrone Chong, Q.C. Mr. Martin Daly, S.C. Mrs. Jacqueline Marshalleck, S.C. http://www.caribbeancourtofjustice.org

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