Constructing environment logbook Week1
Week1 Glossary: Load Path - Reaction Force Masonry - Point Load Beam Compression : a characteristic of mass construction Forces: (Newton, 2014) Basic structural Forces: direction, scale Tension forces: move apart->stretch and elongate the material.
E- learning: (W01 m1 Introduction to Materials , 2014) Introduction to material: Strength: strong or weak e.g Steel is a stronger material than timber Stiffness: stiff, flexible, stretchy or floppy? e.g. concrete is a stiff material Shape: mono-dimensional (linear), bi-dimensional or tridimensional Material Behaviours: isotropic or anisotropic? Economy & Sustainability: How expensive? How valuable? Discoveary of Melbourne: Materials are used in Melbourne: Bluestone= basalt (Indian rock: from volcanoes)
Compression forces: The opposite effect of a tension force. Results in the shortening of the material.
There are some wheel ruts found on the bluestone, which are caused by water damage, impact damage and stiletto heels damage. An example in Melbourne: Town Hall, Bluestone is a hard and stiff material, but it was made in detail in the Town Hall building. It should be spent much money to make it. *Sydney= sandstone
Load path: (John Wiley & Sons, 2008) Using arrow to represent the force, which has direction, sense and magnitude.
Live load: is supplied It can be a person or a book case etc. The load transfers into the beam in two direction and go through the columns. The whole structure is stable, thus the ground is supply an equal to the structure, which an opposite force is produced.
Tutorial: Scale: 1:500 / 1:100 1:100 1:20 / 1:10 1:5
-> Use for location, e.g. Google map -> Use for plans and section -> Use for detail -> Use for construction components
Lecture:
Brick:
bed stretcher
header
Blocks:
Students are required to use a sheet of paper to make an object which can support a brick. The height, wide and the shape have to consider. This activity may lead students to think about the compression force and the tension force.
Weekly task: Students are required to use small wooden blocks to build a tower with an opening and a roof. Step one: The group started the foundation with a circular shape( fig 2). Every two wooden blocks are leaving a small space to form a curve shape (fig 1).
Fig.1
Fig.2
Step two: Since the group found out one layer wall was too easy to collapse, thus, they double the wall (fig 3), in order to make it firmer. Moreover, the circular base was formed with the same length of diameter for a stronger foundation of a tall tower (fig4).
Fig3.
Fig4.
Step three: As the building process progressed, the tower started to narrow. An opening was constructed step by step. After the door was built, the group started to form a roof and built it taller. (refer to Fig.5&6)
Fig5.
fig6.
Fig7.
Step four: The group was required to remove the blocked and create the windows. Even the outside layer was removed, the tower was still stable and sturdy. (refer to Fig7.)
Task analysis: Using small wooden blocks to construct a tower can explore students to consider how the forces associated with the blocks, for example, how to form a sturdy base for a further construction. Moreover, every detail elements, such as materials, structure and the shape will be considered through the building processes.
Constructing environment logbook Week2
Week2: Glossary: Structural joints Stability Tension Frame Bracing Column
e- learning: (W02 s1 Structural Systems, 2014) Structural systems: Solid structure: Find in early period Working with stones, bricks or mud. Compression is the main structural action. Frame system: A very efficient and cheap system. For example, using for covering a large extend of area. Construction systems: Enclosure systems: Structural systems: Service systems:
Construction systems considerations: Performance requirements: Performance of comfort Protection of rain/ Water vapour Resistant of sound Perform over time, it needs to be easy to maintain Aesthetic qualities: Proportion, colour, kind of service quality Economic efficiencies: Affordable. Initial cost? Environmental impacts Environmentally Sustainable Design (ESD) considerations: (ESD and Selecting Materials, 2014) ESD strategies: Thermal mass Solar energy Frontal ventilation Water harvesting Insulation Life cycle: recycled in to other products Stages: raw material acquisition> primary Processing and Refining> Manufacturing> Delivery> Construction Use and Maintenance> final Disposal Co2 commission: Carbon footprint: a measure of the amount of greenhouse gases generated during the fabrication. Example: softwood and clay have a high level of carbon footprint.
