Heritage, A Vector For Sustainable Development. Case Study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

HERITAGE, A VECTOR FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY DEUX-RIVES, STRASBOURG JELENA PERUSINOVIC

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HERITAGE, A VECTOR FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY DEUX RIVES, STRASBOURG

Thesis submitted to obtain the degree M.Sc. in Conservation of Monuments and Sites Raymond Lemaire International Centre for Conservation, KU Leuven Academic year 2016-2017

Author Jelena Perusinovic Promotors Prof Minja Yang, RLICC, UNESCO Prof Christian Ost, RLICC

Leuven, August 2017

ABSTRACT

This case study aims to complement the existing literature on the topic of heritage as a vector for sustainable territorial development by examining the development project Zone d’Amenagement Concerté (ZAC) DeuxRives for the renewal of the former industrial river port of Strasbourg in France. This study evaluates the compliance of the ZAC DeuxRives project with the UNESCO Historic Urban Landscape approach, and the effort to preserve the Outstanding Universal Value of the World Heritage Site Grande-Île and Neustadt of Strasbourg. Moreover, this thesis aims to demonstrate how heritage and urban renewal can be reconciled. The case study examines the Franco-German cross-border project collaboration to highlight challenges as well as advantages of cross-border planning and establishment of joint projects in the field of culture and transport. Finally, the opportunities and threats of such urban projects are identified and practical solutions proposed. If executed according to adopted planning principles, Deux-Rives could grow to become a reference model for future cross-border development projects.

Keywords industrial heritage; cultural dialogue; crossborder planning; conservation; Eurodistrict; Eurométropole; Ortenau; Kehl; port du Rhin; COOP

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my gratitude to everyone who contributed to this research and the remarkable on-site experience. I am especially grateful to my mentor Professor Minja Yang for her initiative, generous support and valuable guidance. I am thankful to the staff of the SPL Deux-Rives team, notably to Mr Eric Bazar, its Director-General, Ms Alice FrÊmeaux and Mr François Jolidon who took time to guide me, thoroughly answer my questions and share their immense knowledge on the topic, which allowed me to delve into this presented topic.

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PREFACE

This Master thesis represents the final paper towards the completion of a three-semester Post Master programme: Conservation of Monuments and Sites, of the Raymond Lemaire International Centre for Conservation (RLICC) at the Katholieke Universiteit - KU Leuven, Belgium.

The RLICC is a multidisciplinary advanced master in heritage conservation. The programme Master of Science in Conservation of Monuments and Sites provides specialised education in the preservation and restoration of the built cultural heritage through scientific methods and practical trainings. The Centre promotes reflection on the integration of heritage in today’s evolving society for the present and future generations.

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1

INTRODUCTION 1.1.

1.2.

1.3.

2 3

METHODOLOGY THEORETICAL REVIEW 3.1.

3.2.

4

4.1.

4.3.

Setting the context of Strasbourg 4.1.1. Strasbourg Eurométropole 4.1.2. Eurodistrict WHS Grande-Île and Neustadt of Strasbourg 4.2.1. Geopolitical historical context 4.2.2. Historic centre, WHS, A preserved medieval urban fabric 4.2.3. Strasbourg Cathedral 4.2.4. Neustadt 4.2.5. Challenges / threats to the OUV of Grande-Île and Neustadt Sustainable development and Strasbourg 4.3.1. Europtimist Eco Strategy 2020 4.3.2. Border projects & partnerships 4.3.3. Green city 4.3.4. Ecomobility

HUL: THE CASE STUDY ZAC DEUX-RIVES 5.1.

5.2.

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Sustainable development & heritage 3.1.1. Sustainable development 3.1.2. Heritage & urbanisation 3.1.3. Conservation challenges Recommendations 3.2.1. International recommendations 3.2.2. National recommendations 3.2.3. HUL

STRASBOURG

4.2.

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Aim Background 1.2.1. Challenges of World Heritage Cities 1.2.2. Why Strasbourg?

Research questions

Port du Rhin 5.1.1. Strasbourg and harbour activities 5.1.2. Harbour activities at Port du Rhin Deux-Rives 5.2.1. Background 5.2.2. Peculiarity of Deux-Rives 5.3.

ZAC Deux-Rives 5.3.1. Background 5.3.2. Citadelle

1 1 1 2 3 6

9 13 13 13 15 17 18 18 19 19

23 23 23 24 28 28 29 34 35 36 37 37 38 39 39

45 45 45 45 47 47 48 54 54 55

TABLE OF CONTENT

5.4.

5.5.

6 7 8 9

5.3.3. Starlette 5.3.4. Port and Rives of the Rhine 5.3.5. The COOP Urban renewal through HUL approach 5.4.1. Urban heritage as development guideline 5.4.2. The port character 5.4.3. Urban typology & infrastructure 5.4.4. Cityscape and visual corridors 5.4.5. Architectural typology 5.4.6. Existing and new landscapes

56 56 56

Stakeholders’ opinion 5.5.1. Cross-border friendship: Tram extension 5.5.2. Eurodistrict & joint planning 5.5.3. Port du Rhin: A new urban hub

67 67 69 71

DISCUSSION 6.1.

Limitations and further research

BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF FIGURES APPENDIX 9.1.

9.2.

9.3.

Guide map COOP Port du Rhin - architectural heritage

58 59 60 60 61 62 64

73 73

74 77 81 81 82 83

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51N4E

A Brussels based architecture, concept development and urban planning office involved in developing a “Plan-Guide” for ZAC Deux-Rives

Agence TER

A Paris and Karlsruhe based architecture and landscape architecture office in developing a “Plan-Guide” for ZAC Deux-Rives

CNFPT

Le centre national de la fonction publique territoriale or The National Centre for the Territorial Public Service (CNFPT) is a French public administrative body in charge of general administration, advisory, recruitment and training sessions for territorial management.

CUS

Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg (Urban Community of Strasbourg)

DRAC

Regional Cultural Affairs Directorate (Ministry of Culture, France)

Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau

The Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau is a Franco-German region, which connects municipalities on both banks of the river Rhine on different administrative, economic and cultural aspects

Eurométropole

Eurométropole or Eurometropolis, is a form of intercommunal cooperation based on financial solidarity and defence of joint interests.

Europtimist Eco Strategy

Business strategy for Strasbourg, elaborated in the “2020 roadmap”

GCI

A Lyon based research office involved in developing a “PlanGuide” for COOP area

Historic urban area

Historic urban areas, large and small, include cities, towns and historic centres or quarters, together with their natural and man-made environments. Beyond their role as historical documents, these areas embody the values of traditional urban cultures. (ICOMOS Washington Charter)

HUL

Historic Urban Landscape

ICCROM

International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property

ICOMOS

International Council of Monuments and Sites

INET

L’institut national des études territoriales or The National Institute of Territorial Studies (INET) is responsible for the trainings of civil servants leading the major territorial authorities and their public institutions. INET is part of the CNFPT and is located in Strasbourg.

INSEE

Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques

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GLOSSSARY Interreg

Interreg helps local and regional governments to build cooperations between regions in the European Union through series of programmes and initiatives (it is funded by the European Regional Development Fund)

Limes

Border defence of ancient Roman Empire

LIST

A Paris based architecture, urban planning and research office involved in developing a “Plan-Guide” for ZAC Deux-Rives

NGO

Non-governmental organisations

OTE ingénierie

A Mulhouse based engineering office involved in developing a “Plan-Guide” for ZAC Deux-Rives

OUV

Outstanding Universal Value

PAS

Porte Autonome de Strasbourg (Port of Strasbourg)

PLU

Plan Local d’Urbanisme

SCoT

Schéma de cohérence territoriale

SPL

Société publique locale

UDAP

Architecture and Protected Spaces, (Ministry of Culture, Drac, France)

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

Urban conservation

Urban conservation sees architecture as an element of the overall urban setting, making it a complex and multifaceted discipline. By definition, then, urban conservation lies at the very heart of urban planning. (UNESCO, HUL 2011)

Urban heritage

• Monumental heritage of exceptional cultural value; • Non-exceptional heritage elements but present in a coherent way with a relative abundance; • New urban elements to be considered (for instance): the urban built form; the open space: streets, public open spaces; urban infrastructures: material networks and equipments.

(European Union research report Nº 16 (2004), SUIT)

WHS

World Heritage Site

ZAC

Zone d’Amenagement Concerté (Concerted development areas)

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INTRODUCTION | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

1 Introduction

1.1. Aim

1.2. Background

This thesis aims to examine the relationship between recent urban redevelopment projects and the surrounding cultural context.

Theoretical framework of heritage as a vector for sustainable territorial development is reinforced with the case study of the DeuxRives project of renewal of the former industrial river port in Strasbourg, which still remains the second largest river port in France. The Deux-Rives project represents a contemporary example of efforts to incorporate cultural heritage in urban projects that shape our modern landscape. Renewal of the former industrial river port has been designed with the vision to establish the second economic and cultural centre of Strasbourg. This study analyses the planning approach and methods applied in the final stage of the Deux-Rives project, Zone d’Aménagement Concerté (ZAC) Deux-Rives, and their compliance with the 2011 UNESCO Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape that was later revised in 2013. In addition, it explores the vision of the Deux-Rives project and its implications for the UNESCO World Heritage Site (WHS) Grande-Île and Neustadt of Strasbourg. More generally, this study aims to identify on-going challenges of such urban projects, notably in its relationship with urban heritage conservation.

“Current urbanisation policies often ignore the importance of cultural heritage preservation and promotion and the great potential of creativity in addressing social, environmental and economic urbanisation challenges. What impact does culture have on urbanisation challenges today?”

United Nations Conference on Trade & Development [UNCTAD], 2013 The interplay between sustainable territorial development and urban conservation is crucial for heritage protection. This thesis illustrates recent movements in the case study of the city of Strasbourg. Development project Deux-Rives represents a relevant example to study the issue in hand given the rich cultural heritage of the region and its rapid urban development. Specifically, increasing number of inhabitants moving to urban areas and consequent rapid urbanisation processes, and their impact on cultural heritage, represent the main challenge in preservation of the existing heritage. Losses of traditional communities and cultural legacy are some of the risks posed by accelerated urbanisation, to name a few. Until recently, international guidelines on protection of cultural heritage focused mainly on the preservation of the most significant buildings and monuments, rather than preserving a wider urban context, identified as cultural

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landscape.1 Hence, efforts towards preserving cultural landscape have been identified as a key component in sustainable urban development.

1.2.1. Challenges of World Heritage Cities World Heritage Cities are facing a number of challenges of fast evolving cities, mainly concerning the issue of integration of contemporary architecture and infrastructure into the historic urban fabric. Among others, this includes issues of enhancing and understanding the historical, political, and economic (including the intrinsic and social value of heritage), as well as contemporary issues related to treatment of climate change, and natural or political risks threatening listed sites.

Historic cities additionally face challenges related to knowledge management and governance, notably in understanding and interpreting urban morphology, including public spaces and considering the socioeconomic diversity of the past and present with a view of promoting the future, “inclusive” development. It is to be noted from the onset that the World Heritage status of a city, even if the inscribed area is only part of the city, implies adherence to international norms and standards, notably of the United Nations, which include the New Urban Agenda2 within the overall framework of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. Hence, in addition to conservation needs, an engagement for inclusive development to promote economic growth through employment generation must take into account the aims of facilitating access to housing and providing urban social services for all, while physical infrastructure, mobility and other issues are to be developed 1

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Taylor K., The Historic Urban Landscape paradigm and cities as cultural landscapes. Challenging orthodoxy in urban conservation, Landscape Research, 2016 The New Urban Agenda is a document adopted by UN leaders at the Habitat III conference held in Quito, Ecuador (October 2016), which sets global standards for sustainable urban development in cities. More information: habitat3.org/the-new-urban-agenda/, www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2016/10/ newurbanagenda/

with ecological and climate change impact considerations.

In addition, many World Heritage Cities have witnessed an exponential growth in tourism and related real estate development.

While these can be great assets, rapid growth and expansion of urban areas often cause drastic changes to the urban environment, local cultures and customs leading to gentrification by excluding the former residents from the benefits of increased economic opportunities.

Hence, if not properly managed, the urbanisation leaves permanent negative traces. A research commissioned by the World Heritage Committee3 demonstrates negative impact of insensitive urban development and regeneration projects on historical and social legacy. Infrastructure projects, contemporary architecture and tall buildings are among the factors with the highest impact on World Heritage Sites.4 However, the aim of halting the spatial growth of cities in order to curtail urban sprawl and access to urban services, as well as to preserve green space have led to the idea of the “dense city”. In some cases it has required the construction of high-rise buildings, for example London city centre or the La Défense district in Paris. Nevertheless, issues of urban density do not necessarily require tall buildings, as many European historic cities have shown. Thus, it is important to investigate this issue of how to promote dense cities while strengthening the urban identity of the city, which is intimately linked to the conservation of the heritage value of the historic centre.

The case study of the Deux-Rives shows that local authorities and citizens of Strasbourg 3

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“At its 31st session in Christchurch, New Zealand (June/ July 2007), the World Heritage Committee reviewed a total of eighty-four State of Conservation reports for cultural properties (from a total of 830 World Heritage sites inscribed at the time), prepared by the World Heritage Centre in collaboration with its Advisory Bodies ICOMOS, IUCN and ICCROM. Thirty-three reports focused on potential harmful impacts of urban development and regeneration projects, including threats posed by infrastructure projects, contemporary architecture and tall buildings: an alarming 39 per cent of the cultural World Heritage sites reported to the Committee.”, UNESCO, Managing Historic Cities, 2010, Paris UNESCO, Managing Historic Cities, 2010, Paris

INTRODUCTION | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

are becoming more aware of the heritage importance for their city, as it represents a strong impetus for the local and regional economy. Nevertheless, multiple issues that the authorities Strasbourg are facing regarding new development needs while preserving the historical character of the area provide an excellent example of “heritage-sensitive urban development”. This represents a challenge for many local governments in this era of political decentralisation, and calls for adaptation of policies and regulations at the local level, as promoted in the Agenda 21 for Culture of the United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG), a global federation of local governments.5

1.2.2. Why Strasbourg?

The decision to choose Strasbourg as a case study for this research exploring the relationship between the existing urban 5

Agenda 21 for Culture is an inclusive action plan for enhancing cultural development role of cities and local governments. The document is setup by the Commission for Culture of United Cities and Local Governments in 2006. www.agenda21culture.net/, Accessed 01 Aug 2017

Fig. 1 Aerial view of Grande-Île of Strasbourg

heritage and new development projects by examining the challenges emerging from such large-scale urban projects is twofold. First, it comes from the World Heritage status since 1988 of the Grande Ile of Strasbourg, the first urban ensemble of France inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Second, because the city decided to seek an extension of the World Heritage perimeters to include the symbolic area of Neustadt (along Avenue des Vosges) in the protected core area while the rest of Neustadt in the World Heritage would become a “buffer zone”. In view of the political and economic dimensions of cultural heritage valorisation, the aim of the city of Strasbourg to benefit from international recognition of the city’s Franco-German shared identity and to strengthen its vision of a people-centred trans boundary cooperation between states of the European Union, was deemed to be of particular interest in view of the multi-faceted social and cultural dimensions of development.

Considering its geographical position, the most notable feature of Strasbourg is the complex history of Franco-German

Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg | INTRODUCTION

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cross-border cultural and commercial relationship. The city can thank its prosperity to commercial activities that started developing in the ancient times and have turned Strasbourg into a trade centre. Commerce with the Rhine cities has been one of the key drivers of the recent economic development of Strasbourg.

Throughout the past, governance of the city altered between France and Germany, and as a result, strong cultural influences from both countries have left an impressive historical legacy on its urban environment. Its Rhine architecture is among the best preserved in Europe and its 19th century German neoclassic urban planning and building style of Neustadt are an indispensable element in the architectural narrative of the history of the city. The recognition of this outstanding universal value (OUV) put Strasbourg on the World Heritage Site (WHS) list in 1988, as the first “urban” site in France, and not only as an object. Neustadt of Strasbourg was officially recognised as an extension to the WHS in July 2017, thus making the site the Grande IleNeustadt of Strasbourg putting 183 ha under the concern of an international conservation mechanism.

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Fig. 2 The view to the Cathedral from the Black Swan building (Deux-Rives) Fig. 3 > The view from the port of Starlette to the Canal Rhône au Rhin

The city of Strasbourg is dealing with immense urban transformations around the WHS Grande-Île of Strasbourg and its extension to Neustadt. Project Deux-Rives, the largest urban transformation since the creation of Neustadt in the late 19th century, has drastically changed the landscape of the entire area along the southern border outside the WHS. This urban project is designed to achieve high urban sustainability in terms of energy reduction, enhancement of the value of natural environment, zero impact districts, and social inclusion and diversity. Therefore, it is fundamental to understand the role that cultural heritage plays in the vision of creating an attractive metropolis for everyone – to retain human dimension, proximity to nature and green areas, while respecting the heritage.

More precisely, the scope of project Deux-Rives involves the rehabilitation of the wasteland on the River Ill and Canal Rhône au Rhin, from the former Port Austerlitz over the

INTRODUCTION | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

current Port du Rhin area to the centre of Kehl, the border town in Germany. At the time when this study was performed, facilitated by my internship from October to December 2016, the area on the Canal Rhône au Rhin was in its final stage – the Black Swan housing complex and the eco-quartier Danube were under construction, and the final and the largest development area, ZAC Deux-Rives, was in the planning phase with first development steps already being taken.

