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English Grammar for Eleventh Class By student Jaeger Khorsheed
With Help Mahmud teacher
This gift quires for all students
English Grammar For Eleventh Class
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Prepositions of Time: 1. (at) + (O’clock, am, pm, night) - She wakes up at 7:30 am. - They have a party at night 2. (on) + (days of week) - The exam will be on Sunday. 3. (in) + (year, month, season, the evening, the morning) - She was born in 1996. - The meeting starts in May. - The match starts in evening. 4. (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 96th) + (of) + (month) - Newroz will be 21st of March. 5. (during) + time - The school will open during these two weeks.
Relative Clauses: who (that)/ which (that) Subject1 = Subject2 S.1 +
Who ( Which (
)
+ S.2
+
)
- The people live in there in Iraq. They speak Kurdish. The people who speak Kurdish, live in there in Iraq. - My car is broken. It is so expensive. My car which is so expensive, is broken. English Grammar For Eleventh Class
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Subject2 +
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Subject1
Who +S.2 Which
- These are two engineers. They build this dam. These are two engineers who build this dam. - There are parts of Iraq. They are deserts. There are parts of Iraq which are dserts. Object2 +
Subject1
Who + S.2 + auxiliary verbs Which
- Vana is a new teacher, we will meet her. Vana is a new teacher who we will meet. - The Alps are mountains, Vana describes them. The Alps are mountains which Vana describes.
Extra Information with Relative Clauses: S.1 +
Who + [Extra Information] + com… Which
- Tourism from south of Iraq visit Kurdistan. [don’t have mountains] Tourism from south of Iraq who don’t have mountains, visit Kurdistan. - Tone Price is a new teacher. [play tennis] Tony Price who play tennis, is a new teacher. English Grammar For Eleventh Class
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Possibility: S. +
May Might Could
+ be +
A An
+ Noun
Adjective
- It carries lots of passengers. [Possibility use: may] It may be a train. - It flies in the sky. [express possibility use: a plane] It might be a plane.
Certainty: S. +
Must Can’t
+ be +
A An
+ Noun
Adjective
- The baby is crying. [express certainty use: must] The baby must be hungry. - It flies in the sky. [certainty use: can’t] It can’t be a plane.
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Advice: You +
Should ‘d better Need to Ought to
+ V. + com…
- I’ve got a bad headache. [giving advice use: ‘d better] You’d better see a doctor. [advising use: need to] - I’ve got a problem with phone. You need to change it.
Ability: - In Present: S. + can + base + com… S. +
Am Is Are
+ able to + V. + com…
- Show Dana’s ability to sing songs. Dana can sing songs. Dana is able to sing songs. - We work in the lab. [able to] We are able to work in the lab.
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- In Past: S. + could + V. + com… S. +
Was Were
+ able to + V. + com…
Dana could sing songs. Dana was able to sing songs. We were able to work in the lab. - In Future: S. + will be able to + V. + com… - The can help you easily. [insert will] They will be able to help you easily. - Dana is able to solve this problem. [change to future] Dana will be able to solve this problem.
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Past Perfect and Simple Past: After + S. + had + P.P + com…, S. + V. in past + com… - After they write their homework, they go out. After they had written their homework, they went out. - The man finishes my car, and then I pay money. After the man had finished my car, I paid money. - Before we start the lesson, they had left us. We started the lesson, after they had left us. had
After
Past Simple: - Positive: S. + V.ed + Obj +
Yesterday Last + time Before + time Back + time In + time Time + ago
- We try to help this boy yesterday. We tried to help this boy yesterday. - I see my friends last week. I saw my friends last week. - They are able to solve this problem. They were able to solve this problem.
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- Negative: Did S. + Was + not + (V.) + com… Were - The man gave this toy last year. The man didn’t give this toy last year. - We were so busy before two days. We weren’t so busy before two days.
Present Prefect: with (just/already) S. +
Have Has
+
Just Already
+
V.ed P.P
+ com…
- They arrive this city with us. They have just arrived this city with us. - Suha cooks our dinner. [insert: already] Suha has already cooked our dinner.