Lecture: Structural joints: (W02 s2 Structural Joints , 2014) Roller joints -vertical force
Pin joints -vertical and horizontal
Fixed joints Vertical, horizontal and rotation
Using stews and few pins to support a container, in order to test how stiffness did the ‘ footing’ is by keep pushing / applying force onto the container until it collapsed. This activity can inspire students to think about what element, such as joints and length, should be consider to from a sturdy structure.
Weekly task: Students are required to Use balsa wood to make a model which is tall enough to reach the ceiling. Step 1:
Balsa wood was cut into thin and long battens.
step2: The group started the tower foundation with a triangle shape. A small triangle was sticked to the triangle base in order to increase the stability and sturdily of the tower. step 3:
Vertical battens were built. Triangular prism shape was formed as a foundation for making sure that the tower was strong enough to support the further constructing.
Final product Step4:
The upper part of the tower was built in a pyramid shape since the materials were limited. Moreover, it reduced the weight of the top and focused the force onto center.
Task analysis:
Students can experience how to from a sculpture or building with limited materials, such as the amount of balsa wood, tape and glue. Furthermore, they can learn how to share the material's weight evenly through the task.
Constructing environment logbook Week3
Week3: Glossary: 1. Moment 3. Retaining Wall 5. Pad Footing
2. Strip footing 4. Slab on ground 6. Substructure
Structural Elements - Strut: compression -
Tie: tension Beam: combination of compression and tension Slab/plate Panels and wall
Deep foundation: - Will be used while soil conditions are not stable - The soil bearing capacity is inadequate - Load is transferred from the foundation, through the unsuitable soil and down to levels where bed rock, stiff clay, dense sand/ gravel is located. Pad footing: To spread a point load over a wider area of ground
Footings and foundation: (W03_c1 FOOTINGS & FOUNDATIONS , 2014) Foundation: Are found at the bottom of buildings where the building meets the ground. Transfer all loads acting on the building structure to the ground Footing and foundations should be designed to ensure that this settlement occurs evenly and that the bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded. Shallow Footings: - Soil conditions should be stable while using - Required soil bearing capacity is adequate close to the surface of -
the ground Transfer loads vertically from the foundation to the ground
Strip footing: A wall or a series of column is spread in a linear manner. Raft foundation: Provides increase stability by joining the individual strips together as a single mat
Mass construction: (W03_m1 INTRODUCTION TO MASS CONSTRUCTION , 20144) Mass materials: Stone + earth + clay + concrete Stone: hard: resists abrasion Earth: compressive strength Clay: good thermal mass Concrete: durable These materials are strong in compression but weak in tension Mass construction can be in modular and non- modular: Modular: - Clay brick - Mud brick - Concrete block - Ashlar stone Non- modular: - Concrete - Rammed earth - Monolithic stone
Bricks: Size: 110X230X76 Manufactured from clay or shale 3 main types of brick: 1. Extruded and wire- cut 2. Machine moulded 3. Handmade Clay bricks uses: Stretcher course
Header course
Brick-on-edge-course
Masonry: Stone + clay + concrete Masonry refers to building with units of various natural or manufactured products usually with the use of mortar as a bonding agent ( ching12:06) Bond: the pattern or arrangement of the units Course: a horizontal raw of masonry units Joint: the way units are connected to each other Mortar: mixture of cement or lime, sand and water used as a bonding agent
Soldier course
-
Mortar joints: usually 10mm vertical joints: perpends horizontal joints bed joints
Considerations: brick are permeable( non- water proof) advantages: - can be joined with water based mortar - any wetness can escape disadvantage: - absorb moisture and expand overtime - efflorescence
Blocks: Concrete block: Formed by cement, sand, gravel and water Process involves mixing, moulding and curing egg block: in special shape
clay block vs concrete blocks: concrete blocks: shrink(become smaller). The cement paste reduce in volume as it hydrate when water is lost to the atmosphere. Clay blocks: tend to absorb moisture from the atmosphere and gradually expand.