The City of Strasbourg and the intercommunal entity, Strasbourg Eurométropole6 initiated the urban project Deux-Rives on the border of the historical centre of Strasbourg. Joint governance between the two entities of Strasbourg led to the creation of a local public company 6

Eurométropole or Eurometropolis, is a form of intercommunal cooperation based on financial solidarity and defence of joint interests. While maintaining the independence of the individual communes, the Eurometropolis offers a better management structure and opens up a broader range of developments in the areas, which come under its responsibility. Eurométropole with the Strasbourg agglomeration includes 28 communes has over 484,157 inhabitants, with about 60% of the population living within the city of Strasbourg.

Strasbourg.eu, Presentation of the Metropolis, www. en.strasbourg.eu/en/discover-the-city/the-city-andthe-cus/urban-community/, accessed 04 April 2017

(société publique locale, SPL) to carry out the final stage of the project – SPL Deux-Rives.

Strasbourg Eurométropole owns the majority stake, whereas the City of Strasbourg retains the minority although the mayor of Strasbourg, Mr Roland Ries drives the project politically as the president of the SPL Deux-Rives. The idea behind establishing an independent unit was to give the project a strong identity and to keep the global vision clear. SPL Deux-Rives is in charge of the management of ZAC DeuxRives since 2014. The main urban planners in charge of the development of the Masterplan are Agence TER of France under the direction of Mr Henri Bava and 51N4E of Belgium with Mr Freek Persyn, while the architect in charge of the development of the core of the project, COOP, is Mr Alexandre Chemetoff. It is noteworthy that the team members selected through an open international competition are known for landscape architecture and naturesensitive urban planning. The project is carried out in collaboration with the city of Kehl, situated on the eastern border of the river Rhine in Germany.

The case study of ZAC Deux-Rives in Strasbourg ultimately provides understanding and contemporary interpretation of cultural heritage in the context of the development of industrial and border area of Port du Rhin.

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1.3. Research questions This thesis investigates the influence of contemporary urban projects on urban heritage and their compliance with recommended guidelines for preservation of significant characteristics of the existing urban landscape.

It aims to shed light on how newer projects can ensure protection of the urban environment, and at the same time, how urban environment adapts to new urban projects. Furthermore, it attempts to provide suggestions of project practices that achieve a balanced dialogue between the existing urban legacy and new development projects.

the historic urban landscape of Port du Rhin, and at the same time to explore its links to the WHS Grande-ĂŽle and Neustadt of Strasbourg.

The research is centred around the following questions: 1) how does the heritage value of a territory define its development; 2) what is the role of cultural heritage in current development projects and how can it become an inevitable asset in the future; 3) how do cross-border urban development projects improve cultural understanding and integration between inhabitants living across the borders of two states; 4) what are the main challenges of such cross-border projects.

To precise, the thesis identifies urban conservation challenges that develop from the interaction between the SPL Deux-Rives’ key planning principles, and the UNESCO Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) Recommendation, the New Urban Agenda of UN Habitat of 2016 and Goal 11 of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the international community in New York to follow suit from the Millennium Development Goals of the year 2000. The practices and planning features of ZAC Deux-Rives are benchmarked against the HUL Recommendations to evaluate the compliance with the holistic heritage-sensitive planning approach advanced by this UNESCO recommendation.

Research questions are designed to help understand the planning principles for ZAC Deux-Rives project and its relationship to

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Fig. 4 The view from Black Swan building (Deux-Rives) to Port du Rhin, the city of Kehl and the Black Forest in Germany

INTRODUCTION | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg | INTRODUCTION

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METHODOLOGY | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

2 Methodology

This paper relies on two research methods to answer the posed research questions. First, literature overview provides a comprehensive theoretical framework as a basis for understanding the challenges of sustainable and World Heritage cities and the relationship between cultural heritage and new urban developments. Therefore, the historical background of Strasbourg, its peculiar crossborder cultural and economic situation and its vision for the future growth of the city are introduced, as these are an indispensable component of the context. International and national guidelines and recommendations on preservation of cultural heritage are an extensive source of directives and general principles regularly used at early stages of urban development projects, and hence are crucial for this study. Articles and research papers dealing with sustainable development and urban conservation issues, as well as the candidature file for the World Heritage Site extension, represent indispensable knowledge accumulated over the years, and complement the guidelines with the contextual material and record of successful practices in earlier projects.

Second, the theoretical framework is accompanied with experiences gathered during the internship at the SPL Deux-Rives. SPL Deux-Rives is a public-sector entity in charge of development and planning of the final stage of the Deux-Rives urban project. It was formed as a separate entity by the municipality of Strasbourg in June 2014 with the sole purpose Fig. 5 Former wine cellar at the COOP complex

Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg | METHODOLOGY

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of supporting the project ZAC Deux-Rives.

The ZAC is defined in the French regulatory system as a large geographical area dedicated for renewal. Internship was conducted in the period from October to December 2016 in the department in charge of project development and implementation, refining the project options, funding, and finding a common language between different actors involved or affected by the process. At the time of the internship, ZAC Deux-Rives was at an early stage and my tasks focused on defining the link between different urban development periods and thereby identifying the vernacular architecture of the site from both historical and contemporary standpoint. Hence, the focus of this thesis will be primarily on architectural and landscape design principles for the ZAC Deux-Rives proposed by the architects. The approach is constructed around the UNESCO Historic Urban Landscape Recommendation – as the principle guideline for the holistic development of a heritage area. The result of the internship is an architectural inventory of the industrial heritage of the site, presented in the form of a comprehensive brochure and visitor’s guide map.

The following chapters provide an overview of the theoretical framework of sustainable cities, and international and national guidelines for urban conservation.

Furthermore, economic, geographical, and cultural context of Strasbourg is presented.

UNESCO conventions and recommendations, notably the 2011 Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape, are given considerate space as they serve as the main guidelines in gauging the development process and objectives.

Given the practical implications of regulatory requirements for preservation of cultural heritage, the case study represents a suitable outlet for exploration of conservation practices as they appear in real-life. Not only it provides additional insights into successful practices, but also highlights the application of the theoretical framework to real-life projects.

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METHODOLOGY | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg | METHODOLOGY

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THEORETICAL OVERVIEW | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

3 Theoretical review

3.1. Sustainable

development & heritage

3.1.1. Sustainable development Like any other city, also World Heritage Cities face the challenges of sustainability. Sustainable development is defined by Brundtland Commission as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”7 Sustainable approach is inclusive and aims to reduce the development impact on the environment and people. In recent times, more and more initiatives promote different views of sustainability. The three pillars of sustainability8 – economic development, environmental conservation and social inclusion – are interconnected and therefore it is necessary to establish a balanced relationship between them for the wellbeing of individuals and societies.

In 2015, United Nation has developed 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development under 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

One of these goals is dedicated to developing sustainable cities. Since urban heritage is a sensitive topic, sustainability goals need to be addressed with special care.

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IISD, Sustainable development, www.iisd.org/topic/ sustainable-development, accessed 30 June 2017

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Liusman, E., Ho, D.C.W., Ge, J.X., Indicators for heritage buildings sustainability, Central Europe towards Sustainable Buildings, 2013

Pillar 1: Economy The economic dimension considers economic development with respect to the environment and responsible use of resources. It deals with the cost and benefits, growth and stability and by that also affects the heritage. Most notable link between heritage and economic development is creation of job opportunities, people employment for the maintenance and interpretation of historic buildings and areas (i.e. tourism), which have a direct impact on local economy. Heritage through that becomes self-sustaining.

Pillar 2: Environment Climate change is one of the most important aspects on the agendas for policy makers.

Inappropriate use or exploitation of natural resources and uncontrolled industrialisation have already considerably affected the planet and we need to strive to reduce further damages. The negative side effects of climate change also have a direct impact on cultural heritage. Natural disasters, acid rains or newly developed biological growth are only some of the examples that can affect or even permanently damage built heritage.

On the bright side, built heritage contributes in reducing the use of resources or carbon emissions, considering that construction industry counts for around 40% of greenhouse emissions and resource exploitation.9 9

Min-Seop S., Taeyeon K., Goopyo H., Hyungkeun K., On-Site Measurements of CO2 Emissions during the Construction Phase of a Building Complex, 2016

Fig. 6 < Urban pattern of historic Strasbourg

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Pillar 3: Social Social dimension of sustainability deals with the wellbeing of people. It includes fair division of resources and access to basic human needs that are shelter, food, health, rights, etc. This pillar preserves cultural values of societies: traditions, languages, education, right to work etc. and is thereby directly linked to the cultural heritage. Historic areas provide stronger sense of a place, enhance the identity creation or the feeling of belonging.

vision for a sustainable future in cities. The Agenda links urbanisation and development and sets prioritisation guidelines that need to be tackled. Main targets focus on climate change, housing, infrastructure, migration, and social inclusion issues. The Agenda suggests that good urbanism improves overall quality of life and therefore should be regulated in national and local policies on all relevant urban aspects. This directly links Agenda with the Goal 11 from the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

New, fourth pillar – Culture?

As cultural diversity is becoming more present in our daily lives, culture has been proposed as a fourth pillar of sustainability. Therefore, international organisations call for integration of culture in development and public policies and for promotion of culture as the fourth pillar.10 Over the past few decades, there have been several initiatives to promote and ensure that different aspects of sustainability are being implemented. 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development11 targets to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity for all. Developing sustainable cities is one of the goals, crucial because of the everstronger increase in population living in urban environment.

Another, New Urban Agenda is the one adopted by the United Nation Conference on Housing and Sustainable Development in October 2016. New Urban Agenda is a soft-law framework for management of cities with the aim to promote sustainable urbanisation. 193 UN Member States acknowledged this shared 10

Culture: Fourth Pillar of Sustainable Development, United Cities and Local Governments, 2010 11 UN defined 17 sustainable development goals to transform our world: no poverty, no hunger, good health and well-being, quality education, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, affordable and clean energy, decent work and economic growth, industry, innovation and infrastructure, reduces inequalities, sustainable cities and communities, responsible consumption and production, climate action, life below the water, life on land, peace, justice and strong institutions and partnerships for the goals.

UN, Sustainable development goals, www.un.org/ sustainabledevelopment, accessed 05 April 2017

14

Key messages of the Urban Agenda suggest to: » Embrace urbanisation through national and local planning policies to improve urban environment and address arising challenges » Integrate equity to the development agenda » Equity as a social justice matter secures access to public realm » Promote organised and planned expansions of city limits » Decide how sustainable urbanisation promotes sustainability goals » Align and strengthen the cooperation and partnerships for effective implementation of the Agenda Implementation of Urban Agenda includes: » Urban Rules and Regulations: quality urbanisation is based on suitable regulatory system » Urban Planning and Design: inclusive public spaces and housing distribution » Municipal Finance: appropriate distribution of funds across the city » National Urban Policies: link urban planning policies within overall development of the city As mentioned before, particularly important framework for sustainable development in cities is elaborated in Goal 11 of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. By 2050 more than two third of world’s population will live in urban areas. From 1990 to 2014, the number of mega-cities jumped from 10 to 28 that in total inhabit about 453 million people. Mega-cities

THEORETICAL OVERVIEW | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

are a result of rapid expansion of urban areas is a developing world and rural migration. The way we manage urban spaces is, therefore, the foundation of sustainable development in cities. Cities create cultural, social, economic, commercial, and scientific hubs. On one hand, they support social and economic progress.12 On other hand, they are challenged on how to retain prosperity and job creation while preserving resources. The objective of sustainable cities is to make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Poverty, poor access to basic services and infrastructure, congestion and lack of space to accommodate the coming population are some of the key issues of large urban areas. Therefore, safe and sustainable cities ensure access to affordable housing and public mobility, quality of public and green spaces, and improve planning and management of urban environment in a participatory and inclusive manner.13 By 2030 Goal 11 aims to achieve these targets, among others to increase the attempt in protection of natural and cultural heritage.

Fig. 7 Challenges of sustainable cities are tackled in numerous papers and initiatives

3.1.2. Heritage & urbanisation Today, over 3.5 billion people live in cities. By 2030, almost 60% of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population will live in urban areas. Although the cities cover only about 3% of total land, the environmental impact they have is much more significant.

Most worrying issues of large urban areas are urban energy consumption and pollution.

60-80% of energy consumption and 75% carbon emission is caused by cities and built environment. Urbanisation also puts pressure on water supply, peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s health and natural environment.

Cities are centres for social interaction, commerce, education, science, and enable fast social and economic development.

Therefore, considering their global impact on sustainable development, cities and urban 12 Bandarin, F., The Creative Power of Cities, City, Culture and Society, December 2012 13 UN, Goal 11: Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable, www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ cities/, Accessed 01 Aug 2017

areas are important for pursuing shared sustainability goals.14 Major challenges cities are facing include competitiveness, social inclusion and physical and environmental regeneration. Competitiveness covers the aspects of overall success compared to the other cities, removing obstacles, appropriate application of technology, innovation and employment. Social inclusion reflects the quality of people aspect and includes building capacities of local communities, equality and improving access to training and jobs for all, regardless of their ethnic origin. Physical and environmental regeneration consider built environment of a place: sustainability awareness and attractiveness of towns and cities, culture and architectural heritage.15 Hence, the main goals of cities of tomorrow are to be safe, inclusive and resilient places to 14 Bandarin, F., The Creative Power of Cities, City, Culture and Society, December 2012 15

Anonymous, Europeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cities and the URBAN community initiative, Management Services; Sep 2003; 47, 9; ProQuest Central, pg. 8

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Practical examples of environmental benefits of building reuse compared to the new construction: » Conservation of resources, including building materials and their production » Reduction of environmental impact (impact happened, but in the past) » Continued use of energy previously invested in existing buildings (embodied energy) » Energy efficiency found in the original design and construction » Reduction of energy required by demolition and volume of waste in landfills » Reduction of suburban sprawl while rejuvenating old neighbourhoods, and making use of underused or empty buildings » Change in attitudes by example, and demonstrating recycling on a large-scale » Use of existing buildings as a resource base for building materials

live. Additionally, protection and safeguarding of cultural and natural heritage are among the main sustainability targets for cities.16 Cities meet other types of challenges to continue to provide opportunities for all: job creation and prosperity while properly managing resources, traffic congestion, lack of fund for basic services and often lack of housing, quality infrastructure and many others. These are affecting the majority of people: inequality, poverty, climate change, healthcare, education, access to basic services, and others. The quality of life in the city is decreasing, because the balance between physical, cultural and natural environment is interrupted. Due to the rapid growth of cities and socio-economic pressures, there is an unending demand for infrastructure that reflects the quality of development. Interventions may cause poor urban development, or there is lack of maintenance. However, by using the right technology, cities can contribute in reducing resource exploitation and energy consumption.

Additional challenges related to urban 16

16

UN, Sustainable development goals, www.un.org/ sustainabledevelopment, accessed 05 April 2017

environment encompass city as an identity and living organism, integrity of a place, local interest and participation, legal and administrative framework, socio-economic development, urban renewal, housing, infrastructure and urban mobility, gentrification and tourism, links between the city and its natural environment; links between the historic centre and the city and others.17 As for the historic urban areas, a challenge is to retain collective memory of the society and local culture. There is a need to provide a sense of continuity of the civilisation to the inhabitants of an area.

Sustainable approach allows cities to provide opportunities for all, access to basic needs and facilities, primarily housing, transportation, etc. As mentioned in the introduction within the sustainability concept, there is a direct link between heritage and the pillars of sustainability. Both sustainable development and heritage target long-term solutions that consider future generations and use of resources. Another link takes into account contribution of heritage to sustainable development. Heritage is also seen as cultural capital that is an economic driver, nowadays especially in the tourism industry.18 Local heritage plays an important role in everyday lives of societies, and from the economic point of view, heritage in cities has strong reputation for investors, as they tend to identify places that address widest audience.19 Further, (un-)sustainable practice of heritage preservation considers the (sustainable) use of material, environmental and social impacts, for instance natural disasters or social conflicts can permanently damage heritage. Heritage conservation, both intangible and tangible, 17

Yang, M., Bringing the UNESCO Conventions & Recommendations to Life, presentation, KU Leuven, 2016 18 Cole, R. and Auger, A., An Architect’s Guide for Sustainable Design of Office Build- ings, PWGSC, Ottawa, 1999 19 d’Andlau, G. (Crédit Agricole SA, Paris), Patronage and urban heritage, Strasbourg.eu & communauté urbaine, Quel développement pour les centres historiques?

20 ans Grande-Île de Strasbourg patrimoine mondial UNESCO, How to develop historic city centres?

Welche Entwicklung für die historischen Zentren?, p.

32-33., Strasbourg, 2010

THEORETICAL OVERVIEW | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

contributes in preservation of traditional values, skills and crafts; it directly reduces carbon footprint etc.

3.1.3. Conservation challenges UNESCO Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention divides heritage in cultural and natural heritage. Cultural heritage is defined under Article 1 as: » Monuments: architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of history, art or science; » Groups of buildings: groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of history, art or science; » Sites: works of man or the combined works of nature and of man, and areas including archaeological sites, which are of Outstanding Universal Value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological points of view.20 Natural heritage is defined under Article 2 as: » Natural features consisting of physical and biological formations or groups of such formations, which are of Outstanding Universal Value from the aesthetic or scientific point of view; » Geological and physiographical formations and precisely delineated areas, which constitute the habitat of threatened species of animals and plants of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of science or conservation; » Natural sites or precisely delineated natural areas of Outstanding Universal 20

UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, WHC, 2016, p. 10

»

Value from the point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty.

Cultural heritage Natural heritage includes cultural landscapes, physical, biological or geological formations.21

Challenges for urban conservation are closely related to the development of an area.

It is essential to consider how to integrate the historic built environment, buildings and towns with their existing setting in the contemporary planning systems and to find a way to relate them to the local culture and traditions. The challenge is in finding a way to adapt the built heritage to the needs of modern society and to create lively and dynamic areas for living and working, while recognising the needs of future generations.