Present Perfect: (not…yet) S. +
Have Has
+ not +
V.ed P.P
+ com… + yet.
- They arrive this city. [insert not…yet] They haven’t arrived this city yet. - Dana writes his homework. [insert not…yet] Dana hasn’t written his homework yet.
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Present Perfect Continuous: S. +
Have Has
+ been + V.ing + Obj +
For + (time). Since
They have been finishing our project for two days. Halbeen has been studying English since 2006.
Describing changes: V + adv S. + auxiliary verbs + V. + adv (ly) + com… - CO2 levels have been increase rapid in the world. CO2 levels have been increasing rapidly in the world. - Temperatures fall slight in the north of Iraq during winter. Temperatures fall slightly in the north of Iraq during winter. ly
adv
ing
Describing changes: adj + n S. + auxiliary verbs +
A An
+ adj + n + com…
There was a rapid rise in CO2 levels. Temperatures has been a slight fall in the north.
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Verb + Infinitive: 1- S. +
Verb Want Try Expect Need Refuse Help
+ to + infinitive + com…
- They expected saw this man in the park. They expected to see this man in the park. - The man is trying help you. The man is trying to help you.
2- S. +‘d +
Love Like Hate Prefer Continue
to + to + base + com…
- I’d love smoke in the school. I’d love to smoke in the school. - They’d hate learn English with you. They’d hate to learn English with you.
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3- S. + V. +
To + base V.ing
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+ com…
- She has begun make this project. She has begun to make this project. She has begun making this project. - I start help this blind man. I start to help this blind man. I start helping this blind man. 4- S + V.ing + com… - Can you imagine live in a world like that? Can you imagine living in a world like that? - She asked choose some friends. She asked choosing some friends. - Would you mind drive my car from here? Would you mind driving my car from here?
Q/ under line silent letters? 1- /k/ kn
>>>> Know, Knee, Knife, Knight
2- /s/
>>>> Island, Islander
3- /t/
tch >>>> Watch, Switch, Match ste >>>> Listen, Fasten stl >>>> Castle, Whistle >>>> Often, Soften, Past Pone
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4- /l/
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alk >>>> Talk, Walk, Chalk alm >>>> Calm, Psalm alf >>>> Half >>>> Would, Should, Could
5- /n/ mn >>>> Autumn 6- /b/ mb >>>> Lamb, Climb, Camb >>>> Debt, Doubt 7- /h/ gh ho wh oh
>>>> Might, High, Although >>>> Hour, Honest, Honor >>>> What, While, When, Whistle >>>> Oh
8- /g/ gh
>>>> Sight, Right, Might >>>> Sign, Design
9- /r/(I,o,u,a,y,e) >>>> Sword, World, Car, Iron 10- /w/ wr ew ow aw 11- /e/ 12- /p/
>>>> Wroth, Written, Wrong >>>> Crew, Few, New >>>> Snow >>>> Draw >>>> Move, Wide, Write
ps
>>>> Psychology
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Stating Dimensions: - For adjectives: S. +
Is Are
+ number +
Cm M Km
+
Adjective Long Wide Deep High
- Use (15 meters/ Wide) in a sentence for stating dimensions. The road is 15 meters wide. - The canal is 20 meters_____. [depth or deep] The canal is 20 meters deep. These rooms are two meters high. - For nouns: S. +
Has a Have a
+
Noun Length Width Depth Height
+ of + number +
Cm M Km
- Use (15 meters/ depth) in a sentence for stating dimensions. The river has a depth of 15 meters. - The bridge has a _____ of 75 meters. [high, height] The bridge has a height of 75 meters. These rooms have a length of five meters.
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Or, And: V.2 + Com… +
Or And
+ S. + will + V. + com…
- If you don’t stop smoking. It will kill you. [change If to Or] Stop smoking, or it will kill you. - If you don’t drive in the middle. We will fall off the edge. [use Or instead If]
Drive in the middle, or we will fall off the edge. - If you look right. You will see Duhok’s dam. [add And] Look right, and you will see Duhok’s dam. - If you study hard. You will pass easily in the test. [change If to And]
Study hard, and you will pass easily in the test.