Stone: 1. 2. 3.
igneous: more for footing sedimentary metamorphic
uses: walls Wall and load bearing Moment force: (iley & Sons, 2011 e-book) Mo= F X d
Weekly activity: ‘on site’ Walking around the Parkville campus and introduced different building structural system and materials to students.
North court: - typical frame system - membrane uses as the roof material which in high tension forces - steel frame is used
-
n
Solid system: using bricks Bluestone: with a long history building
It is a steel truss The truss can support its own loads.
-
Frame system
- Concrete Double glass as the windows
University swimming pool: -frame system with steel columns -shear wall applied on both side - deep foundation
Constructing environment logbook Week4
Week4: Glossary: - Beams and Cantilevers - Span and spacing - Structural elements in flooring Tutorial: Quiz 4:
E- Learning: (Beam and Cantilevers, 2008) Beams: A horizontal structural element. The function of a beam is to carry loads along the length of the beam and transfer these to the vertical supports. -
Supported at both ends of the beam Supported at many points along the length of beam Supported at points away from the ends of the beam Supported at only one end of the beam
Cantilevers: Is created when a structural element is supported at only one end. The function of a cantilever is to carry loads along the length of the member and transfer these loads to the support. It can be horizontal vertical or angled. Flooring systems: (W04_c1 FLOOR SYSTEMS, 2014) To transfer dead and live loads via horizontal members to supports. Three types:
-
Cantilever: one point support Joist span: between bearer and foundation wall ( along the joist) Joist spacing: between joist and joist
1. Concrete systems: Slabs with two directions or one short direction Consideration of choosing one way or two ways: cost and efficiency( the columns) etc
2. Timber systems: Board spend on joists and joists And joists are supported by the bearers. 3. Steel systems: Apply heavy gauge or light gauge *Steel framing might combine with concrete slab system - The particular benefits of steel framing and shallow depth floor slab systems are desired. - It helps determine the spacing requirement of the supports. Beams and cantilevers: Beams: A horizontal structural element. The function of a beam is to carry loads along the length of the beam and transfer these to the vertical supports. - Supported at both ends of the beam - Supported at many points along the length of beam - Supported at points away from the ends of the beam - Supported at only one end of the beam Cantilevers: is created when a structural element is supported at only one end. The function of a cantilever is to carry loads along the length of the member and transfer these loads to the support. It can be horizontal vertical or angled.
Material : (W04_m1 CONCRETE, 2014) Concrete Components: 1. Cement: Portland and lime 2. Fine aggregates: sand 3. Coarse aggregates: crushed rock 4. Water Provenance: Chemical reaction: hydration - If too much water -> weak - If too little water -> too stiff Advantage: Fluid and shapeless ( before it hardens) Formwork: For temporary support and moulds to hold the liquid concrete It can be built at the building site: in situ or in factory- pre cast Curing process: The formwork needs to be supported as the weight of the wet concrete is very heavy. - Achieved by using props and bracing - Generally reaches 75% in 7days *Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension->Reinforcement (by using steel in the form of MESH or BARS)
Constructing environment logbook Week5
Week5: Glossary: -
Stud Noggins
- Lintel - Axial Load
Walls, grids and columns: (W05_c1 Walls, grids and columns, 2014) Wall systems: Three basic types: Structural frames: Concrete frames: typically use a gird of columns beams connecting the columns together
- Seasoned Timber - Buckling
E-learning:
Short and Long Columns: description Ratio of length and the smallest cross section
Short columns
Long columns
shorter (length) and thicker (cross section)
taller (length) and slimmer (cross section).
less than 12:1
More than 12:1
Differences: How does it fail? Example:
The way to fail crushes
buckling
a 3000mm tall column with a 450mm x 300mm cross-section ratio = 10:1
a 6000mm tall column with a 450mm x 300mm cross-section ratio of 20:1
K=0.5 K=0.7 K=1 K=2
Steel frames: Use a grid of steel columns connected to steel and beams - UC: Universal column: Look like an I shape beam. It tries to make both directions equal. But the column still tends to buck the weaker and smaller side. - CHS: Circular hollow section - RHS: Rectangular hollow section
Timber frame: Use a gird of timber posts or poles connected to timber beams.