Having said that, questions arise – why, what and for whom to conserve in the first place.

It is particularly important to acknowledge the shift in the meaning and importance of conservation. In today’s society conservation brings up the value of “intercultural dialogue, valorisation of cultural diversity, exploration, creativity, interdisciplinary academic investigations, contribution to economic development, legitimisation of identities, celebration of human achievements, and gratification of human needs.”22 Once the scope of conservation is defined, it is obvious what should be conserved. Up until recent times, buildings and monuments were the bottom line of conservation. Since then, the concept of monument evolved and nowadays includes a broad range heritage, for example the intangible heritage or cultural landscapes.

Conservation is, therefore, a process and covers a wide spectrum of activities: long-term objectives and maintenance, environmental protection, sustainable approach, community participation, heritage interpretation and human development.23

21

UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, WHC, 2016, p.11 22 Yang, M., Conservation: Challenges, Strategies, Concepts and Practices, KU Leuven, 2016 23 Yang, M., Conservation: Challenges, Strategies, Concepts and Practices, KU Leuven, 2016

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To summarise, protection and conservation of heritage is a “method, an instrument to demonstrate the reality of life and deal with changes”24. Conservation became an inevitable element of contemporary planning issues and is questioning existing conservation policies and management approach.25 UNESCO’s interpretation of heritage is diverse and for the cities itself, it is crucial to understand the structure, their growth and their relationships with the surrounding environment. The cities should be a “learning-from example” for the promotion of sustainable development through improving services and facilities for everyday life, for developing cultural and educational centres and for expansion of their influence to larger environment.

The challenges historic centres meet through development processes are of high significance for a city like Strasbourg, which has managed to maintain numerous layers of its past through co-existence of the diversity of its heritage. In this regard, conservation, which seeks to find a way to integrate the historic urban setting with the needs of modern society and thereby enable the place to continue to evolve, is quite evident in Strasbourg. The overlay through demolition and reconstruction of buildings while maintaining the pre-existing historic urban morphology, as well as urban extensions over time and space have bequeathed this city of its defining heritage characteristics. How the links between the past and present are established and how are they are presented to the local and foreign communities can determine the value and vitality of each city. Although each case had and may still have its reasons, the process by which heritage gains an active role in the contemporary society and becomes an integral component of the evolving city directly contributes to its future. For a holistic 24

Strasbourg.eu & communauté urbaine, Quel développement pour les centres historiques? 20 ans Grande-Île de Strasbourg patrimoine mondial UNESCO, How to develop historic city centres?

Welche Entwicklung für die historischen Zentren?, Strasbourg, 2010 25 Yang, M., Conservation: Challenges, Strategies, Concepts and Practices, KU Leuven, 2016

18

reflection in urban planning, notably in solving issues related to tourism, residential and commercial real estate and infrastructural development, notably of public spaces with issues of sustainable development goals.26

3.2. Recommendations 3.2.1. International recommendations Protection of cultural heritage, including historic cities and their setting, is regulated in numerous international charters and recommendations.

UNESCO International Conventions are ratified documents accepted by Governments, which become Member States to the Convention, therefore are legally bindings. Other UNESCO Recommendations, charters and guidelines, among which are documents issued by ICOMOS and ICCROM, are part of the softlaw, adopted by the General Conference composed of member governments. Those are international, not legally binding, standardsetting documents and serve as practical guidelines for professionals and academics worldwide. Most important documents can be found on the UNESCO website.

Following documents are relevant for the protection of historic areas: » Recommendation concerning the Safeguarding of the Beauty and Character of Landscapes and Sites (1962) » Recommendation concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas (1976) » “Every Historic area and their surroundings should be considered as a coherent whole … whose balance depends upon the fusion of various parts … including human activities as much as buildings, spatial organisation and the surroundings. …. Balance of a whole … based upon integrity and 26

Strasbourg.eu & communauté urbaine, Quel développement pour les centres historiques? 20 ans Grande-Île de Strasbourg patrimoine mondial UNESCO, How to develop historic city centres?

Welche Entwicklung für die historischen Zentren?, p.76, Strasbourg, 2010

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»

» » »

authenticity.”

Nara Declaration on Integrity of Historic Cities (1999), emphasises the importance of establishing the link between the development and the integrity of historic places, by understanding the context and recognising and protecting the values and diversity of historic places.

Recommendation concerning the Historic Urban Landscape (2011) Programme for safeguarding and development of WH cities Active since 1996 and developed by UNESCO World Heritage Centre as a response to Habitat II Agenda, with the approach to improve quality of life in cities through conservation of historical settlements (“Humanising the City”)

3.2.2. National recommendations The Ministry of Culture and Communication is the responsible governmental body for the protection of heritage of national value in France. The services are, however, decentralised among the regions. Within the National Government, Regional Directions of Cultural Affairs (Direction régionale des affaires culturelles - DRAC) is the decentralised entity in charge of protection of cultural heritage.

DRAC Grand Est has 10 departmental units with the seat in Strasbourg.

DRAC enforces protective actions for conservation and monitoring of built and movable heritage. It is in charge of defining the regional priorities in terms of revision and protection. The department Services territoriaux de l’architecture et du patrimoine is in charge of providing expertise and technical advices for the implementation of legislative provisions concerning urban planning, architecture and natural environment.27 Architecture and Protected Spaces (UDAP) as one of DRAC’s entities has for its mission to promote qualitative and longlasting sustainable development of the region 27 Queiroz K. R., Outstanding Universal Value as a base for Urban Development Strategies and Programmes – Bordeaux as a Case Study, KU Leuven, 2013

through a balanced relationship with existing built heritage (architecture, urban planning and landscape). The key objectives of UDAP are to advise and promote quality urban planning and architecture, to monitor and evaluate the projects in protected areas and to assure the preservation of historic monuments.28

3.2.3. HUL The first tool on urban historic preservation issued by UNESCO since the 1970’s29 is the 2011 Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL). It is a leading initiative in the field of urban conservation that extends the notion of historic areas. Protection of urban heritage has developed as a response to the need to preserve shared cultural values and to transfer them to future generations.

Having said that, HUL is built upon the Vienna Memorandum on World Heritage and Contemporary Architecture – “Managing Historic Urban Landscape”. The Vienna Memorandum played the essential role for the Declaration on the Conservation of Historic Urban Landscapes, issued by UNESCO in September 2005. They defined historic areas as a product of long-term layering of social, cultural and economic changes. The process of historic area emerges as dynamic and comprehensive, and historic areas since these are far from being only a sum of buildings and patterns.

Therefore, the main objective of HUL is to preserve the quality of urban environment and heritage values, and to strengthen its social and functional diversity by integrating the protection of heritage into comprehensive planning programme and policies.

28

Drac Grand Est, Architecture and protected spaces (UDAP), traduction.culturecommunication.gouv.fr/url/ Result.aspx?to=en&url=/www.culturecommunication. gouv.fr/Regions/Drac-Grand-Est/Les-domaines-dactivite/Architecture-et-espaces-proteges-UDAP, accessed 04 April 2017 29 1976 UNESCO Recommendation concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas

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Thereby, the HUL approach defines an entire urban environment and landscapes, tangible and intangible values of a site, the sense of continuity, identity and changes, and heritage management. HUL refers to tangible features of an area – townscapes, vistas and visual corridors, land use patterns and structure, open spaces, geomorphology, topography, natural character, building heights, built environment and infrastructure, but it also includes intangible aspects of the area, such as cultural, social and economic values and patterns. It is based on different urban narratives and its natural surroundings.

The main challenges of HUL are developed around the role of historic areas in modern societies. The increase in population living in urban areas also increases the needs for housing, infrastructure, work opportunities and other facilities that need to fit limited urban environment. The practice of conservation of urban heritage has evolved over the past decades, and the engagement of policymakers has increased. HUL therefore supports local governments and communities in their need to develop and adapt, whilst maintaining the cultural values. Key challenges historic areas meet due to rapid growth of population: » New interpretation of historic centres » Change of lifestyle and social values » Increase of visitors » Strong urbanisation » Heritage exploitation for economic purpose » Poor heritage management » Loss of functional dimension HUL approach addresses various stakeholders, from policy makers to private actors involved in the urban development. It is also addressing landscape architects and urban planners, and promotes an interdisciplinary and inclusive approach between professionals to define the peculiarity of urban legacy. The identification, documentation and analysis of a site provide good understanding of its values and thereby transmit clear planning guidelines to urban managers. The role of stakeholders is to ensure integration of conservation policies into national development policies and programmes.

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Further, they encourage active cooperation between public and private sector to monitor various aspects of urban development. These are, for instance, implementation of adopted policies, integration of HUL approach within international organisations in charge of sustainable development, participation of NGOs in developing tools and practices and participation on governmental level in setting up and adapting urban conservation policies.

International urban conservation policies and recommendations assist professionals to define guidelines for the preservation of historic urban areas, balance cultural values in urban environments through adaptation of policies, integrate urban heritage in general planning policies and practices, provide tools for balancing conservation and sustainability in both short and long term and to integrate contemporary practices in historic fabric through harmonious and responsible planning.

HUL approach consists of various traditional and innovative methods applicable on different stakeholder, among them: » Civic engagement tools represent the opinion of local community and their interests, shared values and visions for the heritage and development » Knowledge and planning tools are necessary to protect the authenticity of the heritage » Regulatory tools cover guidelines, regulations and policies » Financial tools support the innovative income-generating development

Fig. 8 Strasbourg and Kehl with the river Rhine in between

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STRASBOURG | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

4 Strasbourg

4.1. Setting the context

Urban community of Strasbourg (Communaute Urbaine de Strasbourg – CUS) renamed Eurométropole in 2015: » Population 477,502 (2011 census)

of Strasbourg

One of the central issues when it comes to development projects, such as Deux-Rives, is to explore the role of cultural heritage for the development process and whether it could become its inevitable asset in the future. To address this issue, it is necessary to understand the economic and political context of Strasbourg, as well as the main local planning and developing programmes.

Strasbourg is the largest city of the Grand Est department in France, previous region of Alsace that is located on the border with Germany. Moreover, it is a metropolis at the heart of Europe, where Europe was born, from where the European spirit has developed and spread worldwide.30 As the European capital, it is a seat of major European institutions31. It is a city with largest diplomatic presence in France and with almost 100 international nongovernmental organisations (NGOs).

30 Strasbourg.eu, The Spirit of Europe, www. en.strasbourg.eu/news/257/15/Newsletter-/, accessed 04 April 2017 31 European Parliament, Council of Europe (including European Court of Human Rights, European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines, European Audiovisual Observatory), Eurocorps, European Ombudsman

» Working population 188 587 » Surface area 315.93 km², 28 districts » Established 1 January 1968 as Urban Community of Strasbourg Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau » Population 915 000 (2014) » Surface area 2 368 km², 4 communities » Established 17 October 2005

4.1.1. Strasbourg Eurométropole The Urban Community of Strasbourg became Eurométropole, an intercommunal entity that has been active since January 2015. It comprises of 28 communes and promotes community-based collaborations and projects.

In 2014, the city without an agglomeration had 276,170 inhabitants, and the Eurométropole with the Strasbourg agglomeration had 484,157 inhabitants.32 Over 60% of the 32

Fig. 9 Strasbourg and its agglomeration with indicated area of the Deux-Rives urban project

Recensement de la population, Populations légales en vigueur à compter du 1er janvier 2017, Arrondissements - cantons – communes, p.8, INSEE, 2016

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population of the EuromĂŠtropole lives within Strasbourg area. The EuromĂŠtropole is actively engaged in developing a lively, attractive and sustainable place to live and work through numerous programmes and initiatives. The responsibilities of this administrative unit are on voluntary and mandatory basis, mainly within public services, from setting up the master plans, land-use management, facilities for ZAC areas (housing, industry, and small businesses), to education, transport, water supply, technology, and others.

4.1.2. Eurodistrict The Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau has approximately 868,000 inhabitants spread over an area of 2176km2.33 It unites 251 communes in both the Eurometropole and Ortenau area. Eurodistrict creates job opportunities for 500,000 inhabitants and has over 60,000 students making Strasbourg a strong educational centre.34 33

Kennzahlen, Der Eurodistrikt StrassbourgOrtenau, www.de.strasbourg.eu/de/europa-undinternationales/der-eurodistrikt-strassburg---ortenau/, accessed 11 April 2017 34 Strasbourg.eu, European capital, www.en.strasbourg. eu/en/discover-the-city/key-number/europeancapital-2/, accessed 04 April 2017

Fig. 10 Aerial view of bridges connecting the two Rhine riverbanks, overlooking the city of Kehl (front) and the city of Strasbourg (in the background) Fig. 11 >> Key historic events of Strasbourg

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12BC

Around 12 BC, an island of the alluvial area of the Ill and Bruche is chosen to install small forts of the Roman legions established on the border of the Rhine.

1439

Heyday of the free city (completion of the cathedral).

1648

End of the Thirty Years’ War (central Europe, started as Protestants vs Catholics, spread all over the Europe and among everyone) and Alsace became French (taken from Habsburg). Construction of Rohan palace (1731-1742) represents French taste in Strasbourg. Luxurious development of private mansions built in the Brûlée street (the city was rich).

Castrum

5th - 13th century

13th century-1681

1262

Citizens who became more involved in town’s management liberated the town from temporary supervision of the bishop. The authority was places in the city centre, at the place Gutenberg, the Pfalz, but has disappeared during the 18th century. Several notable buildings date from this prosperous time, such as: churches St. Thomas, St. Pierre-le-Jeune Protestant, St. Pierre-le-Vieux Protestant, house Kammerzell, covered bridges and buildings around the cathedral Notre Dame, the historical museum and the Chamber of Commerce.

From 1015 onwards, construction of the Romanesque cathedral, only the crypt survived. The gothic cathedral was built over four centuries and represents a unique artistic accomplishment of the medieval architecture.

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STRASBOURG | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

1700+

1930

Strasbourg returned to France and has developed into a strong and modern commercial, cultural and artistic centre on the eastern border of the kingdom over the following decades.

The return of French did not stop with the project of the Grande Percée, following project took over from the Francs-Bourgeouis street to the Maréchalde-Lattre-de-Tassigny square.

1960+

Rehabilitation of the Petite France quarter reflects the local polity to recover the old quarters with intention to preserve the original spirit.

1681-1871

1871-1918

1918-1945

1871

Strasbourg became the capital of the new Reichslands of Alsace-Lorraine. Buildings on the Grande-Île reconstructed from the 1870 bombing. New town (Neustadt) is placed on the northeast of Strasbourg, built around historical axes.

Beginning of 20th century, numerous new buildings built, the realisation of the Grande Percée through the winding lanes in the city centre to solve new hygienic concerns.

Key historic events of Strasbourg

0

1

2km

N

Hydrographic network

Loess plateau

New built area

City walls

Built area

Remarkable buildings

Churches

Roads

Landscaping improvements

No longer existent churches

Railway

Green belt

The Cathedral

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4.2. WHS Grande-Île

and Neustadt of Strasbourg

4.2.1. Geopolitical historical context

Fig. 12 3D representation of the magnificent Strasbourg Cathedral

Grande-Île and Neustadt of Strasbourg, key numbers and information (WHS): » Inscription Year 1988, 2017 (extension) » Registered Sector Strasbourg – Grande-Île, Neustadt » Historical Function Trade and culture » Administrative Status Seat of the Council of Europe and of the Assembly of European communities; chief city of two districts » Regional Secretariat Southern Europe and Mediterranean » Size 183 ha, buffer zone 708 ha » Population 12 270 inhabitants (Grande-Île) » Housing 8700 housing blocks, 60% of housing built before 1915 (18% in the City of Strasbourg), >15% empty/vacant houses (Grande-Île) » Economic activities 3250 commercial businesses (2008, Grande-Île)

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Most renowned landmarks of Strasbourg are by far the Cathedral and la Petite France. The sites represent a coherent urban landscape with most significant architectural expressions of Strasbourg’s built heritage and are thereby giving the city a strong identity.35 Such a rich heritage emerged from the perpetual FrancoGerman interaction on various socioeconomic and political aspects was building a cultural bridge between the two countries throughout the history. Nonetheless, the majority of the people are not aware of the entire heritage the city has. The historic centre of Strasbourg is on UNESCO’s World Heritage List since 1988, and since July 2017 this World Heritage site extends to the Neustadt of Strasbourg.

The city is established at the intersection of several roads, passing through the Vosges passes, the easiest access to the Lorraine and Swabian plateaus. Two main strategic routes were south-north and eastwest axis. The first axis, south-north, passes by the Strasbourg-Kembs-Mandeure-Besançon and the Strasbourg-Metz, the Bruche and the Col de Saverne. This second one, east-west axis has determined the development of the city. It followed the route of the current rue des Hallebardes, Grand’Rue and route des Romains to Saverne. Connected over the bridge over the Rhine, this axis joined the present German bank towards the Black Forest via the Kinzig valley and the Pforzheim gap.

The river Rhine was in the past up to 1,5 km wide, unstable and difficult to navigate, which explains the positioning of Strasbourg.

35 A geographical and social portrait, Benjamin Soulet, Geographer, Urban Community of Strasbourg (20th anniversary of Grande-Île de Strasbourg inscription onto UNESCO WHS list – the City of Strasbourg has organised the 8th conference of the Organisation of World Heritage Cities, “The development of historic centres”)

STRASBOURG | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

The city was therefore built around smaller and more stable rivers, the Ill, Bruche, Kinzig, only a few kilometres from the Rhine, already during the Holy Roman Empire. Only in the late 19th century, through installing the canals, Rhine acquired a fluvial function and the city started opening itself towards it. River Bruche was most present on the historic maps of Strasbourg, which is why it is outlined as the main river of the city.

