Chapter 11 & 12
Name: ________________________________ Period: ______
Chordates Vertebrates belong in the phylum ______________________________
•At some point in their lives, chordates will have a _______________________, which is a __________________________ that runs down their _______________, and slits their ___________________ area
Notochord
•It is a ___________________ rod that supports a chordate’s _________________ •The notochord is ___________________ by a ___________________ in ___________________
Nerve Cord in Back
•All chordates have a nerve cord that runs down their _________________ •The nerve cord is the ___________________between the ___________________ and the ___________________
•For example: humans have a _______________________ with is a ____________ Slits in Throat Area
•Chordates have slits in their ___________________ area called ___________________, or ___________________
•This ___________________in most vertebrates before ___________________
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Characteristics of Vertebrates
•Have a backbone that is part of an ___________________ skeleton –Backbones are also known as ___________________and are made up of ___________________
–Each vertebrae has a ___________________in it that allows the _____________________________ to pass through it
Internal Skeleton
•A vertebrate’s ___________________________ does __________
need to be
replaced as it grows
–It forms an internal ___________________ that supports the body against the ___________________ pull of ___________________
Keeping conditions stable
•Ectotherms = animals whose body ___________________produce much internal ___________________but rather its body temperature ___________________depending on the ___________________ of its environment
–Example: fish and reptiles •Endotherms = animals whose body regulates its _____________ temperature by ___________________the internal heat it ___________________
–Example: Birds and mammals
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FISH Characteristics of Fishes
•___________________ •Lives in ___________________ •Use ___________________to move •Are ___________________ •Obtain oxygen using ___________________ •Have ___________________ Respiration and Circulation
•Water flows into the ________________ of the fish and then ________________ its ___________________
•Oxygen moves into the ___________________and is delivered to the ___________________of the fish
Movement
•Use ___________________ to move •Each fin has a thin ___________________ that is stretched across bony supports
Reproduction
•Have ___________________ fertilization –The eggs are fertilized __________________of the _________________ body –The male hovers close to the female and spreads a ___________________of ___________________ over the eggs she releases
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Nervous System
•Helps them to find ___________________and avoid ___________________ –Example is the ___________________on a catfish Major Groups
•There are three major groups of fishes: –1. _____________________________________________________ –2. _____________________________________________________ –3. _____________________________________________________ Jawless Fish
•Have __________________and __________________ •Skeletons are made up of ___________________ (a tissue that is more flexible than bone)
•Examples are ___________________and ___________________ Cartilaginous Fishes
•Have ___________________and ___________________ •Have skeletons made up of ___________________ –Example: ___________________ Bony Fishes
•Has ___________________, ___________________, a pocket on each side of the head that holds the gills, and a skeleton of hard ___________________
•Have a _____________________________________________ which is an internal, gas-filled sac that helps the fish stay ___________________at different depths of water
–Example: _____________________________________________________ 4
Amphibians Characteristics
•___________________ •___________________ •Spends its ___________________ life in ___________________ •Spends its ___________________ life on land only returning to ___________________ to ___________________
•Amphibian means “__________________________________________” Groups of Amphibians
•There are two major groups: –1. ____________________________________ –2. ____________________________________ • You can distinguish between the two by whether it has a ___________________ in adulthood
Reproduction and Development
•Adult frogs reproduce ___________________ DRAW LIFE CYCLE
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Living on Land
•The ___________________ and ___________________ systems of adult amphibians are adapted for life on ___________________
•___________________ amphibians have adaptations for obtaining _______________ and ___________________
Obtaining Oxygen
•Use ___________________ to obtain oxygen from water •During ____________________________they lose their gills and develop lungs –Lungs are organs of air-breathing vertebrates where oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas are exchanged between the _________ and ___________
Circulatory System
•Has a ___________ loop system and a heart with ________________ chambers •Two upper chambers of the heart are called __________________ and they _______________________ ___________________
•The lower chamber is the ___________________ and it pumps blood out to the _____________________________________
Obtaining Food
•Tadpoles are ___________________ •Salamanders, frogs and toads are carnivores that feed on ___________________ animals
Movement
•Adult amphibians have strong ___________________ and ___________________ limbs that are adapted for moving on ___________________
•Frogs and toads have ___________________ pads on their toes for ___________________ and ___________________ feet for ___________________ 6
Amphibians in Danger!
•Amphibian habitats are being destroyed –An animal’ s habitat is the specific environment in which it lives •They have delicate skin, eggs without shells, and are greatly affected by ___________________ and ___________________
•How do you think we can protect these organisms?