Load bearing walls: 3. Cavity masonry: - Concrete: Achieved using either in situ or precast - Masonry 1. Reinforced masonry Can be constructed from CORE FILLED hollow concrete blocks
Formed from two skins of masonry Advantages: Better thermal performance and opportunities for insulation within the cavity - Better waterproofing
2. Solid masonry: Can be create with single or multiple skins Join together using bricks or with metal wall ties
Stud walls: - Light gauge steel framing - Timber framing
Wood to timber (W03_m2 timber properties and consideration, 2014) Provenance Seasoning (drying) Adjust the moisture Provided increased dimensional stability Free moisture and bound moisture is removed from the wood Timber is seasoned in three ways: Air seasoning Kiln seasoning(20-40hrs to dry ~12%) Solar kiln seasoning Early wood
Late wood
-
Rapid growth at beginning of growing season
-
Slower growth Often limited by lack of water
-
Light and thin cell
-
Think small cell
Growth: Generally one ring per year Direction: Strong: parallel / Weak: perpendicular
Type of timber: Softwoods
Hardwoods
-
-
Radiate pine Cypresses pine Hoop pine
Hardwood stronger than softwood: Since softwood-> plantation growth faster hardwood: Old growth
Victorian ash Brown box Spotted gum
Weekly activity: Students are divided into group and ask for making a 3D model base on a plan and section drawing with actuary scale.
The group prepared some cardboard, balsawood and foam as the materials
Concrete wall
The group was trying to build the wall and floor. beam And columns and the beams on the upstair.
column
However, this model failed since students were not working on the structure of the building.
Students should work out all the main structure before building up the walls. Beams and column should be more important in making a modeling. From the graph, it shows the Z steel beams are the main support of the roof. And the floor is supported by a UB steel beam,
Constructing environment logbook Week6
Week6 Glossary: - Rafter - Cantilever - Eave
-
Purlin - Portal frame - Soffit
- Alloy - Top chord
Roof systems: (W06_c1 Roof Systems, 2014) Flat roofs: Pitch: 1°-3°
v Concrete roofs: Are generally flat plates of reinforced concrete ( or precast with a
Pitched and sloping roofs pitch >3°
topping of concrete) with applied waterproof membrane (cover) Structural steel framed roofs: Flat: - combine primary and secondary roof beams heavier roof finishes such as metal deck or combine roof beams and purlins
lighter sheet metal roofing
Sloping: Structural steel roofs consist of ROOF BEAMS and PURLINS and light sheet metal
Portal frames: Consist of a series of braced Rigid Frames (two columns and a beam) with purlins for the roof and girts for the walls. ( finished with metal sheets) Trussed roofs: - are framed roofs constructed from a series of open web type steel or timber elements may steel or timber can be flat or shaped Space frames: are 3D Plate type structures that are long spanning in two direction Light framed roofs: - Gable roofs: are characterized by a vertical , triangular section of the wall - Hip roofs: same (but with corner?) Materials: (W06_m1 Introduction to Metals , 2014) Metal: Types: - Ferrous: contain iron - Non- ferrous: all other metals- more expensive - Alloys: combinations of two more metals Water related damage: Oxidation and corrosion Protect: - Avoid prolonged exposure to moisture - Seal against moisture (e.g. enamel or paint metal surface) - Chemical treatment ( i.e. galvanized steel)
Ferrous metals: Iron: - significant and important magnetic properties - Very reactive chemically - Good compressive strength Wrought iron: more widely used in windows and door Cat iron: use more commonly in daily life Iron alloys- steel: Steel is an alloy of iron with carbon being the primary additional alloy element -
Is a strong material And resistant to fracture Transfer heat and electricity
Steel- types and uses: 1. Structural steel: Framing – columns, beams, purlins, stud frames. Two main types: Hot rolled steel: - Element are shaped while metal is hot - More material is required for this type of process - Generally used as primary structural elements
Cold formed steel: - Elements are folded from sheets that have been previously produced and cooled down - More used in secondary structure Reinforcing bars: Use in conjunction with concrete to produce reinforced concrete. 1.