4.2.2. Historic centre, WHS, A preserved medieval urban fabric Registration criteria in 1988: Criterion I The Gothic Cathedral of Strasbourg – a unique artistic achievement36 Criterion II The Gothic Cathedral of Strasbourg – role example for the Gothic art in the Eastern Europe Criterion IV The Grande-Île of Strasbourg – outstanding urban ensemble or the Rhine architecture, most notably of the residential architecture from 15th and 16th centuries37 The two arms of the river Ill define the peculiar morphology of the historic centre of Strasbourg.

This natural configuration contributed to the development of the defensive system around the island. Two ancient ditches served, one as a defensive system and another for economic needs. The island is connected with the surrounded land via 20 bridges and footbridges. Most of them date since the medieval time, only a few from the 19th century.

36 The criterion (i) cannot be applied on the new extended WHS Grande-Île and Neustadt, as was not accepted by the WH Committee in Krakow. The 1988 inscription for the masterwork of the Cathedral has lost one inscription criterion.

37 Organisation of World Heritage Cities, Strasbourg, France, www.ovpm.org/en/france/strasbourg, Accessed 26 August 2016

Fig. 13 The traces of Roman Cardo and Decumanus axes are still present in the urban pattern of historic centre Fig. 14 >> Architectural styles of Strasbourg (I & II)

Grande-Île characterise dense urban fabric with narrow and labyrinth-like streets and small plots tucked next to each other. Urban structure developed around Roman castrum.

Ancient axes had strong influence on the urban tissue we read today as the Grande-Île: cardo (today’s rue du Dôme) and decumanus (today’s rue des Hallebardes). The Cathedral is placed at the intersection of these axes around which the city continued to evolve ever since. Larger streets on the island display the first stage in urban expansion of Grande-Île, while the narrow and irregular ones illustrate the densification of the island. The ancient parcel structure is also preserved and exceptional patterns are visible in the Rue du Vieux-aux-Poissons. The names of the streets and squares tell the story of Strasbourg. For example, each “marché” was selling certain type of goods and was famous for that. Rue des Tonneliers and surrounding streets illustrate the way commerce was functioning in the medieval Strasbourg: shops were placed at the ground floor and housing on the upper floors. The original functional division of houses is still present in the area.

Most of the streets in the historic centre date from the medieval period and the traces are still present in today’s layout.38 38

Strasbourg.eu, De la Grande-Île à la Neustadt, une scène urbaine européenne, Document provisoire sept.

2014, Strasbourg

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Palais du Rhin, 1884-1889 Located at the Place de la RĂŠpublique (former Kaiserplatz) in Neustadt, this monument is an outstanding example of 19th Prussian architecture

Hotel Brion, 1904-1905 The monument is one of many highly representative examples of rich art nouveau architectural collection in Strasbourg.

Maison Weitz or HĂ´tel de Billy, 1737 The building is built in Regency style with regional influences and is one of most remarkable examples of civil architecture of 18th century in Strasbourg.

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STRASBOURG | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

Maison Kammerzell, 1427-1589 Located at Place de la CathĂŠdrale, the building is the most renowned example of medieval housing architecture built in late Gothic style.

CathĂŠdrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg, finalised 1439 The Cathedral is one of the finest examples of high Gothic architecture. It was the tallest building in the world from 1647 to 1874.

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OpĂŠra de Strasbourg, 1804 - 1821 Opera house is the only monumental building in in French Neoclassicism. Partially destroyed during the Prussian bombing in 1870, it was reconstructed in the same way as the original plans.

Rhineland medieval architecture The front built along the canal of navigation with the medieval houses of the Tanners represents maybe the best preserved Rhineland timber-framed architecture collection, most notably in the Petite France and alongside the river Ill.

Pont Couverts, 1230 - 1250 The four towers and three bridges are a living example of Strasbourgâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s defense architecture dating from 13th century. The system is built on river Ill, next to the historic centre and Petite France.

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STRASBOURG | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

La maison de lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;OEuvre Notre Dame, 13471579 (about) Today, a museum of fine and decorative arts, is a landmark of historic artistic layering, mainly Gothic and Renaissance Rhine architecture.

Palais Rohan, 1730s-1742 Former residence of cardinals and bishops of nobel family Rohan from Brittany is a masterpiece of French Baroque architecture.

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4.2.3. Strasbourg Cathedral The Notre-Dame Cathedral in Strasbourg is one of the only preserved major Gothic cathedrals in France that still rises in its original preserved medieval urban fabric. The surrounding environment is characterised by narrow streets and dense urban fabric, half-timbered Rhine architecture from the 14th and 17th centuries.

A true masterpiece of Gothic architecture, the Cathedral reflects French and German influences that defined the cities’ identity from the Middle Ages to the present day.

This unique artistic achievement, is a veritable encyclopaedia of Gothic ingenious architecture and both, Germanic and French influences. Its construction began in 1015 in Romanesque style. The eastern parts, the crypt, the choir and the transept exemplify Romanesque architecture of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1176, the Cathedral burnt to the ground and the new one was built on top of it, in the period from 12th to 15th century. In this period, from the 13th century onwards, the cathedral has become a prominent example of Western Gothic art in Europe in the field of religious sculpture.

The building is in total 142 meters high, and is the tallest surviving religious buildings in the world dating from the Middle Age. The characteristic tower of the cathedral, built between 1399 and 1419 is an octagon shape.

The cathedral is visible from far distance, from the Vosgue Mountains and from the Black forest across the Rhine, and as such served as orientation point for the travellers throughout the history.

Today, the cathedral is in the heart of a city and a region whose history has long been turbulent. Numerous building elements, decorations and interior furniture testify to this duality. The square around the Cathedral was dedicated for public ceremonies, such as the Schwoertag39. Homogeneous medieval and 18th century buildings frame the square, which stayed unchanged since the Middle Ages, whereby only the south side was enlarged in 19th century.40

39

Schwoertag (Schwörtag), was a feast of the annual oath. In Strasbourg, it occurred for the first time in 1334. The Schwörtag was held every year on Tuesday, after the first Thursday in January. Schwörbrief was read before the constituted bodies assembled together to take the oath.

40 Strasbourg.eu, De la Grande-Île à la Neustadt, une scène urbaine européenne, Document provisoire sept.

2014, Strasbourg Fig. 15 Floorplan of the Cathedral Fig. 16 The Cathedral represents an outstanding example of Gothic religious architecture

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STRASBOURG | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

4.2.4. Neustadt Registration criteria as accepted by the World Heritage Committee in 2017 which unfortunately removed criterion I as it was deemed not to characterise the extended site in its whole: Criterion II To exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design Criterion IV To be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history.41 The area nominated for the extension of the WHS of Strasbourg is defined by the most representative outstanding universal value (OUV), Grande-Île.

Area proposed and accepted for the inscription extends the existing World Heritage Site of Grande-Île, by including 41 Strasbourg.eu & Communauté urbaine, De la GrandeÎle à la Neustadt, une scène urbaine européenne, Dossier de proposition d’extension du bien inscrit sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial, Document provisoire sept. 2014

the largest city extension of 19th and early 20th century. The new expansion is a remarkable example of urban planning of 19th century. The extension is designed by Geoffroy Conrath, city architect, together with elements from proposals by August Orth and Herman Eggert from Berlin. Functional segregation gathers administrative functions around Kaiserplatz (today’s Place de la République) and Kaiser Wilhelm Strasse, and educational institutions with bordering housing for teachers on the east.42 Linear urban and landscaping layout had the intention to enhance the perspectives and monumental character of the Reich.

An entire urban area with outstanding architecture expressions is built during the Reichsland period43 and represents a strong element of the cross-border cultural exchange between the two countries. Because of strong increase in population, the purpose was to establish a new city centre, as the GrandeÎle became too small. The urban plan design characterise monumental architecture, wide avenues and rectilinear streets considered as a healthy and modern planning gestures, easy to monitor.

42

Strasbourg.eu, De la Grande-Île à la Neustadt, une scène urbaine européenne, Document provisoire sept.

2014, Strasbourg, p.78 43 Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine between 1871 and 1918 Fig. 17 The imperial axis of Neustadt

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The area proposed for inscription covers: Vauban dam (barrage) on the west

by Altorffer docks, Saint-Jean, Kléber and Finkmatt by the Fossé-des-Treize Street and the Finkmatt Street. The boundary follows the avenues of the Vosges and the Paix, Alsace and Forêt-Noire, later the Observatoire Street by integrating the first plot of the street. The limit prolongs on the boulevard of Victory and the Prechter Street, includes the docks south of the island, the Pêcheurs (fishermen), the Bateliers (boatmen), Saint-Nicolas, CharlesFrey and Finkwiller before joining the Vauban dam by the courtyard of Moulin-Zorn and the square Henri-Dunant.44 The buffer zone includes the area that supports the outstanding universal value of the WHS and at the same time gives “another layer of protection to the property”.45 The buffer zone for Neustadt extends over the remnants of fortification wall from 1880 up to the European quarter.

44 Strasbourg.eu & Communauté urbaine, De la GrandeÎle à la Neustadt, une scène urbaine européenne, Dossier de proposition d’extension du bien inscrit sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial, Document provisoire sept. 2014 45 Yang, M., Bringing the UNESCO Conventions & Recommendations to Life, presentation, KU Leuven, 2016 Fig. 18 The urban landscape of Strasbourg is characteristic for its homogeneous architectural evolution, where new structures find the inspiration in reinterpreting ancient architectural styles found elsewhere in the city

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Physical boundaries of the streets, canals and rampart on the west, over the Haguenau square, to the Jacques-Kablé street, Bordeaux square and Schutzenberger street, Printemps alley, Lucien-Fèbvre, boulevard Pierre-Pfimlin, bridge Germain-Muller, Kastner alley, Toreau Street and the Jacoutot dock define the buffer zone for the proposed extension of the WHS, Neustadt.46

4.2.5. Challenges / threats to the OUV of Grande-Île and Neustadt The main elements threatening the Outstanding Universal Value of the UNESCO WH GrandeÎle of Strasbourg are mostly linked to the rapid urbanisation and environmental changes.

Specifically, as the historic centre is built on rivers and canals, the main environmental challenge is to deal with floods. Moreover, the influx of visitors, uncontrolled tourism and demand for infrastructure and services could further alter the appearance of the World Heritage Site and put its authenticity into question. The city of Strasbourg is developing thematic itineraries and programmes to reduce the negative tourism impacts on the WHS and liberate the historic centre.

46 Strasbourg.eu & Communauté urbaine, De la GrandeÎle à la Neustadt, une scène urbaine européenne, Dossier de proposition d’extension du bien inscrit sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial, Document provisoire sept. 2014

STRASBOURG | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

4.3. Sustainable

development and Strasbourg At the 20th anniversary of WHS of Strasbourg, the mayor, Roland Ries, presented the vision for the development of the impressive urban area of the site and how it must retain the function and vitality. He advocated for the inhabitants and the visitors to learn to value the heritage.

The case of Petite France is an example where the approach in preserving the heritage went a step too far and gives an impression of an artificial district. The mayor explains “I do not want the Grande Ile turned into an open-air museum in the long-term, but then again we cannot avoid it completely either. For example, the Petite France district is a living district, but can sometimes feel slightly artificial. We have to find a way to reconcile heritage, its defence and protection with today’s urban life.”47 This raises also the question on what the right approach is to preserve the inherited wealth, to maintain the liveability of the place and if maintaining the heritage in its original form is enough.

As mentioned in previous paragraphs, the idea of conservation has evolved over the past few decades. Heritage as a “museum” is no longer feasible as the city built on its past demands adaptation to the needs of society in order to stay lively and liveable. This is possible through adoption of urban heritage in local planning policies and programmes and active engagement of various stakeholders.

perception of the place, and implementation of sustainable public transport options allows faster commuting and lower traffic jams. Apart from the transport, the climate plan for energy preservation of the buildings is put in place.48 Sustainable development approach permeates through various activities and programmes run mostly by the city of Strasbourg. Key programmes and initiatives presented in this paper aim to demonstrate active role of the city and its citizens in developing a healthy and attractive sustainable metropolis.

4.3.1. Europtimist Eco Strategy 2020 The city of Strasbourg and its agglomeration have developed a business strategy explained in the “2020 roadmap” led by CUS, now Eurométropole. They set the eco-targets to become a high-level global service sector and an economic crossroad, by that complementing the wealth of advantages that Strasbourg already offers as a “European capital” and prime conference venue.

Eurométropole Strasbourg is actively engaged in an innovative, responsible and resolutely European-oriented economic development and aims to establish Strasbourg as the “European laboratory” where the future is built. The five key development areas include entrepreneurship, innovation, facilities and infrastructure, influence and attractiveness, jobs and skills.

Strasbourg has already undertaken several initiatives to improve the quality of life within the historic centre. One with the largest impact on people’s everyday lives is creating a walking district in historic centre by limiting the car access and improving public services in the area. Also, regulation of car speed improves the

The Eco Strategy calls for active participation of various stakeholders: public sector, economic decision-makers, academics, but also includes all citizens of Strasbourg. Its main sectors target development of medical technologies, innovation centres, innovative mobility solutions, digital, solidarity and green economy, creative activities and highend services. A high-level innovation campus should highlight Strasbourg’s recognised

47

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Strasbourg.eu & communauté urbaine, Quel développement pour les centres historiques? 20 ans Grande-Île de Strasbourg patrimoine mondial UNESCO, How to develop historic city centres?

Welche Entwicklung für die historischen Zentren?, Strasbourg, 2010

Strasbourg.eu & communauté urbaine, Quel développement pour les centres historiques? 20 ans Grande-Île de Strasbourg patrimoine mondial UNESCO, How to develop historic city centres?

Welche Entwicklung für die historischen Zentren?, Strasbourg, 2010

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Sustainable development stats and numbers for the Eurométropole: » 4th bicycle city in the world » Winner of the prize “Territoire zéro déchet zéro gaspillage” (zero-waste area) » Unique projects focused on sustainable and innovative mobility » Development of ecological and environmentally friendly shops » Wide range of ecotourism such as kayak itineraries

Fig. 19 The city of Strasbourg uses different promotion methods to raise awareness about local and regional sustainable initiatives among citizens

research capacities and as an international business district, linked to a greater accessibility of the metropolis. The campus will give a strong international economic input to the Strasbourg agglomeration. Eurométropole has the ambition to strengthen the solidarity economy and key economic sectors for improving the environmental aspects. The real European dimension of the initiative is materialised through cross-border projects that simultaneously improve relationships with the neighbours. The Europtimist business strategy aims to boost the local economy that reflects international competence and contributes to the vision for Strasbourg: a human metropolis, attentive to social innovation and its environment, and cradle of Europe lived by its citizens.49 49

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Strasbourg.eu, Strasbourg éco 2020, 1. Feuille de route stratégique, Octobre 2009

4.3.2. Border projects & partnerships Joint planning and development give an additional layer to regional development.

Having said that, cross-border collaboration is fundamental within the EU, which is why there is a broad range of joint projects that tackle shared issues between border regions. Not only do they support sustainable development, but they also encourage friendly relations with the neighbouring areas.50 These projects are based on balanced partnerships on each side of the border, local or national project management and mutual legal framework that allows their fluid implementation. Joint planning promotes economic and social development of the area, addresses shared challenges and provides better living conditions.51 In the case of Strasbourg, the city is involved in several cross-border projects with Germany. The most notable regional project is creation of Eurodistrict. Outside economic or urban planning scope, Strasbourg and the city of Kehl work together on improving the cultural exchange between the countries. One of the most significant mutual undertakings is the bilingual school in Port du Rhin with French-German educational concept. Both cities fight together against environmental issues, particularly to reduce noise, pollution and odour levels, all caused by the industry and traffic in the area. Additionally, the cities have a joint fire extinguishing boat for emergencies and regularly cooperate with fire brigades.

In terms of social activities, shared Garden Show and Passarelle des Deux Rives (active since 2004), enhance the social qualities of the neighbourhood. Last but not least, there is a strong commitment from linguistic and cultural exchange to public health and safety.

50

European Commission, Interreg B – Transnational cooperation, ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/policy/ cooperation/european-territorial/trans-national/, accessed 24 April 2017 51 European Commission, Cross Border Cooperation, / e c . e u ro p a . e u / n e i g h b o u r h o o d - e n l a rg e m e n t / neighbourhood/cross-border-cooperation_en, accessed 24 April 2017

STRASBOURG | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

Pedestrian zones

The Cathedral

Tramway Urban renewal projects European quarter

4.3.3. Green city

Fig. 20 Main interventions for the sustainable future of Strasbourg cover urban renewal and mobility aspects

Strasbourg counts for one of the greenest cities in France52. The ambition takes into account the biodiversity policy and activities for environmental protection organised and implemented by the municipalities in the country. Supported are innovative practices taken by the cities with the mission to preserve the natural environment in urban areas.

Eurométropole is active in sustainable projects and activities and continues to carry them out to contribute to the preservation of the natural environment. Some of the initiatives include

banning pesticides for the maintenance of green areas, i.e. in the Jardin des Deux-Rives, in the Citadel Park or the Orangery.

52

Strasbourg is the third greenest city in France, after Angers and Nantes, according to Observatoire des villes vertes, Les villes les plus vertes de France – Palmarès 2017, www.observatoirevillesvertes.fr, accessed 04 April 2017

4.3.4. Ecomobility At the centre of discussions at the international conference on Challenges of Safeguarding Urban Heritage in Strasbourg in October 2011 was the role of public transport in protecting and enhancing the existing built environment while ensuring human-oriented city development approach. Professor Minja Yang, in her speech noted two key challenges regarding heritage protection and mobility plans: “the need for an urban identity anchored in the HUL which

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Cycling path network – 1st one in France » 2271 bike parking spots » 536 km of cycling paths in 2012 » 10 000 cycling racks » 21 Véloparcs (parking garage for bicycles) » Since September 2010, 4 shops, 14 automatised self-service, 20 shops, 4400 bikes available

inspires contemporary additions and the need for an efficient system of urban mobility connecting the entire city and its territory.”