If and Unless - If >>>>> Unless - If you don’t study hard, you won’t pass easily. [change If to Unless] Unless you study hard, you won’t pass easily. - If she doesn’t cook for me, I won’t stay at home. Unless she cooks for me, I won’t say at home. - If you didn’t prepare the project, I would help another group. Unless you prepared the project, I would help another group. English Grammar For Eleventh Class
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- Unless >>>>> If - Unless you help me, I won’t ask that man. [change Unless to if] don’t help If you don’t help me, I won’t ask that man. - Unless she passes the test, you won’t ask her. doesn’t passes s If she doesn’t pass the test, you won’t ask her. - Unless we watched TV, we wouldn’t know any news. didn’t watched If we didn’t watch TV, we wouldn’t know any news.
If (conditional) - First conditional ( If +
V.s V
+ Com… + S. +
) Will Shall Can May
+ V. + com…
- If you listen to me, you (not lose) the game again. If you listen to me, you will not lost the game again. - If Halbeen (eat) fish, I will buy it for her. If Halbeen eats fish, I will buy it for her. - If he (not play) well, I will change him quickly. If he doesn’t play well, I will change him quickly. English Grammar For Eleventh Class
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- Second Conditional: ( If + S. + V.in past + com… + S +
) Would Should Could Might
+ V. + com…
- If we arrived home early, we (stay) at home. If we arrived home early, we would stay at home. - If they (build) a dam, I would give some money. If they built a dam, I would give some money. - If I (not make) a cake, she would be upset. If I didn’t make a cake, she would be upset. - Third Conditional: ( If + S. + had + P.P + com… + S. + com…
) Would Should
+ have + P.P +
- If we had studied hard, we (pass) in the test. If we had studied hard, we would have passed in the test. - If the man (write) my notes, he would have done well. If the man had written my notes, he would have done well.
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The … ing form acting like a noun: 1- For Subject. Swimming in the water is good for health. Teaching kids is interesting. 2- Adjective +
In At On Into
+ V.ing
She is good at driving a car. I was interested in painting walls. 3- V + V.ing She hates cooking fish. I like watching movies.
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Tag questions: - Positive, negative? S. + aux + com…, aux + not + S.? - You are so clever boy. [add tag question] You are so clever boy, aren’t you? - You will be ready. You will be ready, won’t you? - Halbeen has passed easily. Halbeen has passed easily, hasn’t she? - Susan likes a new job. Susan likes a new job, doesn’t she? - Joe and Pip talked in the inn. Joe and Pip talked in the inn, didn’t they? - We study French at school. We study French at school, don’t we?
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- Negative, Positive? S. + aux + not, aux + S.? - You don’t help us. You don’t help us, do you? - She won’t help us. She won’t help us, will she? - They can’t play the match. They can’t play the match, can they? do V. ----Don’t | Play – Don’t play V.s ----Doesn’t | Plays – Doesn’t play V.in past ----Didn’t | Played – Didn’t play
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Cause and Effect: Because As Since
+ cause + effect.
Or Effect +
Because As Since
+ cause.
- It was a heavy rain, I didn’t go out. [because] Because it was a heavy rain, I didn’t go out. I didn’t go out, because it was a heavy rain. - I took a taxi for the school, I was so late. [since] I took a taxi for the school, since I was so late. Since I was so late, I took a taxi for the school. - The world is changing, new jobs are appearing. [as] As the world is changing, new jobs are appearing. New jobs are appearing, as the world is changing. And Cause +
So Therefore As a result
+ effect.
- I know who he is, because I have seen him on TV. [so] I have seen him on TV, so I know him. - I took a taxi for the school, since I was so late. [therefore] I was so late, therefore I took a taxi for the school. English Grammar For Eleventh Class
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Phrasal Verbs with Objects: Prepositions ( ) Noun (Singular) in, up, of, off, away.. Nouns (Plural) - Emma has set up a new website. [phrasal verb] Emma has set it up.
S. + V. +
It Them
- Dana and Ali turn off all these switches. They turn them off. - Sally tidies up her room. She tidies it up.