Steel sheeting
Cladding and roofing must be protected from weather exposure such as paint, enameled etc.) 2. Stainless steel alloys - Chromium is the main alloying element - Mainly used in sheets, plates, bars or wire. It may use in kitchen as well - Is very rarely used as primary structure due to cost. Non ferrous metals: Aluminium: - Very light - Non- magnetic - Easily form Pure aluminium is soft Alloy with small amounts of copper, magnesium, silicon etc. -> strengthen Uses: -
Common for window frames, such as balustrades or handrolls Rolled aluminium is used for cladding panels, heating and air conditioning systems - Aluminium reacts with air creating a very fine layer of oxide -> keep it from oxidation Other finish treatment: power coating and anodisation
Copper: - Electricity conductivity Uses: - Roofing material - Hot and cold domestic water and heating pipework - Electrical cabling Zinc: Present use in construction: Painting the layers of zinc on to iron or steel as galvanizing Useful in the production of roofing material - Cladding for roofs and walls - Conductor of electricity Lead: - Less common: can be toxic Present use in construction: roofs, cornices, tank linings and flashing strips for water proofing - Poor electricity conductivity - Very resistant to corrosion Tin: - Very rare today - Only decorative
Titanium: Very expensive material Used in strong light-weight alloys Result in attractive and durable cladding excellent corrosion resistance Bronze: Brass: -
mix with copper use for bearings, clips, electrical connections and springs corrosion resistant
use for handles, locks etc low melting point and easy to cast
primary
secondary
timber
Floor- bearer Roof-
Joist rafter
steel
(hot rolled steel) Floor- beam
(cold form) Purlins 1->3 hours
frames
Presentation:
Constructing environment logbook Week7
Week 7: Glossary - Drip - Gutter - Down pipe - Insulation
-
Vapour barrier Parapet Flashing Sealant
Stop water entering a building: Drip:
Detailing for heat and moisture (W07_c1 Detailing for Heat and Moisture , 2014) Detailing for moisture:
Gutter: when water full -> water fall away Two type of gutter: - Eaves gutter - Box gutter
Brick Cavity: - Prevent water come in.
Rubber: Natural rubber Synthetic rubber: 10th century Use of natural rubber: - Seals - Gaskets and control joins -
Flooring
Synthetic: Epdm Neoprene Silicone
4. Using M astics Caulking Sealant Silicon
Plastic: (W02_m2 Plastic, 2014) Form from carbon, silicon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and chloride Three main groups 1. Thermoplastics –polyethylene- insulation of copper Polymethyl methacrylate - PVC - polycarbonates 2. Thermosetting plastics - Melamide formaldehyde- use for surfaces - Polystyrene- insulation panels 3. Elastomers - Similar to rubber properties
Constructing environment logbook Week8
Week 8:
Glass: Components: Formers: silica Basic ingredient: Any chemical compound that can be melted and cooled in to a glass Fluxes: soda ash/ potash/ lithium Carbonate ďƒ¨ Help FORMERS to melt at lower and more practical temperature Stabilizers: limestone/ Alumina/ Magnesia
Glossary: -
Window sash Deflection Moment of inertia
- Door furniture - Stress - Shear force
Openings: doors and windows:
ďƒ¨ Keep the finished glass from dissolving or crumbling, Longer life Properties: - Non porous ( waterproof) - Higher density of water - Transfer heat and light but not electricity - Hard -
High reusability High cost in transportation
Flat glass: - Float glass ( most common one) 1. Clear Float Glass Simple and cheap 2. Laminated Glass ( 2layers of glasses)
-
PVB is bonded together ( more safety) 3. Tempered Glass (toughened glass) Heating ay ~650 C Soften -> cooled(quenched) -> create a state of high compression in the surface ( improve safety since glassed break into a smaller pellet pieces) Shaped glass
Weekly activity: Draw a full size section with construction elements and details.