Transport wise, Strasbourg is actively engaged in changing habits of its inhabitants.

Implementation of high technology and innovative projects is visible in all public transportation means. In 2016, the EU-China Smart Mobility City Awards rewarded the city for innovative eco-mobility solutions.53 The city is among the first in France to implement a public transport policy to deal with issues caused by poor traffic planning: congestion, pollution and loss of public space due to the need for more parking. Ambitious urban projects with conscious urban renewal actions and eco-city projects can improve the quality of the living environment.54 This has been done among other by developing one of the longest cycling path network in France with over 536 km of cycling paths, 2 271 bike parking spots and 10 000 cycling racks. Moreover, the pedestrian plan, “Strasbourg, a walking city”, encourages around half a million people in the Eurométropole area to walk and to use public transport by providing quality infrastructure and services. Further, there are 30 km of pedestrian sidewalks with incorporated social meeting areas. The real success of the pedestrian plan is demonstrated by the facts that there are around 800 000 daily users of tram and buses, and that for every three displacements within 53 Eltis, Strasbourg wins international ‘smart-city’ award (France), www.eltis.org/discover/news/strasbourgwins-international-smart-city-award-france, accessed 11 April 2017 54 Strasbourg.eu & Communauté urbaine, Plan de Déplacements Urbains (PDU) de la Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg, August 2011

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the Eurométropole area, one is a pedestrian displacement.55 Lastly, the car sharing initiative, Auto’trement, was established already in 1999.

At the time, there was only one station, three cars and 15 users, and thereby it is the oldest self-service car-sharing programme in France.

Today, it has over 1800 users and 70 cars and the number is rising.56 The city is regularly introducing innovative programmes to simplify the use of public transport, for example StrasMap, a contactless ticketing option for public and also carsharing transport, or Mobi.Stras, an ondemand transport service for persons with reduced mobility active since 2011. Some other examples are CUSgreen transportation modes, Cristal Cats Project, VHR TEST-EDFToyota partnership, electric cars, or Freight Trams for shipping goods within the scope of the national proposals for ‘EcoCités’. The cross-border CROME project has the focus on improving the living conditions of residents, redevelopment of neighbourhoods.

Strasbourg wants to create a metropolis for everyone, with the focus on retaining the human dimension of the city, proximity to nature and green areas, and at the same time to highlight its heritage, cityscapes and landscapes. Community engagement is one of the main tools in establishing a place for all.

The city is developing not only as an attractive and competitive centre with diverse services and activities, commerce, regional excellence, innovative, multidimensional, functional economy but also as an eco-metropolis. The main aims are to preserve available resources: it set the 20% reduction targets of gas emissions and greenhouse effect until 2020, to support and promote healthy initiatives and to preserve the quality of its urban and natural 55

Strasbourg.eu, Strasbourg in the top of the green cities of France, www.en.strasbourg.eu/news/255/15/ Strasbourg-in-the-top-of-the-green-cities-of-France/, accessed 04 April 2017 56 Strasbourg.eu & communauté urbaine, Strasbourg, European Laboratory of Ecomobility, Strasbourg, (October) 2012 (presentation) Fig. 21 Aerial view of the Avenue Vosges towards the Black Forest

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environment.

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HUL: THE CASE STUDY ZAC DEUX-RIVES | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

5 HUL: the case study ZAC Deux-Rives

Culture and heritage are an integral element of every landscape and identification hence the understanding of heritage values is fundamental for enhancing the identity of a place. Cultural awareness among local inhabitants significantly contributes to sensible heritage management. Mutual engagement of different stakeholders and adoption of related planning policies encourage creation of a harmonious and lively area with positive impact on the overall environment. Culture and heritage play a fundamental role in developing a true bicultural project that is Deux-Rives. This chapter seeks to find an answer to what role does cultural heritage play in this vast urban project and how it can become an inevitable asset in the future for Strasbourg and the Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau region. It introduces planning principles of the final phase of the Deux-Rives redevelopment project, ZAC Deux-Rives, and evaluates the impact of heritage values of the site to their development approach.

5.1. Port du Rhin 5.1.1. Strasbourg and harbour activities Strasbourg can thank its prosperity over the history to trade activities. The city developed into a strong centre with monopoly in trade of people and goods between Strasbourg and Mainz. Apart from land crossroads, Fig. 22 Industrial activities at Port du Rhin today

Strasbourg developed as one of the most influential river ports on the Rhine where the trade routes between the Netherlands and northern Italy developed since the Middle Ages. As mentioned before, in the past, river Rhine was difficult to manage and its instability caused numerous floods, which is why the city initially settled around rivers Ill and Bruche. However, natural conditions and its favourable geographical positioning enabled Rhine to develop as the most influential commercial inland waterway in Europe from the industrialisation period, over the last 150 years. Rhine connected Strasbourg with major European ports, such as the Amsterdam or the Antwerp port. The river has a significant impact to the development of the most influential economic region in Europe. 57

5.1.2. Harbour activities at Port du Rhin The Port of Strasbourg (PAS) is the second largest river port in France and is a major development driver for the city and the region.

It is part of nine new ports situated on the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Rhin supĂŠrieurâ&#x20AC;? together with: Mannheim, Ludwigshafen, Karlsruhe, Kehl, Colmar, Mulhouse, Weil-am-Rhein and Basel. The port is situated between the historical centre of Strasbourg on the west and the city of Kehl on 57 Humanities and Social Sciences, Banken, R., Creating a Transnational Rhine Economy, 1850-2000. Kick-off Meeting of a Transnational Rhine Network, www.hnet.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=26938, accessed 12 April 2017

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the east, surrounded by canals and river Rhine.

It developed in the early 20th century, as part of modernisation of the existing harbour at Port d’Austerlitz and the increase of industrial activities. It spreads on 1050 ha and over 300 companies for industrial and logistic purpose have settled their facilities there.

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The port is organised around road, rail and water transport. As for the Rhine transport, within 40h the goods are transported from Strasbourg to the major North Sea ports: Rotterdam, Antwerp or Amsterdam. River transport is active several times a week, and the port rail station is the largest freight station in Alsace. PAS manages the entire railway network of the port and there are several train-shuttles weekly to Antwerp, Zeebrugge, Rotterdam and Marseille Fos.

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Medieval Strasbourg, between 15th and 16th century

There are currently two container terminals functioning, in the south of the port (rue Saint-Nazaire) and in the central part (rue du Commerce Basin). The adjunct port of Lauterbourg, currently being extended, will host another terminal in the future. Container traffic beats its own records year by year (i.e. in 2012, 430 000 boxes were transported). The port is also equipped for the transport of heavy and bulky packages up to 450 tonnes and 220 tonnes in Strasbourg and Lauterbourg.

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Fortified Strasbourg, 17th and 18th century NA LD

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The port is not active only in the industrial sector, but also manages Batorama, the boat service that offers ride across Strasbourg, with about 800 000 passengers every year. It is the most successful paid tourist attraction in Alsace.

Strasbourg is indeed a city with the harbour of great importance. Gradual shift towards the Rhine expands the city on different levels. The existing facilities that are no longer in use became part of the large urban redevelopment project of the entire port that will turn the industrial district of the city into an attractive living and working neighbourhood, ZAC Deux-Rives.

Fig. 23 Evolution of Strasbourg together with its rivers, mainly the drastic change of river Rhine

HUL: THE CASE STUDY ZAC DEUX-RIVES | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

5.2. Deux-Rives Deux-Rives is the largest urban project in Strasbourg since the development of Neustadt, initiated by the Germans between 1871 and 1918. The project itself has a double dimension in urban landscape, Franco-German and European. Both dimensions are also supported by political and economic entities, Eurométropole and Eurodistrict StrasbourgOrtenau, which contribute significantly to the local and regional development. The “Ecocité” approach adds a new sustainability layer in considering the scope of urban transformations. The tram extension from Strasbourg to Kehl unites two city centres in two different countries, and therefore represents another aspect that intensifies the cross-border dialogue. Because the project is geared towards the Rhine, it enables a strong impulse in development and to the economy of the entire urban agglomeration.

5.2.1. Background Since the early 1990s, the city of Strasbourg started reflecting the potential future of its port area, between Krutenau and Neudorf.

The industrial zone, Port Austerlitz lost its value after its port activities were moved to Port du Rhin. Simultaneously, they were no longer considered appropriate for such a

» Project area - 250 ha » Built surface (total) - 1 400 000 m2 » Housing - 9 000 housing units » Population - 20 000 inhabitants » Economic activities - 8 500 new workplaces Fig. 24 The scope of Deux-Rives urban project

central location due to pollution and change of functions around the area.

The project started to grow around the year 2000 with the development of the Etoile area, focused on the three silos at the artificial peninsula, Presqu’ile Malraux. The Place de l’Etoile was the first intervention in creating a bridge to the city from the former port. The area is designed as a multifunctional district combining housing, commercial and cultural activities.

At the time, areas of Port du Rhin were liberated due to the decline of industrial activities. These activities and physical distance contributed to building the image of a frontier, a natural border between France and Germany in people’s minds. The area was long considered as an external part of Strasbourg.

However, empty land, as well as the desire of the city to recover the links with its German neighbour, led the local government to build

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a park on both river banks that is connected via a pedestrian bridge. With the initiation of the Deux Rives project, the city aims to reduce the notion of distance. The park, Jardin des Deux-Rives in French, or Zwei Ufer in German, thereby materialises the symbolic meaning of the European spirit and Schengen agreements.58 The two initiatives were the first attempt to expand the centre and were successful projects. Considering they are located far apart, separated with the vast empty land in between, the fundamental element was missing: the vision for the entire area. The buildings were rising as a collage, without a real programme. The first actions to develop these empty sites with new district, were born: ZAC Danube, recognised as the eco-neighbourhood and Bruckhoff / Aristide Briand. The landscape architect and the urban planning studio setup the first masterplan for the Deux-Rives project, led by Bernard Reichen and Alfred Peters. Such masterplanning ensures more accurate project planning and identification of main project milestones.

This recognition changed the development strategy in the city: instead of connecting the north and south suburbs of 58 Münch, N., La gouvernance des acteurs culturels dans le projet urbain : entre mobilisation et demobilisation, Étude de cas du projet Deux Rives à Strasbourg, 2016

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Fig. 25 Warehouses Seegmuller were hosting harbour activities before the refurbishment and transferring the port to the periphery of the city, on the river Rhine

the city, the visions aligned west-east towards Germany. With the idea to gain a “European identity”, the city saw the opportunity in removing the borders between the two countries through a mutual project. This is when ZAC Deux-Rives came into existence. It was in some ways the missing link in this great project.59

5.2.2. Peculiarity of Deux-Rives Deux-Rives was initially purely a French urban project. The name was characterising the land site between the river Ill and the river Rhine, basically the Port du Rhin area. Nonetheless, with the evolution of the project, Deux Rives acquired a wider connotation: it is nowadays perceived as the two banks of the river Rhine, one German and one French, and became the synonym for the cross-border project DeuxRives/Zwei Ufer. During an interview, the Mayor of Strasbourg, Roland Ries stressed that this vast urban project aims to give a strong symbolic meaning for both countries and Europe.60 59 Interview with the Mayor of Strasbourg, Roland Ries, performed 29 November 2016, Paris 60 Interview with the Mayor of Strasbourg, Roland Ries, performed 29 November 2016, Paris

HUL: THE CASE STUDY ZAC DEUX-RIVES | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

The new districts of Deux-Rives61 are becoming rapidly anchored in the mental map and customs of people of Strasbourg. Their location right on the southern border of the historic Strasbourg allows easy access and thereby extends the city centre. Each district of Deux-Rives has a different objective and theme: SPL Deux-Rives governs the two projects, Port du Rhin and ZAC Deux-Rives that are also part of the final stages of the Deux-Rives urban project. Besides the citizenoriented approach and the provision of diverse and engaging activities and functions in its thematic neighbourhoods, Deux-Rives project encourages numerous sustainable actions and programmes. Some of them tackle environmental issues, for example the BASEMIS® tool is setup to measure and control greenhouse gas emissions. It thus participates in the struggle carried out by local and regional authorities against climate change by providing them with a fine diagnosis of their emissions and setting up targets for the future. Additionally, the Etoile Island has an autonomous energy source, notably using geothermal energy. Regarding the economic development, the eco-centre 2.0 (Malraux and Danube section) became a focal meeting place for the interaction between private and public actors. At the level of EcoCité, it leverages the creation of a cluster of creative companies and operators in the field of digital arts and multimedia. Furthermore, the campus of medical technologies is working on its mission to establish hubs for renowned companies and investors to Strasbourg. Finally, concerning the sustainable transport issue, Deux-Rives has developed even further two electric-vehicle networks. First, within the cross-border electric vehicle recharging stations there are five quickcharge terminals installed, in addition to the existing network of terminals in the city. The new ones are expanding to the suburbs. And second, within the Alsace auto 2.0 - electromobility and Smart Grids programme, DeuxRives ensured optimisation of electricity supply network to enhance the compatibility of electric vehicles through renewable resources.

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Deux-Rives, Zwei Uffer, Point presse, Coop. DeuxRives, Lundi 20 Juin 2016

Fig. 26 Canal Rhône au Rhin connects the neighbourhoods of Deux-Rives built from the former Port Austerlitz to the Port du Rhin and the centre of Kehl in Germany Fig. 27 The entire south-eastern area of Strasbourg is a giant construction site

This urban project is the largest development project in the city since the construction of the Neustadt in the north of the Grande-Île, built by Germans in the late 19th century. The territory of Deux-Rives / Zwei Ufer reflects the history of the relations between France and Germany, the constant switching from one to another country, the exchange of people, culture and goods. The symbolic

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value of the project is in strengthening this cross-border relationship by creating a new metropolis on the Rhine River that unites the two countries.

In a nutshell, the innovative approach of Deux-Rives urban project directly relate to various spheres of an urban environment.

The politics is tackled through cross-border partnerships between the city of Strasbourg and city of Kehl, and the industrial partner Autonomous Port of Strasbourg. Likewise, transport modes are translated in active sustainable mobility modes (i.e. walking, cycling, car-sharing) including the cross-border tramline. To tackle the environmental matter even further, within the Deux-Rives project an innovative energy saving programme with passive neutral areas in carbon, supply of renewable energies (i.e. biomass boiler and

50

geothermal energy) was implemented, as well as actions for de-pollution management of industrial soils, limitation of areas with car usage, urbanisation of the flooding zone, and sustainable conversion of industrial heritage.

In addition, the efforts in enhancement of biodiversity in new neighbourhoods are put, mostly by creating a natural urban park. Finally, to engage in social matter, the project supports participatory and solidarity-based forms of social activities and urban gardening.

Fig. 28 The view to the district Eco quartier Danube (November 2016) Fig. 29 > Each sector within the Deux-Rives urban project has a different objective and theme Fig. 30 >> Characteristic view of different Deux-Rives sectors

HUL: THE CASE STUDY ZAC DEUX-RIVES | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

Deux-Rives sectors Heyritz

» » »

Housing, water source, natural park, activities Transformed sector – military and port area transformed in 1990s, college Pasteur, police station, urban and nature, free time areas, living and working Public park, sport hall, rowing club, student housing, housing with social housing, hotels, offices, parking

Étoile

»

Administrative centre, cultural zone, urban park, housing, activities

Malraux

»

Zone of the Cité de la Musique et de la Danse, mediateque Malraux; the former Seegmuller Warehouses is rehabilitated to accommodate the Malraux media library, the housing units on top floors, the shops and offices, the “Shadok, Digital Factory”, as well as the future “Black Swans” housing towers designed by architect Anne Demians.

Apart from housing, new realisations include, international university (la Maison universitaire international), a hotel, a public space, and public services (for the INET and CNFPT)

» Danube

» »

» »

Eco quarter, pilot and exemplary project on the city designed around three core values: mobility, biodiversity and living together The ecoquartier uses 6 ha of innovative energy systems (BBC, passive or positive energy buildings such as the Elithis tower, the world’s first positive energy tower), alternative mobility solutions (pass mobility, shared parking), and housing units (50% social housing or social accession and 10% self-promotion) Accessible for all means of transport, car-sharing spots, city bike stops…

Laureate of the Eco-project (named by the Ministry of “Égalité du Territoire et du Logement”)

Avenue du Rhine

»

Housing, activities, commerce

Bruckhof & Aristide Briand

»

Housing, facilities, activities, commerce, sport facilities

Port du Rhin

»

Rehabilitation of social park, new hippodrome, renovation of school and Franco-German nursery, new housing, medical facilities; the area has exceptional urban and natural scenery with new housing blocks and private clinic Rhéna

ZAC Deux-Rives

»

Implementation of ZAC is performed by SPL Deux-Rives, established in June 2014 Extension of tram line D to Kehl, 4000 housing units, public services, offices, commerce, hospital, sports park Large scale project (74 ha) based around 3 major challenges/axes Strengthening cross-border dimension of the metropolis New quarter open to the river Rhine and the docks Trade development between the north and the south ports Citadelle – housing, water presence, port/harbour, river station, free time, hotel Starlette – water presence, housing, local services, activities, buffer area between the port and the city COOP – Complete rehabilitation of the site while preserving its identity and link to industrial heritage, art ateliers, cultural activities (lively area) Port du Rhin & Rives du Rhin – extension of quarter towards the Rhine by providing the access and the view to the water

» » » » » » » » »

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Heyritz Former military and port area are transformed into an attractive housing area, natural park and water activities. The area is a mix between urban and nature: free time areas, living and working, public park, sport hall, rowing club, student housing, housing with social housing, and hotels.