Reptiles Characteristics
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___________________
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___________________
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Has ___________________ and ___________________ skin
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Usually spend their entire lives on ___________________
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Their skin, kidneys and eggs are adapted to conserve ___________________
Skin and Kidneys
•Have ___________________ skins that are covered with ___________________ •Kidneys are organs that filter ___________________ from the ___________________
–Wastes are then excreted in a watery fluid called ___________________ Eggs with a shell
•Have ___________________ fertilization and lay their _______________on land
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•Have ___________________ eggs which is an egg with a shell and internal membranes that keep the embryo ___________________
Lizards and Snakes
•Both are reptiles that have skin covered with ___________________ scales •As they grow they ___________________ their skin and scales and ___________________ them with new ones
•Usually live in ___________________ areas •Differ by body ___________________ Obtaining Food
•Most lizards are ___________________ that capture their prey by ___________________ at it
•All snakes are ___________________ that feed on ___________________ animals
Movement
•Lizards ___________________ •Snakes ___________________ by bending their body into curves –They ___________________ or shorten their bands of muscles that are connected to their ___________________ and ___________________
Alligators and Crocodiles
•Both are large ___________________ reptiles that ___________ for their young •Alligators have
____________________________ snouts with only a few teeth
visible when their mouths are shut
•Crocodiles have ___________________ snouts with most of their teeth visible when their mouths are shut
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Obtaining food
•Are all ___________________ that typically hunt at ___________________ Reproduction
•They care for their eggs and newly hatched young until they can ___________________ and protect ___________________
Turtles
•Reptiles whose body is covered by a protective ___________________ that includes the __________ and the ___________________
•Can be ___________________ or ___________________ Extinct Reptiles … Dinosaurs
•Dinosaurs were the earliest vertebrates that had legs that were positioned directly ___________________ their bodies
•Became extinct about ___________________ years ago
Birds Characteristics
•___________________ •___________________ •Have ___________________ and a ____________________________ heart •Lay ___________________ Adaptations for flight
•The ___________________ of most birds are adapted for flight •Bones are ___________________ (makes bird lightweight) •Bones of a bird’ s ___________________ form ___________________ 9
•Have large ___________________ muscles to move the wings •Have ___________________ Types of Feathers
•1. Contour feathers = ___________________ feathers that gives ___________________ to a bird’ s body
–Are ___________________ and not very ___________________ •2. Down feathers = ___________________, fluffy feathers that are specialized to trap ___________________ and keep the bird ___________________
–Are ___________________and ___________________ Respiration and Circulation
•Have ___________________ that connect to the lungs.
The air sacs help the
birds to obtain more ___________________from each breath of air
•Have a four-chambered heart (two _________________ and two ___________________) that keeps oxygen rich blood separate from oxygen poor blood
Obtaining Food
•Use their _______________ to capture, grip and handle their _______________ •Each organ in a bird’ s ___________________ system is adapted to ___________________ food
–1. Crop = an internal ___________________ tank used to store after ___________________their food
–2. Stomach = attached to the crop and has two parts.
One section to
_____________________________ food.
–3. Gizzard = Second section in the stomach that is used to _____________ and ___________________ partially digested food. 10
Maintaining Homeostasis
•Endotherms that need a lot of ___________________ to maintain their body ___________________
•Also use ___________________to trap ___________________ Reproduction
•Have ___________________fertilization and lay eggs •Bird eggs are ___________________ than reptile eggs •Bird eggs will only ___________________ at a temperature that is close to the body temp of the ___________________bird… that is why a parent bird sits on top of the eggs until they hatch
Birds in the Environment
•Birds are adapted for living in ___________________ environments •Example: shapes of their legs, claws and bills all differ depending upon the ___________________ that the bird _____________ in
Mammals Characteristics
•___________________ •___________________ •Have a _______________________________________ heart •Have skin covered with ___________________ •Are born ___________________ •Every young mammal is fed with ___________________ produced by ___________________ in its mother’ s body (___________________ glands) 11
Obtaining Food
•Most have ________________that are adapted to ___________________ their food and break it down
–Four types of teeth: ___________________, ___________________, ___________________ and ___________________
•The size, shape and hardness of a mammal’ s teeth reflect its _____________ –For example: the canines of carnivores are ___________ and _____________ Obtaining Oxygen
•Breathe using their ___________________ •Use a ___________________ which is a large muscle in combination with rib muscles to help them breathe in and out
–The diaphragm is located at the _______________ of the ________________ Maintaining Homeostasis
•They are _______________________ that need energy in _______________ to keep a steady internal ________________________________
•Use _____________________________________________ to insulate their bodies Movement
•Most can __________________________________________ on ____________ limbs Nervous System
•Used to coordinate its _________________________________ and receive __________________________________ about the environment
•Have highly developed ____________________ that allows them to __________ to where they live 12
Diversity of Mammals
•There are three main groups of mammals that differ depending upon how their ______________________________________________:
–1. ______________________________ –2. ______________________________ –3. ______________________________ Monotremes
•______________________________ •There are just ______________________ species of monotremes –Two species of spiny _______________________ and the __________________ ______________________________
Marsupials
•Their young is born at an ___________________________ of development and they usually continue to develop in a _______________________ on their mother’ s _____________________
•Have a short ____________________________ period (length of time between fertilization and birth)
•Examples include _______________________________________________________
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Placental Mammals
•They develop __________________________________________ until its systems can function ________________________________
•Name comes from the fact that they have a _____________________________ (an organ in pregnant females that __________________ between the _____________ and developing ________________)
•Are classified into groups on how they _______________ and how their ____________________________
Types of placental mammals •There are ten major groups: –1. _________________________________________ (Hedgehog, pygmy shrew) –2. _________________________________________ (Bats) –3. _________________________________________ (Walrus, tiger, grizzly bear) –4. _________________________________________ (Anteaters, armadillos) –5. _________________________________________ (Elephants) –6. ________________________________________(Pigs, camels, horses, rhinos) –7. ________________________________________(Squirrel, beaver, chipmunks) –8. _________________________________________ (Rabbits, hares, pikas) –9. _________________________________________ (Whales, dolphins) –10. _______________________________________(Humans, monkeys, gorillas)
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