drawing details will be presented in week 10 weekly activity.
Constructing environment logbook Week9
week9: Glossary:
Health and safety:
-
Sandwich panel Bending Skirting Composite beam Shadow line joint
-
Fire? Ageing gracefully Water damage: Choosing materials
-
Cornice
-
Appearance?
Construction detailing: Movement joints:
Repairable surfaces and resistance to damage Cleanable surfaces: -Butt cove for resilient -Straight base for carpet floors -Top set cove for any floorings -Cove and cap strips
- Compressed
- As installed
e.g.
Constructability Considerations:
- Elongated
-
Off the shell items Detailing to suit construction expertise
Composite materials: 1. Monolithic materials are: -
A single material or Materials combined so that components are indistinguishable (e.g. metal alloys) 2. Composite materials are created when: Two or more materials are combined in such a way that the individual materials remain easily distinguishable. A composite is formed from: Combination of materials which differ in composition or form Remain boned together Retain their identities and properties Act together to provide improved specific or synergistic characteristic not obtainable by any of the original components acting alone. Types: Fibrous Laminar ( e.g sandwich panels) Particulate Hybrid
Fiber reinforces cement(FRC): Components: cellulose fibres, Portland cement, sand and water Common forms: sheet and board product, or shaped product Common uses: cladding for exterior or interior walls, floor panels Benefits: will not burn, resistant to permanent water and termite damage. Resistant to rotting and wraping Fiberglass: A mixture of glass and epoxy reins Benefits: waterproof, relatively light weight and strong Aluminum sheet composites: Sandwich panels? Form by aluminum and plastic Benefits: Reduce amount of aluminum are required and light weight, less expensive, weather resistant, unbreakable etc Timber composites: Cost effective Fibre reinforced polymers:
source from: http://www.consmos.com/EPS_Sandwich_Panel.html
Polymers(plastic)with timber, glass or carbon fibres Processed products High strength
Weekly activity: “Off campus�. Students went to some large scale unframed buildings to learn the building structure and different systems. One of the sites is a primary school (The Kathleen Syme Education Centre) at 249Faraday Street . It is a heritage which built in 1986. The Kathleen Syme Education Centre is a two floor building which constructs with brick system.
Fig. 1
fig.2
fig,3Source from:
http://www.carsondunlop.com/2011/12/brick-houses-solid-masonry-vs-brick-veneer/
fig.5
The Kathleen Syme Education center also used steel frame system. Fig.5 indicates Steel beams (UB) are used.