Avenue du Rhine Housing, activities, commerce

Étoile Located at the crossroad of main communication routes in the city, the new quarter consists of urban park, housing and free-time activities.

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Malraux The former warehouses Seegmuller were rehabilitated to host media library Malraux, offices, shops, “Digital Factory”, and housing units on the top. Three housing towers Black Swans compete with the Cathedral in its height and size.

HUL: THE CASE STUDY ZAC DEUX-RIVES | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

BOUNDARIES OF ZAC DEUX-RIVES

Danube Eco quarter is a pilot and exemplary project on the city designed around three key values: mobility, biodiversity and living together. The quarter is accessible for all means of transport, car sharing spots, city bike stops. The worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first energy positive tower is located within the quarter. From 650 apartments, 50% is intended for social housing.

Bruckhof & Aristide Briand Quarter host various housing options, freetime activities, commerce and sport facilities.

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5.3. ZAC Deux-Rives The scope of the project ZAC Deux-Rives covers the vast land at the east of the city, situated directly on the river Rhine that divides France and Germany. As mentioned in previous chapter, the city itself has a peculiar, turbulent past and because of its geographical location, at the eastern border of France, Germany and France took turns in governing the city numerous times throughout the past.

Strong cultural influences are still present on both sides of the border. Regular floods and Rhine’s numerous arms prevented the city from expanding towards the east. Rhine has always been an unstable river and only after it was tamed, the city could move its port closer to the river that was ultimately built by the Germans in the late 19th century.

The development area is located far from the historic centre of Strasbourg, on a plot dedicated primarily to industrial port activities. It was considered as a border therefore not very famous among locals. The only urban settlement in the area was built for the workers of the port and was known as the poorest district of the city.

The City of Strasbourg has the vision to redevelop the city port. Yet, new urbanisation brings new challenges. The citizens, at present, perceive the site as distant and uninteresting; it acts as a buffer between two cities in different countries and constantly puts in question their cross-border dialogue; and finally, if not addressed correctly, the heights of urban structures could become a threat to the OUV of the World Heritage of the historic Strasbourg.

The Deux-Rives project, mainly through the final part ZAC Deux-Rives, aims to erase mental borders of the city and to create a real cross-border urban centre. By extending the city boundaries towards the Rhine, Strasbourg could establish its position as a port city with enjoyable neighbourhoods at the edge of the river.62 62

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Jolidon, F., SPL Deux-Rives, Eléments Projets deux Rives - Dossier de presse SIMI, November 2016

5.3.1. Background From the inception of ZAC Deux-Rives, the project is on a mission to create a continuous series of urban spaces between the two border cities, Strasbourg and Kehl, as a symbol of Franco-German friendship. The main project feature is creation of a common territory on both banks of the Rhine. The project is managed by SPL Deux-Rives since 2014. The SPL Deux-Rives with Roland Ries, Mayor of Strasbourg, as a chairman, and Eric Bazard, as a director, was created by the City of Strasbourg and Eurométropole to carry out the final stage of the Deux Rives project. Territorial plan for the site was established by urban agencies TER, 51N4E and LIST, and for the COOP site by the architect Alexandre Chemetoff.

Along the Rhine and the port basins, on a 74 ha large site, 455 000 m² of built area, an active place for living and working will take place. There are in total 4 500 dwellings planned and 30% of built surface predicted for socio-economic activities. Inactive industrial fields will be transformed into a lively urban centre. Over the construction period, 1 500 new housing units will be built and the industrial wasteland of the former COOP63 will be turned into a cultural and economic heart of the new urban hub on the Rhine. The surrounding landscape has a great potential for cultivating the banks of the river Rhine and of the canals. The element of water and rich biodiversity offer different qualities to the existing and future inhabitants of Port du Rhin.

The end of the construction is scheduled for 2030. The project is of great importance not only for the local community, but also for the cross-border community and the concept of Eurodistrict64 as it involves 63 L’Union des Coopérateurs d’Alsace, or Coop Alsace, is a cooperative distribution company founded in 1902 in Strasbourg under the name of Konsumverein für Strassburg und Umgegend.

64 The Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau is a FrancoGerman region, which connects municipalities on both banks of the river Rhine on different administrative, economic and cultural aspects, www.eurodistrict.eu/ de/ziele, accessed 06/11/16

HUL: THE CASE STUDY ZAC DEUX-RIVES | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

numerous stakeholders and citizens of both Strasbourg and Kehl. The major step in achieving the mission is the extension of the tramline from the centre of Strasbourg to the centre of Kehl. ZAC Deux-Rives supports the tram extension by redeveloping the site along its axis through several neighbourhoods: Citadelle, Starlette, COOP, the district of the Port of the Rhine and Banks of the Rhine. As of the spring 2017, the cross-border tram opens up the city of Strasbourg to the banks of Rhine.

The line crosses the development area with three tram stops.

SPL Deux-Rives defined three primary objectives for the project. First, to set up the Plan-Guide of the ZAC territory while ensuring the coherence of the entire Deux-Rives project.

Second, to set up the Plan-Guide for COOP, located in the heart of ZAC, the site that constitutes of more than 50 000 m² surface to be refurbished. The project is focused on solidarity economy and culture that promote the cooperative and solidarity spirit. Through these guides and orientations anchored on building regulations, the idea behind the two objectives is to create a new urban quarter that opens to the Rhine and the city of Kehl

Fig. 31 Aerial view to the Port du Rhin (ZAC Deux-Rives)

in Germany. Third objective is to enhance the European dimension of the project through different layers. Among others, even the team in charge of designing the territorial plan that gives a European dimension to the project, due to the cooperation between several renowned planning agencies and architects, the urban planning agency TER that is active on both sides of the Rhine (Paris and Karlsruhe), 51n4E from Brussels and the Local office OTE. Altogether, the final stage of Deux-Rives shall boost the cultural and economic development of the area.

5.3.2. Citadelle The housing neighbourhood situated only a short walking distance from the city centre, benefits from an added value that is water proximity. Surrounded by the water from three sides, the neighbourhood reactivates its port heritage to establish a lively, quality living neighbourhood, by bringing the social activities in former buildings of Autonomous Port of Strasbourg and Sati plant. Total new

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built surface amounts 84 000 m2, out of which 1 075 dwelling units and 5 150 m2 surface dedicated to facilities, services and commerce.

It is one of the earliest intervention zones within the ZAC Deux-Rives.

5.3.3. Starlette Starlette is situated along the Vauban Basin and hosts housing and recreational functions.

Quality housing by the canal offers future tenants a panoramic view to the Cathedral and harbour on the west, or to the Parc du Petit Rhin and Kehl on the east. Pedestrian and cycling pathways separate the housing area from the water. In total, built area takes about 182 000 m2, out of which 1 800 housing units and 58 300 m2 is intended for various tertiary services, commerce and activities. Together with Citadelle, the first consultations started in 2017.

5.3.4. Port and Rives of the Rhine Port and Rives du Rhin combine existing housing neighbourhood of the Port, more

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Fig. 32 Aerial view of Port du Rhin / ZAC Deux-Rives after the interventions

recent developments along the banks of the Rhine and a unique and cross-border natural landscape with the Deux-Rives garden at its heart. The site reflects the architectural, urban and landscape profile of Strasbourg directly by the river Rhine. In total there is 102 000 m2 new built surface, out of which 1 300 new housing units and about 5 350 m2 for various activities and commerce.

5.3.5. The COOP The vision for the former industrial complex of COOP, with over 40 000 m2 of surface, is to establish a sociocultural heart of the entire ZAC Deux-Rives. The cooperative spirit of COOP gives a strong identity to the cultural centre with artistsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; workshops located within the historic factory and warehouse buildings on the site.

The COOP is both material heritage, with its numerous complexes on the site, and intangible, with the legacy of solidarity culture.

The site offers an incredible diversity of spaces

HUL: THE CASE STUDY ZAC DEUX-RIVES | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

and buildings, which need to be refurbished to fit the new functions. Total new built surfaces of 90 000 m2 and 37 500 m2 are intended for diverse functions. Almost 9 000 m2 are dedicated for alternative and social activities.

Given the intangible heritage of the COOP, culture is in this context the main driver for reviving a once lively complex that was based on cooperative culture. Therefore, the programme offers an array of economic activities (offices, factories etc.), workshops and cultural facilities. As an illustration, Social Union building will become the future centre for the conservation and study of museums in Strasbourg and the neighbouring wine cellar building will be turned into a cultural space.

Additionally, there are new spaces available for local cultural creation, workshops and mini-factories, and finally, some former offices will become collective housing buildings.65 Considering rapid deterioration of the buildings on the site, placing new functions and performing intensive refurbishment plans is a priority. The architect Alexandre Chemetoff proposed a progressive and sensible renovation approach by adapting the architectural and spatial attributes of the site and use them to strengthen the industrial character.

The development of the territory respects the contrasts between the different identities present on the site. Each neighbourhood is treated individually and in relation to its own context. Urban typologies vary from one place to another, yet are a continuous narrative of the district. Each neighbourhood preserves its own identity, while infrastructure and natural elements, such as the parks and water presence are to unite the project in a coherent urban structure.

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Jolidon, F., SPL Deux-Rives, ElĂŠments Projets deux Rives - Dossier de presse SIMI, November 2016

Fig. 33 The view to Citadelle and its surrounding harbour Fig. 34 The view to the future Starlette neighbourhood Fig. 35 Port and Rives of the Rhine is the symbol of Franco-German friendship - the view to the renovated bilingual school and a chapel Fig. 36 The area of COOP will become the cultural hub of ZAC Deux-Rives

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5.4. Urban renewal

through HUL approach Identification and recognition of heritage values that is also foreseen by HUL increases the significance of these values among citizens and thereby raises the cultural awareness of the population. Cultural consciousness considerably contributes in sensible heritage management and should be promoted by sharing and integrating the information across various fields in everyday lives.

The main stages of the project: Summer 2016 » Finalisation of territorial plan-guides by the urban planning agencies TER, 51N4E, LIST and OTE and finalisation of the plan-guide for COOP by the architects Alexandre Chemetoff & Associés and GCI » The plan-guides define urban, landscaping and architectural expressions for the entire urban project Autumn 2016 » Activation of community engagement in the urban project » Inception of the cultural and economic centre of the project, COOP » First consultations regarding the housing related activities in the ZAC Deux-Rives Spring 2017 » Inauguration of the new tramline extension that connects two cities on two Rhine banks, Strasbourg and Kehl » Three new tram stops cross the territory of ZAC Deux-Rives, from end of April 2017 2017-2026 » Construction of housing objects » The objective is to develop 400 to 450 apartments every year 2018-2020 » Increase in activities for the COOP project: construction works, temporary occupation of the existing building, social events, economic activities, setup of ateliers-offices, multipurpose spaces etc.

Considering that the site will go through significant changes in the coming years, it was necessary to map the urban legacy of the port. Inventory acts as a preservation document where all significant objects and places are outlined and described. Finally, it enriches the perception of cultural heritage and encourages its protection and transmission for future generations, as one of the core values promoted by HUL. The architectural inventory of industrial heritage, which I conducted for SPL Deux-Rives as the main mission of the internship and exhibited partly in Appendix, outlines built heritage in the Port du Rhin and has for the aim to improve understanding of cultural heritage values. The main objectives of the deliverable are to increase knowledge and raise awareness of the heritage value of the site, to encourage activities on a crossborder level based on the heritage value of the site and to link heritage potentials with social, economic and urban development.

The inventory provides detailed information on cultural assets, and includes places and objects, from characteristic buildings to the bridges and infrastructure that shape Port du Rhin.

The evaluation is based on the design principles of the plan-guide delivered by the architects to SPL Deux-Rives (December 2016).

The following paragraphs display the main design guidelines for ZAC Deux-Rives, and their compliance with the HUL recommendation.

» Inauguration of Parc du Rhin, » Development of the landscaping project Citadelle and first constructions

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Fig. 37 The view of rue du Port du Rhin towards the city of Kehl

HUL: THE CASE STUDY ZAC DEUX-RIVES | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

5.4.1. Urban heritage as development guideline Definition of the UNESCO Historic Urban Landscape Recommendation is described in paragraph 11: “The historic urban landscape approach is aimed at preserving the quality of the human environment, enhancing the productive and sustainable use of urban spaces, while recognising their dynamic character, and promoting social and functional diversity.

It integrates the goals of urban heritage conservation and those of social and economic development. It is rooted in a balanced and sustainable relationship between the urban and natural environment, between the needs of present and future generations and the legacy from the past.”66 Agence Ter, 51N4E, LIST and OTE ingénierie set up the planning approach for ZAC des Deux-Rives. The team identified their guidelines as: “Urbanism of revelation: the territory of the Rhine as a landscape pedestal”.67 The aim is to reassess the historical background of the site and to reestablish the symbolic and functional link between the port and the city. Alluvial islands of Rhine act as a landscape to preserve and enhance existing plant diversification. New functions of neighbourhoods integrate existing architectural heritage, notably in Citadelle in COOP areas with well-preserved architectural objects. The quality of the soil is considered and tackles the pollution and degree of permeability, which is in accordance with the HUL recommendation on specificity of the site.

Design approach for the COOP area, developed by the architect Alexandre Chemetoff and associates of SPL Deux-Rives, covers current textures, materials, colours, activities, biodiversity etc., found on site.

The team performed an architectural and urban inventory for the COOP project as a Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape, UNESCO, 10 Nov 2011 67 Présentation du projet _ Lundi 13 Juin 2016 - ZAC des Deux-Rives - Agence Ter - 51N4E - LIST - OTE ingénierie

preliminary historical and architectural survey of the site. Detailed observations on the current state allowed precise identification of project guidelines. Based on this, a library of knowledge and the inventory of the existing urban heritage serve as a basis for developing the project. Each defining element is mapped through numerous photographic examples and carefully analysed. Observed elements cover ground and soil typology, green spaces and trees, networks, and streets and buildings.

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Fig. 38 Comparison of building typologies on the site and in the city centre reveals the building principles and methods

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preserved through conscious planning based on knowledge about local environment and maintenance practices. The key design proposals consider the context of the site through the following categories:

5.4.2. The port character Each neighbourhood (Starlette, COOP, Citadelle…) situated on the main axis of the riverbank, between the medieval city and the Port du Rhin, has a strong identity and an architecture typology characteristic of their history and primary functions. The riverbanks highlight the theme of each neighbourhood and at the same time link them together. The rivers and canals of Strasbourg display different faces of the city, as do the river arms of the Port du Rhin. The common feature in all is the water, starting from the centre and expanding towards its outskirts.

5.4.3. Urban typology & infrastructure

The site interpretation follows the principles: » Raise, identify the existing » Exploit site resources, conserve, preserve » Repair, comfort » Recover, reuse » Amending, completing Compliant with the HUL, urban landscape assets serve as a premise for the global redevelopment of the area. The existing urban landscape inspires the urban plan, both sensible and innovative planning approach. Natural and cultural heritage stays Fig. 39 Once uncovered, different pavements and soil patterns tell the story of urban layering over the past Fig. 40 Vegetation is present within the buildings, corners, railway tracks, isolated spots etc.

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The urbanisation typology adopts the natural predisposition of the site in terms of placing the new districts. Housing blocks are located between no longer existent streams and canals of the old arms of the Rhine. Natural mutation of specific areas results in creation of “urban islands”. Urbanisation follows the north-south axis while the mobility network crosses the land in west-east axis to stage the diversity and the narrative of the city. Emerging urban islands follow the repetitive urbanisation principles, as a variation on a theme. Each of them has its own identity, comparable to the different districts of the Strasbourg.

The soil often hides noble materials and historic patterns. Rediscovering, reemerging the floors, pavers, slabs existing under the asphalt and other surfaces will free the original urban form. The pavers and slabs, terraces and roads will be recovered, either preserved or reused. The soil in solid condition will be cleaned, repaired and complemented with recovered materials found elsewhere on the site.

HUL: THE CASE STUDY ZAC DEUX-RIVES | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

A network of old railway track testifies the industrial past that not long ago occupied the whole area on the Rhine. From industrial activities to sustainable mobility options, the site is a crossroad of different types of infrastructure that go beyond the border.

These are fundamental for the durability of the district and for cross-border relations with Germany. The differences in elevation of the territory caused significant cuts in the land to allow faster and effective routes for the railways and vehicle traffic. The architects propose modest intervention to connect the networks while bearing in mind the fragility of the infrastructure. Reconversion of railway tracks into pedestrian lanes is a simple, yet sensitive gesture of appreciation of the history that enhances the urban value of the site.

The realisation of the tramline symbolises the first phase in the narrative of the new urban centre. Urban transitions deployed from different tram stops are first signs of urbanisation towards the cross-border, European territory. In essence, the tram could become a key support for the global

Fig. 41 The two axes passing through Port du Rhin are linking the site with the WHS of Strasbourg (Neustadt) and with the city centre

development and success of the project. Urban typology follows the linear axis of the tram and the stations connect and expand towards the inner parts of the neighbourhoods.

5.4.4. Cityscape and visual corridors The rue du Port du Rhin is located on the historic axis of the Neustadt. Inspired by the large avenue of the Neustadt, the street keeps the view perspective towards the Vosges and the Black Forest (south-east). Some of the significant buildings from the industrial period of the site are still present along the street: the Capitainerie, the Schutzenberger brewery, or the neoclassical building the Malterie.

The rue de la CoopĂŠrative will become the ring of the COOP complex, circular street that connects to the rue du Port du Rhin.