Passive Voice: - For Present Simple: Obj +
Is Are
by + agent
+ P.P + com… + by + S.
- Emma studies French with us. [change to passive voice use: by agent] French is studied with us by Emma. - They send some letters every year. Some letters are sent every year by them. - She shows me this way. I am shown this way by her. - The coach trains the team. [use: by agent] The team is trained by the coach.
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- For Past Simple: Obj +
Was Were
+ P.P + com… + by + S.
- Mr. Alan asked many questions. [change to passive voice use: by agent] Many questions were asked by Mr. Alan. - Halbeen sent a message yesterday. A message was sent yesterday by Halbeen. - Repair this car in the garage. [two days ago] This car was repaired in the garage two days ago. - Provide these books to the students. [yesterday] These books were provided to the students yesterday. - For Present Continuous: Obj +
Am Is Are
+ being + P.P + com… + now.
- She is studying French at the college. French is being studied at the college. - I am bringing some new books for the project. Some new books are being brought for the project. - Give this message to the manager. [now] This message is being given to the manager now.
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- For Present Perfect: Obj +
Have Has
+
Already Just
+ been + P.P + com…
- The boy has started the plan for the project. The plan has been started for the project. - My father was finished these papers for the job. These papers have been finished for the job. - Visit this man at the hospital. [already] This man has already been visited at the hospital. - For Future: Obj +
Will Shall
+ be + P.P + com…
- They will prepare a big party for us tomorrow. A big party will be prepared for us tomorrow. - I will read French in the college. French will be read in the college. - Record a song on this CD. [tomorrow] A song will be recorded on this CD tomorrow.
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- Obj: Obj +
Is going to Are going to Can May Might Have to Has to Had to
+ be + P.P + com…
- Suha is going to give some money. Some money is going to be given. - I can drive this car easily. This car can be driven easily. - This boy has to send a message. A message has to be sent.
Reported Statements:
- Subjects: I You Your We Our
---------------------
he, she they, he, she his, her they their
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- Auxiliary Verbs: Am, Is Are Have, Has Must Will Shall Did Do, Does V.
-------------------------------------
was were had had to would should had V. in past V. in past
- Reported Statements: S. +
Said Thought Replied Answered … Etc.
+ (that) + S. + aux v. in past + com…
- I am at grade 11 at the school. [Dana said…] Dana said that he was at grade 11 at the school. - You are so smart boy here. [his teacher thought] His teacher thought that he was so smart boy here. - We start the project. [he replied] He replied that they started the project.
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- Reported Requests, Orders and Advices: S. +
Told Advised … Etc.
+
Me Us Him Her Noun
+ (not) + to + V. + com…
- Could you drive the car slowly, please? [His mother told him…] His mother told him to drive the car slowly. - Don’t speak during the lesson. [my teacher advised us…] My teacher advised us not to speak during the lesson. - Please, write notes on the notebook. [the head told us…] The head told us to write notes on the notebook.
1- Could, can, would… (Reported Requests) 2- Don’t… (Reported Orders) 3- Please… (Reported Advices)
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- Reported Yes/No Questions: - Aux + com…? S. +
Asked Wanted to know … Etc.
+
If Whether
+ S.2 + aux v. in past + com…
- Is Dana playing tennis? [he wanted to know] He wanted to know if Dana was playing tennis. - Are you so tired? [his mother asked] His mother asked if he was so tired. - Did the manager phone the police? [the boy asked] The boy asked if the manger had phoned the police. P.P had had did phoned
phone
- Reported wh, questions: S. +
Asked Wondered Inquired … Etc.
+ wh-word + S.2 + aux v. in past + com…
- Where is Dana from? [she asked] She asked where Dana was from. - Why does he come late? [the boss inquired] The boss inquired why he came late. - What did you do? [she asked] She asked what (she, he, they) had done. English Grammar For Eleventh Class
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English Grammar for Eleventh Class By student Jaeger Khorsheed With Help Mahmud teacher Special thanks‌ Special thanks for my teacher Mahmud. And thanks for all my friends for respect for me.
THE END If You Don't Want Any Questions. Edge Away From The Answer. English Grammar For Eleventh Class
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