Fig.4
Constructing environment logbook Week10
Week10 Glossary - Shear wall - Soft story - Braced frame - Lift cycle
- Defect - Fascia - Corrosion - IEQ
Lateral support: Lateral forces: resistance to lateral loads is a major design concern for building in many geographical locations. Wind and earthquake forces have different effects on buildings. Three strategies: - Bracing of the building - Shear wall - Joists Wind loads might affect thin and tall more, But it also affects some big opening door. A soft story exists in a building when one or more floors are significantly weaker or more flexible than those above or below. Soft story results in uneven load distribution and non-uniform deflection in response to lateral loads. Soft story can be built at the ground ďƒ¨ Bracing will be constructed with it to resistant the loads of wind or earthquakes
Collapses and failures: Timber fascia: - material selection: too wide-> it may cause crack - Exposure to hot north sun - Painted black on outside only - Fastener Flat steel sheeting on plywood: - timber plywood glued to timber stud walls - Flat steel sheet glued to plywood - thermal differences - blistering and peeling sheets - cut edges - Corrosion of cut edges -
Glue failures Galvanized exposed nails to fix sheeting? Reclad with exterior grade plywood
Consideration: Suitability of material for the application Exposure -
Compatibility Strength and deflection Long term performance Maintenance Construction and detailing
Heroes and culprits: Issues to consider when selecting materials: - Health and IEQ - Waste/ recycle - Energy use - Pollution and life cycle How to choose a good material for health: Reduce VOCS: Paints/ sealers/adhesives Reduce particles/ dust: Horizontal shelves/ floor coverings/ loose fibre products Green cleaning practices: Vacuuming, Chemicals How to choose a good material to minimize the waste: Renewable and abundant resources -. Agriculture products/ earth/ timber Timber: -. Recycled plantation How to choose material to minimize energy - Extraction/ manufacture/transport Optimize lighting: General/ task / switching Optimize appliances: Fridges/ dishwashers/ office equip For pollution: Do not choose the materials contain toxins Choose natural materials or organic
weekly activity: drawing section- function room ( Roof North03)
Actual view of the roof which is location at the north of function room.
the section drawn into 3D.
Materials->/ bricks
blocks
Stone
concrete
timber
metal
Plastic
glass
Properties Hardness
Medium-high
Medium-high
Large range igneous> metamorphic> sedimentary
High
Medium-low
Varied
Medium-low
High
Fragility
medium
medium
depends
low
Medium-low
low
Low- medium
depends
ductility
Very low
Very low
Very low (most of them)
Very low
low
high
high
very low
Flexibility/
Very low
Very low
Rigid ( low)
low
high
medium
high
Very high
Porosity/ Permeabilit y
Medium-low
Medium
Large range
medium
high
Generally impermeabl e
many
Nonporous
density
medium
Memedium
depends
Medium-high
Depends
high
low
Med-high
conductivity
Poor conductors of
Poor conductors of
Generally poor
poor
poor
Very good
Very poor
Heat bout not
heat and electrcity
heat and electrcity
Durability/ Life span
Very durable
Very durable
Extremely durable
Very durable
depends
Can be
Can be
Very durable
Reusability/ recyclability
High
medium
Very high
Medium-low
Very high
high
high
Very high
Sustainabilit
Tends to be
~ positive
Transport energy is the
High
Very low
Very high
Not a
y & carbon footprint
locally produced
reduction in carbon footprint
main factor
Nonrenewable
renewable
embodied energy
renewable resources
cost
effective
Effective but high labour cost
Depends on labour cost
effective
effective
effective
effective
Plasticity
electricity
expensive
Construction workshop: Each group is asked to build a timber structure with at least 1000mm long, and test how much loads of the product can take. The materials that my group can get are 1200 X 3.2 X90 mm Ply X2 and 1200 X 42 X18 mm Pine X2. Students can join the wood by using sundry nails and screws by the hammers, saws and other tools.
1200 X 3.2 X90 mm Ply
1200 X 42 X18 mm Pine fig.1
The group preferred using the longer length as the height instead of using the shorter side since it can take more loads because of the better compression force.
fig.2 Two pine woods is cut into ~1100mm.
fig.3 main structure of the object
Sundry nails
Using sundry nails to join the pine wood together. However, the nails or screws can destroy the structure of the wood. It may make the timber easier to buckle.
fig.4
The plywood is better in tension force since it is more tin and flexible. And therefore, plywood cut into few pieces and added onto the timber structure, in order to share the load. However, it cannot help much, thus, the test is mainly testing how much loads do the pine woods can take. Lastly, the fig.5 timber structure almost can take around 200 kilo forces.
Fig.6 From reading fig.6, it indicates the timber finally cracked is related to the nails that make it weak.