Inspired by the existing pavement patterns

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and vegetation presence, the street will be reestablished as one of the main axes in the area.

The extension of the tramline will cross the site with the stop in front of the Rhein-Fischer House.

The design principle retains and enhances the perspective to the Vosges and the Black Forest, while preserving the pavement curb alignments. Significant visual corridors are protected, for instance the preservation of the view to the Cathedral or to the water from different angles. New vistas and visual corridors are carefully orchestrated through adaptation of building shapes and sizes. Apart from retaining the existing orientation points, the building typology of the development aims to shorten the mental distances between places, and simultaneously create new orientation points and landmarks.

5.4.5. Architectural typology An assembly of volumes, epochs, typologies, and materials testify to the rich industrial heritage still visible in the vicinity of the heart of the new urban centre. The variety of building typologies and volumes retains its presence with a fresh, revitalised note. Almost none of the buildings will be demolished, however, due to the current state (i.e. abandoned, suffered an accident, change of function, or simply update of out-dated elements), some will require invasive refurbishments.

The inspiration is sought in existing roofing, window and door openings, (un-) loading docking stations, terraces, awnings, faรงades, and structural methods that are present both on the site as well as in the city centre. The materials and the methods will be reused to preserve the local architectural context.

Fig. 42 Preserved visual corridors connect Port du Rhin with the city of Kehl in Germany Fig. 43 > The architect Alexandre Chemetoff compared different building typologies of Port du Rhin

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HUL: THE CASE STUDY ZAC DEUX-RIVES | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

Maison d’angle

Garage

Préau

Réserves bois

Magasin COOP

Villa

Musée de la COOP

Infirmerie

Sérigraphie, aile basse est

Réserves bois

Atelier menuiserie

Union Sociale

Cavina, Villa

Garage

Atelier menuiserie

Bateau du Rhin

Cave à vin

Cavina, Villa et corps central

Maison des Syndicats

Sérigraphie

Galerie et Boulangerie

Administra�on

INVENTAIRE DES BÂTIMENTS

Logement du Port Autonome de Strasbourg

Brasserie Schutzenberger

Capitainerie

Pesée PAS

Médecine du travail

Logements

Transformateur

Villa

Villa

Maison Rhein-Fischer

Malterie

Pont du tramway sur le bassin Vauban

INVENTAIRE DES BÂTIMENTS

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The diversity of shapes, sizes and volumes will stay present in the new development. With that said, it is important to remember that the new development occurs on the empty land, while the existing architecture is refurbished with the respect to the initial ambience. The waterfront buildings are designed to maximise the views to the riverbanks and to stress the peculiar vistas.

5.4.6. Existing and new landscapes The natural landscape is a source of biodiversity and ecosystems placed in the centre of an industrial territory. The alluvial forests along the river have high environmental value and host an exceptional diversification of habitats.68 Port du Rhin is situated in the heart of the ramification of old river arms, thus affirming that city and port, habitat and industry are able to coexist. The organisation of the territory and its geomorphological features guide the global reading of the site. The land of ZAC DeuxRives characterises dense vegetation along the riverbanks, whereby canals are the outcome of savage Rhine behaviour over the history. Water and wetland presence, the â&#x20AC;&#x153;in-betweenâ&#x20AC;? riverbanks, architects perceive as an active landscape, a real river park that permeates throughout the arms of the Rhine. Man-made canal of the Petit Rhin permeates along the north-south axis, parallel to the Rhine. The intention is to revive the canal, whose traces are barely present, and to transform it into an urban park to enhance the ecological corridor of the site.

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strasbourg.eu, The ecological richness of our alluvial forests, www.en.strasbourg.eu/en/transportand-environment/strasbourg-and-biodiversity/theecological-richness-of-our-alluvial-forests/ Accessed 5 June 2017

Fig. 44 Pavement materials will be either cleaned and repaired or dismantled and reused Fig. 45 Variety of the façades materials serve as inspiration for renovation of existing buildings Fig. 46 The roofing typologies and materials will be reused for revitalisation of existing buildings Fig. 47 Abandoned railway tracks will become part of the urban and natural landscape Fig. 48 > Conceptual proposals for the refurbishment and reactivation of COOP buildings

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HUL: THE CASE STUDY ZAC DEUX-RIVES | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

The vision for the territory is to intensify the perception of its geomorphological features and to reunite the two cross-border riverbanks in a single park, thereby making the link between France and Germany, between the city and Rhine and between the history and nature. The inland of the site is contrasting. Poor vegetation on the site due to massive industrialisation over hundred years ago characterises the site. The approach here is contrasting as well. Punctual, large trees emerging from various places stay preserved to reinforce the presence of the nature.

Additionally, a few garden spaces located on the site will remain in the form of urban gardens.

The main concept behind the landscaping development approach of ZAC Deux-Rives aims to create a direct link between the COOP and the Deux-Rives garden and to provide quality public space in the form of an urban park between Starlette and COOP. Moreover, a new urban front in the heart of the port is among the higher priorities, as well as the formation of an ecological corridor between the Neuhof Forest and the Robertsau Forest. Sustainable actions include collection of rainwater, promotion of soft mobility zones with pedestrian and cycling paths along the banks and creation of a recreational and sports space along the banks of Rhine, open for everyone.

HUL tools suggest traditional and innovative methods that cover a range of planning aspects. Considering the early stage of the project, this thesis primarily focused on the design principles. The tools include different stakeholders at different stages in the project: Âť

Civic engagement tools involve a diverse cross-section of stakeholders, and empower them to identify key values in their urban areas, develop visions that reflect their diversity, set goals, and agree on actions to safeguard their heritage and promote sustainable development.

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Âť

Knowledge and planning tools foster documentation and mapping of cultural and natural characteristics. Heritage, social and environmental impact assessments should be used to support and facilitate decision-making processes within a framework of sustainable development.

Âť

Regulatory systems reflect local conditions, and may include legislative and regulatory measures aimed at the conservation and management of the tangible and intangible attributes of the urban heritage, including their social, environmental and cultural values.

Âť

Financial tools aim at building capacities and supporting innovative incomegenerating development to foster private investment at the local level.69 The proposed design approach for ZAC

69

66

Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape, UNESCO, 10 Nov 2011

Deux-Rives considers different layers of HUL in the area and integrates them under a comprehensive development strategy. The focus is on creating people-centric urban space that promotes active and solidarity attitudes.

The mission is to create lively neighbourhoods that are economically and culturally attractive and to enhance biodiversity. It prioritises making space for urban residents, by preserving the qualities of the natural environment, by programmatically zoning the areas for living, working and socialising and by promoting public transport and pedestrian traffic.

Fig. 49 The site ZAC Deux-Rives with first intervention points integrated around existing urban structures Fig. 50 > Within the Jardin des Deux-Rives, pedestrian bridge connects two Rhine riverbanks, the French and the German side

HUL: THE CASE STUDY ZAC DEUX-RIVES | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

5.5. Stakeholders’

opinion

One of the goals of this thesis is to define how far the project complies with the HUL planning approach and what the role of heritage in the planning process is. It is, therefore, crucial to engage stakeholders in the discussion and to capture their opinions and views on different aspects of the ZAC Deux-Rives urban project. To accomplish that, the internship and interviews acted as tools to encourage the participation and opinion sharing of different stakeholders with higher impact on the project development.

In December 2016, several key stakeholders – Mayor of Strasbourg, landscape architect from Agence TER, urban planning officer from the city of Kehl, and General Secretary from Eurodistrict – representing both France and Germany and involved in the project, expressed their thoughts on the topic. Further, informal discussions with citizens of Strasbourg and with the SPL Deux-Rives staff took place during the internship, who also provided access

to the broad range of insight information and documents. This recap summarises key opinions and comments of the stakeholders from the public sector involved in the project, regarding the Deux-Rives and ZAC Deux-Rives project. Where relevant, gathered information is included in previous paragraphs.

5.5.1. Cross-border friendship: Tram extension The extension of the tramline D connects two city centres: the historic centre of Strasbourg with the centre of Kehl. Three stops are strategically located within the new district of ZAC Deux-Rives. In the near future, intensified traffic through the Port du Rhin will familiarise the citizens of Strasbourg and Kehl with the new district and will become an integral part of their everyday lives. Port du Rhin will not be perceived as a distant frontier with Germany, but will instead become a lively meeting place.

Considering that the placement of the tram network within the district will densify the population and will bring in the social mix,

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the process offers new opportunities for the economic and social development of the area.

For instance, the commuters will reach their jobs within shorter travelling time, and the leisure travellers will benefit from social and cultural activities in the neighbourhood. The tram is already creating within a few minutes, linkages both in the inner city of Strasbourg, in the new neighbourhoods, and in Kehl.

Connection of key points and the fact that the tram is connecting two cities on the different Rhine banks has not only social and economic value but also high symbolic value for the cross-border friendship of the two countries.

On this topic, how the project could influence future development of Kehl, the opinions are dual. A public urban planning officer from Kehl believes the city will change significantly. On the one hand, the large number of people who will settle in the new neighbourhoods will generate sales growth in the retail and gastronomy business and will make better use of the cultural offer in Kehl. In the future, people who will work in the new neighbourhoods will have an even greater incentive to reside in Kehl â&#x20AC;&#x201C; affordable housing prices and quick tram connection

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Fig. 51 The extension of the tramline D represents a big step towards a continuous cross-border territory between Strasbourg and Kehl, however, at the same time raises concerns regarding potential negative socioeconomic impacts on both

to Strasbourg. On the other hand, there are also negative impacts of the development: the demand for tobacco and game machines in Kehl will increase (as long as the franchise and tax law in France does not change) and the pressure on the housing market in Kehl is already increasing. These are, however, developments that could be foreseen and for which one was already prepared for.

Another view on the new tram addressed by the General Secretary from Eurodistrict, was that it might turn Kehl into the suburbs of Strasbourg. Kehl is a peaceful town and the finalisation of the tram may interrupt the harmony of the city. Furthermore, according to the General Secretary, people on both Rhine banks have different opinions about each other, and for the Germans, the French are using the commercial services in the suburbs which can lead to the city centre of Kehl to become empty. French interest, it was noted by the Germans interviewed, is mostly focused on economic profit, not cultural.

HUL: THE CASE STUDY ZAC DEUX-RIVES | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

5.5.2. Eurodistrict & joint planning Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau plays an important role in building a true European district. Unfortunately, its citizens are often not aware of Eurodistrictâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main functions and activities. Local experience in the city of Kehl shows how authorities and funding programmes on a local level tend to be more complex compared to the interregional EU programmes, for instance Interreg. Eurodistrict should ease that process for the benefits of its stakeholders and the development of the region. Next steps for them involve extension of the authoritative power and creation of laws that cover mutual, interregional aspects, for instance those addressing mobility, education or health-care issues. These novelties could already be implemented on the Deux-Rives urban project.

Regarding other collaboration between the two countries, the urban planning officer explained the opportunities resulting from for the Deux-Rives project. Both cities evidently benefit from this intensified exchange: Strasbourg as a European metropolis is better positioned in the areas of culture, tourism, commerce, business, politics and EU, while Kehl as a residential and shopping centre, company headquarters, hotel industry and gastronomy.

The economic and cultural offer on both sides of the border is very different and both cities are competitive in their own sense. The question rises whether that would be the case if both cities were situated in the same country.

In order to ensure balanced benefits for both cities, the impact on the economy of the city of Kehl needs to be considered through adequate consultations with the inhabitants through their political representatives, for instance through the mayors or the president of Ortenau region.

There is a concern that Strasbourg might gain further dominance through this project and therefore may contribute to the territorial inequality (small shops closing, migration) that might affect the whole agglomeration and especially the city of Kehl. Impoverishing of rural areas needs to be avoided by integrating the inclusive programmes to balance the development.

Fig. 52 Bilingual school of Port du Rhin for pupils from both countries, France and Germany, is one of older successful examples of cultural exchange Fig. 53 Jardin des Deux-Rives connects the two riverbanks with a pedestrian bridge and thereby attracts a broad range of visitors from far and wide

At the beginning, the project was initiated by Strasbourg based on the decision to strengthen the axis Heyritz-Kehl in terms of urban development, redevelopment areas, traffic, tramline etc. The city of Strasbourg did not actively include the city of Kehl at beginning of the project creation to set up common grounds and define mutual interests.

Because of that, numerous administrative, technical and practical issues arise within this cross-border project. The tramline that connects both cities is a practical example of

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STRA SBO URG

+ PORT DU RHIN

+

KEHL

Strasbourg-inhabitants: STRASBOURG+

S T R AS B OUR G

Port du Rhin-inhabitants: STRASBOURG+KEHL

KEHL

PORT DU R HI N

STRA SBO U RG

K EHL

PORT DU RHIN Kehl-inhabitants: STRASBOURG+

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HUL: THE CASE STUDY ZAC DEUX-RIVES | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

poor administrative joint planning: how the tram is being financed, ticketing and prices, etc. Therefore, the communication between the two municipalities should improve, especially in this final and most important stage of the Deux-Rives cross-border project.

Transparent and regular communication from the beginning is fundamental for the success of the cross-border idea.

In spite of arising challenges, several successful joint projects are active for years.

These are mostly based on linguistic and social exchange that occurs on daily basis and thereby encourage the cross-border friendship among citizens.

Fig. 54 < The perception of a cross-border urban project is threefold - first, the inhabitants of Strasbourg perceive the project as a figurative extension of the city together with the city of Kehl; second, the heart of the project, Port du Rhin, might experience an unwanted push from both Strasbourg and Kehl without many consultations with its inhabitants; and third, the citizens of Kehl are slightly concerned that through uniting the two cities they might lose the identity and become the â&#x20AC;&#x153;suburbsâ&#x20AC;&#x153; of Strasbourg Fig. 55 A true European district should encourage equally distributed cultural, social and economic exchange between the two cities, where Port du Rhin (ZAC Deux-Rives) acts as a buffer and heart of this concept

5.5.3. Port du Rhin: A new urban hub When developing a new district, or regenerating an old one, creation of a sense of community and belonging, is crucial. The inhabitants identify with their environment and therefore the new developments shall ensure sensible development approach. Current inhabitants of Port du Rhin need to connect to the new urban hub, geographically and mentally located between two cities. Community engagement and mediation mean investing in the social capital of the district.

Another potential issue of the project recognised by the stakeholders, is the perception of the map of the ZAC Deux-Rives site: France dominates, whereas Kehl is put on the edge of the map. The first, highly symbolic improvement could be done by putting the Rhine in the centre of the new map to provide more equality to the project. After all, Rhine is the element that reunites the two sides. Mutual agreements on different matter between the two cities, including the placement of two city centres on the map, have positive impact on establishing a stronger cross-border cultural, social and economic bond.

STRASBOURG

KEHL

PORT D U RH IN

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This thesis addresses the influence cultural heritage has on urban development through the case study of urban project ZAC DeuxRives in Strasbourg. Due to strict regulations and limited planning flexibility, heritage is often seen as a burden rather than an opportunity in development projects. Nevertheless, the project Deux-Rives demonstrates how heritage and urban renewal could be reconciled.

Moreover, in the project of ZAC Deux-Rives heritage served as a starting point in the planning approach. The project reflects the identification of the intrinsic value of urban heritage and its significance as an asset for sustainable development of the site.

Comprehensive integration of urban heritage, as the basis of the planning principles, complies with the HUL approach.

The observations in this thesis are relevant to professionals and academics as the study provides practical examples for planning.

In contrast to planning principles for the historic centre and WHS, Grande-Ă&#x17D;le and Neustadt of Strasbourg where the regulations are strict, the industrial area of Port du Rhin located directly on the border Germany has looser planning regulations. Despite being considered as the outskirts and mental border of the city, the site represents an opportunity for the region, the city and its planners to create a truly cross-border urban centre that acknowledges its cultural and natural heritage values. The planning approach outlined by the team, Agence TER, 51N4E and Alexandre Chemetoff, served as a key resource in this thesis to investigate their compliance with the UNESCO Historic Urban Landscape Recommendation.

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The findings suggest that contextualisation plays the key role in setting up a planning approach. In particular, a thorough analysis that the architects and urbanists conducted for the SPL Deux-Rives at the very beginning of the project included a broad range of features defining the site. These are, for instance, street patterns, architectural typology, building heights and volumes, plants, open spaces, parks and rivers. Through such a detailed approach, documentation of the historic urban landscape of Port du Rhin has been improved, thereby creating the basis for the planning approach.

Considering the aim of SPL Deux-Rives to create an active and inclusive port-city on the Rhine, the initial analysis conducted in this thesis suggest that there is a number of advantages that could arise with this project.

For instance, the quality of life in what was considered to be a less attractive area until recently, will improve through rehabilitation of existing buildings and infrastructure, including the new tramline connecting the centre of Strasbourg with the centre of Kehl in Germany.

Further, affordable housing options, provision of quality urban and public spaces, as well as a diverse natural environment will fit the needs of different generations and lifestyles. Overall, this urban renewal will have positive impacts on the local economy, on social interaction among citizens from both riverbanks of Rhine.

Another major goal of ZAC Deux-Rives is to expand the mental borders of the city. Port du Rhin would thereby unite the spirits of the two cities â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Strasbourg and Kehl â&#x20AC;&#x201C; creating a

DISCUSSION | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

6 Discussion

harmonious urban space. This will enhance the sense of a place that is still missing in this area and give it a new identity. There are, however, several potential pitfalls, such as the impacts on economic and demographic patterns outside of the affected site which merit more studies and precautionary measures to ensure that the project will indeed serve as a major step towards a cross-border planning cooperation and realisation.

planning would provide insights of the impact ZAC Deux-Rives project has or could potentially have on the indigenous population.

Furthermore, it would be stimulating to conduct a review on the progress and potential improvements every few years in a systematic manner. To acquire a full image of this multilayered, cross-border project based on a holistic and innovative approach, it would be interesting to conduct further research on these topics.

6.1. Limitations and The main limitation of this thesis is that the time frame of the study covers only the early stage of the ZAC Deux-Rives project. Thus, the scope of research was to investigate on early development and planning phase rather than its execution. Within this stage, SPL Deux-Rives put effort to promote the project on a political, social and economic level (i.e. through guided tours, workshops, fairs, and events), to find investors, to put in use first buildings dedicated to renovation, to strengthen the collaboration with the city of Kehl in Germany, to engage the citizens, and ultimately, to raise awareness of the social and cultural values of the site.

Fig. 56 Deux-Rives as a result of historical, cultural and socioeconomic layering

PATRIMOINE

E IN O IM TR PA

L DIA N O M

GE

RM

PORTUAIRE

ST RA SB O U RG

further research

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CU

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SOCIAL INCLUSION ECONOMY

Given that the project was in the early phase at the time of writing, the basic financing and policy structure of the project are clear, however, financial means and regulative aspects have not been studied in details. In addition, closer examination of participatory

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7 Bibliography ARTICLES, PAPERS, RECOMMENDATIONS 1976 UNESCO Recommendation concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas Anonymous, Europe’s cities and the URBAN community initiative, Management Services; Sep 2003; 47, 9; ProQuest Central Bandarin, F., The Creative Power of Cities, City, Culture and Society, December 2012 Cole, R. and Auger, A., An Architect’s Guide for Sustainable Design of Office Build- ings, PWGSC, Ottawa, 1999 Culture: Fourth Pillar of Sustainable Development, United Cities and Local Governments, 2010 d’Andlau, G. (Crédit Agricole SA, Paris), Patronage and urban heritage, Strasbourg.eu & communauté urbaine, Quel développement pour les centres historiques? 20 ans Grande-Île de Strasbourg patrimoine mondial UNESCO, How to develop historic city centres? Welche Entwicklung für die historischen Zentren?, p. 32-33., Strasbourg, 2010 Deux-Rives, Zwei Uffer, Point presse, Coop. Deux-Rives, Lundi 20 Juin 2016 Dias, P., Ramadier, T., Social trajectory and socio-spatial representation of urban space: The relation between social and cognitive structures, Journal of Environmental Psychology, Volume 41, March 2015 Hein, C., Choosing a site for the capital of Europe, GeoJournal, 2000 Jolidon, F., SPL Deux-Rives, Eléments Projets deux Rives Dossier de presse SIMI, November 2016 Koukoutsaki-Monnier, A., Towards a Trans-border Identity in the Upper Rhine Area? Regional Cohesion in the Grip of the Nation-State, Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, Volume 15, Issue 2, October 2015 Liusman, E., Ho, D.C.W., Ge, J.X., Indicators for heritage buildings sustainability, Central Europe towards Sustainable Buildings, 2013

André Weckmann and Robert Grossmann on Alsatian Regional Identity, Contemporary French and Francophone Studies, Vol. 17, Iss. 2, 2013 Strasbourg 1870, Le recit du siege d’apres le journal inedit d’ernest Frantz, 15 juillet – 28 septembre, Editions Place Stanislas Strasbourg.eu & Communauté urbaine, De la Grande-Île à la Neustadt, une scène urbaine européenne, Dossier de proposition d’extension du bien inscrit sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial, Document provisoire sept. 2014 Strasbourg.eu & Communauté urbaine, La nouvelle ville sur le Rhin, Les Deux – Rives, une métropole à “360 degrés”, Strasbourg, Sep 2014 Strasbourg.eu & Communauté urbaine, Plan de Déplacements Urbains (PDU) de la Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg, August 2011 Strasbourg.eu & communauté urbaine, Quel développement pour les centres historiques? 20 ans Grande-Île de Strasbourg patrimoine mondial UNESCO, How to develop historic city centres? Welche Entwicklung für die historischen Zentren?, Strasbourg, 2010 Strasbourg.eu & communauté urbaine, Quel développement pour les centres historiques?, 20 ans Grande-Île de Strasbourg Patromoine Mondial UNESCO Strasbourg.eu, Strasbourg éco 2020, 1. Feuille de route stratégique, Octobre 2009 Taylor K., The Historic Urban Landscape paradigm and cities as cultural landscapes. Challenging orthodoxy in urban conservation, Landscape Research, 2016 Western, J., Neighbors or Strangers? Binational and Transnational Identities in Strasbourg, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2007 BOOKS Anonyme, Strasbourg 1900, naissance d’une capitale, Somogy éditions d’art, Musées de Strasbourg

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DNA

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Archi-Wiki, www.archi-wiki.org Belgeo, La resémantisation de la ligne frontière dans des régions métropolitaines transfrontalières : le Jardin des 2 Rives à Strasbourg et la place Jacques Delors à Lille, / belgeo.revues.org/16527 Drac Grand Est, Architecture and protected spaces (UDAP), /traduction.culturecommunication.gouv.fr/url/ Result.aspx?to=en&url=/www.culturecommunication. gouv.fr/Regions/Drac-Grand-Est/Les-domaines-d-activite/ Architecture-et-espaces-proteges-UDAP Eltis, Strasbourg wins international ‘smart-city’ award (France), /www.eltis.org/discover/news/ strasbourg-wins-international-smart-city-award-france European Commission, Cross Border Cooperation, /ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/ neighbourhood/cross-border-cooperation_en European Commission, Interreg B – Transnational cooperation, /ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/policy/ cooperation/european-territorial/trans-national/ Gallica, gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6490832c.item Humanities and Social Sciences, Banken, R., Creating a Transnational Rhine Economy, 1850-2000. Kick-off Meeting of a Transnational Rhine Network, /www.h-net. org/reviews/showrev.php?id=26938 Kaupunki, Port autonome Strasbourg, /www.kaupunki. fr/projects/category/7/Urbanisme#!/project/99/ Port-autonome-Strasbourg-2013 Kennzahlen, Der Eurodistrikt Strassbourg-Ortenau, / www.de.strasbourg.eu/de/europa-und-internationales/ der-eurodistrikt-strassburg---ortenau/ Organisation of World Heritage Cities, Strasbourg, France, /www.ovpm.org/en/france/strasbourg Organisation of World Heritage Cities, Strasbourg, France, /www.ovpm.org/en/france/strasbourg

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Strasbourg is the third greenest city in France, after Angers and Nantes, according to Observatoire des villes vertes, Les villes les plus vertes de France – Palmarès 2017, www.observatoirevillesvertes.fr

Strasbourg.eu, /www.strasbourg.eu/territoire/lesquartiers/neudorf-schluthfeld-port-du-rhin-musau/ decouvrir-quartier-neudorf/histoire-quartier-neudorf Strasbourg.eu, Presentation of the Metropolis, / www.en.strasbourg.eu/en/discover-the-city/ the-city-and-the-cus/urban-community/ Strasbourg.eu, Presentation of the Metropolis, / www.en.strasbourg.eu/en/discover-the-city/ the-city-and-the-cus/urban-community/ Strasbourg.eu, Strasbourg in the top of the green cities of France, /www.en.strasbourg.eu/news/255/15/ Strasbourg-in-the-top-of-the-green-cities-of-France/ Strasbourg.eu, Strasbourg in the top of the green cities of France, /www.en.strasbourg.eu/news/255/15/ Strasbourg-in-the-top-of-the-green-cities-of-France/ strasbourg.eu, The ecological richness of our alluvial forests, /www.en.strasbourg.eu/en/transportand-environment/strasbourg-and-biodiversity/ the-ecological-richness-of-our-alluvial-forests/ Strasbourg.eu, The Spirit of Europe, /www.en.strasbourg. eu/news/257/15/Newsletter-/ Strasbourg.eu, The Spirit of Europe, /www.en.strasbourg. eu/news/257/15/Newsletter-/ Structurae, structurae.info/ouvrages/ pont-rail-de-strasbourg-kehl UN, Goal 11: Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable, /www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/cities/ UN, Sustainable development goals, www.un.org/ sustainabledevelopment UN, Sustainable development goals, www.un.org/ sustainabledevelopment

BIBLIOGRAPHY | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, WHC, 2016, p. 10 UNESCO, What is meant by “cultural heritage?”, /www. unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/illicit-traffickingof-cultural-property/unesco-database-of-nationalcultural-heritage-laws/frequently-asked-questions/ definition-of-the-cultural-heritage/ Wikipedia, Pont de l’Europe, fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Pont_de_l%27Europe_(Strasbourg) Wikipedia, Strasbourg, /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg Wikipedia, Timeline of Strasbourg, /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Timeline_of_Strasbourg

Fig. 8 Strasbourg and Kehl with the river Rhine in between © Strasbourg.eu, De la Grande-Île à la Neustadt, une scène urbaine européenne, Document provisoire sept.

2014 Fig. 9 Strasbourg and its agglomeration with indicated area of the Deux-Rives urban project © GoogleMaps, collage by Jelena Perusinovic Fig. 10 Aerial view of bridges connecting the two Rhine riverbanks, overlooking the city of Kehl (front) and the city of Strasbourg (in the background) © ADEUS Fig. 11 Key historic events of Strasbourg © Jelena Perusinovic

8 List of figures

Fig. 12 3D representation of the magnificent Strasbourg Cathedral © ARTE TV, www.arte.tv/sites/cathedrale-strasbourg/tag/ cathedrale/

Fig. 1 Aerial view of Grande-Île of Strasbourg © Strasbourg.eu, De la Grande-Île à la Neustadt, une scène urbaine européenne, Document provisoire sept.

2014

Fig. 13 The traces of Roman Cardo and Decumanus axes are still present in the urban pattern of historic centre © Jelena Perusinovic

Fig. 2 The view to the Cathedral from the Black Swan building (Deux-Rives), December 2016 © Jelena Perusinovic, November 2016 Fig. 3 The view from the port of Starlette to the Canal Rhône au Rhin © Jelena Perusinovic, November 2016 Fig. 4 The view from Black Swan building (Deux-Rives) to Port du Rhin, the 1 of Kehl and the Black Forest in Germany © Jelena Perusinovic, November 2016 Fig. 5 Former wine cellar at the COOP complex © Jelena Perusinovic, October 2016 Fig. 6 Urban pattern of historic Strasbourg © Strasbourg.eu, De la Grande-Île à la Neustadt, une scène urbaine européenne, Document provisoire sept.

2014 Fig. 7 Challenges of sustainable cities are tackled in numerous papers and initiatives © Collage made by Jelena Perusinovic

Fig. 14 Architectural styles of Strasbourg (I & II) © Jelena Perusinovic Fig. 15 Floorplan of the Cathedral © Strasbourg.eu, De la Grande-Île à la Neustadt, une scène urbaine européenne, Document provisoire sept.

2014 Fig. 16 The Cathedral represents an outstanding example of Gothic religious architecture © Strasbourg.eu, De la Grande-Île à la Neustadt, une scène urbaine européenne, Document provisoire sept.

2014 Fig. 17 The imperial axis of Neustadt © Strasbourg.eu, De la Grande-Île à la Neustadt, une scène urbaine européenne, Document provisoire sept.

2014 Fig. 18 The urban landscape of Strasbourg is characteristic for its homogeneous architectural evolution, where new structures find the inspiration in reinterpreting ancient architectural styles found elsewhere in the city © Strasbourg.eu, De la Grande-Île à la Neustadt, une scène urbaine européenne, Document provisoire sept.

2014

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Fig. 19 The city of Strasbourg uses different promotion methods to raise awareness about local and regional sustainable initiatives among citizens © Phillipe Schalk for CUS Fig. 20 Main interventions for the sustainable future of Strasbourg cover urban renewal and mobility aspects © Strasbourg.eu, De la Grande-Île à la Neustadt, une scène urbaine européenne, Document provisoire sept.

2014 Fig. 21 Aerial view of the Avenue Vosges towards the Black Forest © Strasbourg.eu, De la Grande-Île à la Neustadt, une scène urbaine européenne, Document provisoire sept.

2014

Fig. 31 Aerial view to the Port du Rhin (ZAC Deux-Rives) © ADEUS Fig. 32 Aerial view of Port du Rhin / ZAC Deux-Rives after the interventions © SPL Deux-Rives Fig. 33 The view to Citadelle and its surrounding harbour © Jelena Perusinovic Fig. 34 The view to the future Starlette neighbourhood © Jelena Perusinovic

Fig. 22 Industrial activities at Port du Rhin today © Jelena Perusinovic, October 2016

Fig. 35 Port and Rives of the Rhine is the symbol of FrancoGerman friendship - the view to the renovated bilingual school and a chapel © Jelena Perusinovic

Fig. 23 Evolution of Strasbourg together with its rivers, mainly the drastic change of river Rhine © SPL Deux-Rives, Presentation du projet, 20 June 2016

Fig. 36 The area of COOP will become the cultural hub of ZAC Deux-Rives © Alexandre Chemetoff for SPL Deux-Rives

Fig. 24 The scope of Deux-Rives urban project © Jelena Perusinovic

Fig. 37 The view of rue du Port du Rhin towards the city of Kehl © Alexandre Chemetoff for SPL Deux-Rives

Fig. 25 Warehouses Seegmuller were hosting harbour activities before the refurbishment and transferring the port to the periphery of the city, on the river Rhine © Archives de la Ville de Strasbourg

Fig. 38 Comparison of building typologies on the site and in the city centre reveals the building principles and methods © Alexandre Chemetoff for SPL Deux-Rives

Fig. 26 anal Rhône au Rhin connects the neighbourhoods of Deux-Rives built from the former Port Austerlitz to the Port du Rhin and the centre of Kehl in Germany © Jelena Perusinovic, November 2016 Fig. 27 The entire south-eastern area of Strasbourg is a giant construction site © Jelena Perusinovic, November 2016

Fig. 39 Once uncovered, different pavements and soil patterns tell the story of urban layering over the past © Alexandre Chemetoff for SPL Deux-Rives Fig. 40 Vegetation is present within the buildings, corners, railway tracks, isolated spots etc. © Alexandre Chemetoff for SPL Deux-Rives

Fig. 28 The view to the district Eco quartier Danube © Jelena Perusinovic, November 2016

Fig. 41 The two axes passing through Port du Rhin are linking the site with the WHS of Strasbourg (Neustadt) and with the city centre © Alexandre Chemetoff for SPL Deux-Rives

Fig. 29 Each sector within the Deux-Rives urban project has a different objective and theme © Jelena Perusinovic

Fig. 42 Preserved visual corridors connect Port du Rhin with the city of Kehl in Germany © Alexandre Chemetoff for SPL Deux-Rives

Fig. 30 Characteristic view of different Deux-Rives sectors © Jelena Perusinovic

Fig. 43 The architect Alexandre Chemetoff compared different building typologies of Port du Rhin © Alexandre Chemetoff for SPL Deux-Rives

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LIST OF FIGURES | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

Fig. 44 Pavement materials will be either cleaned and repaired or dismantled and reused © Alexandre Chemetoff for SPL Deux-Rives

concerned that through uniting the two cities they might lose the identity and become the “suburbs“ of Strasbourg © Google Maps, collage by Jelena Perusinovic

Fig. 45 Variety of the façades materials serve as inspiration for renovation of existing buildings © Alexandre Chemetoff for SPL Deux-Rives

Fig. 55 A true European district should encourage equally distributed cultural, social and economic exchange between the two cities, where Port du Rhin (ZAC DeuxRives) acts as a buffer and heart of this concept © Google Maps, collage by Jelena Perusinovic

Fig. 46 The roofing typologies and materials will be reused for revitalisation of existing buildings © Alexandre Chemetoff for SPL Deux-Rives

Fig. 56 Deux-Rives as a result of historical, cultural and socioeconomic layering © Jelena Perusinovic

Fig. 47 Abandoned railway tracks will become part of the urban and natural landscape © Alexandre Chemetoff for SPL Deux-Rives Fig. 48 Conceptual proposals for the refurbishment and reactivation of COOP buildings © Alexandre Chemetoff for SPL Deux-Rives Fig. 49 The site ZAC Deux-Rives with first intervention points integrated around existing urban structures © SPL Deux-Rives Fig. 50 Within the Jardin des Deux-Rives, pedestrian bridge connects two Rhine riverbanks, the French and the German side © Jelena Perusinovic Fig. 51 The extension of the tramline D represents a big step towards a continuous cross-border territory between Strasbourg and Kehl, however, at the same time raises concerns regarding potential negative socioeconomic impacts on both © Jelena Perusinovic Fig. 52 Bilingual school of Port du Rhin for pupils from both countries, France and Germany, is one of older successful examples of cultural exchange © Werkgruppe Lahr Fig. 53 Jardin des Deux-Rives connects the two riverbanks with a pedestrian bridge and thereby attracts a broad range of visitors from far and wide © Office de Tourisme de Strasbourg Fig. 54 The perception of a cross-border urban project is threefold - first, the inhabitants of Strasbourg perceive the project as a figurative extension of the city together with the city of Kehl; second, the heart of the project, Port du Rhin, might experience an unwanted push from both Strasbourg and Kehl without many consultations with its inhabitants; and third, the citizens of Kehl are slightly

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APPENDIX | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

9 Appendix 9.1. Guide map

ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE

PORT DU RHIN Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg | APPENDIX

81

9.2. COOP

COOP

Société coopérative de consommation de Strasbourg

1902 - 2016

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APPENDIX | Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg

9.3. Port du Rhin - architectural heritage

Port du Rhin Architectural heritage

1840 - 2016

Heritage, a vector for development. Case study Deux-Rives, Strasbourg | APPENDIX

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